胡壮麟语言学第一章复习

红⾊色是定义

语⾔言学chap1部分笔记在鑫宇那

why study language language is a means of verbal

communication

what is language

design features of language

语⾔言的特点

arbitrariness任意性

the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural

relationship to their meaning. The symbols have been

chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to

predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa.

The symbols have been chosen

arbitrarily. In other words, it is

impossible to predict the meaning from

the form, or vice versa.

1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning

语素⾳音义关系的任意性

2 arbitrariness at the syntactic level

句句法层⾯面上的任意性

3 arbitrariness and convention

任意性和规约性

they derive from the choice of subject

matters.

once such links between particular word

and associative meaning are fixed, it

becomes a matter of conventionality.

Saussure索绪尔提出

duality⼆二层性

It means that language is a system which consists

of two levels of structures, at the lower level there

is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there

is the structure of words.

下层lower sounds

交通灯和动物叫声⼀一样，只有下层含义。

∵meaning units cannot be divided into

smaller meaningless element further

上层higher=primary words, sentences

creativity创造性

the ability that we all have to construct and understand an

indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language,

including sentences that we have never heard before, but that

are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.

displacement移位性

the ability for the human language users to symbolize

objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time

and space) at the moment of communication, or the ability to

use language to talk about the things that exist in our world

of experience or in the world of imagination.语⾔言能够指称说

话⼈人即时情境以外的语境

culture transmission⽂文化传递

refers to the fact that, on the one hand, human language has a

genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to

acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any

human language are passed on from one generation to the next

by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.

function of language

语⾔言的功能

基本功能 不不同的⼈人

JACKBSON 语⾔言功能框架

referential 所指：传达信息

poetic 诗学：享受语⾔言⾃自身的乐趣

emotive 情感：表达态度感觉情感

conative 意动功能：通过指令和恳

求说服和影响他⼈人祈使 呼语

phatic 寒暄：与他⼈人建⽴立交际早上好

metalingual function元语⾔言嘿，听到吗

HALLIDAY 语⾔言元功能理理论

ideational 概念

interpersonal ⼈人际

textual 语篇

功能 function

informative信息

Language serves an informative function when

it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to

give information about facts, or to reason

things out.

interpersonal ⼈人际

It is mainly concerned with interaction

between the speaker and hearer in the

discourse situation and the speaker’s attitude

towards what he speaks or writes about.

performative 施为speech can be used to “do things”, performing

acts.

emotive 感情

the use of language to create certain feelings

in the hearer. The aim is to amuse, startle,

anger, soothe, worry or please.

phatic communion 寒暄交谈

It refers to language used for establishing an

atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than

for exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings,

farewells, talking about weather are all instances of phatic

function.

recreational 娱乐

When language is used to amuse,

language is performing recreational function.

For instance, verbal dueling (对歌），baby’s

babbling and word game.

metalingual 元语⾔言

When language is used to talk about and

study language itself, language is

performing metalingual function⽤用来谈论语⾔言

的⾔言语

to tell the truth, frankly speaking

important distinction in linguistics

语⾔言学中⼀一些重要的区别

Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes

the language people actually use, it is said

to be descriptive.

people don’t say X

If it aims to lay down rules for “correct”

behavior, it is said to be prescriptive.

don’t sat X

Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时和历时

Synchronic linguistics is the analysis of

language at a single point in time

共时通常为当下

Diachronic历时 linguistics is the study of a

language through the course of its history

Langue & parole 语⾔言和⾔言语

According to Saussure, “Langue”语⾔言 refers

to the abstract linguistic system shared by

all the members of a speech community.

抽象的语⾔言系统

“parole”⾔言语 refers to the actual language.说出来的话

Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking

situation; langue not actually spoken by an

individual, parole always a naturally occurring event;

langue relatively stable and systematic, parole

subject to personal and situational constraints.

Competence & performance 语⾔言能⼒力力和语⾔言运⽤用

According to Chomsky,

“Competence”语⾔言能⼒力力 is the

ideal language user’s knowledge

of the rules of his language.

“Performance” 语⾔言运⽤用is the

actual realization of this

knowledge in utterances.