胡壮麟语言学第一章复习

红⾊色是定义
语⾔言学chap1部分笔记在鑫宇那
why study language language is a means of verbal
communication
what is language
design features of language
语⾔言的特点
arbitrariness任意性
the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural
relationship to their meaning. The symbols have been
chosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible to
predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa.
The symbols have been chosen
arbitrarily. In other words, it is
impossible to predict the meaning from
the form, or vice versa.
1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning
语素⾳音义关系的任意性
2 arbitrariness at the syntactic level
句句法层⾯面上的任意性
3 arbitrariness and convention
任意性和规约性
they derive from the choice of subject
matters.
once such links between particular word
and associative meaning are fixed, it
becomes a matter of conventionality.
Saussure索绪尔提出
duality⼆二层性
It means that language is a system which consists
of two levels of structures, at the lower level there
is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there
is the structure of words.
下层lower sounds
交通灯和动物叫声⼀一样，只有下层含义。

∵meaning units cannot be divided into
smaller meaningless element further
上层higher=primary words, sentences
creativity创造性
the ability that we all have to construct and understand an
indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language,
including sentences that we have never heard before, but that
are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.
displacement移位性
the ability for the human language users to symbolize
objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time
and space) at the moment of communication, or the ability to
use language to talk about the things that exist in our world
of experience or in the world of imagination.语⾔言能够指称说
话⼈人即时情境以外的语境
culture transmission⽂文化传递
refers to the fact that, on the one hand, human language has a
genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to
acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any
human language are passed on from one generation to the next
by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.
function of language
语⾔言的功能
基本功能 不不同的⼈人
JACKBSON 语⾔言功能框架
referential 所指：传达信息
poetic 诗学：享受语⾔言⾃自身的乐趣
emotive 情感：表达态度感觉情感
conative 意动功能：通过指令和恳
求说服和影响他⼈人祈使 呼语
phatic 寒暄：与他⼈人建⽴立交际早上好
metalingual function元语⾔言嘿，听到吗
HALLIDAY 语⾔言元功能理理论
ideational 概念
interpersonal ⼈人际
textual 语篇
功能 function
informative信息
Language serves an informative function when
it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to
give information about facts, or to reason
things out.
interpersonal ⼈人际
It is mainly concerned with interaction
between the speaker and hearer in the
discourse situation and the speaker’s attitude
towards what he speaks or writes about.
performative 施为speech can be used to “do things”, performing
acts.
emotive 感情
the use of language to create certain feelings
in the hearer. The aim is to amuse, startle,
anger, soothe, worry or please.
phatic communion 寒暄交谈
It refers to language used for establishing an
atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than
for exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings,
farewells, talking about weather are all instances of phatic
function.
recreational 娱乐
When language is used to amuse,
language is performing recreational function.
For instance, verbal dueling (对歌），baby’s
babbling and word game.
metalingual 元语⾔言
When language is used to talk about and
study language itself, language is
performing metalingual function⽤用来谈论语⾔言
的⾔言语
to tell the truth, frankly speaking
important distinction in linguistics
语⾔言学中⼀一些重要的区别
Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式
If a linguistic study describes and analyzes
the language people actually use, it is said
to be descriptive.
people don’t say X
If it aims to lay down rules for “correct”
behavior, it is said to be prescriptive.
don’t sat X
Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时和历时
Synchronic linguistics is the analysis of
language at a single point in time
共时通常为当下
Diachronic历时 linguistics is the study of a
language through the course of its history
Langue & parole 语⾔言和⾔言语
According to Saussure, “Langue”语⾔言 refers
to the abstract linguistic system shared by
all the members of a speech community.
抽象的语⾔言系统
“parole”⾔言语 refers to the actual language.说出来的话
Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking
situation; langue not actually spoken by an
individual, parole always a naturally occurring event;
langue relatively stable and systematic, parole
subject to personal and situational constraints.
Competence & performance 语⾔言能⼒力力和语⾔言运⽤用
According to Chomsky,
“Competence”语⾔言能⼒力力 is the
ideal language user’s knowledge
of the rules of his language.
“Performance” 语⾔言运⽤用is the
actual realization of this
knowledge in utterances.。