how to develop a paragraph(1)段落的展开法1
英语写作展开段落方法.doc
展开段落方法一．举例法For example,/ for instance,/ take …for example, ……..A good/ clear case in point is that….A typical/perfect example can be found in…..……, such as….……, including…………, which may include…..For example, high school students are often organized into small discussion group to enhance their learning efficiency in the classroom.By taking part in more physical exercises, students are less likely to develop various diseases, such as obesity, heart attack and the flu.二．列举法1) Firstly secondly thirdlyFirst second thirdFirst of all second finally/ lastlyIn the first place in the second place last but not least2) To begin with/To start with/For a start /Initially/primarilyAlso/ besides/ moreover/ furthermore/ what’s more/ in addition/ more importantly/ what’s worseOn top of that/ apart from….. /in addition to…., ……..3) one main advantage of… is ……Another benefit is ……One major problem of ….is…..Another big risk is…..One effective measure to… is…..Another sound approach is ……One of the negative impacts of… is….Another adverse effect is……Furthermore, there is a third undesirable development: …..三．引用法1. 是否可以用教育和职业培训来应对罪犯In many situations, providing criminals with education is a more effective approach to reforming them. According to some fascinating research, compared with offenders who are simply thrown into prison, those who have been offered a proper education tend to show less violent behavior and are less likely to commit crime again after being released.句型：According to a recent study, …..According to some fascinating research, …..According to a recent article published in the world-famous Nature Journal, ……..According to a recent survey conducted by a group of American researchers of the University of Chicago, …Interestingly, a recent study found that ……In fact, a recent survey showed that….As a matter of fact, a recent opinion poll revealed that …..Study after study has demonstrated that……After many years of painstaking research, scientists are now able to prove that……四因果法谈在公共场所禁烟的必要性From a public health point of view, it is absolutely necessary to ban smoking in all public place, including restaurants, subway stations, office buildings and the streets. This is essentially because many non-smokers are often forced to breathe in side-stream smoke exhaled by smokers. Study after study has confirmed that second-hand smoking leads to a more insidious health risk since such type of smoke contains more, smaller partic les and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in lungs. Unfortunately, the extremely lucrative nature of the tobacco industry typically discourages many governments of the world to take resolute actions against smoking. Consequently, the adverse effects of passive smoking are not discovered until our health has suffered extensive damage.句型Because/since / as/ now that….. , ……Because of/ due to/ owing to/ thanks to, ……The apparent reason is …..One simple reason is ……It is evident that the biggest reason for this is……套句：One of the main reasons is that……Another major cause is that ….Finally, ….is found to be the third contributing factor.Therefore,/ thus,/ as a result,/ consequently,/ as a natural consequence, ……Lead to/ give rise to / contribute to/ result in……..段落展开方法之五小结法讨论直接捐给当地贫困社区还是把钱给慈善组织On the other hand, there are many reasons why some people prefer to give money to the poor in their local communities. First, after seeing how poverty has deeply affected the lives of their neighbors at first hand, they really understand the scale of the problem and they really want to be part of the effort to address it. Second, these donors can see for themselves how the money being spent and how their generous donations are making a big difference to the whole community. It isno wonder that they are delighted to provide direct financial support because there is a clear connection between their altruism and the positive changes it brings.学语言要不要当地的文化和生活方式In addition, some interesting aspects of the language are reflected in the lifestyle of the native speakers. In the USA, for example, many people actually prefer the peaceful way of life in a small city with little traffic, which is vividly describe as a “one-stoplight” town. Similarly, the fact that a large number of business owners in Britain operate in their own small house in the country gives rise to the expression “cottage industry”. Thus, it is no exaggeration to say that lifestyle is indeed one of the richest sources of language that all learners must tap into.注：It is no wonder that…..Therefore, it is safe to say that….Therefore, it is logical to conclude that….Thus it is no exaggeration to say that….It goes without saying that…..Needless to say that……六．对比法In comparison, ….In sharp contrast, ….Compared with A, B…..On the other hand, ……While/whereas….., ……..。
段落的展开方法
常用的过渡连接词：
for example (instance), one example is, another example is, furthermore, moreover, in addition, To illustrate/a case in point is Therefore/From the above example/in conclusion/in short
Examples
Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe. For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence.
常用于列举法的过渡连接词有：
to begin with, first, second, also, besides, for one thing , for another, finally, moreover, one another , still another, 等。
考研英语写作全面解决方案(3)：如何发展段落
考研英语写作全面解决方案（3）：如何发展段落段落是构成篇章的基础，一个段落表达一个单一的主题，而且具有完整又连贯的内容。
在句子写作训练的基础上进行段落的写作训练，是写好整篇英语文章的关键。
1. 英语段落的定义和构造特点段落是由句子组成的，因此段落可以定义为说明某一个主题而扩展开的一组在内容上彼此相关的句子。
一个完整的段落应该包括主题句、扩展句和结尾句。
其中主题句概括说明整个段落的中心思想，而主题句提出的论点要在接下来的扩展句中进行充分论证和说明，并与段落主题句形成前后呼应。
构成段落的主题句、扩展句和结尾句各自具有不同的特点和作用，主要表现为：A: 主题句（Topic Sentence ）表示该段的中心思想（main idea or controlling idea ），特点是概括（general ）或抽象（abstract ）。
一个段落通常只有一个主题句，主题句一般在段首，是一段中最重要的句子。
它告诉读者你在这一段中要说什么。
B: 扩展句（Developing Sentence ）对主题句起支持或说明作用的句子（supporting details ），对主题句起辅助作用，特点是 表义较具体。
扩展句围绕主题句展开。
写扩展句的方式很多，如情景描写，举出事实，列出数据，描述细节，讲述个人经历等。
C: 结尾句（Concluding Sentence ，也称结论句） 总结段落主旨的句子。
写结尾句有不同的方式，如通过重述主题思想来总结（sum up ）这一段，也可以通过提出解决问题的方法，或提出一个问题，或说出事件发展结果。
2. 段落实例及段落构成示意图【段落实例 1】In short, it is important for the young people to build up self-confidence. (主题句)As a proverb goes, “Confidence is the first step on the road to success.” So we should make the sufficient preparations for the challenges. ( 扩展句1) Besides, we should also have a rightattitude towards our ability and should never look down upon ourselves. (扩展句 2) Last but not least, we don ΄t have to be afraid of the mistakes or failures, for we can learn from the mistakes.( 扩展句 3) In short, failure is the mother of success. ( 总结句 ) In short, we should encourage young people to build up confidence, which is important to their future development.(结尾句)【段落实例2】Is English crippling Chinese education?Studying English has caused "destructive" damage to China's overall education, which is facing an "unprecedented crisis", said Zhang Shuhua during the CPPCC annual session. "Schools are placing too much emphasis on English," argued Zhang, director of the Information and Intelligence Research Institute at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and CPPCC member. "By focusing their studies on English, students suffer and neglect other subjects, which is a crippling blow to the Chinese education system."Yes. The importance of English is overestimated. It isunnecessaryto impose English-language studies on students who will pursue professions that do not require a foreign language.No. If there is a crisis in Chinese education, it is the education system that focuses on exams and rote learning that should be blamed instead of the subject of English.【组句成段】Nowadays there seems to a widespread belief among people that studying English has caused "destructive" damage to China's overall education and English language learning is facing an "unprecedented crisis". It has been pointed out that schools are placing too much emphasison English. By focusing their studies on English, students suffer and neglect other subjects, which is a crippling blow to the Chinese education system. In fact, it is unnecessary to impose English-language studies on those who pursue professions that do not require a foreign language. But some others hold the opposite opinions about it. In their eyes, if there is a crisis in Chinese education, it is the education system that focuses on exams and rote learning that should be blamed instead of the subject of English.一个完整的英语段落结构可以从下图可以说明：3. 段落各组成部分的要求段落的结构应严谨；主题句应具有概括性；扩展句之间应连贯、流畅，与主题句关系应密切，起到支持主题句的作用并围绕主题句展开；结尾句应自然；整个段落应浑然一体，条理清晰，逻辑性强。
Chapter 3 How to Develop a Paragraph
特点：
先忆苦后思甜；
适合用来讨论现在比过去有明显进步的现象，尤其Technology
标志性词语：
（忆苦）Historically, / Traditionally, / used to / It was not uncommon for ... to do
（思甜）At present, / Currently, / In this day and age, / In present-day society, / These days / In today's society, / In the present age, / Nowadays
练习：2013.04.27(NA)
The best way to reduce air pollution is that government should raise the cost of fuel（petrol）of the cars.
When we were children,the air was fresh and clear.But nowadays,with the development of automobile industry, the number of cars is greatly increasing and meanwhile the air pollution is becoming more and more serious.How to reduce air pollution has become a main concern in our daily life. There are different ways to achieve this goal, but I think the best way toreduce air pollution is that government should raise the cost of fuel of the cars.
写作：怎样写好英语段落(一)
怎样写好英语段落（一）段落是文章的缩影。
写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。
经过中学英语基础阶段的学习之后，大学英语的写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。
进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。
下面介绍的是段落结构。
段落（paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。
本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。
主题句与推展句1．主题句主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。
它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。
请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don'targue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they willthink themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresomemate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, infact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.主题句中提出的"certain rules" 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个"Don't argue --"逐一加以交代。
高分托福写作技巧之段落展开
高分托福写作技巧之段落展开高分托福写作技巧之段落展开新托福作文如果想得高分，个人觉得字数是越多越好，如果可以扩充到450字，那么拿高分的机会就会大一点。
本人刚接触作文的时候，觉得最大的问题就是题目的设置都是些不言自明的或者浅显的不知道说什么的东西。
比如建工厂好不好或者父母是不是最好的老师，尽管有论点，但是就是觉得写不长，觉得没法展开。
具体点的例子，比如是从书本中获得知识好还是从实践中获得知识好，有一段想说从书本中获得知识好，因为书一读就知道很多，多爽啊;实践的话要好久才能懂得一个道理，不efficient。
论点是有了，怎么把它展开成150-200字左右的一段呢?如果可以遵循以下步骤就会方便展开：阐述正面特征，展开论述，引用例子或数据，如果没有的不良后果。
第一句：topic sentence:书本上获得的知识更全面，含量更大第二句：正面阐述subject特征：书是对于现象事实等的文字记录，尽管事实复杂或者事实的获得用了很久，但是结论可以用很简单的文字获得。
所以，比起经验，书本可以带给人更多的知识。
(本句是对书的特点的正面阐述，点名了书本知识的浓缩性)从这里，逻辑展开：从书本→浓缩了丰富的知识变成了书本→其性质是把各种经验做整理和记录→浓缩了丰富的知识。
也就是说，说理部分是在简单的逻辑(工厂→污染)中间加上一环(工厂→运营难免排放废水废料废气→污染)。
这样看似简单，可是这样中间的一环却是必须的，否则你说工厂会导致污染，判卷人会觉得：为什么工厂就会导致污染呢?逻辑跳跃太大了，托福作为就是给一个6岁小孩讲道理，所以要像照顾小孩子一样对待阅卷人，逻辑展开一定要一步一步的来。
其实，到这里说理部分就结束了，展现了你的思考问题的逻辑结构。
后面的“如果没有”，“引用例子，数据”之类的都是增加文采，扩充文字的，依据时间长短，自己随便挑两到三样加上去即可。
1 引用例子：the e某ample of__ matches my point of viewperfectly; To look for better illustration, one can look no further than___; one case in point involves___, 自己编一个例子即可，可以是真的，也可以是编的，甚至是自己生活中的。
段落写作之段落的展开讲解
4. Some high school graduates see a year off as a chance to recover after twelve years of required education, but it can also give students a chance to explore their interests. Students hoping to be doctors, _f_o_r_e_x_a_m_p__le_（例如）, could learn about the profession by volunteering in a hospital. ( )
按空间顺序展开、按过程展开、举例等。 1. 按时间顺序展开 在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的
先后顺序排列句子。在说明文中叙述做一件事应该遵循的程 序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。
常用衔接词和短语 首环节:first, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with等。 中间环节:second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, besides, furthermore等。 末环节:lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end 等。
Hale Waihona Puke 答案：1. 按时间顺序展开 2. 按过程展开 3. 按空间顺序展开 4. 举例 5. 按过程展开
新课标高考英语写作课件How to develop a paragraph
Joe, who is a lawyer with the family, accompanied them as an interpreter.
Joe, a lawyer with the family, accompanied them as an interpreter.
Use clauses when necessary.
A paragraph is a group of expressing a complete idea.
sentences
How to
I followed your advice. I went to the supermarket. There I found four chairs. They were in good shape. They were reasonably priced.
Combine the following sentences:
Mr. Jones is a detective. He is very intelligent. He often uses his intuition. He solves crimes with his intuition. Other police officers cannot solve these crimes.
The fire is burning, so I feel warm.
III. prepositional phrases
I lost my bike, so I had to walk home.
With the fire burning, I feel warm.
With my bike lost, I had to walk home.
9. Ways of Paragraph Development 段落展开
Study the following paragraph that is developed by time. Try to find out the chronological signals.
• The life of Grandma Moses proves that a person is never too old to develop his or her talents. As a child, Anna Moses loved to draw; she often made pictures with berry juice when paint颜料 was scarce稀少. When she eventually married and had a large family, she found little time to paint. Years later, with her children grown, she began to knit编织 pictures with yarn, but her fingers ached, and she returned to her first love, painting. She was seventy years old! An art dealer商人 saw her pictures in a local drugstore药房 and bought them. Grandma Moses, as she was called, soon became famous, with her paintings of simple country life exhibited展出 throughout the world. She continued to paint until her death at 101.
How to develop a paragraph
Para.1 A summary. 【写作要求】 1.可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的观点，也可 Are you willing to share with others? Para.2 以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子； Why? 2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 Para.3 Your experience of sharing. 【评分标准】 The advantages and disadvantages 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。 Para.4 of sharing.
一、列举式 谈论自行车的好处。（至少三点）
Topic Sentence: Bicycles ____________________________ have many advantages. Supporting Sentences :________________________ ________________________ Bicycles have many advantages.To __________, begin with they are cheap enough for every family to buy. ___________, Secondly they are convenient. With a bicycle, you can go wherever you like and you don’t have to find a parking-lot in a crowded street or have a Thirdly they don’t use fuel, garage at home.__________, so they are the pollution-free. __________, Finally Use connectives properly to cycling make has become a kind of sport that many people like. your paragraph logical.
如何扩展英语段落写作的方法
如何扩展英语段落写作的方法段落的扩展，就是在一个段落中如何根据主题句中的主导思想(controlling idea)来阐述问题的方法。
换句话说，段落的扩展是指选用一些有关的细节来引申、说明、论证主题句。
以下介绍几种有效的段落扩展方法：1 举例法(examples)举例就是用具体生动的事例来阐述作者的观点和见解的一种最简捷、最有效的方法。
也就是说，它用具体的事例来阐述主题句中的主导思想。
用具体的事例来扩展主题句是最常用的写作方法之一。
它不仅使文章通俗易懂，而且还给读者留下深刻印象，使文章更具有说服力。
在选择例证时要选择最能支持你的观点，最有说服力的句子。
例子的多少主要由文章的长短而定。
[例]Sports and games do a lot of good to our health. They can make usstrong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. Especiallythey can be of great value to people who work with their brains most ofthe day, for sports and games give people valuable practice in exercisingthe body.例子中的第一句是主题句，即sports and games do a lot of good toour health.在此主题句中的主导思想是a lot of good.以下事例都是来进一步阐述主题中的主导思想的，即用具体事实来支持主题句中的观点。
2 定义法(definition)这了避免混乱和误解，写作时应对读者不熟悉或有多种解释的单词、术语、概念下定义;所以定义法是文章写作中常见的一种方法。
定义法主要以下几种方法：2.1 运用同义词或词组来解释某一术语或新词。
英语六级作文写作技巧——主体段展开方法一罗列法
【主体段展开方法一：罗列法】罗列法是英文写作中最基本的一种，掌握此方法有助于其他方法的掌握。
要陈述一系列的事实或观点时，可以把各项内容的相对重要性、危害性或利弊等按照逻辑顺序（重要性递增或重要性递减）排列。
为了避免句型的单调重复，需要采用句子的衔接与过渡手段（transitional signals）。
一、有关事物的重要性英美人士喜欢把最次要的放在最前面，最重要的放在最后面，这种递进法使展开部分达到高潮，会给读者留下深刻的印象。
Why We Needn’t Worry Too Much About AidsNowadays people turn pale at the mention of Aids, for they think it is more dangerous than cancer in that cancer is not infectious but Aids is in infectious. Actually it can be prevented and we needn’t be frightened of it. There are many factors that may account for this statement, but the following are the most typical ones.First, the Aids virus is infected through blood, saliva（涎，唾液）and sexual intercourse. So long as we don’t abuse drug through intravenous injection（静脉注射）, kiss or have sexual intercourse with an Aids patient, we can prevent Aids. Besides, the Aids virus cannot exist out of the human body. Out of the human body it will soon die, especially in the sunlight. Therefore we will not be infected with Aids by touching the thing an Aids patient has touched. Most important of all, the Aids virus cannot spread through air. We will not be infected with Aids simply because we stay in the same room with an Aids patient. In some countries there is no special isolation ward（隔离房）for Aids patients.In conclusion, so long as we know its regularity（规律）, we can prevent Aids. If we take precautions（预防措施）, we will not contract （感染）Aids.衔接与过渡手段（transitional signals）1）表示“首先”firstfirstlyfirst of allto begin within the first place（后接in the second place）for one thing (后接for another)2)表示“第二”、“此外”、“其次”、“况且”secondsecondlybesideswhat’s morefurthermorein additionin addition to + 第一点（用名词短语概括的内容）another + 名词短语an additional + 名词短语besides + 名词短语3) 表示“最后”Finally不可用at last或in the end(4) 表示“最重要的是”The most important reason is …most important of allabove allthe most essential …（5）表示“总之，总而言之”on the wholein conclusionin shortin briefin a wordin summaryto summarizeto sum up(6)表示“纵上所述”from the foregoingfrom what has been discussed abovefrom the above analysis【Assignment】Qualities of s Good Student二、有关事物的危害性The Harmful Effects of Global WarmingIt is reported from different media that global warming could bring about a number of serious problems.To begin with, rising global temperatures are expected change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Scientific reports have already proven that rising global temperatures could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies and that there is likely to be an overall trend toward more intense rainstorms in one place and drier soils in another.To make matters worse, air pollution could get much worse. All areas, not just major cities, could see an increase in the pollutants and a higher frequency and severity of lung diseases. It could also affect animals and many types of ecosystems. Worst of all, global warming could contribute to the rising of sea level, endangering or destroying coastal areas like Indonesia, where more than 45 million people live at coastal elevations within a meter of sea level.Therefore, global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. For economic and environmental reasons, and above all to save human lives, we should take drastic measures to prevent this problem becoming worse.三、有关事物的利弊讨论事物的利弊时，可采用以下套路：【套路1】Nowadays, 所要讨论的话题_(_单词或短语____)_ plays/play an important role / part in people’s life. Like everything else, ______所要讨论的话题_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ . Besides, ___第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. To begin with, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .From / Through the above analysis（From what has been discussed above）, I believe /I am convinced that the positive aspects / the advantages outweigh the negative aspects / the disadvantages. Therefore, 结论_____________________________________________.【套路2】Recently, there is considerable discussion on /about / with regard to _所要讨论的话题(_单词或短语____)_______. Like everything else所要讨论的话题(_单词或短语____)_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows.First, 第一个好处_（完整的句子）_________________________________________________ .In addition /furthermore /moreover,第二个好处_(_完整的句子)_____________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处__(_完整的句子)_______________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. To begin with, 第一个坏处_________________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处_____________________________________________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处_________________________ _________ .From / Through the above analysis, （或：From the foregoing / From what has been discussed above）I believe / I am convinced that the positive aspects / the advantages outweigh the negative aspects / the disadvantages. Therefore, 结论__________________________________________.【套路3】Nowadays /Recently, 所要讨论的话题_(_单词或短语)____ plays an important part in our daily life / is popular with / among / around us. Like everything else, ______所要讨论的话题_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.In the first place,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ .In the second place,第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. First, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .Now the conclusion is self-evident. 所要讨论的话题has both problems and benefits / （或：Along with its benefits, 所要讨论的话题has also a number of problems.Therefore, 结论_______________________________________ _____________.【例文】On the InternetNowadays /Recently, the Internet plays an important part in our daily life / is popular with / among / around us. Like everything else, the Internet has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.In the first place, internet has greatly enhanced our work efficiency, especially in our daily business activities.In the second place, the Internet enables people to collect more and more useful information within a very short period of time. Most important of all, it is the Internet that is making our world smaller and improving the unification of global economy.But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. First, a lot of students spend an excessive amount of time on the Internet, neglecting their studies and health. To make matters worse, numerous fake products are advertised on the Internet. Worst of all, some people may commit crimes on the Internet and make some companies or even some countries suffer a severe economic loss.Now the conclusion is self-evident. The Internet has both problems and benefits / （或：Along with its benefits, The Internet has also a number of problems）.T herefore, It is advisable that some rules of the Internet be laid down to stop the Internet misconduct. Only in this way can we enjoy the advantages of the Internet.【套路4】陈述句，说明所要讨论的话题的重要性. As every coin has two sides, 所要讨论的话题is no exception. Generally speaking, the advantages of所要讨论的话题can be listed as follows.To begin with,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ ,and what is more, （【注】如果用Furthermore / Moreover /In addition替换“and what is more”，习惯上将and前的逗号改为句号“.”）第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .While we mention the advantages of 所要讨论的话题, we cannot ignore its disadvantages. Firstly, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_________________. To make matters worse, 第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .In conclusion, whether good or bad, the tendency that 具体说明什么趋势can not be stopped at least in a few years ahead. Therefore, 结论______________________________________________________________ _______.【例文】On the InternetThe Internet, as a symbol of modern civilization, is playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society. As every coin has two sides, the Internet is no exception. Generally speaking, the advantages of the Internet can be listed as follows.To begin with, internet has greatly enhanced our work efficiency, especially in our daily business activities. Furthermore, the Internet enables people to collect more and more useful information within a very short period of time. Most important of all, it is the Internet that is making our world smaller and improving the unification of global economy.While we mention the advantages of the Internet, we cannot ignore its disadvantages. First, a lot of students spend an excessive amount of time on the Internet, neglecting their studies and health. To make matters worse, numerous fake products are advertised on the Internet. Worst of all, some people may commit crimes on the Internet and make some companies or even some countries suffer a severe economic loss.In conclusion, whether good or bad, the tendency that the Internet is appealing to more and more people can not be stopped at least in a few years ahead. Therefore, It is advisable that some rules of the Internet be laid down to stop the Internet misconduct. In this way alone can we enjoy theadvantages of the Internet.四、解决问题的方法（How to…题型）【套路1】目前的现象及存在的问题（2至3个句子）______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ .Many ways can contribute to 要解决的问题，but the following ones may be most effective/quite effective. First oof all, 第一种方法__（完整的句子）__________________________________________________________. In addition, 第二种方法（不定式短语）_____________ . Finally, 第三种方法__（完整的句子）_________________________________________Those /These are not the best and the only three ways we can adopt. But it should be noted that 使用这些方法时要注意的事项____________________________________________.【例文】How to Eliminate Fake DiplomasNowadays, in job markets, employers in all walks of life lay great/considerable emphasis on their candidates’educational background. A growing number of candidates, however, are using a variety of fake diplomas. It’s unfair that one fails to get his job just because his rival has got a fake diploma or certificate. Therefore, fake diplomas do great harm to the job market.Many ways can contribute to solving the serious problem，but the following ones may be most effective/quite effective. First of all, companies and universities should have a close contact so that fake diplomas cannot play tricks. In addition, the one who fabricates the fake diplomas should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media. Finally, the one using a fake diploma in seeking employment should be disqualified from the job market for at least one or two years. That may teach a lesson to others.Those /These are not the best and the only three ways we can adopt. But it should be noted that we should take strong /vigorous/effective actions to prohibit fake diplomas.【例文】How to Eliminate Fake DiplomasIt is reported the flooding of fake diplomas is becoming a serious problem recently. When employers lay much emphasis on their candidates’ education background, a variety of/ different kinds of diplomas emerge / appear in society. It is unfair that one fails to get his job just because his rival has got a fake diploma or certificate. Therefore, fake diplomas do harm to the job market.Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones, in my opinion, may be most effective.First of all, companies and universities should have a close contact so that the fake diplomas cannot play tricks. In addition, those who fabricate the fake diplomas should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media. Finally, those who turn to/ use/ resort to fake diplomas in finding jobs should be disqualified from the job market for at least two or three months. That may give a lesson to others.These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prohibit fake diplomas.【套路2】目前的现象及存在的问题. In order to solve this problem, several methods might be adopted.One of these is 第一种方法. Another approach is __ 第二种方法 . The most effective method is第三种方法.In conclusion, the methods I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. 希望..【例文】How to Solve the Housing ProblemNowadays a large number of people are flooding into big cities. This phenomenon contributes to the difficulty and shortage of urban housing.In order to solve this problem, several methods might be adopted.One of these is that more houses should be constructed to satisfy the need of the dense population in cities. If, however, there is not enough space in the center of cities, the suburb may be considered. And in order for suburban houses to become better places for people to inhabit, it is necessary/advisable To establish /build / set up correspondent facilities such as bus lines, schools, hospitals and supermarkets. Another approach is to renovate all thoseshabby houses. It is time to enhance the quality of houses and to improve the living conditions of citizens. The most effective method is the improvement of the welfare system. Bank loans for buying houses should be accessible to ordinary people. And the government should make rules to decrease the rent so that vacant rooms can be available to low-income tenants.In conclusion, the methods I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. I sincerely hope that effective actions should be taken by the government. The sooner, the better.【Assignment】How to Solve the Problem of Overpopulation【作文预测】How to Eliminate False AdvertisementsNowadays, some advertisers take advantages of newspapers, radio and television programs to do false advertisements which boast their products by over-praising their quality or exaggerating their function. These advertisements mislead consumers and damage the credit of business.Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, before they are published, all the advertisements must be censored by the authorities concerned to see whether they conform to their products. The advertisements must be objective and scientific and irrelevant propaganda must be forbidden. Besides, the mass media should be advised not to accept any advertisements merely for the sake of money. They should be selective and discriminating in publishing advertisements. Finally, laws should be passed to restrain false advertisements. Whoever publishes false advertisements must bear the legal responsibility.These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to eliminate false advertisements and protect consumers’ interests.。
英语段落的写作方法与技巧
于具体。
主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是
一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便
于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，
一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落
的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题
思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，
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Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph
例如主题句：“American food is terrible ”和
“Pollution is a serious problem”就过于概括；而主题句：
“He speaks English”和“ I bought a car last week”就过
generally speaking 一般说来
in the beginning 首先
in the first place 首先
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Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph
1. “启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展 句
it is clear that… 显然
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Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph
2. “承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句
also
又；并且 as a matter of fact
at the same time
同时 besides
certainly
必然地；肯定地 consequently
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Back
Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph
Ways of developing a paragraph如何生成段落
Ways of developing a paragraph Essays develop as a series of interrelated paragraphs, all supporting a single main idea usually expressed in a thesis sentence. The way paragraphs develop is often established by a topic sentence.As the basic unit of an essay, a paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop one main idea. The main idea is often expressed in a topic sentence—often appearing at the beginning of the paragraph.e.g.1. In the English Reading Week, one of my classmates recommended a quote to us, which goes like this; "Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.” I can't agree more with this view. It's true that our future is determined by many things, such as opportunities and help from others, but our own attitude, determination, and hard work play a more important role. In other words, we are the master of our own future.2. Take Abraham Lincoln, for example. He was born in a poor family, and only received a limited education in his childhood. Yet through hispainstaking efforts, he changed not only his own fate but also the 'history of America. Even to this day. Lincoln is regarded as one of the most inspiring figures in the world. Therefore, I firmly believe that our future is in our own hands.The ideas in paragraphs are developed in many different ways.1. Time and processThe easiest and clearest way to arrange the narration of events or explanations of processes is to follow time order or process sequence.Last Thursday, we had a class meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. We came up with several choices such as going boating, climbing a mountain, and going to an amusement park. Finally, we decided to go mountain climbing.The next day, we set off early in the morning. While climbing the mountain, we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. However, when reached the top, we were shocked to see litter here and there, such as bottles and banana peels. Then we started to pick up the litter. Afterwards, we put the rubbish into the nearby recycling bin and non-recycling bin respectively.We were tired but happy.（2008北京）I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr.2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R.China. Ten days after that, it didn't ring and send short messages. Then I took it to the seller, but was told that the model had been sold out and I had to wait at least three months for a new one. Later I went to the repairman. He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts. I was so desperate on hearing that. How can I wait that long? Therefore, I require that you send me a new one of the same model withina month.（2008湖北）2. spaceThe details in descriptions are often arranged according to their space order or location, usually from a single perspective. Details may be arranged in the order from right to left, near to far, up to down, north to south, side to side, center to side, and so on. These words are called visual space reference.e.g.We're so glad you're coming to join us on Sunday. Here is how you can find us. We'll have our picnic in the People's Park.You know where that is, don't you? After you enter the park bythe main gate, walk straight on till you come to a stream. Cross the stream and turn right. After walking for a while you'll come to a hill. Walk around to the other side of the hill. There you'll see a lake. We'll have our picnic there in the small woods by the lake. I'm sure you'll have no trouble finding us. Do come!(1994)I was so pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something about my school.You are right．Quite a few changes have taken place. On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side，where the playground used to be now stands another new building一our library. In it there are all kinds of books，newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of t he school．We have also planted a lot of trees in and a round the school. I hope you come and see for yourself some day.(1999)3. ExemplificationIn actual practice, examples may be single words, phrases, anecdotes, or extended anecdotes form a paragraph to a whole essay in length. We can use examples from our general knowledge, from reading, andfrom personal experience.e.g.1. In the English Reading Week, one of my classmates recommended a quote to us, which goes like this; "Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.” I can't agree more with this view. It's true that our future is determined by many things, such as opportunities and help from others, but our own attitude, determination, and hard work play a more important role. In other words, we are the master of our own future.2. Take Abraham Lincoln, for example. He was born in a poor family, and only received a limited education in his childhood. Yet through his painstaking efforts, he changed not only his own fate but also the 'history of America. Even to this day. Lincoln is regarded as one of the most inspiring figures in the world. Therefore, I firmly believe that our future is in our own hands.4. Classification, definition, comparisonand contrast, cause and effect etc.。
《英语写作》课程教学大纲
《英语写作》课程教学大纲课程编码：30613007 学分：4 总学时：72说明【课程性质】英语专业必修课。
【教学目的】提高用英语表达思想的能力。
学生需要了解写作的性质、特点、标准、过程、类型及写作必备的素质，旨在从理论的角度来认识写作这门课程，掌握一些写作技巧，通过大量实践，培养学生写作意识和习惯，帮助学生掌握有关写作的基本信息，提高学生写作能力。
最终要求学生能够用地道的英语写出各种类型的应用文和各种体裁的作文，并且了解和掌握论文写作的各个过程及格式。
【教学任务】研究如何用英语表达思想。
写作涉及的问题很多，除了语言各方面的问题外，还有思想内容和所用材料、组织条理、书写格式等等。
在语言方面，应该注意帮助学生在已有的基础上，不断提高表达思想的准确性与鲜明性，逐渐使他们感觉到英语的极强的表达力，从而喜欢琢磨如何写好文章。
在内容方面，应要求言之有物，观点正确，条理清楚。
在书写格式上，也应有严格的要求。
【教学内容】从最基本的文稿格式开始教授学生掌握英文写作的规则与技巧。
注意措辞，学会如何写出好的句子和好的段落。
提高学生的写作能力，要求学生能够用地道的英语写出各种实用文如便条等和150字左右的小短文。
内容完整，语言简洁流畅，用词准确，克服中国式英语。
同时要求文章结构合理，层次清晰。
最终还必须了解论文写作的五个步骤：选题；收集资料；分析资料、构思、制定提纲；撰写初稿；修改和定稿和特有的格式。
【教学原则与方法】教学原则：理论与实践相结合的原则。
教学方法：教材讲解与作业讲评相结合。
【先修课程要求】本课程为本科二年级学生开设。
学生在第一学年较为全面地学习了语法知识，掌握了一定的词汇量，并具备了一些用英文表达思想的能力，在此基础上修本课程。
【学时分配】教材与主要参考书教材：丁往道《英语写作手册》外语教学研究出版社，1994年。
参考书：Andrew Littlejohn 《剑桥流利英语》写作4 外语教学研究出版社，2000年。
段落的展开方法
四、段落的展开方法段落的展开是指围绕段落的主题思想，用相关细节材料来进行解释、说明、阐述、论证等，使段落内容充实饱满，真实可信。
下面具体介绍一些常用的展开段落的方法。
1. 列举法列举法是指列举具体的事实或要点来逐步说明和论证主题思想、展开段落的方法。
列举法是大学英语写作中非常常用的写法，这种方法条理清楚，要点明确，说服力强，易于把握。
采用列举法的时候，需要注意两点。
一是要点的罗列要遵循一定的顺序，二是要使用合适的过渡词语。
列举法常用的过渡词语包括to begin with, then, in addition, also, besides, moreover, furthermore, what’s more, finally等等。
采用列举法写成的作文的结构可以通过下表反映出来：下面这个段落就是用列举法指出了使用一次塑料袋的两点危害。
As we all know, the food has become easier to prepare nowadays, which brings about lots of changes in people’s daily life. However, I don’t think this change has improved the way people live.In my opinion, this change has many disadvantages. First of all, some fast food are lacking in nutrition that is essential for people’s health. What’s worse, some are so rich in fat and sugar that they may lead to adiposity. Furthermore, relying on the convenience of easily-prepared food, many teenagers don’t learn how to cook the meal at all. So this is also a reason why children can’t take care of themselves afterleaving their parents. Last but not least, with the popularity of fast food, the time which friends and families spend having meals together is becoming less and less. At the same time, some traditional culture is being washed away gradually. For example, the dumplings are our country traditional food. In the past, when the festival came, the whole family would get together to making dumplings. But now, quick-frozen dumplings are easily bought in the market so that few people will make by themselves. Surely people can save time and energy in this way, but they lose the pleasure and happiness of making the dumplings with their family members.All in all, I think this ch ange is not good for people’s health and it also tends estrange people. Therefore, I don’t think the change has improved the way people live.2. 举例法举例法也是一种常用而且有效的展开段落的方法。
托福 独立写作-中间段展开
独立写作----段落展开1）方法一：举例----缩小范围来论证如动物→鸟类，现代交通方式→飞机上面的举例是最简单的形式，即对单个词/短语，或说单个对象举例。
我们在独立写作中会遇到对单个对象的举例，这也是大家都能做好的；但我们更常遇到的是需要对一个句子，或说多个对象互相联系而串成的观点举例的情况，这时我们就需要留意我们所举的例子的有效性了举例的基本原则细节性原则----细于被举例者一致性原则----良好体现与要用举例证明的观点的一致对应关系，观点中的重点信息应在例子中不多不少地体现举例的具体操作方法粗举、细举、引调查、列数字1> 粗粮----粗犷的例子"粗粮"即一类人、物或事，或一个公认事实的例子，说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。
寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，只要在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息然后"narrow down"就可以了观点1： Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants.粗例1： International companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.观点2： Easier-prepared food has greatly improved the way people live.粗例2： Supermarkets provide half-made meat and vegetables, some even with relevant ingredients. It will only take us a few minutes to make them into a delicacy."粗粮"可以建立"面"对"线"的关系，但需要注意不能太空洞，同时也要控制使用的量；粗例子需要搭配因果分析、比较论证来使用，才能使整个段落更有血肉练习：2> 细粮----细致的例子"细粮"就是具体到一个人、一个物，或一件事，可以是实际存在的，也可以无中生有。
语言教学如何展开段落写作，这九种方法你要知道
语言教学如何展开段落写作，这九种方法你要知道征稿：二语写作确定了段落中心思想, 完成了段落的主题句,设计好段落的扩展句之后，需要考虑的是怎样合理、有效地安排句子，组成条理清晰、结构严谨的段落。
展开段落的方法有很多，常用的有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、列举法、举例法、对比法、定义法、因果法、分类法、综合法等。
一、时间法在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。
在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。
看下面的例子：A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
After lunch, while the other girls were sunbathing, Pat and I returned to the water. Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs. Immobilized by pain and fear, I yelled for help. My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me. However, Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight. She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation. When regaining consciousness, I realized how close I had come to death. My experience with near death reminds me every day how close we all are to death in our daily lives.在这个段落里，作者用了after lunch; while...; soon; when...等时间连接语按时间的先后顺序记叙了一件发生在午饭后的事。
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To avoid “transitions for transitions” sake
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Example
We enjoyed our visit to Dr. Hassan’s house.The
house was perched high up on a hill. First, we
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2.Order of space
Details are arranged according to their location & their relationship to each other.
Suitable to describe a limited interior, such as a classroom or the inside of submarine; also effective to write about a very broad area, such as the continent of Asia or the solar system.
6. develop by cause and effect
7. develop by classification
8. develop by definition
20199/12./2d8 evelop by a combined way
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He(the King) got up and stepped out of
one inevitable duty-the duty of prayer-
the daily recognition of the Unseen and
Eternal. His daily devotions were more
necessary to him than daily food. He
Patterns (narration, process, definition, classification, comparison & contrast, cause & effect, analogy)
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ways of paragraph development
Every paragraph, long or short, consists of several sentences. Only when all the sentences are arranged in a reasonable way of development can a paragraph make sense.
nearer, and stopped again to
gaze and whisper. By and by they
gathered courage and began to discuss him aloud.
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In the life the Indian there was only
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Ways to develop a paragraph
1. develop by time
2. develop by process
3. develop by space
4. develop by example
5. develop by comparisoorder in which an observer’s eyes
would travel around from left to right or from right to left.
First, second, then, next, …; under, on across, by, …
and laughing ceased, and they stopped and stood still, gazing him with strong curiosity;
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they presently began to whisper
together, then they approached
wakes at daybreak, puts on his
moccasins (软拖鞋) and steps down to
the water’s edge. Here he throws
handfuls of clear, cold water into his
face, or plunges in bodily.
the stall, and just then he heard the
sound of children’s voice. The barn door opened and a couple of little girls came
in. As soon as they saw him their talking
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After the bath, facing the sun as t
dances upon the horizon, and offers his unspoken orison. His mate may precede or follow him in his devotions, but never accompanies him. Each soul must meet the morning sun, the new sweet earth and the Great Silence alone.
walked up the long driveway. Then we
Ways of Developing Paragraphs
Paragraph development Topic sentence (controlling idea) Supporting details (major & minor)
Details (factual, example or illustration, descriptive)