语言学复习大纲

General Linguistics

Chapter One

1. Design features of language (pp3-8)

2. Functions of language (pp9-14)

3. What is linguistics? (pp14-15)

4. Important distinctions in linguistics (pp 20-23)

Chapter Two

5. Articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual (or auditory) phonetics (p24)

6. What is phonology? What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?

[Tip: Phonetics (= the study of sound) vs. Phonology (= the study of sound patterns)]

7. What is a phone? What is a phoneme? What is an allophone? (p 38-40)

8. What are minimal pairs? (pp 38-39)

[Tip: When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same

place in the string, the two forms (i.e., words) are supposed to form a “minimal pair”, e.g., “pill”and “bill”, “pill”and “till”, “till” and “dill”, “till” and “kill”, etc.]

9. What is free variation? (p41)

[Tip: If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast; namely, if the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word form but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds then are said to be in “free variation”. P41.]

10. What is complementary distribution? (p 40)

11. What is the assimilation? (pp 41-42)

Chapter Three

12. What is morpheme? What is morphology? What is allomorph? What is free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme? (pp 52-55)

13. What is a root? What is stem? What is an affix? (pp 53-54)

14. Word and lexical items (p57)

15. Classification of words (pp59-61)

16. Inflection and derivation (pp61-62)

Chapter Four

17. Positional relation, relation of substitutability, and relation of Co-occurrence (pp73-75)

18. Endocentric and Exocentric constructions (pp 78-79)

19. Coordination and subordination (pp79-81)

20. Subject, Predicate, and Object (p81, p83, p84)

21. Recursiveness (pp90-91)

[Tip: Repetition or embedding of the same structural elements in language.]

22. Cohesion (p92)

Chapter Five

23. The referential Theory (pp95-96)

24. Sense relations (Synonymy, Antonymy and Hyponymy) (pp97-102)

25. Semantic features or semantic components (p103)

Chapter Six

26. What is cognition? (pp 115-116)

27. Psycholinguistics (p117)

28. Language acquisition (pp118-119)

29. Cognitive linguistics (p129)

30. Attention/Salience, Judgment/Comparison (figure/ground)

(pp130-131)

31. Image schemas (134-135)

32. Ontological metaphor, Structural Metaphor and Orientational metaphor (pp136-137)

33. Metonymy (pp138-142)

Chapter Seven

34. Language and culture (p146-147)

35. Sapir-Whorf hypotheses, linguistic determinism, and linguistic relativity (pp149-150)

36. Culture in language teaching classroom. (p156)

37. Cross-cultural communication

Chapter Eight

38. Performatives and Constatives (p172)

39. Locutionary act, Illocutionary act and Perlocutionary act (pp 174-175)

40. The Cooperative Principle (pp177-178)

41. Violation of the maxims (pp179-181)

42. Characteristics of Implicature (pp181-184)