语言学复习资料

Definition

1.Phatic:or phatic communion, said of talk used for establish atmosphere or

maintain social contact.

2.Coarticulation:simultaneous or overlapping articulations, as when the nasal

quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory “coarticulation”; if the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative(持续的) “ coarticulation”.

3.Manner of articulation:ways in which articulation of consonants can be

accomplished-a)the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; b)they may narrow the space considerably; or c)they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.

4.Back-formation: refers to an abnormal type of word –formation where a shorter

word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in a language. For example, the word “television” appeared before “televise”. The first part of the word “television” was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language.

5.Dissimilation: refers to the influence of one sound segment upon the articulation

of another, so that the sounds become less alike, or different. For example:

grammar (O.E.)- glamor (M.E.)

peregrius (Latin)-pilgrim

marbre (French)-marble

In all these examples, one of the phonemes,/r/,dissimilates to /l/ in the course of time, which has changed the morpheme in question.

6.Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to

another morpheme. Affixes in a language are limited in number, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word. Prefixes are these affixes that have been added to the beginning of a word (e.g. un- in unhappy);suffixes are those

added to the end of a word(e.g. –ish in foolish); infixes, as a third type of affix, is not normally found in English but fairly common in some other languages. As the term suggests, it is an affix that is incorporated inside another word. It is possible to see the general principle at work in certain expressions, occasionally used in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by emotionally aroused English speakers: Absogoddamlutely!And Unfuckingbelievable!In fact, all affixes are bound morphemes.

7.Endocentric constituent: Endocentric construction(向心结构) is one whose

distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e.,

a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the

phrase two pretty girls, girls is the Centre or Head of the phrase or word group. 8.Embedding: Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in

another clause in syntactic subordination. E.g., I saw the man who had visited you last year.

9.Agreement: Agreement (or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the

forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also, be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue:

--Whose is this pen?

--Oh, it’s the pen I lost.

10.Hyponymy: Hyponymy, the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a

matter of class membership. For example, the meaning of desk is included in that of furniture, and the meaning of rose is included in that of flower.

11.Connotation: in the philosophers’ usage, connotation, opposite to denotation,

means the properties of entity a word denotes. For example, the connotation of “human” is “biped”, “featherless”, “rational”, etc.

12.Conceptual meaning: This is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech,

which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of conceptual meaning. But Leech also