句子成分与结构

Different parts of a sentence(英语句子成分结构)

制卷人：陆英2011-8-29 A sentence can be divided into different parts. Here is a brief overview of the different

句子是按一定语法规则组成，能表达一个比较完整的意思，并有一定语调的相对完整而独立的语言单位。

（1）句子的归类

句子按使用目的分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。从结构上又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

（2）句子的成分

构成句子的基本单位称为句子成分。根据它们在句子中的不同作用分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等七种。

①主语（subject）

是句子所论述的主题，也可以说是谓语的陈述对象。主语通常由名词（或名词短语）、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式、“无人称”it以及名词性从句充当。

Betty likes her new bike.

To learn a foreign language is not easy.

②谓语（predicate）

由动词构成，说明主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。

a.简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成。

They arrived yesterday.

He turned off the light just now.

b.复合谓语,由“情态动词或助动词+动词”或由“连系动词+表语”构成。

We must study English hard.

They have lived here for twenty years.

③宾语（object）

是及物动词或及物动词短语的接受者，也可用于介词之后构成介词短语。宾语有直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）之分。

Tom bought a story-book.

I saw him yesterday.

He gave me some ink.

Our teacher told us an interesting story.

④表语（predicative）

说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句充当。

Her sister is a nurse.

It's me.

We were at home last night.

His cup is broken.

This is why she often cries.

⑤补语（complement）

表示主语或宾语的身份、特征或与主语或宾语相同的概念。补语有主语补足语和宾语补足语之分。

a.宾语补足语

We elected him monitor.

The teacher thought the girl rather clever.

b.主语补足语

将上面两个主动句变为被动句后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。

He was elected monitor (by us).

The girl was thought rather clever (by the teacher)

⑥定语（attribute）

是描述名词、代词的修饰语，常和名词一起构成名词短语。定语有前置定语（多为

单词形式）和后置定语（多为副词、短语或从句）之分。

This is a green jeep.

Are these students your classmates?

I have something to tell you.

⑦状语（adverbial）

是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子的成分；有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、比较状语、程度状语、目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语和频率状语等。

You are quite right.

She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.

He stopped to have a look.

We'll set out if it is fine tomorrow.

(3)简单句的五种基本句型

①主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P）

The bike is new.

The map is on the wall.

②主语+不及物动词（S+V）

He swims.

③主语+及物动词+ 宾语（S+V+O）

Children often sing this song.

④主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）

She showed her friends all her pictures.

⑤主语+及物动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+C）

We keep our classroom clean and tidy.

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east （名词）

He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)

Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To see is to believe.（不定式）

What he needs is a book.（主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walkin g into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。

We study English. He is asleep.

(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days

D. summer