北二外翻译硕士考研真题
育明考研：北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士真题参考书复试线
2014年翻译硕士考研全套视频2500元翻译硕士全套考研资料(十几所院校考研真题+笔记+百科精编资料)=598元百科押题命中率高达98%以上订购热线400-6998-626 梁老师徐老师小陈老师朱老师李老师大强老师薛老师岳老师小吴老师大陈老师育明教育包揽北二外近三年翻译硕士第一名！第二外国语大学（原题）翻译硕士英语一、完形填空（全文录入，题目省略）：During the first many decades of this nation’s existence, the United States was a wide-open, dynamic country with a rapidly expanding economy. It was also a country that tolerated a large amount of cruelty and pain — poor people living in misery, workers suffering from exploitation. Over the years, Americans decided they wanted a little more safety and security. This is what happens as nations grow wealthier; they use money to buy civilization.Occasionally, our ancestors found themselves in a sweet spot. They could pass legislation that brought security but without a cost to vitality. But adults know that this situation is rare. In the real world, there’s usually a trade-off. The unregulated market wants to direct capital to the productive and the young. Welfare policies usually direct resources to the vulnerable and the elderly. Most social welfare legislation, even successful legislation, siphons money from the former to the latter.Early in this health care reform process, many of us thought we were in that magical sweet spot. We could extend coverage to the uninsured but also improve the system overall to lower costs. That is, we thought it would be possible to reduce the suffering of the vulnerable while simultaneously squeezing money out of the wasteful system and freeing it up for more productive uses.That’s what the management gurus call a win-win.It hasn’t worked out that way. The bills before Congress would almost certainly ease the anxiety of the uninsured, those who watch with terror as their child or spouse grows ill, who face bankruptcy and ruin.And the bills would probably do it without damaging the care the rest of us receive. In every place where reforms have been tried —from Massachusetts to Switzerland —people come to cherish their new benefits. The new plans become politically untouchable.But, alas, there would be trade-offs. Instead of reducing costs, the bills in Congress would probably raise them. T hey would mean that more of the nation’s wealth would be siphoned off from productive uses and shifted into a still wasteful health care system.The authors of these bills have tried to foster efficiencies. The Senate bill would initiate several interesting experiments designed to make the system more effective — giving doctors incentives to collaborate, rewarding hospitals that provide quality care at lower cost. It’s possible that some of these experiments will bloom into potent systemic reforms.But the general view among independent health care economists is that these changes will not fundamentally bend the cost curve. The system after reform will look as it does today, only bigger and more expensive.Rather than pushing all of the new costs onto future generations, as past governments have done, the Democrats have admirably agreed to raise taxes. Over the next generation, the tax increases in the various bills could funnel trillions of dollars from the general economy into the medical system.Moreover, the current estimates almost certainly understate the share of the nation’s wealth that will have to be shifted. In these bills, the present Congress pledges that future Congresses will impose painful measures to cut Medicare payments and impose efficiencies. Future Congresses rarely live up to these pledges. Somebody screams “Rationing!” and there is a bipartisan rush to kill even the most tepid cost-saving measure. After all, if the current Congress, with pride of authorship, couldn’t reduce costs, why sh ould we expect that future Congresses will?The bottom line is that we face a brutal choice.Reform would make us a more decent society, but also a less vibrant one. It would ease the anxiety of millions at the cost of future growth. It would heal a wound in the social fabric while pilinganother expensive and untouchable promise on top of the many such promises we’ve already made. America would be a less youthful, ragged and unforgiving nation, and a more middle-aged, civilized and sedate one.We all have to decide what we want at this moment in history, vitality or security. We can debate this or that provision, but where we come down will depend on that moral preference. Don’t get stupefied by technical details. This debate is about values.二、阅读理解，回答问题：Obama Loses a RoundWhile the jury is still out on what President Obama’s China visit has achieved for the long term, the president has most decidedly lost the war of symbolism in his first close encounter with China. In status-conscious China, symbolism and protocol play a role that is larger than life. U.S. diplomatic blunders could reinforce Beijing’s mindset that blatant information control works, and that a rising China can trump universal values of open, accountable government.During Mr. Obama’s visit, the Chinese outmaneuvered the Americans in all public events, from the disastrous town hall meeting in Shanghai to the stunted press conference in Beijing. In characteristic manner, the Chinese tried to shut out the public, while the U.S. unwittingly cooperated.The final image of President Obama in China that circulated around the world is telling: A lone man walking up the steep slope of the Great Wall. The picture is in stark contrast to those of other U.S. presidents who had their photographs taken at the Great Wall surrounded by flag-waving children or admiring citizens. Maybe Mr. Obama wanted a quiet moment for himself before returning home. But a president’s first visit to the wall is a ritual that needs to be properly framed. Mr. Obama could have waited until the next visit, when he could bring the first lady and the children. Instead, he went ahead by himself to pay tribute to China’s ancient culture. In return, the Chinese offered nothing, no popular receptions, not even the companionship of a senior Chinese leader. The trouble for the U.S. started at the town hall meeting two days earlier — a more scripted event than those organized with students for earlier U.S. presidents. There was no real dialogue, as a programmed audience, most of them Communist League Youth members, asked coached questions.The Chinese also rejected the U.S. request for live national coverage and defaulted on a promise to live-stream the meeting at , the online version of China’s state-owned news agency. Mr. Obama scored a point when he managed to address the issue of Internet freedom after the U.S. ambassador, Jon Huntsman, fielded him the question from a Chinese netizen submitted online. Meanwhile, Chinese officials garnered from the meeting generous quotes from Mr. Obama affirming China’s achievements and America’s expressions of good will, which were turned into glowing headlines for the Chinese media. In this round of the propaganda skirmish, the U.S. scored one point while China reaped a handful.Mr. Obama was similarly shut out from addressing the public in Beijing. At the Beijing press conference, President Hu Jintao and President Obama read prepared statements and would not take questions from reporters. “This was an historic meeting between the two l eaders, and journalists should have had the opportunity to ask questions, to probe beyond the statements,” protested Scott McDonald, the president of China’s Foreign Correspondents Club, but to no avail.In a final dash to break through the information blockade, the Obama team offered an exclusive interview to Southern Weekend, China’s most feisty newspaper, based in Guangzhou. Once again, journalists’ questions were programmed and the paper censored. In protest, the paper prominently displayed vast white spaces on the first and second page of the edition that carried the interview. Propaganda officials are investigating this act of defiance.Only the Obama team knows for sure how they allowed themselves to be outmaneuvered. Unwittingly, the U.S. helped to produce a package of faux public events.Pundits argued that the visitors were not supposed to impose the “American way” on China and that America needs to respect Chinese practices. The argument is both patronizing and condescending. Increasingly, the Chinese public has been clamoring for greater official transparency and accountability, while the Chinese government has been making progress on these fronts. No one in his right mind would ask Mr. Obama to lecture Beijing on human rights. But the Chinese public deserves better accounting, no less than Americans citizens.To their credit, U.S. officials did try to get their message out online. But it was the Chinese bloggers who were most active in challenging official information control. They at least foughtthe good fight with growing confidence, a fight the Americans seem unable to wage effectively.三、写作。
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语口译考研真题解析,考研出题老师介绍
A physician starts playing a harsh mental tape in her head every time a new patient calls: What if I make the wrong diagnosis? I’m a terrible doctor. How did I get into medical school?
一位内科医生每次给新病人看病时脑子里就会响起一个刺耳的声音：我要是诊断错 了该怎么办？我是个蹩脚的医生。当初我是怎么混进医学院的？
An executive loses his job despite 25 productive years, he tells himself: I’m a loser. I can’t provide for my family, and I’ll never be able to do it again.
figuratively) and spur you to finish that book or symphony or invention.//But the desire to achieve can get hijacked by harsh judgment and unrelenting fear.///Unrelenting self-criticism often goes hand in hand with anxiety, and it may even predict depression. /// Self-criticism is also a factor in eating disorders, and body disorder—that is, preoccupation with one’s perceived physical flaws. /Many people’s Inner Critic makes an appearance early in life and is such a constant companion that it’s part of their personality. Psychologists say that children, particularly those with a genetic predisposition to depression, may internalize and exaggerate the expectations of parents or peers or society.// One theory is that self-criticism is anger turned inward, when sufferers are filled with hostility but too afraid and insecure to let it out. //Other theories hold that people who scold themselves are acting out guilt or shame or subconsciously shielding themselves against criticism from others: You can’t tell me anything I don’t already tell myself, even in harsher terms.
北二外北京第二外国语学院812综合考试(英2)2020真题带答案试卷试题
机密★启用前北京第二外国语学院2020年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：812 综合考试（英2）满分：150分考试说明：请考生将答案写在指定答题纸上，若答在试卷上，则该科成绩无效。
请完成Part One的全部题目，在Part Two请选答国际商务英语、跨文化研究或英语教育方向的题目，只需要选答一个方向的题目。
Part One Basic Knowledge（90 Points）I. Multiple Choice Questions (30 points / 1 point each)Directions: There are 30 multiple choice questions in this part. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best answers the question and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Which of the following started the New Deal?A.Franklin RooseveltB. J.F. KennedyC.George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson2.The United States was rated _____ in the world in terms of land area and the sizeof population.A.secondB. thirdC. fourthD. fifth3.Which of the following has extolled the virtues of farmers?A.Thomas JeffersonB. Alexander HamiltonC. Adam SmithD. Eli Whitney4.The United States produces as much as half of the world’s ______.A.cottonB. tobacco and vegetable oilC. wheat and riceD. soybeans and corn5.“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a goodfortune must be in want of a wife”. This sentence is taken from _________.A.Pride and PrejudiceB. Wuthering HeightsC. Jane EyreD. Sense and Sensibility6.The pursuit of ________ is approved of repeatedly and affectionately inWhiteman’s poems.A. independence and libertyB. love and happinessC. social reform and innovationD. logic and reason7.“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewedand digested.” This sentence is taken from _________.A.Edgar Allen PoeB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Benjamin FranklinD. Francis Bacon第1 页共8 页。
北二外翻译硕士MTI考研真题
翻译硕士考研汉语写作与百科知识议论文写作议论文写作一、议论文的结构合体议论文,分析事实,论证道理,当然要遵循一定的思维规律；这种思维规律反映在文章的外部形态上,就是具有一定体式的文章的结构。
怎样写议论文才算“合体”呢?一是根据议论问题的一般思维模式,应当是按“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”(或曰“引论”、“本论”、“结论”)三大块构成。
“提出问题”即在议论文开头一般要鲜明地提出中心论点,“分析问题”即在文章的中间要围绕中心论点展开分析论证,“解决问题”即在文章的结尾部分或者得出综合性结论,或者提出前瞻性希望等。
这一点,众所周知,兹不赘述。
二是分析问题即本论部分,要按一定的向度分层展开论述。
所谓“向度”即论述展开的方向。
这个“向度”有四个:是什么,为什么,怎么样,何果。
一般情况下,一篇中学生议论文作文,其本论部分只要从这四个向度中选择一个或者两个展开即可。
但无论是从哪个向度展开,其分论点之间都要形成一定的联系。
一般来说,有并列式、递进式和对照式三种。
所谓并列式,就是围绕中心从同一个向度列出几个分论点,逐一论证。
如果仅仅围绕一个向度写,那么几个分论点之间的关系大多是并列关系。
递进式同并列式结构相比,除了论点之间的意义联系不同以外,其段落的结构模式与并列式相同,就不再说了。
资料来源：育明考研考博官网所谓对照式,就是从论题的正反两个方面入手,进行正反对比论证得出结论。
其优点是结构简洁,论证充分,容易上手。
最简单的对照式是在提出观点后，一段从正面论证观点,一段从反面论证观点,最后得出结论。
还有一种对照式结构是在正面进行论述或者摆出论据后,紧接着用转折或者假设的方式从反面展开论述。
二、思路入格议论文是论述问题的,当然要有一定的思路,即议论文各部分之间要有必然的内在联系。
我们知道,议论文是论证问题的,你在提出议论文论点后,就要摆事实,讲道理,让你提出的论点令人信服地确立起来。
因此,中心论点和各分论点之间就应当是因果联系,即中心论点是“果”,分论点是“因”。
2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书,考研大纲,复试分数线
2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题英语翻译基础一、汉译英15分1、《中庸》Doctrine of the Mean2、音译transliteration3、颐和园the Summer Palace4、目的语target language5、不可再生资源non-renewable resource6、中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences7、地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorates8、领土完整territorial integrity9、货到付款cash on delivery（COD）10、对外贸易经济合作部the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation11、洋务运动Westernization Movement12、中国国际广播电台China Radio International(CRI)13、改革重点the key points of the reform15、宪法修正案amendments to the Constitution英译汉15分1、（EMS）express mail service特快专递2、（GNP）gross national product国民生产总值3、（OPEC）Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国家组织资料来源：育明考研考博官网4、mission commander指挥官5、The third party involvement第三方介入6、（IFF）International Football Federation国际足球联合会7、Non Aligned Movement不结盟运动8、House of Representatives众议院9、（IAEA)International Atomic Energy Agency国际原子能组织10、Direct dial to phone直拨电话11、（IQ)intelligence quotient智商12、computer assisted design计算机辅助设计13、Federal Bureau of Investigation联邦调查局二、段落英译汉60分人物传记类，讲述一个部落放牛郎成长为二十世纪最后一位伟大的解放者。
北二外翻译硕士考研真题
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研汉语写作与百科知识考点(一)春秋时期《诗经》，我国第一部诗歌总集，由孔子编辑。
分风、雅、颂三个组成部分，使用赋、比、兴的手法。
《蒹葭》《关雎》《论语》，记载孔子和他的弟子的言论和行动，由孔子的弟子编纂。
孔子（前551～479年），名丘，字仲尼，鲁国人，春秋时代的思想家、教育家，儒家学派的创始人。
《左传》，我国第一部叙事比较详细的编年史，记载了春秋各国的政治、军事、外交等方面的大事，相传是左秋明所作。
《曹刿论战》（二）战国时期《庄子》，庄周及其弟子所作，道家学派著作。
《孟子》，记录了孟子的言行，为孟子及其弟子所著。
孟子（约前372～约前289年），名轲，字子舆，儒家学派代表人物之一。
《鱼我所欲也》《荀子》，作者荀况，战国时代的思想家、教育家。
《劝学》《韩非子》，韩非和后人所作，法家的作品。
韩非，荀子的学生。
《智子疑邻》《列子》，相传是战国时列御寇所作。
《愚公移山》《战国策》，记载战国时代各国游说之士的策略，作者不可考，由西汉刘向整理而成，共33篇。
《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》资料来源：育明考研考博官网（三）汉朝《淮南子》，西汉刘安及其门客编辑，为杂家著作。
《塞翁失马》《史记》，我国第一部纪传体通史，记载了从黄帝到汉武帝长达三千年的政治、经济、文化的历史。
作者司马迁（约前145～？年），字子长，西汉杰出的史学家、文学家、思想家，继承父业任太史令。
《陈涉世家》（四）魏晋南北朝曹操（155～220年），字孟德，政治家、军事家、诗人。
《短歌行》《观沧海》《龟虽寿》诸葛亮（181～234年）政治家、军事家。
《出师表》曹植（192～232年），字子建，诗人，曹操的第三子。
《七步诗》《搜神记》，笔记体志怪小说，作者是东晋史学家、文学家干宝。
《干将莫邪》陶渊明（365～427年），东晋诗人，字元亮（一说字潜，字渊明），存留120多首诗，其中20多首田园诗，开辟五言诗的新境界。
《桃花源记》《归去来兮辞》《归园田居》《饮酒》《水经注》，作者郦道元，北魏地理学家、散文家。
2021年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题汇集
2021年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题汇集各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
百科知识部分一、填空（每个空格1分，共8分）1。
赵措石是一位著名的散文作家。
2、建安文学悲凉慷慨、刚健有力的风格被后人称为“________”。
3、开创田园诗派的人是________。
4.中国古代著名文学理论著作《文心雕龙》的作者是。
5.北宋前期诗文革新运动的领导者是。
6.短篇小说集《星石横岩》正在编辑中。
7.汤显祖《牡丹亭》中的女主人公是。
8、 ________________________。
二、选择填空（每空1分，共8分）《红楼梦》《古诗十九首》《淮南子》《山海经》《摩尚桑》《尚书》《东阳生马序》《志一》《白马》《橘子书》《韩非子》《救风尘》《三戒》《学者外史》《汉宫秋》《亭》《宋莲》《孟子》《墨子》《刘涌》《李渔》《李清照》《刘基》《柳宗元》1。
汉代文人五言诗的最高成就是________;。
聊斋拜月2.杜少卿是中国古典小说中的人物。
3.保存中国最古老神话的古籍是。
4、“金玉其外，败絮其中”是_________《_____________》中的语句。
5、除《窦娥冤》外，关汉卿的代表作还有《_____________》等。
6、《公孙丑》、《告子》是《______________》一书的篇目名。
7、《漱玉词》是___________的词作集。
三、文字释义（限120~150字，4分）史料四、简述唐代诗歌发展概况（400字左右，10分）翻译硕士高校排名第一批:1.北京大学招生30人，其中20人免试2.北外英语笔译60名(学制两年)(好像除了翻译基础和汉语百科，会考俄日法德其中一门二外)3.南开英语口译和笔译分别招收30名非在职和在职学生4 30名复旦英语翻译5.同济英语笔译德语笔译未列招生人数6.上海交大英语笔译未列招生人数7.国内外有35名英语翻译（包括法律翻译、公共/商务翻译和专业翻译）译15人(下设会议口译方向，公/商务口译方向和陪同口译方向)法语口译5人8.南大英语笔译35人9.厦大英语口笔译各15人10.中南大学英语口译与笔译未列出招生人数11.湖南师范大学招生人数未列出12.中山大学英语翻译20.英语口译10.西南大学英语翻译13.未列出招生人数14.广外英语笔译60人英语口译40人日语笔译20人日语口译10人法语口译10人其中，《英语翻译硕士复试书目》991|翻译实务(笔译):1、《实用翻译教程(修订版)》，刘季春主编，中山大学出版社，2021年。
北二外翻译硕士考研真题解析 考试大纲、考研经验
2017年翻译硕士考研参考信息百科知识点总结（一）第一讲中国文学知识第一章中国古代文学第一节上古时期：神话传说（1）神话是上古文学的一种重要样式，是原始先民通过幻想以一种不自觉的艺术方式对自然现象和社会生活所作的形象描述和解释，是远古先民生产力和认识水平极其低下的条件下口头创作的，具有集体性、直观性，充满情感、富于想象力。
（2）上古神话的主要内容有：A、解释自然现象的：女娲补天、女娲造人（始祖神话）、盘古开天（创世神话）（育明教育注：南京大学2011年真题）B、反映人类同自然斗争的：大禹治水（洪水神话）、后羿射日、精卫填海（反映抗争精神）（育明教育注：上海外国语大学2011年真题，名解）C、反映社会斗争的：黄帝战蚩尤（战争神话）第二节先秦时期：散文（历史散文、诸子散文）春秋战国时期，是一个社会发生急剧变化的时代，此一时期，在中国文学史上占有重要一席之地的即是先秦散文。
百花齐放、百家争鸣的文化氛围促进了文学的繁荣，也迎来了文化光辉灿烂的时代，尤其是儒、墨、道、法几家学说，奠定了中国传统文化的基础。
一、《诗经》《诗经》我国第一部诗歌总集，由孔子编辑。
收录了自西周初年至春秋中叶约五百年间的作品。
《诗经》通称为《诗》或《诗三百》，到汉代，儒家把它奉为经典才称《诗经》，共305篇。
分为“风”、“雅”、“颂”三部分。
《诗经》是我国诗歌现实主义优良传统的源头，其思想内容和艺术成就，对我国文学，尤其是诗歌的发展有着深远的影响。
诗歌的形式以四言为主，多数为隔句用韵，并普遍运用“赋”、“比”、“兴”的手法，在章法上具有重章叠句反复咏唱的特点。
诗的内容包括：风（十五国风：周南、召南、邶〔bèi〕、墉〔yōng〕、卫、王、郑、齐、魏、唐、秦、陈、桧〔huì〕、曹、豳〔bīn）〕多半是经过润色后的民间歌谣。
“风”包括了十五个地方的民歌，包括今天山西、陕西、河南、河北、山东、湖北北部一些地方（齐、楚、韩、赵、魏、秦），叫“十五国风”，有160篇，是《诗经》中的核心内容。
2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题精选
2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题精选各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
百科写作部分一、填空（每空1分，共15分）1、“精卫填海”、“夸父追日”等神话故事出自______________。
2、“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。
”是_____________中的名句。
1、谢灵运是南朝时期扭转玄言诗风，开创____________派的关键人物。
2、被称为唐人七绝压卷之作的《出塞》（秦时明月汉时关）一诗的作者是__________。
3、“烟柳画桥，风帘翠幕，参差十万人家。
”出自词人___________的《望海潮》（东南形胜）。
4、“三言二拍”中的“三言”具体是指《醒世恒言》、《喻世明言》及___________。
5、汤显祖的《紫钗记》、《邯鄣记》、《南柯记》和《牡丹亭》合称___________。
6、清中叶，代表人物为方苞、刘大木魁、姚鼐的著名散文流派称作___________。
7、清代传奇的杰作当推洪升的《长生殿》和__________的《桃花扇》。
10、晚清四大谴责小说为李伯元的《官场现形记》、刘鄂的《老残游记》、曾朴的《孽海花》和_________。
11、标志着中国现代小说成熟的鲁迅小说集是________和_________。
12、“五四”时期出版的中国第一部新诗集是___________。
13、巴金的小说《雾》、《雨》、《电》合称_____________。
14、现代小说史上善于创造“市民世界”的作家是___________。
15、“陈奂生”系列小说的作者是_________。
二、选择填空（每空1分，共15分）贾谊枚乘司马相如曹操曹植曹丕文心雕龙永明体诗品文章流别论汉江临泛使至塞上白居易张籍刘禹锡韩愈李翱柳宗元杜枚陆龟蒙崔莺莺红楼梦金瓶梅张君瑞红娘贾王史薛侍萍繁漪四凤沈从文许地山天国春秋上海屋檐下周立波赵树理柳青故土人生冬天里的春天1、汉赋《子虚赋》和《上林赋》是__________的代表作品。
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题真题解析真题答案考研资料
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题真题解析真题答案考研资料【百天考研冲刺】最后100天需要注意事项：第一，尽快明确重点，然后拼命背诵。
第二，尽快模拟考试，然后找到问题。
第三，尽快调整状态，然后全力冲刺。
Ⅰ.Choose the right answer.1.____is Oscar Wilde’s only novel.dy Windermere’s FanB.A Woman of No ImportanceC.The Picture of Dorian GrayD.The Importance of Being Earnest2.____is a description of the misery of man of letters.A.New Grub StreetB.The CurrentC.Charles Dickens:A Critical StudyD.The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft3.A Dream of John Ball is a prose work which____recalled the peasants’rising of the14th century.A.MorrisB.GissingC.StevensonD.Wilde4.News from Nowhere is a prose work which____describes a dream of thefuture classless society.A.MorrisB.GissingC.StevensonD.Wilde5._____is famous for his translation of Rubaiyat.A.F.Scott FitzgeraldB.William FitzgeraldC.Robert FitzgeraldD.Edward Fitzgerald6._____is Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s best-known poem.A.The Blessed DamozelB.Poems by D.G.RossettiC.The House of LifeD.Ballads and Sonnets7.____is considered“the Sage of Chelsea”.A.Thomas CarlyleB.John RuskinC.Matthew ArnoldD.Tomas Macaulay8.____introduced German literature to England with his Life of Schiller.A.Thomas CarlyleB.John RuskinC.Matthew ArnoldD.Tomas Macaulay9.In____,Carlyle contrasted the misery and confusion of industrial Englandwith a certain Abbot Sampson’s admirable rule of his monastery in the12th century.A.Past and PresentB.Heroes and Hero-WorshipC.Sartor ResartusD.The French Revolution10.Thomas Macaulay’s masterpiece is___.A.History of EnglandB.Culture and AnarchyC.Heroes and Hero-WorshipD.Modern Painters11.Tennyson’s_____expresses his optimistic attitude towards death when he is old.A.Break,Break,BreakB.Crossing the BarC.The PrincessD.Maud12.____remained a poet in his painting and a painter in his poetry.A.Dante Gabriel RosettiB.Christina Georgina RossettiC.Edward FitzgeraldD.Algernon Charles SwinburneKey to the multiple choices:1-5CAAAD6-10AAAAA11-12BAⅡ.Fill in the blanks.1.Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus is a____phrase meaning“the tailor retailored”.2.Ruskin’s works on art expound his______thoughts and principles.3.Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice is a book in the sphere of____criticism.4.Tennyson’s book,______,was written in memory of his friend A.H.Hallam.5.Tennyson’s The Idylls of the King is based on the stories of_____and hisKnights of the Round Table.6.Christina Georgina Rossetti was famous for her_____,her chief narrativepoem.7.The keynote of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s love poems is the union of the bodyand the______.8.Robert Browning’s greatest contribution to literature is____.9.Robert Browning’s masterpiece is____.10.The Importance of Being Earnest is the first modern_____of English.11.Robert Louis Stevenson’s masterpiece is________.12.William Morris was a great poet,artist and_______.13.Swinburne’s mastery of metrical skill,versatility in the use of lyric forms andunconventional choice of themes made him an_______.14.Songs before Sunrise expresses Swinburne’s support and sympathy to the_________revolution of independence.15._______is the4-lined stanza rhyming in its first,second,and fourth lines. Keytin2.aesthetic3.art4.In Memoriam5.King Arthur6.Goblin Market7.soul8.dramatic monologue 9.The Ring and the Bookedy11.Treasure Island12.socialist13.aesthete14.Italian15.“Rubaiyat”Ⅲ.Say true or false.1.In Carlyle’s works,archaic words and expressions are revived and new onesinvented in the German manner.2.Swinburn wrote a number of plays including a trilogy of Mary Queen ofScots.3.Mrs.Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows written in1851is a support to the Irishpeople’s struggle for independence.4.Mr.Browning’s Pippa Passes is the first poem in the book Bells andPomegranates.5.Robert Louis Stevenson’s An Inland Voyage made him famous.6.George Gissing is a leading figure of naturalism.7.Swinburne wrote a trilogy of Mary Queen of Scots.8. F.Scott Fitzgerald is famous for his translation of Rubaiyat.9.The Germ is the magazine of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.Key to the True/False statements:1.T2.T3.F(Italian)4.T5.F(Treasure Island)6.T7.T8.F(Edward Fitzgerald)9.TPart Eight Twentieth Century English LiteratureⅠ.Choose the right answer.1.The Way of All Flesh written by_____gives a devastating picture of thebourgeois family and hypocrisy of the British middle class.A.Samuel ButlerB.George MeredithC.Herbert George WellsD.John Galsworthy2._____is considered“the bard of imperialism”.A.Joseph ConradB.Arnold BennettC.Rudyard KiplingD.Sean O’Casey3.Arnold Bennett’s masterpiece is_____.A.KimB.The Old Wives’TaleC.Lord JimD.The History of Polly4.Henry James is the forerunner of the_____.A.ImagismB.ChartismC.impressionismD.stream ofconsciousness5.Katharine Mansfield is a master of____at the turn of the century.A.short story writerB.dramatic poetryC.realistic novelsD.humor6.After writing_____,Hardy turned to poetry.A.Under the Greenwood TreeB.The Return of the NativeC.Jude the ObscureD.The Mayor of Casterbridge7.John Galsworthy won the Nobel Prize for Literature because of_____.A.The End of the ChapterB.The Forsyte SagaC.A Modern ComedyD.The Island Pharisees8.The Man of Property is taken from Galsworthy’s trilogy,_____.A.The End of the ChapterB.The Forsyte SagaC.A Modern ComedyD.The Island Pharisees9.The Abbey Theatre performed works by_____dramatists.A.IrishB.BritishC.AmericanD.Scottish10.Yeats’s fame rests chiefly on his______,using a lot of symbols in his poem.A.novelsB.poetryC.dramasD.prose11.____was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and agreat innovator of verse technique.A.W.B.Yeats B.T.S.EliotC.wrence D.G.B.Shaw12.____is a great novel spending James Joyce7years of hard working tocomplete.A.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManB.UlyssesC.Finnegans WakeD.Dubliners13.____is a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life inpolitics,culture and religion.A.A Portrait of the Artrist as a Young ManB.UlyssesC.Finnegans WakeD.Dubliners14.Which of the following is Not written by wrence?A.The Waste LandB.The Rainbowdy Chatterley’s LoverD.Women in Love15.Which of the following is not written by Yeats?A.Four QuartetsB.A VisionC.The Winding StairD.The Tower16.____is the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel formof“stream of consciousness”.A.Jacob’s RoomB.To the LighthouseC.OrlandoD.The WavesKey to the multiple choices:1-5ACBDA6-10CBBAB11-16BBDAADⅡ.Fill in the blanks.1.Herbert George Wells’s literary works fall into three groups:the_____novels,____novels and_____novels.2.Henry James’method of characterization is“a complete_____ofcharacters”.3.Hardy’s poetry is famous for its____poetry.4.Hardy’s novels are well-known for the_____and_____.5._____made Galsworthy famous as a playwright.dy Gregory is the founder of the____Theatre.7.Sean O’Casey is renowned for his drama of____slums in war andrevolution.8.Shaw’s____play expose the seamy side of the society.9.Rupert Brooke is one of the“_____poets”whose poems is The Soldier.10.John Masefield is considered“the poet of the_____”.wrence,James Joyce,Virginia Woolf were great____fiction writers.12.Robert Tressell was a working-class____in the early20th century.13.Christopher Caudwell made great contribution to_____literary criticism byhis2books,Illusion and Reality and Studies in a Dying Culture.Key to the blanks:1.realistic;scientific;discussion2.objectification3.Wessex4.characters;environment5.The Silver Box6.Abbey7.Dublin 8.unpleasant9.war10.sea11.psychological12.novelist13.MarxistⅢ.Say true or false.1.George Meredith’s novels are masterpieces of satirical portrayal andpsychological analysis.2.Joseph Conrad’s novels have groups:jungle novels,sea novels and politicalnovels.3.Henry James’s fundamental theme was the innocence of the New Worldand the corruption of the Old.4.The story of Tess is filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom.5.Fateful circumstances and tragic coincidences abound in the book of Judethe Obscure.dy Gregory,John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey were great Irishdramatists.7.The house in Shaw’s Heartbreak House embodies bourgeois England.8.Shaw’s Saint Joan is a historical play devoted to the great daughter of theEnglish people,Joan of Arc,and her struggle for the liberty of her country.9.Alfred Edward Housman,a classical scholar of the highest order andprofessor of Latin at London University and Cambridge wrote poetry of crystal clarity.10.James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the“stream of consciousness”school.11.Robert Tressell was a working class novelist whose great work is TheRagged Trousered Philanthropists.12.In the1930s,British Marxist literary criticism was represented by tworevolutionary writers,Ralph Fox and Christopher Caudwell.13.Ralph Fox’s representative book is The Novel and the People.Key to True/False statements:1.T2.T3.T4.T5.F(Tess)6.T7.T 8.F(French people)9.T10.T11.T12.T13.T一、每日作息表6:30—7:30起床洗漱吃早餐（营养早餐，肉蛋奶谷物必备）7:30—8:00背诵考研英语单词（考试不停，单词不止。
2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题,考研参考书,招生简章
北京第二外国语学院《翻译硕士英语》考研样题I.Vocabulary and grammar(30’)Multiple choiceDirections:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1.Thousands of people turned out into the streets to_________against the local authorities’decision to build a highway across the field.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest2.The majority of nurses are women,but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson’s retirement________from next January.A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to________government spending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget5.The heat in summer is no less_________here in this mountain region.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive6.Taking photographs is strictly________here,as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied7.Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_________.A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out8.Since the early nineties,the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand,always-available products and services that suit the customer’s_________rather than the company’s.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience9.The priest made the________of the cross when he entered the church.A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture10.This spacious room is________furnished with just a few articles in it.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely11.If you explained the situation to your solicitor,he________able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were12.With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks,it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad13.His remarks were________annoy everybody at the meeting.A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to14.James has just arrived,but I didn’t know he_________until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had been comingD.came15._________conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A.I was and always will beB.I have to be and always will beC.I had been and always will beD.I have been and always will be16.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful,we will have to install_________solar heating device in our home.A.some type ofB.some types of aC.some type of aD.some types of17.I went there in1984,and that was the only occasion when I________the journey in exactly two days.A.must takeB.must have madeC.was able to makeD.could make18.I know he failed his last test,but really he’s_________stupid.A.something butB.anything butC.nothing butD.not but19.Do you know Tim’s brother?He is_________than Tim.A.much more sportsmanB.more of a sportsmanC.more of sportsmanD.more a sportsman20.That was not the first time he________us.I think it’s high time we________strong actions against him.A.betrayed…takeB.had betrayed…tookC.has betrayed…tookD.has betrayed…takeII.Reading comprehension(40’)Section1Multiple choice(20’)Directions:In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions.Read thepassages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity,but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx,once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,however,have helped reverse the decline of Welsh.Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English,and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages,spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language,particularly among young people,is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small,proud st month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly,the first parliament to be convened here since1404.The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair,was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland,Northern Ireland,and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution.Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament,the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than25percent.Its powers were proportionately limited.The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent.It cannot,unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws.But now that it is here,the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly.Many people would like it to have more powers.Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003,of a new debating chamber,one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city.Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty.Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal,and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women,boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star,and Bryn Terfel,the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.And Wales now boasts a national airline,Awyr Cymru.Cymru,which means“land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales.The red dragon,the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur,is everywhere—on T-shirts,rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,”said Dyfan Jones,an18-year-old student.It was a warm summer night,and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,Wales’s annual cultural festival.The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,”Dyfan continued.Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking,global youth culture and the new federal Europe,Dyfan,like the rest of his generation,is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.“We used to think.We can’t do anything,we’re only Welsh.Now I think that’s changing.”1.According to the passage,devolution was mainly meant toA.maintain the present status among the nations.B.reduce legislative powers of England.C.create a better state of equality among the nations.D.grant more say to all the nations in the union.2.The word“centrifugal”in the second paragraph meansA.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA.people’s desire for devolution.B.locals’turnout for the voting.C.powers of the legislative body.D.status of the national language.4.Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA.people’s mentality.B.pop culture.C.town’s appearance.D.possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history,one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock.But making sure it never happens again may not be possible,because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems.It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world.With the explosion of wealth,that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before.The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,warmth,shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify.That remarkable promise became reality in many ernments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly(Social Security in the U.S.).Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees.Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—insome cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions?The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been.Ultimately I’m on my own.Now it became,ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the1980s.U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively,with huge Layoffs.The trend accelerated in the1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality.IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible,and a few of whom killed themselves.The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades.President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.To make costs easier to control,companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans,which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future,to defined contribution plans,which specify only how much goes into the play today.The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the401(k).the significance of the401(k)is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee.Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron?Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401(k)accounts.That is,the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it.Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s401(k)contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case.First,some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems,prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to. But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.Many had placed100%of their401(k)assets in the stock rather than in the 18other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent,but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.The shift back may take just as long.It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk,and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that,like most people in most times and places,they’re on their own.6.Why does the author say at the beginning“The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.B.Because such events would never happen again.C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7.According to the passage,the combined efforts by governments,layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA.people’s outlook on life.B.people’s life styles.C.people’s living standard.D.people’s social values.8.Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA.the corporate lay-offs.B.the government cuts in welfare spending.C.the economic restructuring.D.the warning power of labors unions.9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA.the401(k)made them responsible for their own future.B.Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C.their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A.The401(k)assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C.Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section2Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each e only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions1～3For40years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself.But the2,400school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition.The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season,when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’chances of reproducing successfully.Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs.They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn,when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well anisers of the event,which is led by about400Territorial Army volunteers,saymoving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek.Dartmoor is home to10rare species of ground-nesting birds,including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings.In some cases,species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin,South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB,took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year.“It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but,having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,”she said.“We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over.There is a risk of destruction and disturbance.If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker,an RSPB upland conservation officer,said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental.“If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting.There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.”A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July,and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period.There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004,“but until then any change was unlikely.The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline,it would increase pressure to move the Challenge,”he said.Major Mike Pether,secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge,said the event could be moved if there was the popular will.“The Ten Tors has been running for42years and it has always been at this time of the year.It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour.However,although the RSPB would like it moved,75per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,”he said.Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season,most of the children were on holiday in the summer,and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some54sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as“Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching621m.The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker.The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range.The origin of the event stretches back to1959when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers.In the first year203youngsters took up the challenges.Since then teams,depending on age and ability,face hikes of35,45or55miles between 10nominated Tors over two days.They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1.What is the Ten Tors Challenge?Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2.Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3.What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island,in the suburbs of New York City.They were very close,even for brothers.So when Adam’s liver started failing,Mike offered to give him half of his.The operation saved Adam’s life.But Mike,who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health,developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week.He was57.Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community.Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit?The Mount Sinai Medical Center,the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed,has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program,pending a review of Hurewitz’s death.Mount Sinai has performed about100such operations in the past three years.A1-in-100risk of dying may not seem like bad odds,but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio.The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm.“For a normal healthy person a mortality rate1%is hard to justify,”says Dr.John Fung,chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.“If the rate stays at1%,it’s just not going to be accepted.”On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks.If family members fully understand the risks and are willing to proceed,is there any reason to stand in their way?Indeed,a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as20%.The odds,thankfully,aren’t nearly that bad.For kidney donors,for example,the risk ranges from1in2,500to1in4,000for a healthy volunteer.That helps explain why nearly40%of kidney transplants in the e from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver,however,is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney.Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels,but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive.When organs from the recently deceased are used,the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed.Assuming all goes well,a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing,sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a ually only the left lobe of the organ is required,leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of1in500to1in1,000.But when the recipient is another adult,as much as60%of the donor’s liver has to be removed.“There really is very little margin for error,”says Dr.Fung.By way of analogy,he suggests,think of a tree.“An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant,you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks,that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed.All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision,says Dr. Mark Siegler,director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago.“Sometimes the sicker the patient,the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.”If you feel you can’t say no,is your decision truly voluntary?And if not,is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision.But unexamined,for the most part,is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being.So far,we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable,although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be.There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one.What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4.Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5.What is the major issue raised in the article?III.Writing(30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college,or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process.In your opinion,how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about400words on your view of the topic.1.坚定的决心请随时随地问自己：我到底想要什么?是想要，还是一定要？如果是想要，我们可能什么都得不到；如果是一定要，我们一定能够有方法得到。
北外考研翻硕试题及答案
北外考研翻硕试题及答案一、词汇翻译（共10分，每题1分）1. 一带一路2. 人工智能3. 可持续发展4. 供给侧结构性改革5. 共享经济答案：1. Belt and Road Initiative2. Artificial Intelligence3. Sustainable Development4. Supply-Side Structural Reform5. Sharing Economy二、句子翻译（共20分，每题4分）1. 随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交流变得越来越重要。
2. 创新是推动社会进步的关键因素。
3. 气候变化是全球面临的共同挑战。
4. 教育公平是实现社会公正的基石。
5. 科技创新是推动经济发展的重要动力。
答案：1. With the deepening of globalization, cross-cultural communication is becoming increasingly important.2. Innovation is a key factor in driving social progress.3. Climate change is a common challenge faced by the world.4. Educational equity is the cornerstone of achieving socialjustice.5. Technological innovation is an important driving force for economic development.三、段落翻译（共40分，每题10分）1. 中国的改革开放政策极大地促进了经济的快速发展，提高了人民的生活水平，并为世界经济的增长作出了重要贡献。
2. 随着互联网技术的飞速发展，电子商务已经成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，极大地改变了人们的购物方式。
北二外北外日语翻译硕士考研真题,参考书,状元笔记,考研参考书笔记
育明教育官网 北大、人大、中财、北外 、中传教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班 2014年视频课程+近三年真题+笔记+最后押题三套卷+公共课阅卷人一对一指导=2500元 7月1日前报名，8折优惠！8月1日前9折优惠！育明教育，7年专注考研辅导，北大、北外、中财、北外教授领衔辅导！2014年北京第二外国语学院考研参考书《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，光明日报出版社，2013年7月版作文書き方の注意点文体1. 口語体は避けて、文書体で書く。
2. 「です・ます」と「だ・である」を混ぜて書いてはいけない。
「です・ます」調で書く。
3. 一文を短くして、わかりやすい分にすること。
一分は60字以下が望ましい。
4. 読み手が分かるように書く。
5. 具体的に書く。
6. 400字以上を超える文章では、必ず段落変えをする。
7. ？、！は使わない。
8. 制限字数は、厳守。
制限字数の9割以上書くことが望ましい。
9. 誤字、脱字がないように何回も精読する。
特に中国語の漢字を書かないように注意する。
字数の配分1. 書き出し＝導入――課題・資料参考文章の要約 4割（200）2. 本文＝本論――感想・意見 5割（250）3. 終結＝結論――自分が一番言いたいこと 1割（50）八級作文参考1. 恩師への手紙2. 環境問題について3. 就職難について4. 私の尊敬している人5. 私の一番好きな本6. グローバル化について7. 異文化摩擦について8. 私から見た日本（人）9. 私と日本語北二外近年の作文：10ボランティアと私09「大学院での研究計画」08北京オリンピックに向けて07私の日本観05私の知っている日本。
北二外翻译硕士考研真题解析,考研经验
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研汉语写作与百科知识考点(一)春秋时期《诗经》，我国第一部诗歌总集，由孔子编辑。
分风、雅、颂三个组成部分，使用赋、比、兴的手法。
《蒹葭》《关雎》《论语》，记载孔子和他的弟子的言论和行动，由孔子的弟子编纂。
孔子（前551～479年），名丘，字仲尼，鲁国人，春秋时代的思想家、教育家，儒家学派的创始人。
《左传》，我国第一部叙事比较详细的编年史，记载了春秋各国的政治、军事、外交等方面的大事，相传是左秋明所作。
《曹刿论战》（二）战国时期《庄子》，庄周及其弟子所作，道家学派著作。
《孟子》，记录了孟子的言行，为孟子及其弟子所著。
孟子（约前372～约前289年），名轲，字子舆，儒家学派代表人物之一。
《鱼我所欲也》《荀子》，作者荀况，战国时代的思想家、教育家。
《劝学》《韩非子》，韩非和后人所作，法家的作品。
韩非，荀子的学生。
《智子疑邻》《列子》，相传是战国时列御寇所作。
《愚公移山》《战国策》，记载战国时代各国游说之士的策略，作者不可考，由西汉刘向整理而成，共33篇。
《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》资料来源：育明考研考博官网（三）汉朝《淮南子》，西汉刘安及其门客编辑，为杂家著作。
《塞翁失马》《史记》，我国第一部纪传体通史，记载了从黄帝到汉武帝长达三千年的政治、经济、文化的历史。
作者司马迁（约前145～？年），字子长，西汉杰出的史学家、文学家、思想家，继承父业任太史令。
《陈涉世家》（四）魏晋南北朝曹操（155～220年），字孟德，政治家、军事家、诗人。
《短歌行》《观沧海》《龟虽寿》诸葛亮（181～234年）政治家、军事家。
《出师表》曹植（192～232年），字子建，诗人，曹操的第三子。
《七步诗》《搜神记》，笔记体志怪小说，作者是东晋史学家、文学家干宝。
《干将莫邪》陶渊明（365～427年），东晋诗人，字元亮（一说字潜，字渊明），存留120多首诗，其中20多首田园诗，开辟五言诗的新境界。
《桃花源记》《归去来兮辞》《归园田居》《饮酒》《水经注》，作者郦道元，北魏地理学家、散文家。
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题真题解析真题答案考研资料.
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题真题解析真题答案考研资料【百天考研冲刺】最后100天需要注意事项:第一,尽快明确重点,然后拼命背诵。
第二,尽快模拟考试,然后找到问题。
第三,尽快调整状态,然后全力冲刺。
Ⅰ.Choose the right answer.1.____is Oscar Wilde’s only novel.dy Windermere’s FanB.A Woman of No ImportanceC.The Picture of Dorian GrayD.The Importance of Being Earnest2.____is a description of the misery of man of letters.A.New Grub StreetB.The CurrentC.Charles Dickens:A Critical StudyD.The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft3.A Dream of John Ball is a prose work which____recalled the peasant s’rising of the14th century.A.MorrisB.GissingC.StevensonD.Wilde4.News from Nowhere is a prose work which____describes a dream of the future classless society.A.MorrisB.GissingC.StevensonD.Wilde5._____is famous for his translation of Rubaiyat.A.F.Scott FitzgeraldB.William FitzgeraldC.Robert FitzgeraldD.Edward Fitzgerald6._____is Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s best-known poem.A.The Blessed DamozelB.Poems by D.G.RossettiC.The House of LifeD.Ballads and Sonnets7.____is considered“the Sage of Chelsea”.A.Thomas CarlyleB.John RuskinC.Matthew ArnoldD.Tomas Macaulay8.____introduced German literature to England with his Life of Schiller.A.Thomas CarlyleB.John RuskinC.Matthew ArnoldD.Tomas Macaulay9.In____,Carlyle contrasted the misery and confusion of industrial Englandwith a certain Abbot Sampson’s admirable rule of his monastery in the12th century.A.Past and PresentB.Heroes and Hero-WorshipC.Sartor ResartusD.The French Revolution10.Thomas Macaulay’s masterpiece is___.A.History of EnglandB.Culture and AnarchyC.Heroes and Hero-WorshipD.Modern Painters11.Tennyson’s_____expresses his optimistic attitude towards death when he is old.A.Break,Break,BreakB.Crossing the BarC.The PrincessD.Maud12.____remained a poet in his painting and a painter in his poetry.A.Dante Gabriel RosettiB.Christina Georgina RossettiC.Edward FitzgeraldD.Algernon Charles SwinburneKey to the multiple choices:1-5CAAAD6-10AAAAA11-12BAⅡ.Fill in the blanks.1.Carlyle’s Sartor Resartus is a____phrase meaning“the tailor retailored”.2.Ruskin’s works on art expound his______thoughts and principles.3.Ruskin’s The Stones of Venice is a book in the sphere of____criticism.4.Tennyson’s book,______,was written in memory of his friend A.H.Hallam.5.Tennyson’s The Idyl ls of the King is based on the stories of_____and his Knights of the Round Table.6.Christina Georgina Rossetti was famous for her_____,her chief narrative poem.7.The keynote of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s love poems is the union of the body and the______.8.Robert Browning’s greatest contribution to literature is____.9.Robert Browning’s masterpiece is____.10.The Importance of Being Earnest is the first modern_____of English.11.Robert Louis Stevenson’s masterpiece is________.12.William Morris was a great poet,artist and_______.13.Swinburne’s mastery of metrical skill,versatility in the use of lyric forms and unconventional choice of themes made him an_______.14.Songs before Sunrise expresses Swinburne’s support and sympathy to the_________revolution of independence.15._______is the4-lined stanza rhyming in its first,second,and fourth lines. Keytin2.aesthetic3.art4.In Memoriam5.King Arthur6.Goblin Market7.soul8.dramatic monologue 9.The Ring and the Bookedy11.Treasure Island12.socialist13.aesthete14.Italian15.“Rubaiyat”Ⅲ.Say true or false.1.In Carlyle’s works,archaic words and expressions are revived and new ones invented in the German manner.2.Swinburn wrote a number of plays including a trilogy of Mary Queen of Scots.3.Mrs.Bro wning’s Casa Guidi Windows written in1851is a support to the Irish people’s struggle for independence.4.Mr.Browning’s Pippa Passes is the first poem in the book Bells and Pomegranates.5.Robert Louis Stevenson’s An Inland Voyage made him famous.6.George Gissing is a leading figure of naturalism.7.Swinburne wrote a trilogy of Mary Queen of Scots.8. F.Scott Fitzgerald is famous for his translation of Rubaiyat.9.The Germ is the magazine of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Key to the True/False statements:1.T2.T3.F(Italian4.T5.F(Treasure Island6.T7.T8.F(Edward Fitzgerald9.TPart Eight Twentieth Century English LiteratureⅠ.Choose the right answer.1.The Way of All Flesh written by_____gives a devastating picture of the bourgeois family and hypocrisy of the British middle class.A.Samuel ButlerB.George MeredithC.Herbert George WellsD.John Galsworthy2._____is considered“the bard of imperialism”.A.Joseph ConradB.Arnold BennettC.Rudyard KiplingD.Sean O’Casey3.Arnold Bennett’s masterpiece is_____.A.KimB.The Old Wives’TaleC.Lord JimD.The History of Polly4.Henry James is the forerunner of the_____.A.ImagismB.ChartismC.impressionismD.stream ofconsciousness5.Katharine Mansfield is a master of____at the turn of the century.A.short story writerB.dramatic poetryC.realistic novelsD.humor6.After writing_____,Hardy turned to poetry.A.Under the Greenwood TreeB.The Return of the NativeC.Jude the ObscureD.The Mayor of Casterbridge7.John Galsworthy won the Nobel Prize for Literature because of_____.A.The End of the ChapterB.The Forsyte SagaC.A Modern ComedyD.The Island Pharisees8.The Man of Property is taken from Galsworthy’s trilogy,_____.A.The End of the ChapterB.The Forsyte SagaC.A Modern ComedyD.The Island Pharisees9.The Abbey Theatre performed works by_____dramatists.A.IrishB.BritishC.AmericanD.Scottish10.Yeats’s fame rests chiefly on his______,using a lot of symbols in his poem.A.novelsB.poetryC.dramasD.prose11.____was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique.A.W.B.Yeats B.T.S.EliotC.wrence D.G.B.Shaw12.____is a great novel spending James Joyce7years of hard working to complete.A.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManB.UlyssesC.Finnegans WakeD.Dubliners13.____is a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics,culture and religion.A.A Portrait of the Artrist as a Young ManB.UlyssesC.Finnegans WakeD.Dubliners14.Which of the following is Not written by wrence?A.The Waste LandB.The Rainbowdy Chatterley’s LoverD.Women in Love15.Which of the following is not written by Yeats?A.Four QuartetsB.A VisionC.The Winding StairD.The Tower16.____is the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of“stream of consciousness”.A.Jacob’s RoomB.To the LighthouseC.OrlandoD.The WavesKey to the multiple choices:1-5ACBDA6-10CBBAB11-16BBDAADⅡ.Fill in the blanks.1.Herbert George Wells’s literary works fall into three groups:the_____ novels,____novels and_____novels.2.Henry James’method of characterization is“a complete_____of characters”.3.Hardy’s poetry is famous for its____poetry.4.Hardy’s novels are well-known for the_____and_____.5._____made Galsworthy famous as a playwright.dy Gregory is the founder of the____Theatre.7.Sean O’Casey is renowned for his drama of____slums in war and revolution.8.Shaw’s____play expose the seamy side of the society.9.Rupert Brooke is one of the“_____poets”whose poems is The Soldier.10.John Masefield is con sidered“the poet of the_____”.wrence,James Joyce,Virginia Woolf were great____fiction writers.12.Robert Tressell was a working-class____in the early20th century.13.Christopher Caudwell made great contribution to_____literary criticism by his2books,Illusion and Reality and Studies in a Dying Culture.Key to the blanks:1.realistic;scientific;discussion2.objectification3.Wessex4.characters;environment5.The Silver Box6.Abbey7.Dublin 8.unpleasant9.war10.sea11.psychological12.novelist13.MarxistⅢ.Say true or false.1.George Meredith’s novels are masterpieces of satirical portrayal and psychological analysis.2.Joseph Conrad’s novels have groups:jungle novels,sea novels and political novels.3.Henry James’s fundamental theme was the innocence of the New World and the corruption of the Old.4.The story of Tess is filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom.5.Fateful circumstances and tragic coincidences abound in the book of Jude the Obscure.dy Gregory,John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey were great Irish dramatists.7.The house in Shaw’s Heartbreak House embodies bourgeois England.8.Shaw’s Saint Joan is a historical play devoted to the great daughter of theEnglish people,Joan of Arc,and her struggle for the liberty of her country.9.Alfred Edward Housman,a classical scholar of the highest order andprofessor of Latin at London University and Cambridge wrote poetry of crystal clarity.10.James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the“stream of consciousness”school.11.Robert Tressell was a working class novelist whose great work is TheRagged Trousered Philanthropists.12.In the1930s,British Marxist literary criticism was represented by tworevolutionary writers,Ralph Fox and Christopher Caudwell.13.Ralph F ox’s representative book is The Novel and the People.Key to True/False statements:1.T2.T3.T4.T5.F(Tess6.T7.T 8.F(French people9.T10.T11.T12.T13.T一、每日作息表6:30—7:30起床洗漱吃早餐(营养早餐,肉蛋奶谷物必备 7:30—8:00背诵考研英语单词(考试不停,单词不止。
北二外翻译硕士考研真题
育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。
目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2014年金融硕士考研参考书及教材《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》，李国正主编，光明日版出版社，2013年出版--段落翻译—一，英译中：1 .The Center for the Implementation of Public Policies Promoting Equity and Growth (CIPPEC) is a leading think tank in Argentina. It is a private, non-profit organization that strives to create a more just, democratic and efficient public sector in Argentina, and is devoted to the study of the education, health, fiscal, political, judicial and public management systems, in order to determine needs, opportunities, and obstacles for the implementation of effective public policies.The think tank elaborates and disseminates technical information about the functioning of Argentine institutions to promote the accountability of public officials. CIFPEC also provides technical assistance to provincial governments and municipalities, and maintains regional networks working on topics such as parliamentary transparency, democratic institutions, regional integration, etc. Its current projects consist of two training courses on quantitative methods to analyze international trade and financial tools for SMEs as well as a joint study on a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the agency. (155 words)*答题处-注意排版和书写*2 The huge earthquake that hit off the coast of northeastern Miyagi prefecture earlier this year wasa harsh reminder of the more elemental dangers that can threaten economic activity on the crowded and seismically vulnerable Japanese archipelago. Weighing the full implications of the natural disaster will take time. Yet the earthquake at the very least throws a huge question mark over an economic recovery that economists had hoped would gather steams in 2011 after stalling in the last three months of 2010. Although the areas worst hit are far less economically significant than the coastal industry zones, which suffered widespread stoppages after' the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the disaster could heighten recent uncertainty among consumers and investors about the prospects for Japan's continued recovery from its' worst postwar recession.Learning from the lessons of the devastating disaster in 1995, the government and insurance companies have been actively encouraging even smaller companies to draw up detailed "business continuity plans" intended: to minimize losses and aid quick recoveries. In the longer term, the earthquake is certain to force heavy spending on construction and public works in the affected region. The terrifying footage of tsunami carrying away whole buildings makes it clear that dealing with the damage will require huge effort and heavy investment. (212 words)*答题处-注意排版和书写*二、中译英1.在人类历史的长河中，美术不仅给人民大众带来了美的享受，更是记载着一个国家、一个民族生生不息、延绵不绝的历史。
大学翻译硕士MTI历年考研真题-2013北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题(回忆版)(1)
2013北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研试题（回忆版）版本1翻译硕士英语第一题单选30个，专四难度。
不过有的词拿不准啊…第二题4个阅读A ：nuclear power是否是最佳能源。
5个选择，每个2分B ：一个得癌症的女人为自己的保险金的斗争…5个选择，每个2分C ：环太平洋板块和印度板块的地震带… 3个问答，每个4分D ：suburban area 的优劣。
2个问答，每个4分第三题是作文。
Many people spend too much time on texting,…而不是face toface communication翻译基础1. 世界文化遗产2. 居留权3. 豆浆4. 国际日期变更线5. 白马王子6. 拆迁户7. 中国革命历史博物8. 国民生产总值9. 营业执照10. 总统候选人11. 中国科学院12. 双重国籍13. 白手起家英译汉1. Principle of reciprocity2. Maglev train(magneticallylevitated train) magnetic suspension train3. the crime of dereliction ofduty4. three-point shot percentage5. gender gap6. unemployment benefit7. local people’s procuratorate8. multilateral internationalconvention9. bilateral and multilateraleconomic cooperation10. black sheep今年有大变化！！！就两大段英译汉关于苏门答腊海啸，以及科学家对将来更大的灾难袭击美国海岸。
汉译英关于战胜生活，不颓废，认同个体和其他个体什么的，不难。
第一句就是经验随着年龄增长，知识和宽容随着经验增长百科1. 主观唯心主义包括什么2. 区分辩证法和形而上学的原理3. 信息的实质4. 人脑是什么5. 四大菜系6. 北四阁7. 四大名楼8. 四小名旦9. 乾隆的三希堂的三件名字帖《快雪时晴贴》《中秋帖》（王献之）《伯远帖》10. 中美关系正常化时中美两国领导人各是谁11. 2009年去世的是哪位世界歌手（迈克尔·杰克逊，流行之王）12. “修合无人见，存心有天知”说的是采药的13. 我国现存最古老最高的木结构塔是山西应县的释迦塔14. 轻度发酵的茶是青茶和白茶15. 2011年神舟八号和天宫一号成功分离16. 斯大林是苏联的共产党书记和部长会议主席17. 南北回归线是热带和温带的界限，18. 太阳直射点的边界19. 博鳌亚洲论坛发起人，每年在中国的哪里举办20. 马克思的两个理论成果21. 2020年六大经济体22. 哪个不符合辛亥革命前的社会场景：选项有看申报怒斥日本侵占台湾，坐中国自制铁路进京赶考，慈禧政变时在商务印书局工作等23. 四库全书哪个皇帝年间24. 七碗茶歌对茶进行了详尽的描述第二大题是应用文，某高校体育运动会的讲话稿。
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士MTI作文真题
北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士MTI作文真题（范文）北京第二外国语学院,北二外,翻译硕士,作文,真题分享到：新浪微博QQ空间开心网人人网范文一：我看大学生就业难近日,随着高校毕业生就业工作的开始,就业再次成为社会热门话题。
近年来，由于大学扩招，等因素，大学毕业生人数激增，特别是在金融危机的巨大冲击之下就业难已经成为一个不争的事实。
有人感叹毕业即意味着失业。
至于大学生就业难的原因和因素很多，譬如说大学的扩招而导致大学生的人数剧增，而社会的安置岗位明显较少。
大学的扩招使得教育质量下降导致大学生的综合素质降低。
二是人为因素导致的结构性失业，使就业难进一步加剧。
所谓结构性失业，即一些大学生宁愿失业也不愿到基层去，出现了职业空缺与失业并存的现象，造成人力资源的极大浪费。
第三种情况是几年前的一些“热门”专业现在成了“冷门”，社会提供的岗位减少，而需要就业的人又猛增（几年前奔着“热门”去的），这种供需矛盾使不少毕业生唉声叹气，只恨自己选错了行。
在这一点上我认为当前有些大学应该反省，现在一些大学的专业设置是跟着市场跑，看什么专业热门，就开设什么专业，而不顾自己学校的实际情况。
结果是赚了一些钱，害了一批学生，最后砸了自己的牌子。
2009还有一个重要的原因就是受到金融危机的影响，全球的用人单位都在裁员，就业难得问题更是雪上加霜。
对于面临就业和在校的大学生又该何去何从。
有人为找不到工作而四处奔忙，但也有一些同学因好几家工作单位要他而苦于选择，不知道到哪一家单位去好。
我们不仅要问，同一所院校有的甚至是同一个专业的学生，差距为何如此之大？笔者认为，他们之所以能得到众多用人单位的亲睐，一个重要的原因是他们比别人做了更充分的准备。
具体表现为学业成绩优秀，交往沟通能力强，具有团结协作与开拓创新的精神。
这是对个人的要求。
其次政府在大学生就业方面也做了很多的工作，特别是在今年的两会上，明显吧大学生就业问题放在了一个更加重要的位置。
企业在金融危机下由于要降低成本作出适当的裁员这原本就是市场经济下企业的自主行为，政府本不应干涉。
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北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研汉语写作与百科知识考点(一)春秋时期《诗经》，我国第一部诗歌总集，由孔子编辑。
分风、雅、颂三个组成部分，使用赋、比、兴的手法。
《蒹葭》《关雎》《论语》，记载孔子和他的弟子的言论和行动，由孔子的弟子编纂。
孔子（前551～479年），名丘，字仲尼，鲁国人，春秋时代的思想家、教育家，儒家学派的创始人。
《左传》，我国第一部叙事比较详细的编年史，记载了春秋各国的政治、军事、外交等方面的大事，相传是左秋明所作。
《曹刿论战》（二）战国时期《庄子》，庄周及其弟子所作，道家学派著作。
《孟子》，记录了孟子的言行，为孟子及其弟子所著。
孟子（约前372～约前289年），名轲，字子舆，儒家学派代表人物之一。
《鱼我所欲也》《荀子》，作者荀况，战国时代的思想家、教育家。
《劝学》《韩非子》，韩非和后人所作，法家的作品。
韩非，荀子的学生。
《智子疑邻》《列子》，相传是战国时列御寇所作。
《愚公移山》《战国策》，记载战国时代各国游说之士的策略，作者不可考，由西汉刘向整理而成，共33篇。
《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》资料来源：育明考研考博官网（三）汉朝《淮南子》，西汉刘安及其门客编辑，为杂家著作。
《塞翁失马》《史记》，我国第一部纪传体通史，记载了从黄帝到汉武帝长达三千年的政治、经济、文化的历史。
作者司马迁（约前145～？年），字子长，西汉杰出的史学家、文学家、思想家，继承父业任太史令。
《陈涉世家》（四）魏晋南北朝曹操（155～220年），字孟德，政治家、军事家、诗人。
《短歌行》《观沧海》《龟虽寿》诸葛亮（181～234年）政治家、军事家。
《出师表》曹植（192～232年），字子建，诗人，曹操的第三子。
《七步诗》《搜神记》，笔记体志怪小说，作者是东晋史学家、文学家干宝。
《干将莫邪》陶渊明（365～427年），东晋诗人，字元亮（一说字潜，字渊明），存留120多首诗，其中20多首田园诗，开辟五言诗的新境界。
《桃花源记》《归去来兮辞》《归园田居》《饮酒》《水经注》，作者郦道元，北魏地理学家、散文家。
《水经》是古代一部记我国河流水道的书，郦道元为之作注。
《三峡》丘迟，南朝齐、梁间的文学家。
《与陈伯之书》资料来源：育明考研考博官网《木兰诗》，民间叙事诗，北朝乐府民歌中最杰出的作品。
《木兰诗》吴均，南朝人。
《与朱元思书》（五）唐朝唐初文坛四杰：王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王。
王勃《送杜少府之任蜀川》王之涣，诗人，歌咏边塞的诗歌最著名。
《凉州词》《登鹳鹊楼》孟浩然，擅长山水田园诗，与王维并称"王孟"。
《过故人庄》王昌龄，擅长七绝，主要写边塞诗和宫怨诗。
《芙蓉楼送辛渐》王维，字摩诘，曾官至尚书右丞，故世人称"王右丞"，其诗有诗、画、音乐合一的特色。
《送元二使至安西》李白（701～762年），字太白，号青莲居士，杰出的浪漫主义诗人。
其诗想象丰富，感情奔放，形象雄奇，语言瑰丽活泼，擅长乐府和绝句，许多诗成为千古绝唱。
存诗近千首。
《送友人》《秋登宣城谢眺北楼》《行路难》杜甫（712～770年），字子美，杰出现实主义诗人。
曾任工部员外郎，后世称为"杜工部"。
其诗感情真切，思想深刻，意境深沉，语言准确，存诗1400多首。
《闻官军收河南河北》《江资料来源：育明考研考博官网畔独步寻花》《江南逢李龟年》《石壕吏》《春夜喜雨》《茅屋为秋风所破歌》《兵车行》白居易（772～846年），字乐天，号香山居士，晚唐现实主义诗人。
其诗深刻反映现实，反映民众的疾苦，感情充沛，语言通俗，雅俗共赏。
存诗近3000首。
《钱塘湖春行》《忆江南》《卖炭翁》《琵琶行（并序）》韩愈（768～824年）字退之，世称韩昌黎，著名的文学家、教育家。
积极提倡古文运动，恢复古代朴实文风，留下大量文情并茂的文章。
《马说》《师说》《原毁》柳宗元（773～819年）字子厚，河东解州人。
积极提倡古文运动，写出大量优秀散文、游记、寓言、诗歌等作品。
杜牡，字牧之，号樊川。
与李商隐并称"小李杜"。
《江南春绝句》《阿房宫赋》岑参，诗人，是写边塞诗的代表人物之一。
《白雪歌送武判官归京》刘禹锡，字梦得，著有《刘梦得文集》。
《陋室铭》（六）宋朝范仲淹（989～1052年），字希文，北宋政治家、文学家。
著有《范文正公集》。
《岳阳楼记》资料来源：育明考研考博官网欧阳修（1007～1072年），字永叔，自号醉翁、六一居士，谥号文忠，北宋政治家、文学家，在散文、诗歌、史传编写、诗文评论方面均有成就。
《醉翁亭记》《伶官传序》苏轼（1037～1101年），字子瞻，号东坡居士，北宋政治家、文学家，北宋文坛领袖，诗、词、散文有着极高的成就。
倡导诗文革新运动。
著有《东坡全集》《东坡志林》等。
《浣溪纱》《念奴娇•赤壁怀古》《题西林壁》《石钟山记》《教战守策》王安石（1021～1086年）字介甫，晚号半山，北宋政治家、文学家，提倡变法。
因封荆国公，世称王荆公；谥号文，人称王文公。
倡导诗文革新运动。
著有《王临川集》等。
《伤仲永》《游褒禅山记》司马光（1019～1086年），字君实，北宋政治家、史学家。
政治上反对王安石变法。
花了19年时间主持编写了编年体史书《资治通鉴》。
《训俭示康》《赤壁之战》李清照，北宋女词人，号易安居士。
在散文诗词方面均有成就，后人辑有《漱玉集》。
《武陵春》《如梦令》陆游（1152～1210年）字务观，号放翁。
南宋著名爱国诗人，是我国诗人当中创作数量最多的一个，存诗资料来源：育明考研考博官网9300多首。
《十一月四日风雨大作》《诉衷情》《过小孤山大孤山》辛弃疾（1140～1207年）字幼安，号稼轩，南宋著名爱国词人。
《西江月》《永遇乐•京口北固亭怀古》文天祥（1236～1283年）字宋瑞、履善，自号文山，北宋政治家、诗人，写了许多爱国主义的诗文，被俘不屈，壮烈殉国。
著有《指南录》等。
《过零丁洋》《〈指南录〉后序》沈括，字存中，北宋政治家、科学家，所著《梦溪笔谈》是综合性学术专著。
《活板》《采草药》《雁荡山》周敦颐，字茂叔，著名哲学家。
《爱莲说》（七）元明施耐庵，著有描写农民革命斗争的长篇小说《水浒》，是在民间传说、说书的基础上加工而成的。
《鲁提辖拳打镇关西》《林教头风雪山神庙》罗贯中，所著《三国演义》是我国历史演义小说的开山之作。
《杨修之死》《群英会蒋干中计》吴承恩，在民间传说、杂剧和其他著作的基础上创作《西游记》，是浪漫主义的长篇神话小说。
（八）清朝蒲松龄，字留仙、剑臣，号柳泉，代表作为文言短篇志怪小说集《聊斋志异》。
吴敬梓，《儒林外史》是我国第一部优秀长篇讽刺小说。
《范进中举》资料来源：育明考研考博官网曹雪芹，名，字梦阮，好雪芹，"披阅十载，增删五次"完成了《红楼梦》，《红楼梦》是我国古典小说现实主义的最高峰。
中国古代文学史上的第一第一部字典《说文解字》汉，许慎第一部词典《尔雅》汉第一部方言词典《方言》汉，杨雄第一部植物专著《南方草木状》晋，嵇含第一部药典《神农本草经》第一部编年体史书《春秋》第一部茶叶专著《茶经》唐，陆羽第一部工农业生产技术书《天工开物》明，宋应星第一部地理书《禹贡》第一部汇编古代文化典籍书《永乐大典》明，解缙等第一部传记体史书《史记》汉，司马迁第一部断代体史书《汉书》汉，班固资料来源：育明考研考博官网第一部历史评论著作《史通》唐，刘知几第一部古代制度史《通典》唐，杜名第一部兵书《孙子》春秋，孙武第一部诗歌总集《诗经》第一部语录体著作《论语》第一部神话小说《搜神记》唐，于宝第一部笔记小说《世说新语》南朝，刘义庆第一部文选《昭明文选》南朝，梁，萧衍第一部断代诗选《全唐诗》清，彭定求等第一部文艺理论书《文心雕龙》南朝，梁，刘勰第一部系统的戏曲理论著作《闲情偶寄》清，李渔第一部绘画理论著作《古画品录》南朝，齐，谢赫第一部韵书《切韵》隋，陆法言第一部图书分类目录《七略》汉，刘歆第一部中医学典籍《黄帝内经》第一部建筑专著《营造法式》宋，李械资料来源：育明考研考博官网第一部农业百科全书《齐民要术》北魏，贾思勰四大古典名著《西游记》吴承恩，《红楼梦》曹雪芹，《三国演义》罗贯中，《水浒传》施耐庵四大民间传说牛郎织女传说，孟姜女寻夫传说，梁山伯祝英台传说，白蛇许仙传说十大古典喜剧《救风尘》关汉卿，《墙头马上》白朴，《西厢记》王实甫，《李逵负荆》康进之，《看钱奴》郑迁玉，《幽闺记》施君美，《中山狼》康海，《玉簪记》高濂，《绿牡丹》吴炳，《风筝误》李渔十大古典悲剧《窦娥冤》关汉卿，《汉宫秋》马致远，《赵氏孤儿》纪君祥，《琵琶记》高则成，《精忠旗》冯梦龙，《娇红记》孟称舜，《清忠谱》李玉，《长生殿》洪乐，《桃花扇》孙尚任，《雷锋塔》方成培资料来源：育明考研考博官网十大古典名曲高山流水，广陵散，平沙落雁，梅花三弄，十面埋伏，夕阳萧鼓，渔樵问答，胡笳十八拍，汉宫秋月，阳春白雪第七节句子结构的翻译翻译一个具体句子时，首先必须解决句子结构的问题。
很多时候，将汉语原文的句子结构不加改变或稍加改变就移植到英语的译文中，是完全可能的；但也有一些情况，必须改变原文的句子结构。
例如，原文的句子很长或由于其他原因，译成英语则需要使用分句法，译成几个句子。
又如原文是两个或两个以上的句子，但其间的逻辑关系非常密切，或由于英语本身的原因，又需要在译文中使用合句法。
此外，为了原文句子的语气、由于汉语比较特殊的句子如无主语句、由于英语本身的特点如被动结构使用多等，我们都必须改变原文结构。
改变原文结构的方法如下。
（一）分句法例1原文：有的人以为散文不可捉摸，拿起笔来先害怕。
译文：例2原文：时候既然是深冬，渐近故乡时，天气又阴晦了，冷风吹进船舱中，呜呜的响。
(鲁迅《故乡》)译文：例3资料来源：育明考研考博官网原文：改革开放以来，成都已建设得更加雄伟壮丽了，现代化的高楼大厦林立，城内外遍地鲜花。
译文：例4原文：中日两国是近邻，只隔一衣带水，我们两国的关系已有一千多年的历史。
译文：（二）合句法例5原文：王先生心里有事，急促地走着。
可是，满街光怪陆离的景色，不断地闯进他的眼帘。
译文：例6原文：从那时到现在，已经整整五十年了。
这是光辉的五十年，不平凡的五十年。
译文：例7原文：我们必须扫除这个最大的障碍。
这个障碍的扫除要靠中美两国政府的共同努力。
译文：（三）改变句子结构1．分句译为短语资料来源：育明考研考博官网例8原文：中国昂首挺立于世界之林，越来越成为任何人都不能忽视的巨大力量。
译文：例9原文：目前下岗职工重新安排工作还有一定困难，具有高薪技术的劳动力同样感到不足。
译文：2．主谓结构中的谓语翻译成短语例10原文：老人听到外甥这些坚贞不屈、视死如归的豪言壮语，激动和伤痛的感情冲击着他，不由得老泪纵横。
译文：3．动宾结构的改变及翻译方法例11原文：不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”，这就是极不负责任的态度。