英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导
TEM8英语专业8级+翻译辅导讲座
英语专业八级考试翻译辅导讲座材料一、八级考试大纲对翻译测试的要求和规定1、测试目的：考察学生英汉两种语言的互译能力2、题型：本题为主观试题。
分两部分：第一部分汉译英，由300字左右的汉语短文组成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成英语。
第二部分英译汉。
由300个单词左右的英语短文组成，其中150个左右单词文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成汉语。
3、测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250－300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。
译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。
英译汉要求考生运用英译汉理论与技巧，以每小时译约250英语单词的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150单词左右。
译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。
4、考试时间：60分钟，两部分的写作时间可互相调剂使用。
二、考试项目、时间、题数及分数三、翻译原文的主要文体及话题主要问题为散文、议论文和政论文。
汉语散文的特点是形散神不散。
所以在翻译成英文时，要适当增加英语连词、副词等以使语句连贯，意义完整。
议论文既有描述，又有议论，夹叙夹议。
注意时态变化和习惯用法。
政论文往往语句较长，且不时地用被动语态。
所以在翻译时，语句结构要作调整，语态要作变化。
话题涉及社会热点，人生感悟，教育批评，读书学习等。
四、翻译中的关键问题一）理解问题：1. 词汇量问题：生词；熟词的多义性；粗心大意弄错词a. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orangeblossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short.* 我（妒忌）每场婚礼，因为它意味着要供应桔子花，这么多金色的水果的希望就砍断了。
b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it istempting to say that every hero needs a villain, and goodness needsevil as its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye andtalking about all the good that has come of this.* 令人引诱的说出9.11事件改变了这一切，正如（）英雄需要恶棍来陪衬，善良需要邪恶来作为磨刀石。
专八-语言学 (1)
清浊特征 places
● 浊辅音 voiced consonants ●清辅音 voiceless consonants
6. Phonetics 语音学
6.4 关于元音 Vowels 1．概念：A sound pronounced with no obstructio of the air stream发音中没有出现任何气流阻塞 2． 分类： 舌翘位置 the part of the tongue that is raised、 舌高 the extent to which the tongue rises 嘴唇的形状 the shape of the lips
6. Phonetics 语音学
6.2 语音学中两个重要概念 1． 言语语音 Speech sounds： ● 是语音学研究的对象，亦可叫做音段 Segment 或者 音素 Phone； ● 分为两种：辅音 consonants 和元音 vowels 2． 发音器官 Speech organs： ● 声带 the Vocal Cords：位于咽喉 the Larynx 中， 咽喉突出的部分较喉结 The Adam’s Apple ● 三个回声腔： 咽腔 the Pharynx、口腔 the oral cavity 和鼻腔 the nasal cavity
专八词汇备考技巧
专八词汇备考技巧对于英语专业的学生来说，专业八级考试（TEM8）是一项重要的学业水平测试，而词汇则是通过专八考试的基石。
想要在专八考试中取得好成绩，扎实的词汇量必不可少。
接下来，我将为大家分享一些实用的专八词汇备考技巧。
一、制定合理的学习计划首先，制定一个详细且合理的学习计划是至关重要的。
根据自己的时间和精力，将备考时间划分为不同的阶段，每个阶段设定明确的目标。
例如，在初始阶段，可以每天安排一定的时间学习新单词；在巩固阶段，重点复习之前学过的词汇，并进行查漏补缺；在冲刺阶段，通过模拟考试和真题练习来强化对词汇的运用。
合理分配时间也很关键。
不要把所有的时间都集中在词汇学习上，而是要与听力、阅读、写作等其他部分的复习相结合，做到全面提升。
同时，要确保每天都有固定的时间用于词汇学习，保持学习的连贯性和稳定性。
二、选择合适的学习资料市面上有各种各样的专八词汇书籍和学习软件，选择适合自己的资料能够提高学习效率。
一些经典的词汇书，如《如鱼得水记单词》《星火英语专业八级词汇》等，都涵盖了专八考试的核心词汇，并提供了详细的释义、例句和练习。
此外，利用手机上的学习软件也是不错的选择。
像百词斩、墨墨背单词等，它们通过有趣的图片、例句和记忆方法，帮助学习者更好地记忆单词。
还可以结合使用在线词典，如牛津高阶词典、柯林斯词典等，深入了解单词的用法和搭配。
三、多种学习方法相结合1、词根词缀记忆法英语单词中的词根和词缀就像汉字的偏旁部首，掌握了常见的词根词缀，就能快速推测出许多生词的含义。
例如，“pre”表示“在……之前”，“post”表示“在……之后”，“able”表示“能够……的”，“ful”表示“充满……的”。
通过这种方法，可以将看似孤立的单词串联起来，形成一个系统的记忆网络。
2、联想记忆法充分发挥自己的想象力，将单词与生活中的事物、场景或者个人经历联系起来。
比如，“ambulance”（救护车）这个单词，可以想象成“俺不能死，快叫救护车”，这样就能更加深刻地记住这个单词。
英语专八人文常识 语言学
词义演变（Semantic Change）
1. widening of meaning/generalization（词义扩大） 2. narrowing of meaning/specialization（词义缩小） 3. meaning shift（词义转移）：
degradation（词义降格）
creativity（多产性）
displacement（移位性） interchangibility（可交替性）
cultural transmission（文化传输性）
2. prescriptive and descriptive（规定性和描述性研究） synchronic and diachronic（共时与历时研究） 3. competence and performance（语言能力与应用） 4. langue and parole （语言与言语）
语义学（Semantics）
2. semantic triangle（语义三角）
3. synonymy（同义关系） 4. antonymy（反义关系） 5. hyponymy（上下义关系） 6. polysemy（一词多义） 7. homonymy（同形/同音异义关系）
1. Leech’s seven types of meaning（利奇的七种意义）
1. Context（语境） 2. Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）： a) John Austin: Locutionary act（言内行为） Illocutionary act（言外行为） Perlocutionary act（言后行为） indirect speech act b) John Searle: representatives（阐述类） directives（指令类） commissives （承诺类） expressives（表达类） declarations（宣一、对知名的语言学家及其基本理论的重点考查
专八考试知识语言学部分
语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语，比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现，不能独立成词，比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义：例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种：1、蕴含entailment 例如：A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法：A真B真，B假A假，A假B不一定，B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如：A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法：其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真，A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点：考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆：涵义关系有5个：同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
英语专八语言学知识复习资料汇编
英语专八语言学知识复习资料汇编语言学知识在英语专业八级考试中占有重要地位，是单选题目的重要组成部分，掌握好语言学知识可有效提高专业八级考试成绩。
语言学知识共包括以下六个部分：语言学本质、语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学六个部分，这六部分从学习程度上分别以单词、句子、句群、段落知识依次递进，考生逐一理解掌握，才能打牢语言学基础知识，下面我们开始吧！第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）任意性Arbitratriness双层结构Duality多产性productive移位性Displacemennt文化传播性Cultural Transmission二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）传达信息功能Informative：最主要功能The main functio n人际功能Interpersonal：establish and maintain their identity行事功能performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses表情功能Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions寒暄功能Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！” 等等元语言功能Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguistic语音学Phonetics音位学Phonology形态学Morphology句法学Syntax.语义学Semantics语用学Pragmatics2. 边缘语言学Peripheral:·心理语言学psycho-linguistics·社会语言学socio-linguistics·人类语言学anthropo-linguistics·计算机语言学computer-linguistics四、语言学中几对基本概念1. 规定性研究Prescriptive与描述性研究DescriptivePrescriptive：着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法/语音等，为规定人们如何说话、写作Descriptive：着重于语言中“事实Facts”，目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的2. 共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronic3．语言Langue和言语Parole（由Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔提出）Langue：指语言系统的整体the whole linguistic system，所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的word-image的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定。
英语专业四、八级考试辅导
英语专业四、八级考试辅导英语专业四、八级统测(Test for English Majors简称TEM)是为检测本科英语专业教学大纲执行情况而进行的本科教学考试。
国家教委《高等学校英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲》规定，高等学校英语专业基础阶段的教学任务和目的是“传授英语基础知识，对学生进行全面的、严格的基本技能训练，培养学生实际运用语言的能力，培养学生良好的学习作风和正确的学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，为学生升入高年级打好扎实基础。
高等学校英语专业高年级英语的教学任务是“继续打好语言基本功，进一步扩大知识面，重点应放在培养英语综合技能，充实文化知识，提高交际能力上。
”目前，社会上对大学英语的四六级证书(CET-4/6)的承认相对广泛,不过，英语专业四级和八级证书的“震慑力”比四六级高出一截，这一点，也是一个不争的事实。
在证明英语能力证书方面，国内考试范围之内，最高的级别证书当属专业八级。
如果，你手中能够拥有这样一张证书，那么，你在今后求职、加薪、职称评定等各个方面的优先权可想而知。
专业四级八级证书的独特和稀缺性主要表现在以下几个方面：1、一般类型的大学中，只有英语语言专业的学生有资格参加考试；2、专业四级的难度已经基本在CET-6之上了。
3、目前，各个大学英文专业通过专业八级考试的比率有所差异。
能够达到80%左右已实属不易。
现在的专四专八考试分别有哪些题型？具体时间应该如何分配？答：专四考试主要题型有听写、听力理解（对话、短文、新闻三种）、完形填空、语法与词汇、阅读理解及写作（分为作文、便条）。
考试时间及计分比重为：听写考15分钟占15分；听力理解考15分钟占15分；完型填空考15分钟占10分；语法与词汇考15分钟占15分；阅读理解25分钟占20分；大作文考35分钟占15分，便条10分钟占10分。
总考试时间为130分钟，满分100分。
英语专业八级怎么复习
英语专业八级怎么复习英语专业八级的难度非常大，只有复习到位，掌握所有知识，才能通过。
但是很多人都不知道英语专业八级怎么复习，下面是店铺为你整理的英语专业八级的复习方法，希望你喜欢!英语专业八级复习方法一、复习资料：必做的书，只有一本：中国对外翻译出版公司的《历年真题解析》，因为真题是唯一绝对真实的复习资料，所以必做。
此外，还有一本大概绿色皮的上外出的习题集，也是比较好的。
北外在准备专八时，系里面所发的就是这两本书。
当然，除此以外，每个同学都觉得心里没底，都会跑去书店买参考书，那么挑选的时候应注意两点：首先，挑出版社，北外外研社，上外外教社，对外翻译出版公司，首选这三家，我不敢说其他学校或者出版社的书没有好的，但是至少这三家的书不会是没有价值的冒牌书。
其次，关于词汇书，星火的词汇书等有很多，我记得大二考专四的时候，大家还都会买一本词汇，但是专八就少了，因为根据实际经验，根本没有人会背完词汇，所以可以肯定地说，词汇书没有必要，专业四年的词汇，够用了，现补也来不及。
还有，省钱也不是在这个时候，盗版就不要买了，去趟北外对面的外研书店，足以。
考试大纲，很薄一本，建议还是看一下，在书店看一下就可以了，看各部分时间分配，收卷子发卷子的时间，也就是清楚考试流程。
当你买好资料，就会发现有两种，一种是真题，一种是模拟，真题一定要一整套一整套地做，严格掌握时间，把最近一年的模拟题留到考试前几天最后再做;模拟题就比较随意，可以分题型做，阅读，短文改错，有空就做。
最后提醒大家不要搞题海战术，不可能考你做过的题，自己应该清楚，考前作题的目的仅仅是：熟悉题型、掌握时间分配、增强信心。
四年专业的积累，不是一时间狂做题可以补上的。
二、考试中应注意的：1 听力：专八的听力上来发白纸，然后发卷子填空，当然还有听新闻，对话等等，其中发白纸，听完后再发卷子填空的题型对我们很陌生，平时不怎么练，所以需要注意，千万不要因为题目是填单词，听的时候就死抠个别单词，首先重要的还是听懂整个文章结构和内容，做到这点填空的时候自然能记起大部分的词，人的瞬时记忆是很强的，要相信自己，但是如果为了个别词，落下一整段没听明白，那么填空的时候肯定不理想，懵都懵不出来了。
英语专业八级词汇复习方法
英语专业八级词汇复习方法英语专业八级考试作为一项重要的语言能力测试，对于考生的词汇量要求较高。
在备考过程中，正确的词汇复习方法至关重要。
本文将介绍一些有效的英语专业八级词汇复习方法，帮助考生提升词汇水平，顺利通过考试。
一、积累核心词汇1.词汇分类法将词汇按照不同的主题或语境进行分类，例如动词、形容词、名词等；或者按照专业领域划分，例如经济学、文学、生物学等。
通过分类记忆，可以帮助考生更好地理解词汇的使用场景和含义。
2.使用学习工具使用学习工具，例如词汇卡片、电子词典、词汇书籍等，帮助学生有系统地进行词汇积累。
词汇卡片可以写上单词、词义和例句等信息，反复复习以加深记忆。
3.扩大阅读范围阅读是拓展词汇的重要途径。
选择与专业相关的文章或材料进行阅读，通过上下文理解词汇的用法和意义。
同时，积极拓展阅读范围，涉猎不同主题和体裁的文章，积累更多的生词和短语。
二、运用词汇巩固1.写作练习通过写作练习，将学到的词汇应用到实际写作中。
可以选择常见的题材，如描述人物、事件、感受等，逐步提高词汇的运用能力。
在写作过程中，可以参考各类范文或者作品，学习其中的词汇表达方式和句型结构。
2.口语练习通过参加英语角、口语交流活动或者与其他英语学习者进行对话，将学到的词汇运用到口语交流中。
可以尝试自己组织一些英语角的话题或者模拟一些真实的情境进行对话，提高词汇的口头表达能力。
三、复习策略1.定期复习设置固定的复习时间和计划，将复习列入日常学习的重要内容。
定期回顾已学的词汇，及时查漏补缺，巩固记忆。
2.记忆技巧尝试使用一些记忆技巧，例如联想、造句、词根词缀等，加深对词汇的记忆。
也可以利用声音、图像等多种感官刺激，提高记忆效果。
3.模拟测试在实际应用前，进行模拟测试以检测学习成果。
选择一些专业八级真题或者模拟试题进行练习，检查词汇掌握情况和应试能力，找出提高的方向。
结语通过系统的词汇积累、巩固和复习策略，可以提高英语专业八级考试的词汇水平。
英语专业八级如何复习
英语专业八级如何复习第一部分，英语专八听力。
我觉得,英语专八最让人没有底的是听力,也是很多考生的弱项。
听力分为两部分：第一部分mini lecture要求你对听力有足够的敏感度，仔细听关键词捕获有效信息。
conversation对考生来说不是难点，只要看清题目听懂内容，很容易做对。
所以，建议大家在英语专八复习的时候每天最少30分钟时间练习听力，多听VOA 和BBC新闻材料中的一些新闻报道、短评或讲话等。
其次，练习记笔记，锻炼自己的速记能力。
第二部分，英语专八阅读。
阅读这个东西也不是那么让人轻松的，所以平时也要练习。
30分钟做四篇将近3000字的阅读，的确让人头痛。
所以首先，要调整好阅读的心态，保持心里平静。
其次一定要分配好时间，阅读题每篇的速度可以在 7分钟左右，时间的长短可以视文章的难度而适当调整。
刚开始练习的时候最多不超过10分钟一篇，尽量一次做俩篇，这样的话，强度不算太大，也容易接受，20分钟内搞定，按照这种强度进行训练俩周后，大概也就找到了英语专八的感觉了。
阅读时的方法就是：首先拿到阅读题先看文章的每段的首句和末句，而且只看首句和末句，对于首句和末句的阅读一定要切记，只有这样才能把握住文章的中心思想和每段大意，只有这样才能在规定的时间里做完 4篇阅读。
其次，选项可以先读，也可以后读，再有就是题干一定要读。
还要注意题干中的特殊标志词。
第三部分，英语专八语言知识即改错，这个题也不太好做，主要是一些语法错误，语篇错误，以及词汇的错误。
这个改错的练习每天至少俩篇也就够了，不要贪多，但要对每个错误一定要心知肚明，不仅要知道是什么，还要知道为什么，这样到了考场上才不会发怵。
第四部分，英语专八翻译。
中译英：专家提醒：翻译时要讲究翻译技巧，通常做翻译时，可先将文章通译，按照字面意思将其通篇翻译，然后再做修改和润色。
修改过程中要注意用词恰当以及句式多样，最好避免都是同一句式，要长句短句相互搭配，才不至于你的译文看起来毫无色彩。
英语专八人文知识之语言学部分
复习专八的同志们注意啦，个人潜心整理--人文知识之语言学部分，希望能帮上点儿忙，一起加油！作者：張旭BEYONDTEM-8 语言学知识复习总结重要概念梳理CNU 张旭ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1任意性Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning）3多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）4移位性Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5文化传播性Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）6 1. 传达信息功能Informative：最主要功能The main function7 2. 人际功能Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity8 3. 行事功能performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses9 4. 表情功能Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatoryexpressions10 5. 寒暄功能Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等11 6. 元语言功能Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。
专八考试知识语言学部分
语言学部分一、语言与语言学1, which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005) A. arbitrariness. B. productivity. C. cultural transmission. D. finiteness.考点: 语言的区别性特征（design features）记忆：CD PAD. Cultural transmission. Displacement. Productivity (creativity). Arbitrariness. Duality.2. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _____. (2006)A. Halliday.B. Chomsky.C. BloomfieldD. Saussure.考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对儿概念的区分。
记忆：四对概念分别是：descriptive & prescriptive. Synchronic & diachronic. Langue & Parole. Competence & performance.代表人物：Saussure对应parole & Langue。
Chomsky对应Competence & performance3. language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010)A. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.考点：语言的基本功能。
英语专业八级复习资料
英语专业八级复习资料英语专业八级考试是英语专业学生必须要面对的一道坎。
这项考试要求学生具备较高的英语水平，包括听、说、读、写、译等多方面的能力。
针对这一考试，英语专业八级复习资料是必不可少的选择。
第一部分：听力听力是英语专业八级考试的重点之一。
如果要在听力这个环节取得好成绩，就需要有针对性的练习资料。
建议可参考《全国英语专业八级听力模拟试题》、《英语专业八级听力精讲精练》等几本权威的英语听力辅导资料。
同时，还可以在网络上寻找相关的英语听力练习资源，如ETS官网等。
第二部分：口语英语专业八级口语考试主要测试学生的口语流利度和表达能力。
想要突破口语难题，就需要不断的练习和磨练。
有些学生可能缺乏口语练习的机会，这时候可以借助录音设备或者与外教进行语言交流，通过模拟真实的考场环境，加强自己的口语表达能力。
第三部分：翻译英语专业八级考试中，翻译是一个关键的环节，要求考生能够熟练进行中英文翻译。
翻译练习是提高英语翻译水平不可缺少的环节。
推荐参考《全国英语专业八级考试翻译模拟试题及答案解析》、《英语专业八级翻译》等几本翻译专业辅导资料，通过反复的练习来掌握翻译技巧和模式。
第四部分：阅读和写作英语专业八级考试的阅读和写作环节常常会成为许多学生的瓶颈。
针对这一问题，可选择参考《全国英语专业八级阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析》、《英语专业八级大作文》等辅导资料。
阅读理解需要考生在词汇、语法和逻辑等方面不断提高，通过大量阅读来提高自己的阅读能力。
写作练习则需要学生不断练习各类写作题目，模拟真实的考试环境，提高自己的写作水平。
总结英语专业八级考试是具有挑战性的一个考试，不仅需要广泛而深厚的英语知识，还需要强大的应对能力。
针对如上几部分，学生要想通过考试，就必须要有相关的复习资料来进行练习和提高。
同时，也要有充分的信心和准备，不断努力，相信自己一定能够取得优异的成绩。
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料Section 1 What is Linguistics?nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Language is _______.A. instinctiveB. non-instincitveC. staticD. genetically transmitted3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners.A. Descriptive grammarB. Prescriptive grammarC. Pedagogical grammarD. Universal grammar7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive.C. Performative.D. Recreatioal.8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. comparative linguistics.11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of therules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole12. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particualrly educaiton.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics参考答案：1-6 BBCACC 7-12 CCBDACSection 2 Phonology1.Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ______ of the p phoneme.A. analogues.B. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ____ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.8. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D. [v]9. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]10. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]11. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrationg?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant12. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [θ]C. [z]D. [s]参考答案：ACDADD 7-12 BBABBASection 3 Morphology1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are _____ morphemes in the word denationalizaiton.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called _________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes5. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _________.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root6. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation7. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. Back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition8. The word TB is formed in the way of _______.A. acronymyB. clipppingC. initialismD. blending9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ________.A. derivaitonal morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form10. The words like cosmat and sitcom are formed by ______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy11. The stem of disagreements is _____.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement12. All of them are meaningful except for ______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph参考答案：1-6 AACBCC 7-12 BCCADBSection 4 Syntax1.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome2. The phrse “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric（离心结构）C. subordinateD. coordinate3. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” isa _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex4. Iin a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _____ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embedded （嵌入句）D. matrix5. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. syntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics6. ________ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP7. __________ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. CorcordD. Government8. The term __ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. re-expressionD. binding9. In Halliday’s view, the _________ funciton of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. social10. The criterion used in IC analysis is ___________.A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability11. __________ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words incertain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command12. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ________ tree diagrams.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four参考答案：1-6 DBACBA 7-12 ABADBCSection 5 Semantics1._________ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum fromcasual to formal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variationD. Regional variation2. Cold and hot are a pair of _____ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converseness3. Idioms are _____.A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units4. _______ describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood5. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _______>A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth6. Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ______.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction7. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word __________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. Is related to the thing it refers to.C. Is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers/D. Is the image it is represented in the mind.8.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsityof sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentnece (a), we can say that _____.A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B. sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)9. “Tom likes apples.” is a case of ________.A. two-place predicationB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument10. “John killed Bill but bill didn’t die” ia a(n) _____.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction11. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppotions is called _____.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. truth value12. Lexical ambiguity arises from pplysymy or __ which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy参考答案：1-6 AABBAA 7-12 ABADCASection 6 Pragmatics1._________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics2. ___________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics4. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky5. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ____.A. declarationsB. directivesC. commissivesD. expressives6. The illocutionary point of the _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationB. expressivesC. commissivesD. directives7. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner8. The violation of one or more of the conversational ______ (of the CP) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxims9. Most of the vilations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostitility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures10. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Grimm11. The maxim of quantity requires: ________.A. contribute as informative as requiredB. do not contribute more than is requiredC. do not say what has little evidenceD. both A and B12. according to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commissivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives参考答案：1-6 BCBBCB 7-12 CDDBDASection 7 Language and society1.________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speechsituations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties2. In sociolinguistics, ____ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. community3. _____ is defined as any regionally or socially defined human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country4. _____ variation of language is th emost discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocietyC. StylisticD. Idiolectal5. ___________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. CanadaB. FinlandC. BelgiumD. Germany6. ________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communicaiton.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language7. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending8. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.A. Lanugage tabooB. SlangC. Address termsD. register variety9. _______ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal10. In a speech community people have something in common _____ language or a particular variety of language and rules and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically11. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ____.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English12. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative content.A. Regional variationB. Social variationC. Stylistic variationD. Idiolectal variation参考答案：1-6 CAAADC 7-12 CBABCDSection 8 Psycholinguistics1.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology2. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?A. Language and speech.B. Visual and spacial skills.C. Redaing and writing.D. Analytic reasoning.3. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ____.A. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and the angular gyrusB. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and cerebral cortexC. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and neuronsD. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and Exner’s area4. When we speak, words are sent to _______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Broca’s areaB. Wernicke’s areaC. the angualr gyrusD. motor area5. What kind of patients cannot convet a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?A. The linguistic deprivationB. Broca’s aphasicsC. Wernicke’s aphasicsD. The damage on the angular gyrus6. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehend via ______ area.A. Broca’sB. motorC. neuronsD. wernicke’s7. ___________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.A. Language and speechB. CalculationC. Holistic reasoningD. Associative thought8. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______.A. brain lateralizaitonB. linguistic lateralizationC. right ear advantageD. cerebral plasticity9. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases:A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering10. At the age of four, children ____________.A. can master the essentials of their mother tongueB. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. Can write out the grammatical rules of their language11. ________ refers to the gradual and suconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. LearningB. CompetenceC. PerformanceD. Acquisition12. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism参考答案：1-6 BBAADD 7-12 CCBADBSection 9 Language Acquisition1.___________ modifications are not only successful, but have the added advantageof providing learnrs with continued access to the very linguistic items they have yet to acquire.A. ElaborativeB. LinguisticC. ConversationalD. Discourse2. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation3. Beside the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language ______ is necessary for successful language acquisition.A. instructionB. correctionC. imitationD. input and interaction4. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ________ of messages.A. senderB. receiverC. mediumD. none of above5. ________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition6. In ______, researchers take part in the activities they are studying.A. particular observationB. non-participant observationC. experimentD. introspection7. _______ are devised to reveal what a learner knows: the rules he is using and the systems and categories he is working with.A. experimentsB. quasi-experimentsC. testsD. tasks8. ________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrstive analysisD. discourse analysis9. It is a case of ________ when a speaker produced two negative utterances in close proximity to each other, in the same context, wile addressing the same person and with similar amounts of planning time:No look my card.Don’t look my card.A. free variationB. systematic variationC. linguistic variationD. context variation10. ________ is the language used when speakers are communicationg spontaneously and freely and consequently not atteding to the forms they choose.A. careful styleB. vernacular styleC. cognitive styleD. style continnum11. The characteristic of languistic environment for L2 acquisition is that linguistic adjustments and ______ have been made to non-native speakers.A. noisy utterancesB. caretaker speechesC. ill-formed structuresD. conversational adjustments12. ________ theories of learning of learning hold that an organism’s nuture, orexperience, is of more importance to development than its nature, or innate contributions.A. EnvironmentalistB. NativistC. InteractionalD. Mentalist参考答案：1-6 AADBCA 7-12 DCABDASection 10 Schools of Linguistics1.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is _____.A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris4. The theory of _______ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.A. Case GrammarB. Stratificational GrammarC. Relational GrammarD. Generative Semantics5. Generally speaking, the _____ specifies whether a cetain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion6. _________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StrucutralC. FunctionalD. Generative7. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ______.A. Prague SchoolB. Copenhagen SchoolC. London SchoolD. Generative Semantics8. _______ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague9. In Halliday’s view, the _ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative10. The rheme in the the sentence “On it stood Jane” is ________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane11. Chomsky follows _________in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behavirourismC. rationalismD. mentalism12. TG Grammar has seen _____ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six参考答案：1-6 BACDAA 7-12 BABDCC。
专业八级TEM高分技巧
专业八级TEM高分技巧专业八级英语考试（Test for English Majors-Band 8，简称TEM-8）是中国境内对英语专业本科生进行英语水平测评的一种考试。
作为一个具有一定难度的考试，考生们需要掌握一些高分技巧，以提高他们的TEM-8成绩。
本文将介绍一些有效的专业八级TEM高分技巧，帮助考生们在考试中取得好成绩。
一、扎实的基础知识首先，要在TEM-8考试中取得高分，首要的一点是要有扎实的基础知识。
考生需要熟悉英语语法、词汇、短语和惯用表达，同时对不同题型的要求和答题技巧有所了解。
建议考生在备考过程中重点复习语法知识，并多做真题和模拟考试，熟悉不同题型的出题方式和解题思路，为考试做好充分准备。
二、阅读技巧TEM-8考试的阅读部分是考生们最为头疼的一部分，因此需要掌握一些有效的阅读技巧。
首先，考生应该在平时的阅读练习中培养快速阅读的能力，提高阅读速度和理解力。
其次，对于每篇阅读理解题，考生应该先扫描题目，快速了解文章的大意和主题，然后再有针对性地找相关细节进行解答。
此外，要注意提高对文章语言风格和逻辑结构的理解，以便更好地回答推理和主旨题。
三、听力技巧TEM-8考试的听力部分同样需要考生们掌握一些技巧。
首先，建议考生在平时多听英语材料，提高对不同口音和语速的理解能力。
其次，在考试过程中，考生应该仔细聆听问题和选项表达，并将注意力集中在与问题相关的部分。
此外，要善于利用上下文信息和修辞手法来推断听力材料中的重要信息，以便更好地回答问题。
四、写作技巧TEM-8考试的写作部分是考生们展示英语表达能力的重要环节。
在写作过程中，考生应该做到清晰、准确地表达自己的观点，并且要注意语法和拼写的准确性。
同时，要根据题目要求进行充分的思考和组织，结构合理、内容丰富，合理地使用句型和连词，以提高写作的流畅性和连贯性。
五、口语技巧TEM-8考试的口语部分是考生们综合语言运用能力的体现。
在口语考试中，要注意发音的准确性和语调的自然流畅。
专八词汇快速复习
专八词汇快速复习对于英语专业的学生来说，专业八级考试无疑是一场重要的战役，而词汇则是这场战役中的关键武器。
想要在专八考试中取得优异成绩，熟练掌握大量的词汇是必不可少的。
然而，面对海量的专八词汇，如何进行快速有效的复习，成为了许多同学头疼的问题。
接下来，我将和大家分享一些专八词汇快速复习的方法和技巧。
首先，我们要明确专八词汇的特点。
专八词汇相较于之前学习的四六级词汇，难度更大、专业性更强、涵盖的领域更广泛。
不仅有常见的生活词汇，还有大量的学术词汇、文学词汇以及专业领域的词汇。
这就要求我们在复习时要有针对性，不能眉毛胡子一把抓。
制定合理的复习计划是快速复习专八词汇的重要一步。
我们可以将复习时间分为几个阶段。
在第一阶段，全面梳理词汇，了解自己已经掌握和尚未掌握的词汇。
可以通过词汇书或者相关的词汇软件，对专八词汇进行初步的学习和记忆。
在这个过程中，不要追求速度，而是要注重质量，确保对每个词汇的发音、拼写、词义和用法都有清晰的认识。
第二阶段，重点突破。
将那些自己不熟悉或者容易混淆的词汇整理出来，进行重点记忆。
可以通过制作单词卡片、写例句、背诵经典语段等方式，加深对这些词汇的理解和记忆。
同时，结合语境来记忆词汇也是非常有效的方法。
比如，阅读一些与专八难度相当的英语文章，在文章中理解和记忆词汇的用法，这样不仅能够记住词汇，还能够提高阅读理解能力。
第三阶段，巩固和强化。
通过做真题、模拟题以及参加词汇测试等方式，检验自己对词汇的掌握程度。
对于做错的题目，要认真分析原因，是因为词汇不认识，还是对词汇的用法理解有误。
针对出现的问题，及时进行查漏补缺，进一步巩固和强化对词汇的掌握。
在复习专八词汇的过程中，还可以运用一些记忆技巧来提高效率。
比如，联想记忆法。
通过将词汇与生活中的事物、场景或者自己熟悉的知识进行联想，让词汇变得更加生动形象，易于记忆。
比如，“ambiguous”这个词，意思是“模糊不清的；模棱两可的”，我们可以联想成“俺不明确”，这样就很容易记住它的词义。
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2011 TEM8语言学复习——2011年1月14日英语专业八级考试样题《高校英语专业八级考试大纲(2004年新版)》38.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is _______A. morphologyB. general linguisticsC. phonologyD. semantics39. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptable40 The word “holiday” originally meant “holy day”; but now the word signifies any day on which we don’t have to work. This is an example ofA meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning200538. Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures.C. textual organization.D. word formation.39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.40. The speech act theory was first put forward byA. John Searle.B. John Austin.C. Noam Chomsky.D. M.A.K. Halliday.200638.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion ofA. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context39.The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples ofA. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms40.The distinction between parole and langue was made byA. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure200738. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning200838. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is calledA. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.200938 The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production isA corpus linguisticsB sociolinguuisticsC theoretical linguisticsD psycholinguistics39 A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is calledA dialectB idiolectC pidginD register40 When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performingA an illocutionary actB a perlocutionary actC a locutionary actD none of the above201038. _______ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction39. The word "Motel" comes from "motor + hotel". This is an example of _______ in morphology.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym40. Language is a tool of communication. The symbol "Highway Closed" on a highway serves _______.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function能初步具备英语语言学知识根据最新考试中国纲的要求，英语专业八级考试从2005年开始增加了人文考试的题型，比例也将按3 (语言学)：3(文学)：4(史、地、文化知识等)执行，题目广度很大。
语言学主要考六大章，1.语言与语言学；2.语音学与音系学；3.构词法；4.句法；5.语义学；6.语用学Part One Introduction1. What is Language1.1 Definition of Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.2 Design features of language: arbitrariness任意性, duality二重性,productivity能产性,displacement移位性,cultural transmission文化传播，等1.3 Functions of language：Phatic function, directive function, informative function, interrogative function, expressive function, evocative function, performative function1.4 Origin of language2. What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole.Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. （It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted and received.）Phonology(音韵学\音位学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. （It studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable.）Morphology(词法、形态学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. (It is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning: morphemes and word-formation processes.)Syntax(句法学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Pragmatics（语用学）is the study of meaning in context.以上研究的是语言本身，是狭义语言学的范畴。