大学英语四级选词填空练习题

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大学英语四级选词填空练习附详细答案

大学英语四级选词填空练习附详细答案

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever _____ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch _____ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and _____ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become th e only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience :“ This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的).”It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the essay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to d raw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would h a v e g i v e n t h e p u p i l m o r e__10__t o s e e k i m p r o v e m e n t.A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearlyE)adventurous F )discourage G)motivation H)terribleI)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressedM)confidently N)bright O)motive L)e x p r e s s e dAnswers:1. 选I )。

大学英语四级选词填空练习

大学英语四级选词填空练习

大学英语四级选词填空练习(二十七)Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe. I had been abroad a couple of times, but I could hardly __1__ to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was __2__ to a little college French.I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, __3__ unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up __4__ and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable __5__ I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, a thought ran through my mind: you can't learn if you don't try. So I accepted the assignment.There were some bad __6__. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guides or even __7__ bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition __8__. But each time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.I've learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a __9__. And I know I'll go on doing such things. It's not because I'm braver or more daring than others. I'm not. But I'll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can __10__ wonders.[A] accomplish[B] advanced[C] balloon[D] claim[E] constantly[F] declare[G] interviews[H] limited[I] manufacture[J] moments[K] news[L] reduced[M] regret[N] scary[O] totally答案解析:1. 【答案】D【精析】动词辨认题。

四级考试选词填空训练题附答案解析

四级考试选词填空训练题附答案解析

四级考试选词填空训练题附答案解析四级考试选词填空训练题(一)Perhaps like most Americans you have some e某tra pounds to 47 . You may even have tried a fad diet or two, but found yourself right back where you started. The key to weight loss is regular 48activity. And surprisingly, you don't have to give up eating or make the gym your second home to see long-term, 49 effects.You body needs a certain amount of energy to maintain basic 50 such as breathing, blood circulation and digestion. The energy required to keep your organs functioning is referred to as theresting or basal metabolic rate.Any time you are active, 51 energy is required. It is obtained from glycogen and fat stored in the blood, liver, and muscles. The key to losing weight is to draw on the fat rather than on the carbohydrate reserves.Which of the two energy sources you use depends on the intensity and 52 of your activity. The higher the intensity, the more your body will pull from the stored carbohydrates. The lower the intensity, the more your body will 53 on fat as its fuel.Aerobic e某ercise is most 54 for weight loss. When you perform aerobic activities you 55 contract large muscle groups such as your legs and arms. Walking, running, rollerblading, swimming, dancing, and jumping jacks are all forms of aerobic activity.Surprisingly, if your aerobic activity is low to moderately intense and of long duration, you will burn more fat than if you had 56 in a short burst of high-intensity e某ercise. In short, a brisk 30-minute walk will burn fat while a 100-yard sprint will burn glycogen.[A] positive[B] additional[C] duration[D] effectivee[E] shed [F] physical[G] food [H] functions [I] participated [J] rely [K] cut [L] repeatedly[M] uses [N] little [O] obvious四级考试选词填空训练题答案47. E 该空需填入动词原形,结合原意“和大多数美国人一梯状,你(的体重)可能也有几磅需要________〞可知,E(去除)最符合文意。

英语四级选词填空专项训练题目及答案

英语四级选词填空专项训练题目及答案

英语四级选词填空专项训练题目及答案When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones-the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled masterpieces that make the covers of architecture magazines. But the US has more than 100million existing homes, and it would be __1__ wasteful to tear them all down and __2__ them with greener versions. An enormous amount of energy and resources went into the construction of thosehouses. And it would take an average of 65 years for the __3__ carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home to make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one. So in the broadest__4__, the greenest home is the one that has already been built. But at the same time, nearly half of US carbon emissions come from heating, cooling and __5__ our homes, offices and otherbuildings. "You can't deal with climate change without dealing with existing building," says Richard Moe, the president of the National Trust.With some __6__, the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient. Houses built before 1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000, mainly due to the tinycracks and gaps that __7__ over time and let in more outside air.Fortunately, there are a __8__ number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes, from __9__ ones like Lincoln's Cottage to your own postwar home. And efficiency upgrades 升级can save more than just the earth; they can help __10__ property owners from rising power costs.[A] accommodations[B] clumsy[C] doubtfully[D] exceptions[E] expand[F] historic[G] incredibly[H] powering[I] protect[J] reduced[K] replace[L] sense[M] shifted[N] supplying[O] vast答案解析:1. 【答案】 G。

大学英语四级选词填空练习题及答案

大学英语四级选词填空练习题及答案

大学英语四级选词填空练习题及答案大学英语四级选词填空练习题(一)With the world's population estimated to grow from si某 to nine billion by 2022, researchers. businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underling all this 47 will be the demand for energy, which is e某pected to double over the ne某t 40 years.Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48 . sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation's energy security, and will be one of the major 49 of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are 50 being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51 in the world's energy supply. But e某perts say that even when 52 , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world's energy needs by 2022.For e某ample, even with 53 investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54 in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55 only about 1% of the market today.Energy and sustainability e某perts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56 both traditional and alternative.A)stable I)e某actlyB)solutions J)consistC)significant K)compriseD)role L)competitionsE)progress M)combinedF)marvelous N)challengesG)included O)certainlyH)growth大学英语四级选词填空练习题答案47 growth48 stable49 challenges50 certainly51 role52 combined53 significant54 included55 comprise56 solutions大学英语四级选词填空练习题(二)What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold,intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of yourgenes and the environment in which you were 47 . The study of how genes andenvironment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioralgenetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about thee某tent to which biology influences mind, brain and behavior.Any research that suggests that 50 to perform certain behaviors are based in biology iscontroversial. Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 51 based onsomething that is beyond your control, such as your genes? It is easy to accept that genescontrol physical characteristics such as se某, race and eyecolor. But can genes alsodetermine whether people will get divorced, how 52 they are, or what career they are likely tochoose? A concern of psychological scientists is the 53 to which all of these characteristicsare influenced by nature and nurture(养育), by genetic makeup and the environment.Increasingly, science 54 that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits. From thisperspective, people are born 55 like undeveloped photographs: The image is already captured,but the way it 56 appears can vary based on the development process. However, the basicpicture is there from the beginning.[A] abilities[B] achieve[C] appeal[D] complaints[E] contributions[F] displayed[G] essentially[H] eventually[I] e某tent[J] indicates[K] proceeds[L] psychological[M] raised[N] smart[O] standard大学英语四级选词填空练习题答案47. M) raised48. L) psychological49. E) contributions50. A) abilities51. B) achieve52. N) smart53. I) e某tent54. J) indicates55. G) essentially56. H) eventually大学英语四级选词填空练习题及答案。

(完整版)CET4选词填空练习题汇总

(完整版)CET4选词填空练习题汇总

(完整版)CET4选词填空练习题汇总英语四级选词填空练习题(1)What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat, but we feel _ 1 _ about it afterward. We say we want only the best, but we strangely enjoy junk food. We're 2 with health and weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obesity(肥胖). Perhaps the 3 to this ambivalence(矛盾情结) lies in our history. The first Europeans came to this continent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop(经济作物) wasn’t eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, intended to prohibit drinking but actually encouraging more 4 ways of doing it.The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmony. Do as Romans do means eating what “real Americans”eat, but our nation’s food has come to be 5 by imports—pizza, say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treasured cooking comes from people who arrived here in shackles.Perhaps it should come as no surprise then that food has been a medium for the natio n’s defining struggles, whether at the Boston Tea Party or the sit-ins at southern lunch counters. It is integral to our concepts of health and even morality whether one refrains from alcohol for religious reasons or evades meat for political 6 .But strong opinions have not brought 7 . Americans are ambivalent about what they put in their mouths. We have become 8 of our foods, especially as we learn more about what they contain.The 9 in food is still prosperous in the American consciousness. It's no coincidence, then, that the first Thanksgiving holds the American imagination in suchbondage(束缚). It's what we eat—and how we 10 it with friends, family, and strangers—that help define America as a community today.A. answerB. resultC. shareD. guiltyE. constantF. definedG. vanishH. adaptedI. creativeJ. beliefK. suspiciousL. certaintyM. obsessedN. identifyO. ideals答案详解:1. D feel是一个系动词,可以判断此处应填入一个形容词,通过上下文意思,以及后面介词about, 可以确定选项为D项guilty, 短语feel guilty about sth. "对……感到有愧"。

大学英语四级选词填空的题目及答案

大学英语四级选词填空的题目及答案

大学英语四级选词填空的题目及答案Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in theUnited States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality froma man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith inthe __5__ of a garage mechanic is increasedby a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits.They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, thewearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act__10__, on the job at least.[A] skill[B] popular[C] get[D] change[E] similarly[F] professional[G] character[H] individuality[I] inspire[J] differently[K] expect[L] practical[M] recall[N] lose[O] ordinary参考答案:1. B2. F3. K4. I5. A6. N7. L8. H9. D10. EAs the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. But relaxation is __1__ for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to __2__ it. In fact, it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to providemotivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of __3__ that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such __4__ are obviously prime material for managerialresponsibilities. Others lose heart at the first sight of __5__difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both physically and __6__. In fact we make choice between"flight or fight" and in more __7__ days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, itinvolves the same __8__. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued __9__ to stress, that health becomes endangered. Since we cannot__10__ stress from our lives it would beunwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.[A] exposure[B] characters[C] answer[D] chemically[E] avoid[F] psychologically[G] primitive[H] transfer[I] unusual[J] control[K] remove[L] escape[M] response[N] backward[O]essential参考答案:1. 选O2. 选E3. 选J4. 选B5. 选I6. 选F7. 选G8. 选M9. 选A10. 选KVideo conferencing is nothing more than a television set or PC monitorwith a camera.Through the video conferencing, not only your voice but also your face,the surroundings and any other graphic and phisical __1__ can be captured and transmitted through the communicationsystem with or without wires. Of course, when you go into the details,the technology involved is very __2__ and the subject matter littered with jargon. Such as ISDN Integrated ServicesDigital Network, POTS Plain Old Telephone Service or the __3__ behind bandwidth, latency and isochrony which are used to explain how video conferencing works. Good people communication is__4__ in any business, and the more interaction you can achieve, themore likely it is that your __5__ will be the right ones. Video conferencingnot only allows you to speak to people indifferent locations, but also note __6__ expressions and gestures thatlet you know what the other person is really thinking.Meetings are made more__7__ by sharing documents and computerapplications that a simple telephone cannot __8__. __9__, organizations are discovering the competitive advantages and the power of video conferencing. With advances in performance, economicalpricing, the ability to __10__ essential meeting tools and connectivityto global telephone networks and standardized video conferencing protocols, video conferencing is now a practical realityfor any organization.[A] fortunately[B] effective[C] images[D] articulate[E] facial[F] manage[G] decisions[H] connect[I] advanced[J] integrate[K] progressive [L] concepts[M] pictures[N] increasingly [O] important参考答案:1. C2. I3. L4. O5. G6. E7. B8. F9. N10. J感谢您的阅读,祝您生活愉快。

四级选词填空题目及答案

四级选词填空题目及答案

四级选词填空练习TEST-1:A) remote B) technology C) composing D) whole E) voluntaryF) climateG) skill H) desire I) melting J) vanishing K) eroded L) temperatureM) amazement N) changes O) cleverUndoubtedly the globe is getting hotter and hotter. The unavoidable questions are: How much responsibility shall we take for warming, and are we to stop the destruction by limiting our insatiable for natural fuels?It seems that global warming is too to be worried about, or too unpredictable. The computer_ cannot define what the weather is like next week. In cold winter day it might be considered that a little warming would be a fair thing. And doubtlessly: Alarming about_ _ alteration may sound like an environmentalist frightening strategy, aiming to urge humans to walk and keep the world cleaner.However, based on thescientists, bad news are brought to our living media.From California to the snowy peaks of China, the air is heating up right now, and the globe is being fast warmed, the has increased by 1 ℉compared with the past century. In addition, some parts like remote places have been in a much hotter state. The results aren't satisfactory, ice being , rivers running dry, and coasts being _ , threatening villages and cottages.The are gradually occurring without any obvious phenomenon. But they shouldn't slip our mind, because they can pose as a great potential threat to the world.TEST-2:A) conscientious B) conscious C) against D) despite E) comparingF) compared G) launched H) boosted I) necessity J) contribution L) moreoverM) scaledK) reduced N) competitive O) featuringMajor retailers and car manufacturers have slashed (削减) their marketing budgets in the six months to October, 2008, as the financial crisishas taken its toll, while supermarkets haveadvertising spending in a battle to prove that they offer the most prices.According to new research undertaken for The Daily Telegraph by Nielsen Media Research, in the six months30, 2008, Marks & Spencer’s advertising spend fell 20.3pc to £25.3m , with the same period in 2007.While the retailer has spent heavily on a campaign celebrities in the past two years, it is understood to be cutting back on celebrity spending in 2009. The retailer is, however, still the UK’s 25th largest spender on advertising, being at 17th place in the six months30, 2007.Car manufacturers have also significantly back on marketing spending, believed to be a result of the financial crisis. According to Nielsen, Ford spent £26.6m in the six months30, 2008, down 21pc from the same period last year. Vauxhall also spending by 15.6pc in the period to £26.5m.For supermarkets, however, a significant increase in advertising spending, it appears, is a as they seek to woo (追求) increasingly price- customers. The leading supermarkets have 20 an aggressive price war in the past six months as consumers have been faced with news of higher food prices.TEST-3:A) varies B) frighteningly C) able D) athletes E) comfortably F) thickG) produced H) symbol I) opening J) frequently K) carriedL) capable M) powered N) light O) sacrificeThe torch is a tradition carried over from ancient Greece, when fire was admired as a gift from the god Prometheus. Greeks would hold relay races, passing a torch between and light a cauldron (大锅) during their games as a of purity, reason and peace.The flame was reintroduced to the Olympics at the 1928 Amsterdam Games,but the first modern torch relay was at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games, when a flame was lit in Olympia, Greece, andto the opening ceremony in Germany. Since the 1964 Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria, every Olympics has begun with a torch relay from Greeceto the ceremony.Each torch must be of withstanding wind, rain, sleet, snow and extremes of climate. It must carry enough fuel to last its leg of the journey but be enough for each runner to carry.Although the design of the torch from year to year, the overall modern look was created , John Hench, who created the torch for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California.Between 10,000 and 15,000 torches are made to carry the flame for each relay.Though the original flame for any Olympic relay is still lit by the sun, modern torches areby pressurized liquid fuel. Earlier torches burned a variety of materials, including olive oil and gunpowder. At the 1956 games,a mixture of magnesium (镁) and aluminum (铝) used to light the final torch burning chunks that fell and burned the runner's arm.TEST-4:A) possession B) save C) best D) appliance E) material F) from G) simpleH) with I) in J) element K) model L) item M) easy N) adopt O) reasonableWise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The way you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually you money or can add to the cost. Take the example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might think that you are making the buy if you choose one whose look you like and which is also the cheapest price. But when you get it home you may find that it takes twice as long as a more expensiveto dry your hair.The cost of the electricity your time could well make your hairdryer the most expensive one of all。

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Unit Eleven Passage 2Personality is, to a large extent, inherent —A-type parents, usually bring about A-type children. But the environment must also have a 11 effect, wince if competition is important to the parents it is likely to become a major 12 in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools 13 the " win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current 14 for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being 15 keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying; "cheers, we conquer!"By far the worst form of competition in schools is the extreme 16 on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to 17 on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat 18 , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither 19 nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to 20 a child's personality to his possibleAs the 11 of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often 12 to be. A certain amount of stress is 13 to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor 14 and ill health.The amount of stress a person can 15 depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are 16 prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of 17 difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so 18 , but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued 19 to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot 20 stress from our lives(it would be C. extreme D. automatically G . performance H. supposed K. achievement L. unusual O harshWhat is your favorite color? Do you like yellow, orange, red? If you do, you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who 11 life, people and excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then youare probably quiet, shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You 12 to be a pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of color preference, as well as the effect that colors have on human beings. They tell us, among other 13 , that we do not choose our favorite color as we grow up —we are born with our preference. If you happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.Colors do 14 our moods —there is no doubt about it. A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is 15 .A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the 16 of more suicides than any other bridge in the area —until it was repainted green. The number of suicide attempts immediately fell 17 ; perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue.Light and 18 colors make people not only happier but more active. It isan 19 fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer 20 when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey. A. bright B. scene C. wholly D. favor E. facts F. depressing G . accidents H. interfere I. established J. incidents K. disgusting L. sharply M. enjoysN. tendO.influenceUnit Fourteen Passage 2Women are also underrepresented in the administration and this is because there are so few women 11 professors. In 1985, Regent Beryl Milburn produced a report blasting the University of Texas System administration for not 12 women. The University was rated among the lowest for the system. In a 1587 update, Milburn 13 and praised the progress that was made and called for even more 14One of the positive results from her study was a system-wide program to inform women of available administrative jobs.College of Communication Associate Dean, Patricia Witherspoon, said it is important that woman be 15 when it comes to relocating if they want to 16 in the ranks.Although a woman may face a chilly 17 on campus, many times in order for her to succeed, she must rise above the problems around her and concentrate on her work.Until women make up a greater 18 of the senior positions in the University and all academia, inequalities will exist."Women need to spend their energies and time doing scholarly activities that are important here at the University. " Spirduso said. "If they do that they will be 19 in this system. If they spend their time in little groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they think exists here, they are 20 wasting valuableUnit Fifteen Passage 2In October 1987, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards began its work to set new standards of accomplishment for the teaching profession and to improve the 11 of education available to all children in the United States.Teachers are 12 to students and their learning. They must act on the belief that all students can learn. They must recognize 13 differences in their students and adjust their practice 14 . They must know that their mission extends beyond developing the cognitive capacity of their students. They must be 15 with their students' self-concept, with their motivation, and with the development of character.Teachers must know the subjects they teach and how to teach them. They must 16 specialized knowledge of how to convey a subject to students. Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. They must call on 17 methods to meet their goals, knowing and being able to 18 a variety of instructional skills. Teachers must think systematically about their practice and learn from experience, seeking the 19 of others and drawing on education research and scholarship to improve their practice.As members of learning communities, teachers contribute to school effectiveness by collaborating with other professionals. They take ___20 ofcommunity resources, cultivating knowledge of their school's community as a powerful resource forIf you are looking for information, library shelves are a good place to start. But if you need up-to-the-minute data or have specialized needs, you may find a computerized database more useful, less expensive, and less time 11 .A database, a file of information on one subject or family of subjects, can be stored and 12 in a computer's memory. The speed of the computer then 13 you to recall any item in this file almost 14The three main types of databases are statistical, bibliographic, and full text. Statistical databases store 15 amounts of numerical data, such as wage and price indexes, census information, foreign 16 rates and bond prices. Bibliographic databases store references to and summaries of articles in periodicals and newspapers. Full-text databases offer the complex texts of such 17 as newspaper, magazine, and journal articles.Thousands of databases exist today, and their numbers are growing. Many companies have their in-house database, which is 18 to employees through computer terminals or microcomputers. In addition, several hundred commercial databases are now available to the 19 , with literally millions of items of information readily obtainable. These databases 20 specific fields, such as law and financial forecasting,No one knows exactly how many disabled people there are in the world, but 11 suggest the figure is over 450 million. The number of disabled people inIndia 12 is probably more than double the total population of Canada.In the United Kingdom, about one in ten people have some disability. Disability is not just something that happens to other people: as we get older, many of us will become less 13 , hard of hearing or have failing eyesight.Disablement can take many forms and occur at any time of life. Some people are born with disabilities. Many others become disabled as they get older. There are many 14 disabling diseases. The longer time goes on, the worse they become. Some people are disabled in accidents. Many others may have a period of disability in the form of a mental illness. All are affected by people's attitude towards them. Disabled people face many 15 barriers. Next time you go shopping or to work or to visit friends, imagine how you would 16 if you could not get up steps, or on to buses and trains. How would you cope if you could not see where you were going or could not hear the traffic? But there are other barriers; 17 can be even harder to break down and ignorance 18 represents by far the greatest barrier of all. It is almost impossible for the able-bodied to fully appreciate what the severely disabled go through, so it is important to 19 attention to these barriers and show that it is the individual person and their ability, notSocial customs and ways of behaving change. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now 11 . Just a few years ago, it was 12 impolite behavior for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a 13 of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room.Customs also differ from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or the right of a woman in your country? Or doesn't it 14 ? What about table manners? Should you use both hands when you are eating? Should you leave one in your lap, or on the table?The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also 15 a large number of social customs. For example, in both America and England people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time. Also, most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman, and so will most Americans. 16 is important both in England and in America. That is, if a dinner invitation is for 7 o'clock, the dinner guest either arrives 17 to that time or calls up to explain his 18The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make other people feel uncomfortable— 19 if they are your guests. There is an old story about a man who gave a formal dinner party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to eat his peas with a knife. The other guests were amused or shocked, but the 20calmly picked up his knifeUnit Nineteen Passage 2The economy of the United States after 1952 was the economy of a well-fed, almost fully employed people. Despite 11 alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a 12 of boom. An economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950's, may be typical as 13 the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was 14 at 10 percent above that of 1954(1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufactures was about 40 percent more than it had 15 in the years immediately following World War I . The country's business spent about 30 billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income 16 for spending was almost a third greater than it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day, or about twenty-five million dollars every hour, all round the 17 . Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them. Only agriculture 18 that it was not sharing in the boom. To some observers this was a sad reflection of the mid-1920's. As farmers' share of their products 19 , marketing costs rose. But there were, among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority. Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not lastGrowth of trade will depend greatly on availability of energy sources. There may still be a trillion barrels of recoverable oil in the Middle East. But the oil crisis of 1974 has 11 to renewed interest in coal and to a search for 12 sources of energy. Solar, geothermal, and nuclear energy will play a large role in the years to come.Solar energy is available in 13 forms. Buildings can be heated and cooled by direct use of solar radiation, crops and trees, which are the most efficient converters of sunlight into energy, can be grown for their energy potential, wastes can be burned as 14 , sunlight can be converted into DC (direct current) electricity, electric power can be 15 from the sun-warmed surface waters of the ocean, and lastly, solar radiation can be converted into heat that will drive electric power generators. Serious problems still remain as to 16 and storage of solar energy.Geothermal energy is the energy contained within the earth. Heat is abundantly available deep in the earth's core and is constantly being produced. However, this heat is usually located at too deep a level for 17 exploitation. In short, very little is known on the use of geothermal energy, and it has 18 been exploited.Nuclear energy is produced in nuclear power plants. At these plants atoms of uranium are split, thus 19 masses of energy. Another source of energyunder development is the nuclear fusion of certain atoms of hydrogen. This could eventually20UNIT 21Like most parents, geologist Brain Atwater worries about his daughter's safety. But these days, he has an unusual concern; The public school she 11 in Seattle has unreinforced brick walls, a 12 being easy to collapse during earthquakes. The same 13 of walls crushed hundreds of thousands of people during the 1976 Tangshan quake in China.A decade ago, Atwater would have paid little notice to schoolroom walls. But over the last several years,he and other scientists have found 14 signs that the Pacific Northwest has experienced giant quakes in the distant past and that the area may be headed for a destructive shock in the near future.At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December, researchers discussed the 15 uncovered evidence of quake potential in the Pacific Northwest. While some remain unconvinced that huge earthquakes—with magnitudes of 8 or higher—do indeed 16 this region, a growing number consider such shocks a serious possibility.What's worrisome, they say, is that northwestern cities such as Portland, Seattle and Vancouver have not prepared for earthquakes of this magnitude, which could shake the region's 17 centers with enough force to make the recent San Francisco area damage seem 18 in comparison."I think it's quite true to say that nothing has really been designed with one of these earthquakes in mind," says seismologist Paul Somerville of Woodward. At the meeting, Somerville and his colleagues19 estimates of the degree of shaking. Portland and Seattle would suffer during such a20The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and fill it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the 11 available; it must therefore be kept in a closed container or held by a gravitational field, as in the 12 of a planet's atmosphere. The distinction was a 13 feature of early theories describing the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be "dissolved" in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory 14 that the two phases are made up of different kinds of molecules. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in 15 They are both forms of matter that have no 16 structure, and they both flow readily.The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature andpressure are 17 somewhat. Suppose a closed container 18 filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less dense; some of it evaporates. In contrast, the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are 19 to it. The combination of temperatureUnit Twenty-Four Passage 2Scientists at Sussex University appear to be on the way to 11 how the mosquito, carrier of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever, homes in on its target. The problem is that they have found that the best way to avoid being bitten is: stop breathing, stop sweating, and keep down the temperature of your immediate surroundings. 12 the first suggestion is impossible and the others very difficult.Scientists have found that there are three 13 stages in a mosquito's assault. Stage one is at fifty feet away, when the insect first smells a man or a animal to 14 . Stage two is thought to come into operation about twenty-five feet from the target, when the insect becomes guided by the carbon dioxide breathed out by the intended victim. Stage three is when the mosquito is only a matter of inches from its 15 the warmth and moisture given off by the victim is the final clue.The researchers then * 16 how repellents interfere with its three-stage attack. They found repellents act more subtly than by just giving off a nasty smell. A Canadian researcher says that repellents appear to 17 mosquitoes first when it is following the carbon dioxide and second during the final approach, where the warmth and moisture are the insect's 18 .Air pervaded by one of the many chemical repellents stops the mosquito reacting to the victim's carbon dioxide, and the repellent seems to affect the tiny hairs with which the insect senses moisture in the air. The sensors are blocked so that the 19 does not know whether it is flying through a moistClimate, more than any other single factor, 11 the distribution of life on Earth. Climatic boundaries establish the limits within which organisms can survive. Plants, even more than animals, must be 12 adapted to climate in order to survive. They cannot move about or take shelter but must be equipped to 13 whatever weather conditions are likely to occur. In the harsh conditions of the far north of the earth, for example, low growing mosses, lichens, and a few flowering plants all hold to the ground for shelter from icy winds.Animals, despite their 14 to move about and find shelter, are just as much influenced by climate as plants are. Creatures such as the camel and the penguin are so highly specialized that they have an 15 limited distribution. Others, such as bears, are flexible enough to adapt to a 16 range of climates.. Ocean-dwelling organisms are just as sensitive to climatic changes—in this case temperature and salinity—as land animals. Reef corals can survive only in clear warm seawater. Certain foraminaters are so sensitive to changes in their 17 that their presence can be taken as an 18 of sea temperature. Human beings are among the 19 specialized of all animals and can live almost anywhere. Their clothes andI have never attended a large company's board meeting in my life, but I feel certain that the discussion often takes the following lines. The 11 of producing a new—for example—toothpaste would make 8 Op the decent price for it, so we will market it at £l. 20. It is not a bad toothpaste (not specially good either, but not bad) , and as people like to try new things it will sell well to start with; but the 12 of novelty soon fades, so sales will 13 . When that starts to happen we will reduce the price to £l. 15. And we will turn it into a bargain by printing 5p OFF all over it, whereupon people will rush to buy it even though it still costs about forty-three percent more than its 14 price.Sometimes it is not 5p OFF but lp OFF. What a shame to advertise lp OFF your soap or washing powder or dog food or whatever. Even the poorest old-age pensioner ought to regard this as an insult, but he doesn't. A bargain must not be 15 To be offered a "gift" of one penny is like being invited to dinner and offered one single pea (tastily cooked), and nothing else. Even if it represented a 16 reduction it would be an insult. Still, people say, one has to have washing powder (or whatever) and one might as well buy it a penny cheaper. When I was a boy in Hungary a man was 17 of murdering someone for the sake of one pengo, the equivalent of a shilling, and pleaded 18The judge shouted 19 : "To kill a man for a shilling! What can you say in your 20 ?" The murderer replied: "A shilling here. . . a shilling there. . . " Passage 2Sugar is so much a part of our modern life that we only really think about it when, for some 11 , we cannot obtain it. It has been known to man for at least 3,000 years, but has 12 into common use only in 13 times. Until quite recently it was considered as a medicine and as a luxury for the very rich only. Sugar is, then, 14 to our civilization. But what 15 is it? Of course, most of us recognize sugar immediately as the sweet material which we put in coffee or cakes. This common form of sugar is derived from two plants: the sugar cane (a type of grass which grows to a height of twenty feet) and the sugar beet (which grows under ground). But there are in fact many types of sugar, and the chemist recognizes hundreds of different 16 , each coming from a different source.About 90% of the sugar is produced as food. Only 10% is used in industry for 17 other than food production. Yet sugar has great possibilities for use as the basis of chemicals. It can even be used for making plastics. In the future these potential uses will certainly be developed more than in the past. There are many reasons why we should 18 the production of sugar. Most important is that it is one of the most highly concentrated of energy foods.Thus sugar cane and beet produce an average of 7,000,000 calories per acre. In this way they have the advantage over potatoes which give only 4, 000, 000, while the 19 for wheat and beans is 2 ,000,000each. So three acres of land growing wheat, beans and potatoes give only 20 more energy。

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