动词短语和短语动词的区别

英语短语动词和动词短语能这样区分吗？（三）
短语动词与动词短语是英语学习中的一个重点也是一个难点，如何区别短语动词与动词短语，很多英语初学者一片茫然。

就英语双词动词或多词动词而言，大致上可分为短语动词与动词短语两种基本形式。

在形式上，前者多由动词加副词构成，后者由动词加介词构成。

在意义上，这两种动词具有共同特点，即它们所表示的意义不是动词和副词或介词各自词义的简单结合，而往往相当于一个实意动词，但短语动词与动词短语归根到底不是同一个概念，在用法上，二者还是有着本质的区别，这一点从以下五个方面得到体现。

1.能否接宾语动词短语相当于一个及物动词，其后要接宾语意义才完整；而短语动词并不全都接宾语。

如：We should pay much attention to the environment protection.该句中如果去掉介词宾语the environment protection，句子就变成了We should pay much attention to，从意义上讲是一个病句。

而短语动词用在及物句中可以接宾语，用在不及物句中则不能接宾语。

如：It took me a while to adapt to the new job. 是一个及物句，因为动词短语adapt to后面接了the new job。

但 The fire put out at 10 o’clock.是一个不及物句，因为该句是一个完整的句子，动词短语put out 后无需宾语。

下面再举两个含有动词短语的例子供大家参考：
(1) I waited for him all day.
(2) What does this sigh stand for?
典例分析 When he realized the police had spotted him, the man _______ the exit as quickly as possible.
A) made off B) made for C) made out D) made up
答案B。

从the exit来判断，是要表达向出口方向移动，那么make for （走向）最为合适。

make off逃走，但不能直接接the exit，make out 假装、认出，make up补充、虚构。

参考译文：当他意识到警察认出他时，他以最快的速度向出口走去。

2.宾语的位置
动词短语接宾语时，无论宾语是代词还是名词，都只能放在介词之后。

如： He takes after his mother /her in everything but his nose. 但我们不能说He takes his mother after，也不能说He takes her after.再如：
The schoolgirl looked quickly at the price list.我们不能说The schoolgirl looked quickly the price list at.
而及物的短语动词则不同，接代词作宾语时，宾语要放在动词和副词之间；接名词作宾语时，宾语可以放在动词和副词之间，也可以放在动词与副词之后。

如：
Another wave came, sweeping down a lot of trees and sweeping her down too. 该句中，a lot of trees 是一个名词词组，可以放在短语
动词sweep与副词 down之间，也可以放在动词sweep与副词down之后，但her是一个宾格代词，必须放在动词sweep与副词down之间。

典例分析 We had to _______ a lot of noise when the children were at home.
A) go in for B) hold on to C) put up with D) keep pace with 答案C。

既然有a lot of noise，那么我们就得put up with（忍受）。

go in for从事、喜欢，hold on to抓住、坚持，keep pace with跟上。

参考译文：孩子们在家时，我们得忍受他们的吵闹。

3.关于其被动结构
动词短语可以接宾语，所以大部分含有动词短语的句子都可以变为被动语态。

如：They are talking about their new teacher.
如果我们把这一句话改为被动语态，就变成了：Their new teacher is being talked about by them.但并非所有含有动词短语的句子都可以变为被动语态，因为英语中有不少动词短语用主动形式表达被动意义。

如：This car belongs to a lady called Linda. 该句中belong to 就不用于被动。

又如：Great changes have taken place in China in recent years. 但不能说Great changes have been taken place in China in recent years.
再如：The Second World War broke out in 1939. 但我们不能说：The Second World War was broken out in 1939.
同样的，并不是所有的短语动词都能用于被动句，而只有及物的短语动词才能用于被动句。

The boss turned down the workers’ demand for higher pay. 此句中turn down 是一个加了宾语的短语动词，可以变成一个被动句：The workers’ demand for higher pay was turned down by the boss. 再看下面的句子：She promised the children they could stay up for their favorite TV programme.该句中stay up 是一个不及物的短语动词，所以不能变成被动句。

典例分析 This custom has ____ to us since the 19th century. A. handed down B.handed on C.been handed down D. been handed to 答案: C。

“风俗习惯”应是“被流传下来”，即：“把风俗自上而下
传下来”，hand the custom down / on to sb.”,因此选用被动语态。

参考译文：这种风俗习惯自十九世纪被传承了下来。

4.副词的位置
有些动词短语可以在动词与介词之间加入副词（作状语）。

如：
He looked carefully at the man.
He waited anxiously for the bus.
而短语动词则不能在动词与副词之间加入副词（作状语）。

The car broke down suddenly. 我们不说 The car broke suddenly down.
典例分析 She spent a happy afternoon _______ her coins and stamps.
A) making out B) sorting out C) figuring out D) turning out
答案B。

从coin和stamp可以猜出是她的业余爱好，coin和stamp需
要sort out（分类）。

make out认出，figure out思考，turn out生产、证明为。

参考译文：她整个下午都在给硬币和邮票分类，过地很高兴。

5.发音时重音的位置
短语动词的重音落在副词上。

如：
Watch out! There is danger ahead.
Danger! Keep out. （keep out把…挡在外边，不让··进入）
而动词短语的重音则落在动词上。

如：
The children are looking forward to seeing Nei Haisheng soon. Let us drink to his success.
典例分析 If you had _____ your test paper carefully before handing it in, you would have made few mistakes.
A. looked up
B.thought about
C. gone over
D.gone round
答案: C。

look up ( 在字典,参考书中)查询,查阅; think about “考虑,想”; go over “仔细检查,审阅”; go round/ around “够用,够分配” . 本题中go over your test paper == check your test paper. 参考译文: 如果你在交卷前认真检查了你的试卷，你就会少犯一些错误。

6.可拆性与不可拆性
如何区别动词短语与短语动词? 这里有一个便捷的方法可以检验，即看在定语从句中可不可以拆开，可以拆开的是动词短语，不能拆开的便是短语动词。

请看下面的例句：
(1) This is the girl who/whom I learn the news from.可以把这个句子改成：This is the girl from whom I learn the news . (2) This is the book that/ which you can refer to.可以改成 This is the book to which you can refer.
以上两句中，learn from 和refer to 中的介词 from 与 to 分别可移至关系代词 whom 与 which 之前，即定语从句中的先行词 the girl 与the book 分别作了这两个介词的宾语，由此可以判定learn from 和refer to 是动词短语而非短语动词。

下面再看两个例句：
（1）The baby whom you looked after yesterday was an orphan. 此句不能改成：The baby after whom you looked yesterday was an orphan. 因为如果把look after 拆开后已经不再具有“照看，照料”的意义了，由此可以判定 look after 是一个短语动词。

（2）The sports meet which you mention will be put off till next week. 此句不能改成：The sports meet off which you mention will be put off till next week. 因为如果把put off 拆开后已经不再具有“延期，推迟”的意义了，由此可以判定put off 是一个短语动词。

典例分析 Frequently single-parent children _______ some of the
functions that the absent adult in the house would have served.
A) take off B) take after C) take in D) take on
答案D。

从function这一宾语判断，应用take on（承担）。

take off 脱掉、起飞，take after相象、照看，take in接纳、欺骗。

参考译文：通常单亲家庭的孩子会承担一些本应该由所缺父亲或母亲承担的责任。

总之，区别这两种类型的动词并没有捷径可走，唯一的办法是在平时的学习中多留意，多积累，多摸索。