最新国际会计准则-税收

SUMMARY OF IAS 12Objective of IAS 12The objective of IAS 12 (1996) is to prescribe the accounting treatment for income taxes.Key Definitions [IAS 12.5]Temporary difference: a difference between the carrying amount of an asset or liability and its tax base.Taxable temporary difference: a temporary difference that will result in taxable amounts in the future when the carrying amount of the asset is recovered or the liability is settled.Deductible temporary difference: a temporary difference that will result in amounts that are tax deductible in the future when the carrying amount ofthe asset is recovered or the liability is settled.Current TaxCurrent tax for the current and prior periods should be recognised as a liability to the extent that it has not yet been settled, and as an asset to the extent that the amounts already paid exceed the amount due. [IAS 12.12] The benefit of a tax loss which can be carried back to recover current tax of a prior period should be recognised as an asset. [IAS 12.13] Current tax assets and liabilities should be measured at the amount expected to be paid to (recovered from) taxation authorities, using the rates/laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. [IAS 12.46]Recognition of Deferred Tax LiabilitiesThe general principle in IAS 12 is that deferred tax liabilities should be recognised for all taxable temporary differences. There are three exceptions to the requirement to recognise a deferred tax liability, as follows: [IAS 12.15]∙liabilities arising frominitial recognition of goodwillfor which amortisation is notdeductible for tax purposes;∙liabilities arising from the initial recognition of anasset/liability other than in abusiness combination which, atthe time of the transaction,does not affect either theaccounting or the taxable profit;and∙liabilities arising fromundistributed profits frominvestments where the entity isable to control the timing of thereversal of the difference andit is probable that the reversalwill not occur in theforeseeable future. [IAS 12.39] Recognition of Deferred Tax AssetsA deferred tax asset should be recognised for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilised, unless the deferred tax asset arises from: [IAS 12.24]the initial recognition of an asset or liability other than ina business combination which, atthe time of the transaction,does not affect the accountingor the taxable profit.Deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences arising frominvestments in subsidiaries, associates, branches and joint ventures should be recognised to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and that taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference will be utilised. [IAS 12.44]The carrying amount of deferred tax assets should be reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxableprofit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilised. Any such reduction should be subsequently reversed to the extent that it becomes probable that sufficient taxableprofit will be available. [IAS 12.37]A deferred tax asset should be recognised for an unused tax losscarryforward or unused tax credit if, and only if, it is considered probable that there will be sufficient future taxable profit against which the loss or credit carryforwards can be utilised. [IAS 12.34]Measurement of Deferred Tax Assets and LiabilitiesDeferred tax assets and liabilities should be measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realised or the liability is settled (liability method), based on tax rates/laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. [IAS 12.47] The measurement should reflect the entity's expectations, at the balance sheet date, as to the manner in which the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities will be recovered or settled. [IAS 12.51]Deferred tax assets and liabilities should not be discounted. [IAS 12.53]Recognition of Tax Expense or IncomeCurrent and deferred tax should be recognised as income or expense and included in profit or loss for the period, except to the extent that the tax arises from: [IAS 12.58]∙ a transaction or event that is recognised directly in equity;or∙ a business combinationaccounted for as an acquisition.If the tax relates to items that are credited or charged directly to equity, the tax should also be charged or credited directly to equity. [IAS 12.61]If the tax arises from a business combination that is an acquisition, itshould be recognised as an identifiable asset or liability at the date of acquisition in accordance with IFRS 3 Business Combinations (thus affecting goodwill.Tax Consequences of DividendsIn some jurisdictions, income taxes are payable at a higher or lower rate if part or all of the net profit or retained earnings is paid out as a dividend. In other jurisdictions, income taxes may be refundable if part or all of the net profit or retained earnings is paid out as a dividend. Possible future dividenddistributions or tax refunds should not be anticipated in measuring deferred tax assets and liabilities. [IAS 12.52A]IAS 10, Events after the Reporting Period, requires disclosure, and prohibits accrual, of a dividend thatis proposed or declared after the end of the reporting period but before the financial statements were authorised for issue. IAS 12 requires disclosure of the tax consequences of such dividends as well as disclosure of the nature and amounts of the potential income tax consequences of dividends. [IAS 12.82A]PresentationCurrent tax assets and current tax liabilities should be offset on the balance sheet only if the entity has the legal right and the intention to settle on a net basis. [IAS 12.71]Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities should be offset on the balance sheet only if the entity has the legal right to settle on a net basis and they are levied by the same taxing authority on the same entity or different entities that intend torealise the asset and settle the liability at the same time. [IAS 12.74]DisclosureIn addition to the disclosures required by IAS 12, some disclosures relating to income taxes are required by IAS 1, as follows:∙IAS 1 requires disclosures on the face of the statement offinancial position aboutcurrent tax assets, current taxliabilities, deferred taxassets, and deferred taxliabilities [IAS 1.54(n) and(o)]∙IAS 1 requires disclosure of tax expense (tax income) on the faceof the statement ofcomprehensive income [IAS1.82(d)].∙IAS 12 requires disclosure of tax expense (tax income)relating to ordinary activitieson the face of the statement ofcomprehensive income [IAS12.77].∙IAS 12 requires that if an entity presents a statement of income,in addition to a statement ofcomprehensive income, taxexpense (income) from ordinaryactivities should be presentedin the statement of income. [IAS12.77A]IAS 12.80 requires the following disclosures:∙major components of tax expense (tax income) [IAS 12.79]Examples include:o current tax expense(income)o any adjustments of taxesof prior periodso amount of deferred taxexpense (income) relatingto the origination andreversal of temporarydifferenceso amount of deferred taxexpense (income) relatingto changes in tax rates orthe imposition of newtaxeso amount of the benefitarising from a previouslyunrecognised tax loss,tax credit or temporarydifference of a priorperiodo write down, or reversal ofa previous write down, ofa deferred tax asseto amount of tax expense(income) relating tochanges in accountingpolicies and correctionsof errorsIAS 12.81 requires the following disclosures:∙aggregate current and deferred tax relating to items reported directly in equity∙tax relating to each component of other comprehensive income ∙explanation of the relationship between tax expense (income) and the tax that would be expected by applying the current tax rate to accounting profit or loss (this can be presented as areconciliation of amounts of tax or a reconciliation of the rate of tax)∙changes in tax rates∙amounts and other details of deductible temporarydifferences, unused tax losses, and unused tax credits∙temporary differencesassociated with investments in subsidiaries, associates,branches, and joint ventures ∙for each type of temporary difference and unused tax lossand credit, the amount ofdeferred tax assets orliabilities recognised in thestatement of financial positionand the amount of deferred taxincome or expense recognised inthe income statement∙tax relating to discontinued operations∙tax consequences of dividends declared after the end of thereporting periodOther required disclosures:∙details of deferred tax assets [IAS 12.82]∙tax consequences of futuredividend payments [IAS 12.82A]。