Stylistic Features of Political Speech 以2008年奥巴马就职演说为例
2023高考英语新高考ii卷七选五 深度解析
2023高考英语新高考ii卷七选五深度解析Analysis of 2023 High School English New College Entrance Examination II Paper Seven-Passage SelectionThe 2023 high school English new college entrance examination II paper seven-passage selection is designed to test students’ ability to understand and analyze complex texts. This paper consists of seven passages, each accompanied by a set of questions that require students to demonstrate their comprehension skills and critical thinking abilities.Passage 1:This passage focuses on the importance of environmental conservation and the impact of human activities on the natural world. Students are asked to identify key ideas and arguments presented in the text, as well as analyze the author’s tone and point of view. Questions may also require students to make inferences and draw connections between different parts of the passage.Passage 2:Passage 2 explores the theme of social justice and inequality. Students are challenged to consider the implications of systemic discrimination and privilege, as well as the role of individuals inpromoting equality and fairness. They may be asked to evaluate the impact of specific policies or initiatives on marginalized communities and reflect on potential solutions to address these issues.Passage 3:In this passage, students encounter a fictional narrative that invites them to engage with themes of identity, belonging, and personal growth. They may be required to analyze character development, plot structure, and symbolism to deepen their understanding of the text. Questions may also prompt students to consider the relevance of the story’s themes to their own lives and experiences.Passage 4:Passage 4 introduces students to a scientific or technical topic, such as climate change, artificial intelligence, or bioethics. Students are expected to demonstrate their ability to interpret data, evaluate arguments, and draw evidence-based conclusions. They may be asked to analyze experimental procedures, research findings, or ethical dilemmas presented in the passage.Passage 5:Passage 5 presents an argumentative essay on a controversial issue, such as gun control, globalization, or healthcare reform. Students are required to identify the author’s claims, supporting evidence, and rhetorical strategies, as well as consider opposing viewpoints. They may be asked to construct a counterargument or evaluate the effectiveness of the author’s persuasive techniques.Passage 6:This passage challenges students to engage with a historical or cultural text, such as a speech, poem, or work of art. Students are expected to analyze the context, themes, and stylistic features of the text, as well as consider its significance in a broader social or political context. Questions may also prompt students to reflect on the enduring impact of the text on contemporary society.Passage 7:The final passage of the paper presents students with a set of real-world problems or ethical dilemmas, such as poverty, corruption, or human rights abuses. Students are asked to consider possible solutions, evaluate the implications of different courses of action, and reflect on their own values and beliefs. They may be required to make ethical judgments or proposepractical strategies for addressing the issues presented in the passage.In conclusion, the 2023 high school English new college entrance examination II paper seven-passage selection challenges students to engage with a diverse range of texts and topics, from environmental conservation and social justice to scientific research and ethical decision-making. By developing their critical reading and analytical skills, students can deepen their understanding of complex issues and cultivate the intellectual agility needed to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.。
分析奥巴马的就职演讲Hello_Chicago
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Sentence structure is used to make the speech more sweeping.
In his speech, he uses more declarative sentence(陈 述句)and imperative sentence(祈使句）to strengthen his speech convince.
good order which has good cohesion.
Supporting Materials: Examples
这篇演讲采用类似电影艺术中的蒙太奇手法,剪辑了美国及世界历史的重要 片段——越战、伊拉克战、柏林墙被推倒、电子投票、人类登月等,使整篇 演讲具有厚重的历史感。而本篇最大一个特点,就是引用106岁老人的一生, 来见证美国百年荣辱沧桑,无论是奴隶制时代、经济大萧条时期、二战期间,
Translation of Political Writing and Speeches
Examples VI
Since 1990, the US and some other western countries, disregarding China’s political stability, economic development, social progress, daily perfection of democracy and legal system and constant improvement of people’s living standards, have concocted 5 anti-China proposals at the UN Human Rights Commission, wantonly interfering in China’s internal affairs by trying to change China’s development path and social system through sabotaging its stability and preventing it from going forward.
Examples III
and a revolution in consumer habits. Citizens of Los Angeles are horrified by that daily pall (covering ) of golden smog, but they don’t noticeably clamor (demand) for a decrease in the number of owner vehicles. There is no worse neurosis (disorder of mind) than that which derives from a consciousness of guilt and an inability to reform.
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题4带答案
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects2.“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings3.Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural poli cies.A.undergoesB.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes4.Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjective5.Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual6.______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization7.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set8.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.e into sighte to termse into playe to power9.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes10.Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______.A.creationB.borrowingC.semantic changeD. lexical change11.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPTA.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East12.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A. concentratedB.confusedC.confirmedD.convinced13.What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation14.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg15.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in16.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust17.Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reason18.The differences between synonyms exist in the following areas EXCEPT ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application19.Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules20.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell2.Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.3.One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.B.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation4.Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkC.The poorD.Finals5.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habitA.ofB.forC.toD.from6.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.7.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on8.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept9.Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why11.Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over12.There is an ambiguity in the sentence “ He is a hard businessman ” due to ______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy13.A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s14.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of15.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when16.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little18.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong19.Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary?A.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Social, economic and political changesC.The invasion of foreign countries.D.The influence of other cultures and languages.20.How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.4第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： B本题解析：affect 多作为动词来用，表示影响。
英语词汇学考试复习资料
一、单选题1.The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.A、/t/B、/g/C、/p/D、/k/答案： B2.30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.A、compoundingB、affixationC、conversionD、shortening答案： B3._____ is NOT a pair of homophones.A、Fair (lovely) and "fair" (a regular gathering of people for barter and sale of goods)B、"Flea" (any of various small， wingless， bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C、Lead (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D、"compliment" (an expression of praise， admiration， or congratulation) and "complement" (something that completes， makesup a whole， or brings to perfection)答案： C4.By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.A、onomatopoeicB、morphologicalC、semanticD、etymological答案： D5.__________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences,trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A、SlangB、JargonC、Dialectal wordsD、Argot答案： B6.The information about the word class of a word is part of its _____ meaning.A、lexicalB、grammaticalC、centralD、derived答案： B二、 判断题7.A word is the combination of form and ________.A 、spellingB 、writingC 、meaningD 、denoting答案： C8.The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.A 、worksB 、prewarC 、postwarD 、bloody答案： A1.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present - day English is creation of newwords by means of word formation.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确2.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确3.When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误4.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stem.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误6.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确三、 名词解释四、 问答题7.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 正确ponential analysis has no disadvantages.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误9.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误10.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.A 、正确B 、错误答案： 错误1.Acronymy答案： is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.2.Morphs答案： Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.3.Etymological Motivation答案： The history of the word explains the meaning of the word4.Sentence Idioms答案： are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.1.Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？答案： Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.。
关于《政府工作报告》翻译的研究——从对等翻译理论的角度
太原理工大学硕士学位论文关于《政府工作报告》翻译的研究——从对等翻译理论的角度姓名：戴文娟申请学位级别：硕士专业：@指导教师：@20090401太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文关于《政府工作报告》翻译的研究——从对等翻译理论的角度摘要随着经济全球化的迅速发展，世界各国的交流越来越深入，跨文化交流显得尤为重要，翻译作为沟通的桥梁在跨文化交流中起着举足轻重的作用。
改革开放以来，我国的政治经济建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，综合国力有了显著的提高，中国在国际舞台上越来越受人瞩目。
一年一度的《政府工作报告》是国务院总理代表中国政府向其人民报告对于过去一年的工作回顾和对今年工作的部署，说明党和国家的路线，方针，政策，让人民了解政府，让世界了解中国。
改革开放以来，我国人民代表大会制度日益完善，社会主义民主进程逐步推进，各级政府在人民代表大会例会上推出政府工作报告，已经越来越受到各级人大代表乃至普通民众的广泛关注，政府工作报告也因此逐渐成为民众耳熟能详的文体样式。
政府工作报告阐述了由中国政府制定的一系列关于国家发展的政策，方针，路线。
为了使国家的大政方针不仅被本国人民所了解而且让世界了解中国，政府工作报告的翻译成为了一种必须。
然而，政府工作报告的翻译是一项很严肃的政治任务，这是由这种文体的特殊性所决定的，它具有很强的政治性，报告的内容都是用来指导各行各业工作的路线、方针、政策，这就使它对翻译的忠实性有了更高的要求，工作中的错误可能会导致严重的政治后果，所以翻译中容不得半点疏忽，而译者作为翻译的桥梁，除了具有良好的外语修养，还应该具有良好的政治修养和严谨的工作态度。
此外，由于政府工作报告是介绍建设有中国特色社会主义的新成就，部署新的发展战略，不少新概念、新提法都是中国特有的，从英文词典中难以找到现成的对应词。
因此，翻译过程中很容易出现“中式英语”现象。
由于政治上的保险，它对翻译的忠实性又有很高的要求, 这些往往会导致译文机械呆板。
Stylistic Feature of Kennedy's Speech
• 此外 ,第一人称复数代词的使用在肯尼 第一人称复数代词的使用在的是第一人称代词 ,尤其是 尤其是 第一人称复数代词“ 第一人称复数代词“ we”, 及它的变 体:“us, our, me”等。不少情形下 ,第 等 第 二人称代词“ 二人称代词“you”的使用都由第一人 的使用都由第一人 称代词所代替了。 称代词所代替了。
肯尼迪演讲的文体特点
• 肯尼迪演讲辞的总词汇量为 1342 个 ,其 其 中六个字母以上的单词有 349 个 ,占总数 占总数 的 26%。接近于美国总统就职演说辞中 。 六字母以上词的平均含词 量: 27%。 。 • 英语中六个字母以上或三个音节以上的 词常被看着大词。 词常被看着大词。
• 在日常谈话 ,即席解说 ,甚至广告中 ,六 即席解说 甚至广告中 六 个字母以上词的百分比都没有超过 20%。因此 ,肯尼迪的就职演说具有较 。 肯尼迪的就职演说具有较 明显的书面语特征 ,这是由总统就职演 这是由总统就职演 ,功能 ,发表场合 ,及发表方式 说的内容 ,功能 ,发表场合 ,及发表方式 所决定的。 所决定的。总统就职演说的内容涉及 政治 ,发表场合较严肃 ,可以事先准备 , 发表场合较严肃 可以事先准备 避免了口语体的随意性。 避免了口语体的随意性。
• 在肯尼迪的演讲中 ,形容词数占到了总 形容词数占到了总 字数的 7.8%,也接近于美国总统就职 也接近于美国总统就职 演说辞中形容词的平均含词量:7.4%。 。 演说辞中形容词的平均含词量 且其中绝大多数都是表主观判断和感 情色彩的词 ,如:fruitful, peaceful, 如 great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady, 而解说文体中形容词的含量仅 5%。 。
Advertising1
AdvertisingField of discourseTypes of advertising产品广告product advertising (promote individual products)Take Toshiba, take the world. (Toshiba)非产品广告non-product advertisingKiss ，keep it short and sweet.公益广告public service advertising（not for profit ,but serve the public interest）Smoking, pleasure for you. Poison for your family.认知广告cognitive advertisingAttentionWe are looking for a girl named Lucy, a little girl of 9 years old who is about medium tall with long black hair , she wears white T-shirt and blue pants red shoes .We need your help. If you meet this kind of girl, please have a contact with call Mr. Green at 8866. Thank you very much.（TOD）Functional Tenor and Degrees of Formality(personal tenor) in advertising TOD reflects the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader-called personal tenor, and reflects what the user is trying to do with language to his addressees-called functional tenor.Functional tenor tells us the addresser's intention of using the language: for teaching? Persuading? Amusing? Explaining? Controlling? Insulting? Arguing? Satirizing?Functional tenor is not difficult to discern. Different situational types of language are endowed with different predominant functions, as advertising with persuasion, a lecture with exposition, a political speech with agitation, and the sermon with exhortation and teaching.For example, we talk of the language of advertising, not because of there is a particular subject matter associated with advertising but because there is a consistent function _ to persuade us to buy products or service.Certain functional tenors can hit any point on the personal tenor formality continuum. An expository speech can be formal, with many passive constructions and a technical vocabulary. It can also be informal, in an ad-lib manner, with personal anecdotes, reference to the audience. An insult may also be formal or informal. A formal insulting depends on formal structure and vocabulary as well as calm or deliberate delivery. Thus I shall allow no s.o.b, to tamper with my affairs!Would be more formal than Keep out of my affairs, you s.o.b.!And Sir, you are a swine! Here is a Mark Twain informal insult:Why, you turnip, if you had laid low and kept dark, there's chances to buy an American horse for mighty little more than you paid for that bloody old foreign relic. In official’s, formal language can be overused and become what is called 'gobbledygook' -- meaningless but important-sounding official language. Such language is verbose and long-winded, full of multi-syllabic words and empty or vague phrases, as are often seen in official business reports. For instance, instead of making a clear statement that Some were killed. The official spokesman would say something like Although there have been clashes, only in a few cases were the injuries fatal. And instead of saying One should have no racial prejudice. Those who prefer gobbledygook would say It necessitates a projection of the human mind over the barrier of race.The idea behind this is either to conceal the harsh truth of a matter or to affect a kind of profoundness for a statement. Naturally such practice has been much ridiculed and criticized.2. Stylistic feature of public speechMode of discourseTypes of advertising media:1. Newspaper Advantages: Low cost, minimum time for preparation & placement Disadvantages: Short life span, Distraction of other features in the paper, Poor color2. Television Advantages: Colorful & eye-catching messages, A vast captive audience of all types Disadvantages: High cost, Short exposure3. Radio Advantages: Low cost Particular effect for certain types of audiences (taxi drivers, house wives) Disadvantage: less effect in the evening,4. Direct Mail Advantages: Personalized forms & content Special effect for targeted people. Disadvantages: Being regarded as Junk mail and thrown away without being read.5. Magazines Advantages: Particular effect for specific audience Good use of color A longer life than TV or newspaper ads Disadvantages: A longer time to be placed6. Internet Advantages: Attractive appeal, Much less cost to place, Flexible time--can be viewed any time and modified any time, Additional information in hypermedia Disadvantages: Small space7. Outdoor Examples: Billboards, posters, electric displays, skywriting, laser Advantages: High visibility, repeated exposure Disadvantages: Limited messageTypes of language: written, spoken, network languageGrammatical features of advertising English1、use simple sentence more and complex sentence lessSimple sentences are used quite often. In order to make English advertising easy to read, hear and understand, English copywriters usually take great care to employ simple sentence. Many splendid advertisements are famous for their brevity, such as Marlboro, coca cola.Look at an advertisement for “Honda “carIT COMES WITH A CONSCIENCEHonda has always made good cars. People love them. But with and loved one, things can sometimes get emotional. Honda understands. And on our own we have set up a third-party arbitration program with the better business bureau to give you an extra voice，if you need it. But please talk with your dealer first. And follow the problem-solving procedure described in your owner’s manual. Our new program will help to resolve product-related questions about your Honda. This program is free .Just ask at any Honda dealer for a booklet. Or call 80052111613.You see, Honda wants you and your Honda to have a long and happy relationship. It’s only right. This ad has many words, but sentences are simple to understand, easy to read and apt to be accepted.2 、the use of interrogative sentence and imperative sentence1 interrogative sentence Interrogative sentences are popular in advertising English, because they need us to reflect their questions and also have many different patterns.For example: Are you going gray to Rah co lately?Have you talked to Rah co lately?You will buy this special gift to your darling, don’t you?You have Mott’s Apple Sauce, don’t you? What will you do with the money you save using a faster, more efficient computer?2imperative sentence One of the functions of advertising is that of persuasion, imperative sentences are frequently employed in English advertising precisely because they are very persuasive and appeal to the hearts of consumers such as:(1)Stop in at any Ford or Lincoln-Mercury dealer. –Ford(2)Put it all behind you. –Honda Civic Wagon(3)Buy one pair. Get one free. –Pearle Vision Center(4)End a dry spell. –Dove Beautiful Bar(5)Look for Top Shelf on your grocer’s shelf in the new microwave entr ee section, and go places with it. –Hormel Food3、the use of elliptical sentenceTo save space and reduce costs, to render advertised products more tempting and to stimulate consumers to take action, copywriters tend to properly employ elliptical sentence. Look at some examples as following:(1)A mild wayMake it a Mild Smoke.Smooth, rich and rewarding. –An ad for “Mild” cigarette(2)Into this glass, washing powder. Into this one, soap flakes.Now into this---new label improved Rubbly Stergene---An ad for “Rubbly” stergene(3)More than a timepiece. an acquisitions. ---An ad for watch(4)Champion Golf shoes styled by Damon Hunter 3Times.Open champion. ---An ad for Golf shoesLove in your heart---peace in your mind---lifeguard in your home---the disinfectantyou trust completely. ---An ad for disinfectantThe lexical features of advertising1 .The extensive use of the comparative and superlativeComparison of adjectives and the most advanced but also frequently appears in the ad, with the aim of comparison, the raise the quality of their products to meet consumer mentality and preferences. Such as:1.Dale Batteries: the original and still be the best. (Dale Battery: original, best)2. Let’s make things better. (Philips: Let us do a better job)Above two cases better use of comparative adjectives and superlative the best, let the reader in comparison to deepen the impression of the product, play a very good promotional effect.2 .The magical effect of adverbs with exaggerated significanceMany English ads are often exaggerated by a number with meaning or with full or adverb of universal significance, and achieved good results, such as adverbs in the following Magical listen:1.Satisfaction Guaranteed Absolutely! (Home appliances ad)2. No caffeine. Virtually no caries. Just a unique, sparkling citrus taste. A Frisco (Fresco drink slogan: no caffeine, trace calories. A unique citrus flavor and Sheen Yi Kiang heart.)3. We have hidden a garden of vegetables where you'd never expect in a pie. (Vegetable pie ad)4. Intelligence everywhere. (Motorola: Intelligence everywhere.)5. To me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color. (Wine)3 .Often use a short verbEnglish advertisements often use some syllable or fewer letters short verbs, such as using get instead of obtain, buy place of purchase. With the use instead of utilize, etc., to make it simple and vivid language, the content at a glance. For example:1.Buy one pair, get one free. (Sunglasses ad: buy one get one.)2. Take TOSHIBA, cake the world. (TOSHIBA Electronics: with Toshiba, the world.)3. A Mars a daykeps you work, rest and play. (Mars Chocolate brand advertising: a Mars chocolate a day, so you have a good work and rest.)4. Impossible made possible. (Canon printer)5. Honda has always made good cars. People / over them. (Honda ad)4 .The present participle of the verb formSometimes advertisers often use the verb form of a in segmentation. Result in a "dynamic", giving vivid, lifelike feeling. If the product to the customer front, call at any instant, ready. For example:1.Getn ~ g places in the business world is easier if your banker is there to met you. (Bank advertising)2. Poetry in motion, dancing close to me. (TOYOTA Motor: Poetry in motion. Dancing close to me)3.Connecting people. (Nokia phones)5 .Flexible application of indefinite pronounMany advertisers to cater to the prevailing herd mentality of consumers sometimes use al1, everyone, none, nothing so that all "areas" in the indefinite pronoun, to increase their popularity, reflecting the extraordinary characteristics of a commodity or has been generally accepted by consumers. Such as:1.All is well that ends well. (Tobacco advertising: the more able to get behind the more flavored JL)2. Today 's Nobody. Tomorrow's Somebody! (Somebody Taishin Bank credit cards)3. None is more amazing than Alba Quartz. (Watch ad)6 .Magical personal pronounsIn order to narrow the gap between advertisers and consumers in the distance. Enhance the consumer's sense of participation (sense of participation), advertisers in English the use of personal pronouns is really spent a lot of effort, described pains. If the first person is often used to refer to advertisers, the second person to refer to the consumer, or a third person to refer the reader to understand the people. Consider the following example:1.We lead others copy. (Ricoh printers: We lead, others follow.)2. We integrate you communicate. (Mitsubishi Electric: We integrate. You communicate.)3. Spoil ourselves and not) our figure. (Weight-Watcher ice cream: safe to eat. Do not worry about weight.)Morphology feature of advertising1. Use of rhymes. Rhymes with brand nameOne of the best techniques for bringing in the brand name is to make the slogan rhyme with it. An ad slogan is better if it reflects the brand’s personality. By this kind of rhyming, the brand name is highlighted. The ad slogan is thus highly purposed. It can differentiate a slogan from others by the brand name and the special rhyming which is the identity of the slogan. Haig Scotch: Don't be vague. Ask for Haig.Quavers: The flavor of a Quaver is never known to waver.2 Rhymes - brand name mentionA fall-back position is to use a rhyme and mention the brand name without it actually rhyming. It is not so effective, perhaps, because the brand name is not highlighted. The slogan is likely to lose its identity, because similar products can use the same ad slogan with a simple change of the product name. e.g.1)Viakal: It's the Viakal fizz that does the bizz!2)Jaguar : Grace, space, pace.2.2 Use of alliteration. Alliteration can help the slogans achieve the strong beating rhythm needed to make it an repeatable sentence. By so doing, the sentences are more slogan-styled. They can be easily remembered by the audience. Alliteration can also achieve an emphatic effect of the meaning. e.g.1)Allied Irish Bank: Britain's best business bank. 2)Greyhound: Greyhound going great3)Fila: Functional... Fashionable... Formidable...The semantic feature of advertising1 Semantic ambiguity Ad slogans have to conform to the code of commercial practice. Semantic ambiguity is needed to avoid any possible legal liability. For example：Philips: let’s make things better.2 Use of puns A really good pun can work miracles. However note the lack of brand identity in these otherwise excellent examples. Almost any competing brand could use these lines. Although they are good, they have no specific identity of their own. e.g. 1)Moss Security: Alarmed? You should be. 2)Pioneer: Everything you hear is true.3)Range Rover: It's how the smooth take the rough.2.2 In these lines, the brand name appears, but as the solution or promise rather than part of the pun. These slogans with brand name in it can help the name be remembered while offer a two layered meaning to the slogan. The second layer of meaning can interest and impress the people with its smartness and its novelty.e.g.1)Kenco Really Rich Coffee: Get Rich quick.2)Finish Detergent: Brilliant cleaning starts with Finish.2.3 Here the brand goes to work, as inextricably part of the pun.Citibank: Because the Citi never sleeps.Quavers Snacks: Do me a Quaver.。
英美文学鉴赏--美国文学部分
英美文学鉴赏--美国文学部分1. Transcendentalism is a group of ideas in literature and philosophy that developed in the 1830s and 1840s as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church. They believe in an ideal spirituality that "transcends" the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.The major figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau Margaret Fuller.2. Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art of architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.Among American writers, the best-known Modernists are T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and so on.3. Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery, and clear, sharp language. The Imagists rejected the sentiment and artifice typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry. This was in contrast to their contemporaries, the Georgian poets, who were by and large content to work within that tradition.The most outstanding figures of the movement were EzraPound, Amy Lowell and Hilda Doolittle.4. Puritanism refers to the movement arising within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century that sought to purify, or reform, that church and establish a middle course between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers. It remained the dominant religious force in New England throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The term Puritanism is also used in a broader sense to refer to attitudes and values considered characteristic of the Puritans.Its representative figures are Anna Bradstreet Franklin, Thomas Paine.5. Naturalism refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectively in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th century scientific thought. Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eye of the individual.Notable writers were Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson and Theodore Dreiser.6. Local colorism is a fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region. It put emphasis on physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition human thought and behavior. It started from1860s to the end of 19th century.Bret Hart e’s The Luck of Roaring Camp marked a significant development in the brief history of local color fiction. Another important figure was Mark Twain.7. The Lost Generation refers to a group of the disillusionedintellectuals and artists,who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. They rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot.8.The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918-1929,the years between the end of World WarI and the start of the Roaring Twenties; ending with the rise of the Great Depression, the traditional values of this age saw great decline while the American stock market soared. The age takes its name from F. Scott Fitzgerald and jazz music, which saw a tremendous surge in popularity among many segments of society.The dominant figure of this period was F. Scott Fitzgerald.9. The American Dream is the concept widely held in the United States of America, that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity (often associated with the protestant work ethic). Today, in America it generally refers to the idea that one's prosperity depends upon one's own abilities and hard work, not on a rigid class structure, though the meaning of the phrase has changed over America's history. The course of Clinton was the classic example of ―The American Dream‖.10. Psychological realism is a kind of ideological trend of literature which appears in the traditional literature in the course from realism to modernism. It recognizes that what is real to the individual is that which he or she perceives. It is the ground for the use of the centered consciousness, or the first-person narrator, since both of these present reality only as somethingperceived by the focal character.Henry James was the founder whose works are The American, The Portrait of a Lady.诗歌欣赏I．The Wild Honey Suckle (开头：Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, hid in this silent, dull retreat……)1. Writer :Philip Freneau2. Theme: 1.In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature.2.In the author's opinion, the origin land in America was filled with beauty and myth.3. Technique of this poem :The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from elite flower images typical of tradition English poems.Exaggeration personification Alliteration ,assonance, masculine rhyme used in the poem also produce musical or melodious and harmonious, which matches the beauty of the flower. The poem contains iambics trochaics and spondee.II. Annabel Lee （开头：It was many and many years ago, ina kingdom by the sea……Annabel Lee）1. Writer: Allen Poe2. Theme : Eternal love. The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strong and beautiful and pure that even the seraphs, the highest order of angels in heaven, envy it. The love remains alive–eternal–because the souls of the lovers remain united .3.Techiques of the poem:1)Melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.2)Use of Alliteration to create pleasing sound patterns.3)Imagery and figurative language: Imagery–Darkness and Light Implied and explicit images of darkness and light occur throughout the poem.Poe implies t hat the kingdom by the sea is a bright, cheerful place where the sun shines on two young lov ers, the narrator and Annabel Lee.III. Because I could not stop for death(开头: Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me…..结尾…were toward eternity)1. Writer Emily Dickinson2 Theme：Religion & Faith Life & Death Beauty & Truth Love & Marriage Nature Friendship Time & Eternity3.Techniques of the poem: Alliteration Anaphora 首语重复, Personification ,Metaphor ,Paradox Imagery and Figurative languageIV. In a Station of the Metro(全诗：The apparition of these faces in the crowded; petals on a wet, black bough)1. Writer: Ezra Pound2.Theme: Although the society is depressed and helpless, there is still hope in everybody’s heart .The lovely face meant a promising future .The poem is just like a mirror which reflects the hopeful song in the soul of human beings3. Techniques of the poem: Metaphor: the petals obviously indicate the lovely faces Contrast: the first line and the second line are using the contrast.V. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（开头whose woods these are I think I know, his house is in the village though…结尾and miles to go before I sleep）1. Writer: Robert Frost2. Theme: this poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society. Thisshows a man's despairing courage to seek out the meaning of life.3.Writing Skills(1) Rhythm and Rhyme (2) Rhetorical Device:Alliteration (头韵sound & sleep; dark & deep 头韵) Personification (拟人―he‖—horse ―My little horse must think it queer.‖ Repetition(重复―and miles to go bef ore I sleep,)and miles to go before I sleep. ‖Images/Symbolism (意象象征)VI．Anecdote of the Jar (开头I placed a jar in Tennessee, and around it was, upon a hill…结尾like nothing else in Tennessee)1. Writer: Wallace Stevens2. Theme: It is only about a jar literally, but figuratively reflect more about the relationship between nature and humans. The jar means humanity, culture, art and artistic imaginations. The nature is a desultory world and only ideas can make it united as a whole. Art is magic. It fantasize the nature. Without art, we are nothing and dead.3. Technique of this poem, the most important one is symbolism and surrealism. For example, the ―I‖ in the poem maybe not refers to the writer Wallace Stevens himself, it can be anyone. And the jar symbolize art, while the wilderness in Tennessee is the symbol of nature.1. What are the stylistic features of Hemingway’s novels?海明威小说的主要特色是什么？Hemingway’s novels are mainly concerned with ―tough‖ people, known for Hemingway hero of athletic prowess and masculinity and unyielding heroism, whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against anunvarying code, known as ―grace under pressure‖, which is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. In the general situation of his novels, life is but a losing battle; however it is also a struggle man can demonstrate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.Hemingway once said, ―The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighty of it being above water.‖ Typical of this ―iceberg‖ analogy is Hemingway’s style: Hemingway’s economical writing style often seems simple, but his method is calculated. In his writing, Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters’emotions and thoughts directly. Hemingway was deeply concerned with authenticity in writing . Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain. The accents and mannerisms of human speech are well presented, and the use of short, simple words and sentences has an effect of clearness, terseness and great care.2. Discuss the symbolism in Melville’s novel Moby-Dick.简述麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象Published in 1851, Moby-Dick is considered a masterpiece by Melville. Holding the thesis that ―All visible objects are but as pasteboard mask‖, Melville strikes through the surface of his adventurous narrative to formulate concepts of good and evil imbedded as allegory in its events. Under Melville’s pen, Moby-Dick turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the un iverse, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. Melville uses symbols as representations of different ideas, and through facts and incidents to acquire universalmeanings: the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truths. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolized nature, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil; for the author, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search of the truth.3. What is the theme and the major character in F.S. Fitzgerald’ The Great Gatsby?菲兹杰拉德的小说伟大的盖茨比的主题和主要人物是什么？Consi dered as Fitzgerald’s finest work, The Great Gatsby, written in crisp, concise prose and told by Nick Carraway, a satiric yet sympatheric narrator, it is the story of Jay Gatsby, a young American from the Midwest, Gatsby becomes a bootlegger in order to attain the wealth and lavish way of life he feels are necessary to win the love of Daisy Buchanan, a married upper-class woman who had once rejected him. The story ends tragically with Gatsby’s destruction. The book deals the bankruptcy of the protagonist’s personal dreams due to the clashes between their romantic vision of life and the sordid reality.The hero of the novel, Gatsby , is the last of romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment takes him in search of his personal grail. Gatsby’s failur e magnifies to a great extent the end of the American dream. The protagonist’s pursuit of his dream only proves to be nothing but an illusion. Nevertheless, the affirmation of hope and expectation is self-asserted in the characters.4. What is the theme, stylistic features and the major character in Dreiser’s Sister Carrie?德来塞的《嘉丽妹妹》的主要人物主题结构，语言风格和艺术特点。
2016级国际会议英语期末复习题
2016级国际会议交流期末复习题Part 1. multiple choice1) If there are more than ______ persons coming together, talking and discussing, the event can be called a meeting.A. fiveB. twoC. threeD. six2) Paper Submission Information of a conference is instructive and informative, including information on: ______, full test, and mode presentation.A. abstractB. titleC. topicD. keywords3) Before a conference, the possible contact persons are usually the ______, the chairperson, leading figures of the committees concerned, and the like.A. other participantsB. audienceC. expertsD. secretary-general4) If an invitation cannot be accepted due to certain reasons, a letter of ______should be sent to the inviter.A. invitationB. inquiryC. declinationD. apology5) Since conferences have channels for raising funds for operation, participants maybe have the opportunity of applying for financial assistance from the ______.A. conferenceB. committeeC. universityD. society6) Conference paper writing belongs to ______ writing, following the stylistic features of professional papers.A. non-specialistB. professionalC. regularD. informal7) The title of a paper should be concise. Generally, a title is supposed to be no more than ______ words.A. 20B. 25C. 10D. 158) An abstract is a succinct _____ of a longer piece of work, usually academic in nature.A. inductionB. deductionC. summaryD. debate9) The keywords of a conference paper should be carefully chosen, making sure that they match the _____ of the conference.A. structureB.venueC. organizerD. theme10) A(n) _____, or indicative, abstract usually states the general subject matter of the document that follows. It. Tells in an all-round way what the paper or report contains.A. informativeB. descriptiveC. informative-descriptiveD. instructive11) One of the core elements of an abstract is the principal _____ of a paper or research.A. wordsB. conclusionC. authorD. grant12) A topic sentence always goes straightforward to the subject or the problem and indicates the primary _____ of the paper.A. subjectsB. objectsC. subjectivesD. objectives13) The Latin word “et cetera”, abbreviated as “etc.” means _____ in English.A. aboutB. namelyC. and so forthD. and others14) A _____ may function as reference for citation, emphasis or special meaning.A. dashB. commaC. dotD. quotation mark15) Which of the following is not the proper way of ending a speech?A. Direct wind-upB. Brief summaryC. Showing greetingsD. Solicitation of comments16) With expressions l ike “since 1978” or “at the beginning of this month”, we are using _____sequence.A. ChronologicalB. PersonalC. SpatialD. Conception17) When we develop a speech “from concrete to abstract”, we are using the way of ____.A. DeductionB. InductionC. NarrationD. Explanation18) When giving expressions like “nearly 500” or “over 33 percent” or “something like”, we are using ______words.A. CrazyB. FuzzyC. LazyD. Dizzy19) Which of the following is not the features of on-the-spot question?A. ExtensivenessB. UnpredictabilityC. TimelinessD. Productivity20) By saying “I don’t quite understand what you really mean by saying... Can you explain it again?” We are asking __________.A. Questions for clarifying problemsB. Questions for showing special interestC. Questions for raising different opinionsD. Questions for challenging21) ______ is a kind of formal meeting, often lasting for a few days. It is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest.A. ConferenceB. ForumC. SeminarD. Workshop22) The ______information usually includes the number of participants, the requirements for attendees, the conference VIPs and other persons the participant may specially want to meet and talk with.A. organizationsB. committeeC. sectariesD. participants23) Among various kinds of correspondence channels available, ______still remains essential and effective.A. messageB. letter writingC. phone callD. notes24) In order to get information about a conference, or to find out areas of interest, the potential participant may write a letter of ______.A. inquiryB. invitationC. declinationD. apology25) Generally speaking, a letter of application for financial aid should include the name of the meeting, the special reasons for application, and the specific ______.A. amountB. requestsC. contentD. address26) The writer of informal writing will use an informal tone, colloquial language. And usually the ______person is employed, as in letters, diaries, stories, etc.A. secondB. thirdC. firstD. last27) The number of keywords of a conference paper is limited. ______keywords are average. In general, there should be at least two and at most ten.A. 4-6B. 2-5C. 3-7D. 4-828) The _____ sentence is usually followed by a few supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented.A. debateB. argumentC. conclusionD. topic29) A(n) _____, or informational, abstract highlights the method and findings briefly but quantitatively.A. destructiveB. informativeC. informative-descriptiveD. instructive30) The Latin word “et cetera”, abbreviated as “etc.” means _____ in English.A. aboutB. namelyC. and so forthD. and others31)The keywords of a conference paper should be carefully chosen, making sure that they match the _____ of the conference.A. structureB.venueC. organizerD. theme32) A _____ is usually used for supplementation or explanation of what is mentioned previously.A. dashB. commaC. dotD. quotation mark33) _____ abbreviations are frequently used in scientific writing for international readers.A. FrenchB. LatinC. ChineseD. Greek34) One of the core elements of an abstract is the principal _____ of a paper or research.A. wordsB. conclusionC. authorD. grant35) Which of the following is not the general techniques for answering questions?A. Listing to questions carefully.B. Showing indifference to some questionsC. Judging questions correctly.D. Answering questions partially.36) Statement like “I ’m so sorry to say that the remarks in your question should be regarded as less than friendly” may be answer to __________.A. Ordinary questionsB. Noncommittal questionsC. Rebuking questionsD. Questions of disagreement37) Which of the following is not the causes for avoiding direct answers?A. Limitation of authorizationB. Lack of certain knowledgeC. Language barriersD. Being not in the mood38)When giving expressions like “nearly 500” or “over 33 percent” or “something like”, we are using ______words.A. CrazyB. FuzzyC. LazyD. Dizzy39) Which of the following is not the features of on-the-spot question?A. ExtensivenessB. UnpredictabilityC. TimelinessD. Productivity40) By saying “I don’t quite understand what you really mean by saying... Can you explain it again?” We are a sking __________.A. Questions for clarifying problemsB. Questions for showing special interestC. Questions for raising different opinionsD. Questions for challenging答案：1-5：BADCA 6-10:BDCDB 11-15:BDCDC 16-20: ABBDA21-25：ADBAB 26-30:CADBC 31-35: DABBB 36-40: CDBDAPart II. Match the words or expressions with their equivalence.参考答案：41-45 B D A F C 46-50 E N L O K 51-55 M G H I J 56-62. VUTSRQPPart three. True or false1.Meetings only include conference, symposium, convention, forum, seminar, workshop and colloquium.( )2.General assembly is usually attended by all the meeting participants and sometimes by government officialsas well as reporters. ( )3. A complete formal letter is usually composed of six parts: return address (addressor), inside address(addressee ), salutation , body, close, and signature. ( )4.The format of the letter or e-mail to important people involved in the conference is relativelyrigid, but the style in general is informal. ( )5. The title of a professional paper should be brief , concise, specific, unified, and standard. ( )6. Keywords have the following linguistic features: more nouns, limited numbers and designated choice.( )7. Abstracts can be classified into three categories: descriptive, informative, and informative-descriptive.( )8. Generally, the only way to express the chemical substances in English is reading the individual alphabet letterand number. ( )9. The abbreviation i.e. means “that is to say”. ( )10. If you are preparing a speech at a conference, you need to plan delivery, paraphrase key points, consider theaudience and practice aloud. ( )11. If a speech is to communicate a speaker’s thoughts to an audience, it is better to meet the followingrequirements: to be easy to comprehend, to be complete and balanced, and to be considerate to audience.( )12. When greeting the participants of a meeting and expressing your thanks to the chairperson, you should tryyour best to show your effusiveness and compliments to establish goodwill. ( )13. Approaches to ending a speech include direct wind-up, brief summary and solicitation of comments.( )14. You can develop a speech in chronological sequence, or according to spatial relation, or by induction or bydeduction.. ( )15. In oral presentation, we can only use accurate words or expressions to avoid misunderstanding. ( )16. At a conference, to fill the silence caused at the time of a long break, we may adopt the following approaches:talking something unimportant, or repeating the main point which has been covered previously. ( )17. On-the-spot questions have the following features: extensiveness, predictability, and timeliness. ( )18. In a discussion session, the question-raisers are usually outsiders of the field. They are not familiar with thepresentation content. ( )19. In order to effectively answer the questions raised at a discussion session, you need to listen to the questionscarefully, and judge the questions correctly, and sometimes, you can copy the original questions pattern or even repeat the related content from the previous presentation. ( )20. All questions raised at a discussion session should be clearly and directly answered. ( )21. S y m p o s i u m is a kind of formal meeting, often lasting for a few days. It is organized on a particular subject to bring together people who have a common interest. At a conference, formal discussions usually take place. ( ) 22. Whether or not the invitation is accepted, the invitee should not give a timely response, so that the inviter can go on with further arrangement. ( )23. Consultative tone is hard to define because there are some discipline-specific differences. Each consultative discipline has its own conventions. ( )24. The format of a conference paper is generally conference-specific and must be in conformity with the standard set forth by the specific conference. ( )25. Since revision is tedious, it is necessary to stress that the final manuscript is to be covered from the beginning to the end to make sure that the changes made do not call for additional modifications anymore. ( )26. An abstract is a shortened version of the paper and only contains the significance of the results for the reader to determine. ( )27. The integrity of an abstract should include research theories, research methods, investigations, experimental results and conclusions. ( )28. Manuscript reading prior to a conference is actually building a bridge over the gap between written text and oral presentation, which links the skills of writing and speaking together and shows the presenter's overall language proficiency. ( )29. In reading, punctuation marks such as parentheses/brackets, comma, quotation marks, dash, dots, slant and so on are demonstrated by printed symbols which may not cause any misunderstanding. ( )30. Various formulas, such as mathematical expressions, chemical formulas and other equations, are considered as one of the most difficult points in the practical reading of professional papers. ( )31. An organizational pattern is inappropriate supporting forms and insufficient supporting materials. ( )32. Four general criteria in preparing a speech are: Easy to Comprehend; Complete and balanced; Considerate to Audience and Coherent and organic. ( )33. Apologetic beginnings are usually adopted in a Chinese cultural context though there are some changes nowadays. ( )34. Highlighting the main points can remind the audience of asking questions about procedures or ideas that they do not fully understand or that they are specially interested in. ( )35. A speaker should not adjust the volume of his/her voice in accordance with the degree of the audience's familiarity and interest in the subject, as well as the acoustic effect of the conference hall. ( )36. To develop a speech on the basis of experimental procedures can either help the speaker explain step by step the ides or enable the listeners to receive the information in an orderly way. ( )37. Deduction mains the speaker provides the supporting material first, and then generalizes and draws a conclusion. ( )38. Fuzzy expressions can help to round off complicated numbers, if they are not very significant in the context of the discussion. ( )39. Since questioners are usually those who have attended the speech session of a speaker, they have obtained a rather comprehensive understanding of the content. Therefore, questions by such questioners are usually in-depth, of narrower range, and difficult. ( )40. When the speaker intends to point out the mistakes of the questioner or contradict his / her idea, euphemistic style is particularly necessary. ( )本部分参考答案：1 -5 F T T F T 6-10 T T F T T 11-15 T F T T F 16-20 T F F T F21—25 FFFTT 26—30 FTTFT 31—35 FTTTF 36—40 T F T F TPart four（根据括号中的要求完成任务）1）All text is aligned to the left margin, double spaced between paragraphs in the body. (According to international practice, there are two styles in letter writing. Tell what style is it according to the description.)2) 0< x < 1(express the formula in English)3) circumference (put it into English)4) It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: objective observation and description of some phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them, the use of these to predict future events, theverification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity. (divide sense groups)5) A class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic or subject that is presented by several major speakers. In American universities, the term refers to a course of intense study relating to the students’ major. (what kind of meeting is it?)6) Nowadays, many speakers take advantage of audiovisual aids at a conference (list at least three kinds of audiovisual aids)7) The battery output power was 0.9733 mW (use fuzzy words to replace the specific figure).Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the title of my presentation is …(point out the approach to opening a speech taken here).9)…Here, Xm represents the magnetic-susceptibility. Now let’s assume Xm to be constant, then the following formula can be obtained easily…(point out the measure adopted here to simplify long term)10) For the time being, I will just answer your question like this…(point out the strategy adopted here for avoidance in Q & A session)11 )A. closing ceremony B. welcome speeches by government officials and organizers C. opening ceremony D. general speeches given by distinguished guests or outstanding experts (Arrange the order of the major activities at a general assembly)12) Summarize the general functions of the title of a professional paper.13) A. It tells in an all-round way what the paper or report contains.B. Instead of indicating the general content, it should be specific and quantitative, giving only essential data. (Which is the feature of informative abstract?)14) (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ (express the formula in English)15) … in other words, the a verage variation of△H illustrated in Fig. 4 by heavy lines agrees well with the change of exospheric temperature which is the equation of No. 5 even though the diurnal behavior of △H on an individual day is controlled not only by the change of exospheric temperature but also by all kinds of exospheric disturbances taking place at any height. (divide sense groups) 16) If a speech is to communicate a speaker’s thoughts to an audience, it is better to meet some requirements (write down the three requirements specifically).17)…That’s all. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you all. (point out the approach to ending a speech taken here)18) To facilitate our illustration, I only say a few words about the first line, the middle line, and the last line on this spectrum. For the first line, the peak in the middle is the quartet peak of CH2, the left one is the single peak of C6H5, while the right one is the triplet peak of CH3 and the TMS peak at the extremely right side (point out the approach to developing a speech taken here).19) I don’t quite understand what you really mean by saying “all these phenomena are interrelated”.Can you explain it again? (point out the type of question raised here in Q & A session)20) Mr. Chairman, just now a gentleman in the back row asked me a question, but I didn’t quite understand what it was. Could you explain it to me? (point out the strategy adopted here for avoidance in Q & A session)本部分参考答案：1) block style2) Zero is less than x, and x is less than one3) 圆周4) It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: // objective observation and description of some phenomena,// the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed // and possible relationships among them,// the use of these to predict future events, // the verification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, //the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity.5) Seminar6) overhead projectors, lantern slides, videotapes, recordings…… (list 3 of them will be enough)7) The battery output power was something like 1 mW.8) Begin by straightforwardness.9) Use symbols.10) Temporarily tabled.11) CBDA12) generalizing the text; attracting the reader; facilitating the retrieval13) B14) open bracket N H four close bracket twice C r two seven15) … in other words, // the average variation of△H // illustrated in Fig. 4 by heavy lines // agrees well with the change of exospheric temperature // which is the equation of No. 5 // even though the diurnal behavior of △H // on an individual day // is controlled not only by the change of exospheric temperature // but also by all kinds of exospheric disturbances // taking place at any height.16). Be easy to comprehend; be complete and balanced; be considerate to audience.17). Direct wind-up.18) Develop a speech according to spatial relation19). Question for clarifying problems.20). Attention-shifting.Part 5. AbstractDirection: Find the likely mistakes and common errors in the abstract writing and polish the abstract. （考查写摘要的能力。
自考《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（2）
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false （每⼩题1分，共10分） 1. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present - day English is creation of new words by means of word formation. 2. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian. 3. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings. 4. Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stem. 5. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class. 6. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning. 7. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words. 8. Unlike conceptual meaning， associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate. 9. Affective meaning refers to the part of the word - meaning which indicates the attitude of the user. 10. Collocation can affect the meaning of words. II. Complete the following statements or passages with proper expressions according to the text （每⼩题1分，共8分） 1. The definition of a word comprises the following points： _____； ______； _____； ________. 2. There is no _____ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. 3. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on ______. The most productive are _____，______ and _______. 4. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding ______ or ______ to stems. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words， affixation falls into two subclasses： ______ and _____. 5. When a word is first coined， it is always ______. But in the course of development， the same symbol must be used to express more meanings， the result is _____. 6. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles：________ and _______. 7. The development of word - meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses， traditionally known as______ and ________. 8. Perfect homonyms are words identical both in _____ and ________， but different in _______. III. Choose a suitable word to fill in each bland （每⼩题1分，共16） 1. He mounted his ________ （gee - gee， steed）。
文体学正文分析
摘要文体分析是建立在语言描写基础之上的。
语言描写在特定社会情境中所产生的表达效果和交际功能是通过特定的语音、词汇、句法特征和语义结构予以体现的。
演讲作为公众场合的一种活动，其语言的应用决定了一场演讲的成败。
演讲的语言风格较为正式，但是为了能使一场演讲成功，其语言风格不能太僵硬也不能太亲密。
本文语音、词汇、句法这个方面来分析美国总统尼克松在一场宴会的演讲。
旨在通过研究这次演讲的内容总结出演讲的语言特征，从而为各界人士在准备演讲时提供参考。
TContents1 Introduction (3)2 Theoretical Foundation (4)2.1 The defination of stylistics....................................................... .. (4)2.2 The linguistic features of stylistic (6)3 Introduction to Public speaking (8)3.1 Introduction to Publish speaking (8)3.2 .The feature of public speaking (8)4 Stylistic Analysis of public speaking (9)4.1Analysis of public speaking at the Syntactic Level (9)4.2Analysis of public speaking at the Lexical Level (11)4.3Analysis of the poem at the phonological Level (13)Conclusion (16)1 IntroductionPublic speaking utilizes a variety of language which is directed towards a specific event or topic .In its broad sense , public speaking includes many types such as reli-gious sermons , lectures at universities , political speeches delivered at public meetings , radio and TV talks etc .In its narrow sense , public speaking only refers to the speech made at public meetings .Hereafter , in this essay , public speaking is accordingly discussed in its narrow sense .For the sake of convenience , public speaking and public speech are roughly used interchangeably .As an example , I will take ” The Speech by Presi-dent Nixon of the United States at the Welcoming Ban-quet” (delivered on Fe b .21 , 1972 on his first visit to China)to study its syntax , vocabulary , phonology and the rhetorical device。
Features of Political Speech
• 2, They must be eloquent and precise. The back- ground
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Stylistic Features of Political Speech
Lexical fetures Stylistical Features
Textual features
Rhetorical features
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Lexical Features
In thespeakers speech communication, the speaker prepares a speech to an audience of • The usually employ declarative mood, one or more people who listen to the speech and have the freedom to accept or reject the speaker’s goal. It is an activity which leads us to know new which reflects the speakers’ speech role and information and change our belefs, attitudes, and values. purpose.
of proposing the issue ,the material used to analyze it and the methods and steps for solving it are deeply considered to make it well organized.
英语论文—肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
IntroductionStylistics is the study of language style with modern linguistic theories and approaches. Functional stylistic theory is one of the most influential theories in recent years, when linguistics lays much emphasis on the social-cultural context. The American Presidential Inaugural Address (APIA) is a very important variety with worldwide influence and long-lasting significance. In the address the speaker makes great efforts to make his policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policies. To achieve the aims, the address has to resort to lots of language skills among other things. Therefore, a stylistic study on APIA is extremely meaningful. In the paper, the writer attempts to apply the theories of functional styl istics into the analysis of American president Kennedy’s address, trying to find out the linguistic characteristics of the particular discourse and explain and evaluate them with the theories.1.An Introduction to American Presidential Inaugural AddressThe inaugural address is the speech delivered by the president-elected on the inauguration day.In the speech, for the first time, the newly elected president will officially announce that he will take up that the responsibility as the highest executive of the country in the next four years. Inaugurals mark the end of the election campaign and at the same time the beginning of a new administration. Although the inaugural address is not required by the constitution, it is made every four years by all the presidents before they take office. It has already become a tradition set by the first president—George Washington. As a rule, the new administrator’s philosophy of politics and the outline of his policy will be announced in his inaugural address. The inauguration is held as a celebration witnessed by many audiences.Inaugurals are of great significance because of what they reveal about the fundamental political values, particular political principles, and enactment of a presidential persona. Their political meanings thus become clear. Inaugural addresses attempt to persuade the citizens ofthe nation on that the newly elected president is fit for the political role and that he is entitled to achieve his programmatic objectives. The addresses, then, cast muc h light on the legitimacy of political power and the worldviews of presidents. Their political intention is to call for support and loyalty to a political regime from both other power-holders in the political system and the public at large during their administration.2. An Introduction to Functional StylisticsThe functional linguistic theory advocated by British linguist, M. A. K. Halliday has been prevailing since the 1970s. It is widely used in stylistic analysis. Functional stylistics has three features: first, stressing the relationship between the text and the context of the situation, and advocating studying the style in the social--cultural context; second, adopting systematic-functional grammar in stylistic analysis; third, summarizing the foregrounding theory systematically. Systematic-functional grammar is a very useful approach to stylistic analysis to some extent, and the theory about context is widely accepted.“Context of situation”is originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper Personality and language in society. Essentially what this implies is that language comes to life only when functioning in some environment. According to Halliday, the situation is the environment in which the text comes to life. The type of the language, which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation, is a register. He said, “A register can be defined as the configuration of semantic resources that the member of a culture typically associates with a situation type. It is the meaning potential that is accessible in a given so cial context.” (Halliday, 2001:111) He further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.The field is the social action in which the text is embedded; it includes the subject-matter, as one special manifestation. The tenor is the set of the role relationships among the relevant participants; it includes levels of formality as one particular instance. The mode refers to the medium or way that the communication between people goes. People usually see speaking and writing as the medium.As far as APIA is concerned, the field of the APIA is political since the newly inaugurated president often uses this address to lay out goals and principles, address the nation’s divisions, beliefs, achievements, domestic and world-wide situations, and project American’s place in the world or future expectation.The tenor of the APLA can be displayed in the following way. The participants in the event are the President of the United States, as an addresser, and all the government officials and all the citizens in the country and even people all over the world, as the addressee.The mode of the APLA is also distinct in the situation. In the situation, every word in the address plays a constitutive role. The speech has to fulfill some functions, or convey the president’s attentions, i.e. to make his government policies known to the public and persuade the public to accept and support his government. So the language used in the context is mainly informative and persuasive.3.A Stylistic Study on Kennedy’ s Inaugural AddressThe following analysis aims to reveal the stylistic features of the American presidential inaugural address. It is mainly based on M. A. K. Hallid ay’s functional stylistic theor ies, especially on his theories about “context”. It also adopts some other commonly accepted linguistic theories. Systematic investigation of the linguistic data is a characteristic of this paper. The analysis is mainly concerned with the lexical level, syntactic level, textual level and rhetorical devices. Because of the close relation between speech skill and rhetorical devices, the analysis on the rhetorical device is also a part of this paper.3.1 The Stylistic Features on the Lexical LevelWord is a basic grammatical unit, which is smaller than sentence. This analysis will begin with the analysis on the lexical level.3.1.1Word StructureStylisticians usually set six letters or three syllables in a word as a standard to analyze the length of the words. The words with more than six letters are usually regarded as long words. These long words may be words of Latin, French or Greek origin, which are usually formal words. And they may also be derivation or compounding words, which have relatively complicated structure.John · Fitzgerald · Kennedy’s inaugural speech has a total vocabulary of 1595, of which there is 438 words with more than six letters, accounting for 26%. In English，the words of more than six letters or three syllable are often seen as big. These words often come from the Latin, Greek or French, or have a complex internal structure. “The percentages in daily conversation, instant commentary, and even advertisement are not more than 20%”.( Wang Zuoliang, 1987:235) So comparatively speaking, the words used in inaugural address of Kennedy are quite formal and the structures of the words are more complicated. There are two reasons for this. First, the president deliberately uses formal words to make his speeches more serious. E.g.: prosperity, discrimination, obligation.Then, the intrinsic structures of the words are quite complicated. There are many derivational or compounding words. The derivation from verbs to nouns is a characteristic of the language in the addresses. We can find many such words: affirmation, aggression, celebration. These derivations not only help to form long words with more complicated structures, but also make the words in the address more formal.There is a long lasting dispute that whether public speaking is a spoken variety or a written one. The above analysis on the lexical level shows clearly that as one type of public speaking, American presidential address embodies more features of a written variety, whic h is characteristic of long, complicated, formal words. These features correspond with the tenor of discourse: both consultative and formal, and mode of discourse: written to be spoken.Besides that, in Kennedy’s address we can find m any abstract nouns with such suffixes as: -tion, -ment, -cy, -ty, for they usually refer to the state, quality, cause or result of an action. This phenomenon is determined by the field of discourse. American presidential inaugural address is one type of public political speaking. Its field of discourse is political. Manypolitical terms are abstract. It is natural for Kennedy to use many abstract nouns in his address.3.1.2Word ClassThe choice of word class is determined mainly by the tenor.The functional tenor of inaugural address is both persuasive and informative. In the inaugural address, the speaker is not only to make his government policies known to the public, but also to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. So like advertisements, inaugural address belongs to a loaded language, which triggers emotional reaction. It should have great persuasive power. So the words used in the inaugural address us ually contain emotional color. This is reflected especially in the use of adjectives and the first-person pronoun.AdjectivesThe use of adjectives in the address is mainly determined by the functional tenor of the language. In the address of Kennedy, there are 105 adjectives, accounting nearly 7.8% in the total words of 1342. This percentage is obviously higher than that instant commentary, which is 5%. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:221) Most of the adjectives are subjective and emotional words, such as: fruitful, peaceful, great, powerful, solemn, hard, steady.This is determined by the functional tenor of the presidential address. In these address the speaker is expected to make their government policies known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. In order to achieve these aims, the speaker often resorts to emotional appeal among other things. Adjectives are very useful in expressing one’s emotion, so the speaker uses so many adjectives in the address. Comparatively, there are fewer adjectives in the instant commentary, which is more objective than the inaugural address.On the other hand, the percentage of adjectives is much smaller than that of the advertisement, which is about 30%. (Qin Xiubai, 2002: 309) This is because as a political address with worldwide influence, American presidential address is much more serious thanadvertisements. Preaching political views is different from promoting goods. It should seem more subjective and could not be too garish.The First-person PronounAnother noticeable fact in the presidential address is the use of the first-person pronouns, which is determined by the personal tenor of the inaugural address.The most frequently used pronouns are the first-person pronouns:I, we and their derivational forms: me, us, and our etc. In most of situation, Kennedy used lots of first-person pronouns to substitute the second-person pronoun you.(1) We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.(2) Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of thisAdministration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet. But let us begin.Because the speaker usually mentions himself and his opinions, it is very natural for him to use I or me frequently. We or us in English are the form referring to both the speaker plus the audience. In the inaugural address, the speaker frequently uses we, us, and our instead for you or yours. This creates some special effects.First, the inclusive pronouns unite the speaker and the audience. They are helpful to build a sense of closeness between the speaker and the audience. The American president appears to be one member among ordinary American citizens. Thus the speech becomes more intimate, and more acceptable.Second, the first person plural can encourage a sense of group unity, a feeling of cohesiveness. “This practice minimizes differences within our group, and emphasizes between group members and those on the outside”. (Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:98) For example in Kennedy’s address, he said,“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friends, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” The first person plurals: we, us in this sentence distinguish American people from the other nations, encourage a sense of group unity, awaken a sense of national pride and responsibility, thus make the speech very inciting.In addition, “the first-person plural in declarative structure can also perform an imperative function”. (Wang Zuoliang，1987:267) This indirect imperative form is implicit and much easier to accept. For example, “We dare not forget today that we are the heirs ofthat first revolution.” If we rewrite the above sentences with imperative sentences, they may sound more like orders than requests, and then widen the gap between the speaker and the audience. Thus the inciting effect cannot be achieved.3.2The Stylistic Features on the Syntactical LevelTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. How words are combined to form sentence to achieve the stylistic effects in APIA of Kennedy will be discussed in this part. The discussion will include the sentence structure, the postmodification in noun phrase, tense in verb phrase, and imperative sentences.3.2.1Sentence StructureThe average sentence length of different variety is different. According to Wang Zuoliang’s analysis, “the average sentence length of daily conversation is less than 12 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:247)The sentence length of legal document is much longer. Most sentences in legal document contain more than 40 words. Generally speaking, the longer the sentence length is, the more formal the variety is. “The average sentence length of all varieties is 17.8 words per sentence”. (Wang Zuoliang, 1987:245) Short sentence is the characteristic of spoken language.From the sentence length in terms of John F. Kennedy in his inaugural speech of 1342 words, with a total sentence of number 52, the average sentence length of 25.8 words. Of these, the number of sentences containing 1-9 words is 7, accounting for 13.5 percent of the total number; with 10-19 words of the sentence has 13, accounting for 25%; with 20-29 words of the sentence has 17, accounting for the total number of 32.7%; with 30-39 words of the sentence there are five, accounting for 9.6%; containing more than 40 words sentence 10. These figures indicate that the average sentence length of Kennedy’s address is longer than that of daily conversation, but shorter than news report, much shorte r than legal document. And it is near the average sentence length of all varieties.Judging from the types of sentences, simple sentence has 20, accounting for 38.5 percent sentence of the total number; compound sentence has four, accounting for 7.7%; complex sentences are 28, even up to 53.8%. The above data show that Kennedy's speech is mainly based on the complex sentences, followed by a simple sentence, compound sentence the least.From the above statistics about the length and type of the sentences, we can conclude that the sentence structure of American presidential address is characteristic of formal written language while exhibiting features of spoken language.This is determined by its tenor of speech. American president delivers the inaugural address to the people at home or abroad when he takes office. He has good education background, and the situation of inauguration is quite formal. In the address the orator are expected to make his government policy known to the public and to persuade the public to accept and support his policy. These personal tenor and functional tenor determine that inaugural address should not be as casual as daily conversation, and it is unnecessary to be as serious as news report and legal document.It is also influenced by the mode of the speech. The address is well prepared in advance in the form of written language, so it is possible to make long and well-structured complicated sentences, which manifest the characteristics of written language. On the other hand, the address is to be spoken. Then, too long and complicated sentences, such as the sentences with more than 40 words, may make trouble for the orator to speaker and for the audience to understand. So most sentences in the address are in middle-length with 10-30 words per sentence.Short sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain more modifiers. Involving such amount of short sentences, long sentences in the address is not only helpful to stress the ideas that should be stressed, but also helpful to achieve a variety of sentence pattern, length and rhythm, thus avoid monotony.3.2.2Postmodification in Noun PhraseThe majority of noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or two optional elements. These optional elements refer to premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier refers to the determiners, numbers, pronouns, and adjectives, or nouns with an adjectival function, which appear to the left of the head noun. Postmodifier refers to the phrases or clauses that appear to the right of the head noun. Most of the premodifiers are simple, thus save space. Some types of text, such as adverts, newspaper headlines, frequently use premodifications. The postmodification keeps the head noun in the front of part of the noun phrase, thus making it prominent. In addition, the postmodification supplies more space for accurate expression. The long and complicated postmodification, especially the one with relative clause, appears more frequently in formal texts.In Kennedy's speech, there are 282 nouns; about 32.6% nouns are postmodified. These postmodifiers are infinitive phrases, prepositional phrase, participle phrase, etc. The postmodification makes the expression more serious and emphatic. In addition, the postmodification provides more space for more information, and also make the inaugural address more formal. All these are determined by the tenor of discourse.3.2.3TenseThe use of tense is related to the field of discourse. In American preside ntial inaugural address the president make his government policy known to the public. They need to review the past, summarize the present, and then forecast the future.The tense in the APIA of Kennedy mainly concerns simple present, perfect present, and future tense. 80.8% of sentences in the address are in simple present. 7.7% of sentences are in present perfect. 11.5% of sentences are in future simple. But the simple past tense is even not used.This model of tenses in the American presidential address is quite unique. Because the normal tense used in other literary works, especially in fictional narrative is the simple past tense. Even in other public speaking.In the address, the address makes his government policy known to the public. The policyis planned to be adopted in future. So the future simple is frequently used. And the policy is based on the present situation, explain the reason for the reform, and thus persuade the public to support the policy. The simple present tense is frequently used. Although they need to mention something in the past, the emphasis is its influence to the present situation. So instead of using the simple past, the present perfect is used, which emphasizes the influence of the past events to the present situation.A noticeable phenomenon is that in the address of Kennedy, the simple past tense is not used at all, which is determined by the special social context in his time, and his special personal tenor.When John Kennedy took office in 1961, he was only 44 years old. As the youngest president of America, Kennedy had much confidence in his own governing policy, and was hopeful of the future. It was natural for him to neglect the past and stress the present state and the future plan. So in his address, the simple past tense was not used either.3.3The Stylistic Features on the Textual LevelThe text refers to a unified sentence groups composed by a series of sentences, spoken or written. The stylistic analysis on the textual level is actually to analyze the stylistic features of the textual cohesion, which is also called as the semantic consistency. Moreover, the semantic consistency is dependent upon the socio-cultural context. As a result, the semantic structure and socio-cultural context will be discussed in the following.3.3.1 The Semantic Structure“The text is a sense unit, not a grammar unit paralleled with sentence and clause. Language has mechanism to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences. The mechanism is just the semantic structure of the text.”(Zhang Delu, 1998:336) Generally, thetextual function in the context is realized by a certain semantic structure.“A well-organized speech is more easily understood and more positively evaluated than a disorganized message.”(Lucas, Stephen E, 2004:110) Research has shown that a clear organization is positively associated with audience’s understanding and retention; it may influence audience’s perceptions of the speaker’s credibility, and the speech effect is also greatly influenced by organization. The structure of a speech should follow the way people naturally see and arrange in their minds. A well- structured speech has good form, symmetrical and orderly.Inaugural speech is to be delivered to the people both at home and abroad. Every newly elected president attaches much importance to it. And every inaugural speech is well prepared beforehand. Thus not only is the language effective, but the structure is also well organized. Generally speaking, the American presidential inaugural address follows the following pattern:(1)T o greet the audience(2)To declare to take office(3)T o make known the government policy and to persuade the public to accept andsupport his policy(4)T o say the prayersThe third part is the most important part of the whole address. Let’s take Kennedy’s address to have a detailed analysis:(1)T o state the basic policy goals(2)T o address different groups of allied nations or would-be allies(3)T o speak to his enemy(4)T o appeal to his countrymen for support and sacrificeHere, the orator makes the speech clear and proper to show his aims that the new generation of American will do their best to assure the survival and the success of liberty. It follows the process of human thinking and leads the listeners step by step to the desired action.3.3.2 Socio-cultural ContextLanguage is a communicative means of human beings, but any effective communication must be based on a specific social circumstance. Otherwise, the intended function of the text cannot be attained. In other words, text can not fulfill their goals without the necessary context. “Context can mean the history, culture, conventional customs and views on the value of the two sides of communication, so it is also named as socio-cultural context, that is, the so-called background of society and culture”. (Zhang Delu, 1998:340)It has been long recognized that language is an essential and important part of a given culture and the impact of culture upon a given language is something intrinsic and indispensable. Study of languages in socio-cultural context is exactly what Halliday and many other modern linguists advocate. Public speaking, which bears much political color and influences the public ideology, inevitably expresses and embodies cultural and social reality.Religion is a very important part of the westerner’s life. Most of the westerners believe in Christianity. Their thoughts and actions are greatly influenced by the doctrines of Bible. Many public speakers make best use of this to make their speeches more inciting. The American presidential addresses are inevitably characteristic of much religious color.First, at the beginning of the inaugural, the newly elected president must put his hand on the Bible and swear the oath. Kennedy say, “For I have swore before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarte rs ago.”Second, when he finishes his address, the president usually says prayers: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.”Third, the speaker tends to quote directly some words from the Bible to illustrate or support his political views. We can find a quotation from the Old Testament: “Let both side unit to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to undo the heavy burdens…and to let the oppressed go free.”Then, Kennedy uses Biblical language in some place to add solemnity to some of his weightier sayings. For example: “Let the word go forth from this time and place……”Religion is a product of its social development. The speaker makes use of this and preaches his own idea in the name of God. The religious color in the inaugural address is very helpful to make the address more inciting.3.4Rhetorical Features“The history of stylistics can be traced back to the rhetoric in the ancient Greek, whe n rhetoric refers to the skill of public speaking”. (Hu Zhuanglin，2000：11-24). Rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. And according to Halliday, many rhetorical devices, such as alliteration, parallelism, simile, and metaphor, may have some stylistic effects. So the analysis of the rhetorical features in American presidential inaugural address is not only necessary but also important.The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him. In inaugural address, the president of the USA has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community. The address should be moving, forceful, and effective. To do this successfully, the speaker must employ suitable rhetorical devices, such as parallelism, metaphor, and alliteration. Kennedy’s inaugural address is generally regarded as one of the best delivered by an American president. Here we’ll take his address to have a detailed analysis of the rhetorical devices.3.4.1 Syntactical Rhetorical Device“Parallelism is a syntactic rhetorical device. It refers to a structural arrangement of parts of a sentence, paragraphs, and larger units of discourse by which one element of equal importance with another is similarly developed and phrased”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:31) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause withclause, sentence with sentence, or paragraph with paragraph.(1) …not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, butbecause it is right.(2) Let the world go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that thetorch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century,tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancientheritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rightsto which his nation has always been committed, and to which we are committedtoday at home and around the world.V ery often, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. The same sentence appears repeatedly in order to display intense emotion and impression; it is one of the common rhetoric tactics ---- Repetition. Most of the above parallelisms are repetitions too. As for repetition of important words we have: “all force”and “belief”, “committed”, “good”and “free”. Repetition has been proven to increase recall and comprehension, particularly if the message is complex.Another rhetorical device used with parallelism is climax. Climax refers to the arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. The elements in the parallel constructions are usually arranged in climactic order in order to add force. For example, in Kennedy’s inaugural address, “Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our life time on this planet.”“Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis”. (Feng Cuihua, 2004:35) Antithesis is different from parallelism, because it not only needs neat sentence structure but also requests the meanings to be opposite or relative.(1) United , there is little we cannot do…D ivide, there is little we can do…(2) If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who arerich.Parallelism, repetition, antithesis, and climax all involve regular, consistent expressions. Owing to its balanced structure, neat rhyme, parallelism plays an important role in making the inaugural address emphatic, forceful, thus making it a successful appeal to the emotion.。
文献综述范例（语言）2011.10
The Literature Review ofA Brief Analysis of Chinese Disaster Reporting in New York Timesfrom the Perspective of Systematic-Functional GrammarThe 21st century has witnessed the fast development of mass media, from the prevailing newspaper to the booming Internet. Along with the rapid development of information network and communication technology, mass media is playing an increasingly important role in people’s lives in modern society. As an important means of communication and a particular type of media discourse, news report serves as the source of information, entertainment and enrichment of the cultural lives of people, and subtly influences and changes people’s cognition, behavior and values. Almost everyday, more or less, people are exposed to news media, influenced by news media, even rely on news media. As van Dijk points out that media discourse is the main source of people’s knowledge, attitudes and ideologies, both of elites as well as of ordinary citizens (V an Dijk, 1998a, p. 51).What the author wants to uncover in this thesis is the underlying ideology hidden in disaster news discourse through a case study of disaster news reports from NYT with Halliday’s Systematic-Functional Grammar as its framework.There are four main reasons for being interested in studying media discourse: Firstly, media is a rich source of readily accessible data for research and teaching. Secondly, media usage influences and represents people’s use of and attitudes towards language in a speech community.Thirdly (and related), media use can tell us a great deal about social meanings and stereotypes projected through language and communication. Fourthly (and again related), media reflects and influences the formation and expression of culture, politics and social life (Bell & Garrett, 1998, p.3-18, 24). What all these shows that media functions not only as providers of information, but also a shaper of perception.1. Overview of News Discourse Study AbroadThe early studies of news, just as V an Dijk mentioned, are charac terized by anecdote (V an Dijk, 1988, p.5). Among those studies; journalists often narrate their own experience to provide news media with well-intentioned advice and sharp criticism. The typical approach they adopted is case study.In the early 20th century, many analysts started to show great interests in newsdiscourse and made initial explorations into news from the stylistic perspective. Crystal and Davy (1969, p.51) describe journalistic discourse from the linguistic perspective and summarize stylistic features of news discourse. However, they do not attempt to characterize the functionality of news discourse or to discover any deeper socio-semiotic principles that these features might serve. Brook (1979) also attach attention to the news report and contribute to the stylistic study of news.V an Dijk (1985a) explores the structures and linguistic features of news in a more systematic and comprehensive way. He divides the news discourse into two parts, the summary (the headline and the lead) and the news discourse (episodes and comments). He also points out that the news is conducted in a sociological perspective which consists of two orientations (macrosociological and microsociological perspective). V an Dijk advances the development of critical news analysis by his comprehensive studies and published works. Since the late 1980s, he orients his attention to the study of media discourse, offering his own reflection on mass media communication (V an Dijk, 1986, p.30). Recently, he focuses on exploring the relations between power, language and ideology in news discourse and the study of racism in discourse (V an Dijk, 1998a). In his works of news discourse, he attempts to explicate that news reports themselves as well as the readers’ understanding of the new s reports need to be investigated as dynamic processes instead of taking news discourse as the end product.Fairclough (1995) constructs a social theory of discourse and provides a methodological blueprint for critical discourse study in practice. Fairc lough divides discourse into three dimensions: texts, interactions and contexts. As for news discourse, texts refer to the news reports we read in newspapers. Interactions involve the production and consumption of news reports and contexts refer to the background of the events reported, the situational and social reality. Corresponding to the three dimensions of discourse, Fairclough proposes a stepwise procedure in conducting critical discourse analysis. Description is the stage which is concerned with formal properties of the text linguistic features of vocabulary, grammar, textual structures, are analyzed by means of functional grammar such as transitivity, modality, themes, etc.Interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction--with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as a resource in the process of interpretation. In news discourse, the interpretation stage will deal with the intertextual phenomena of news production from the perspective of news sources, speech reporting, etc. Explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and the social context-with the focus on social determination of the processes of production and interpretation, and their social effects. The analysis at this stage turns to the broader socio-political and historical contexts. As for news discourse, the hidden ideology as well as its relationship with language use is unmasked at this stage. The social and cultural determinants, news values and the subject position of the news readers will be discussed. This three-step procedure is widely adopted as the framework of critical news discourse analysis. His study intends to increase newsreaders’ critical awareness to struggle for social emancipation.2. Overview of News Discourse Study HomeIn comparison with the above-mentioned fruitful achievements abroad, the news discourse study from applied linguistic perspective in China, however, is relatively limited.The initial studies on news discourse in China are mainly restricted to the stylistic features of news based on traditional rhetoric and literary stylistics. The news stylistic studies in the late 1980s mainly concern the language features of the surface structure such as at phonetic, lexical and syntactical levels. These analyses pay little attention to the socio-cultural elements in the news reports. For instance, Chen Huaijie (1981) summaries the stylistic characteristics of American Special English news report such as directness, conciseness and fluency, etc. Wang Zuoliang and Ding Wangdao (1987), in their monograph Introduction to English Stylistics introduce the stylistic features of news report from the perspectives of vocabulary, sentence and discourse structures. Huang Weihe (1994) analyzes the headline, the lead and the body of the news report to summarize the stylistic features of the language. His study covers lexical grammatical and rhetorical levels and the analyses of textual structures are also concerned. It explicates the stylistic features of news report comprehensively and makes a great progress on analysis of sentence pattern and text structure of the whole news body.Their study is limited to the analysis of formalism without concerning the functional elements hidden behind the features. It neglects the important fact that both our perception and interpretation of communicational events are heavily influenced by situational, experiential, emotional and social factors. Under the influence of Halliday’s systematic functional grammar, news stylist ic study orients from the analysis of stylistic features to multidimensional study such as linguistic genre analysis and register analysis. Many researchers applied systematic functional grammar to analyze the specific news discourse as a genre. They all do stylistic research on news reporting and explore the specific features of the style of news.Zhang Delu employs Halliday’s functional grammar theory to analyze situational elements in news report and semantic structure, discourse structure, lexical and phonetic characteristics, as well as syntactic features at sentential level. His study explores stylistic features of news report by means of functional stylistics more systematically and comprehensively. Guo Hong (1998) adopts the theory of register in SFG to analyze the stylistic features at phonetic, lexical, syntactical and discourse levels. Chen Zhongzhu (1995) is one of the early scholars who introduce Critical Linguistics into China. He introduces the philosophical and linguistic background of Critical Linguistics, its development, its opinions on language, discourse, context and ideology as well as its linguistic analytical tools. He makes a commentary on critical discourse analysis and employs Halliday’s three metafunctions theory to critically analyze news discourses from newspapers of different political standings.Xin Bin is a prominent scholar in critical discourse analysis at home. His papers cover not only the theoretical origin and development of critical linguistics but also the applications to the authentic discourse cases to show how language, power andideology perform and relate in different discoursesDeng and Zhao (2009) probes into the actuality and development of the news about disasters from perceive, reporting, writing and, so on. She also scans and thinks about the value of the news about disaster, the quality of the reporters, the importance of the interviewing condition and the style of the writing. At the same time, it specially talks about and emphasize the view that pay attention to the mental of the victims and the system of the preparation reporting disasters as well as the regularity, rules and method of the news of disaster so as to persist in the ideal of news and emphasize the importance of the disasters themselves.Zhang, Zhang and Li (2011) focus on how linguistic structures in disaster news lead achieve news value and how news value is reflected through the linguistic structures. All the samples in this thesis are taken from the NYT front-page news and the subject is restricted in the field of disaster news reports. The author collected all the news leads about Hurricane Katrina and South Asia earthquake from NYT’ front with a span of fifteen days after the breakout of the very disaster.Meanwhile, reporting disaster news properly and cautiously is another principle. For the news media, it should observe macro situation, pay attention to spreading environment to strive for the best social effect. Besides, it should also avoid carrying the content that sti mulates readers’ sensory organ to pursue stirring effect. References参考文献不应少于10条，参考文献应按英文26个字母的顺序排列，先列外文文献后列中文文献，中文用宋体小四，外文用Times New Roman小四。
英语专业本科毕业论文参考题目
英语专业本科毕业论文参考题目英语专业本科毕业论文参考题目一．文学类1. A Study of Native American Literature 美国本土文学的研究2. Comment on Bernard Shaw’s Dramatic Art 评肖伯纳的戏剧艺术3. Influence of Mark Twain’s Works in China 马克吐温的作品在中国的影响4. On the Humour of Mark Twain 马克吐温的幽默观5. On the Tragedy of Loman’s Fami ly in Death of A Salesman 论《推销员之死》中罗曼一家的悲剧6. Rhetorical and Narrative Devices in A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》的修辞与描写手法7.The Influence of Wars on American Literature 战争对美国文学的影响8. The Linguistic Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》的语言魅力9. On Translating the Allusions in Six Chapters of a Floating Life: an Intertextuality Approach从互文性角度看《浮死六记》中的典故翻译10. Paralanguage and Literature Translation -With Reflections on the Version of Dream of Red Mansions 副收言与文教翻译－－对《乌楼梦》译本的思虑二. 翻译理论与实践1. Transformational Technique of Parts of Speech in Translation翻译中词性转换的技巧2. Cultural Gap and Mistranslation英汉文化差异与误译3. A Brief Study on the Translation of English News Titles英语新闻标题翻译初探4. On Translation T echniques of Loan words浅谈外来词的翻译5. Usage and Translation Skills of Numerals in English Expressions英语中数量在词组中的用法和翻译技巧6. Usage and Translation Skills of Numerals in English Expressions英语中数量在词组中的用法和翻译技巧7 .A Tentative Study on English Hyperbole浅论英语夸张修辞8. Features of Network Language and Its Translation网络用语的特点及其翻译9. Inter-translation of Humor of English and Chinese 英汉的幽默互译10. Alternating Translation of English and Chinese Attributives论英汉互译中定语的翻译11. On Political Factors in English-Chinese Translation翻译中政治因素的作用三．语言学及应用语言学1．On The Nature And functions of Metaphor论隐喻的本质与功能2．On the Origin, Word-Formation and Translation of English Neologisms浅谈英语新词的产生、构成及翻译3．Decomposition and Translation of Ambiguous Structures 歧义结构的化解与翻译4．A Contrastive Study of the Formation of English and Chinese Antonyms论英汉反义词的形成5．On the Usage of English Abbreviations on the Internet谈网络英语中的缩略语6．A Contrastive Study of Punctuation in Chinese and English英汉标点符号比较7．On the Relationship between Lexical Cohesion and Textual Coherence词汇的衔接与语篇的连贯8．Thought Discrepancies Embodied in English and Chinese Languages思维差异在英汉语言中的体现9．Influences of Chinese Dialectical Accent over English Pronunciation汉语方言对英语发音的影响10．Language Development of Pre-school Children and English Teaching幼儿言语发展及幼儿英语教学11．The Influence of Sino-British Cultures on Metaphors论中英文化对隐语的影响12．On Politeness Norms and Mistakes in Interactive Communication of Spoken English英汉口语中互动性交际的礼貌规范与失误13.Pragmatic Analysis on the Approximating Quantities with Numbers数词模糊语的语用分析/doc/7718748217.html,age and Translation of “and” 英文中的and 的用法与译法15.On the Motivation of Male Students' Interests of English Learning论男生的英语学习兴趣的激发四. 跨文化交际1.On Ways of Breaking Cultural Barriers In Translation Of Human Names如何克服人名翻译中的文化障碍2.On Influence Of Cultural Differences On Understanding English and Chinese Advertisements论文化差异对解读英汉广告的影响3.On Changes Of Business Etiquettes In Cross-Cultural Communication论跨文化交际中商务礼仪的变迁4.On Application Of Nonverbal Means In Communication论非语言形式在交际中的运用5.The Comparison and Translation of “Nine”in Chinese and Western Culture英汉数字“九”的文化对比与翻译6.The Influences of Chinese-British Cultural Differences on International Business Protocol中英文化差异对国际商务礼仪的影响/doc/7718748217.html,parisons of Sino-U.S Family Education中美家庭教育的比较8.A Contrastive Study on Chinese and English Exclamatory Words汉英感叹词对比研究9.On Sino-Western Cultural Differences from Numerical Idioms从数字习语看中西文化差异10.American movies and American characteristics 美国电影与美国民族特性11.Cultural Difference in the Traditional Chinese and Western Festivals 传统节日映照出的中西文化差异12.On the Embodiment of Cultural Specifications of Western Cartoon Movies论西方卡通片所体现的文化特质13．.Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western Marriage中西婚姻文化差异五.商务英语1.On Aesthetic Association and Translation Of Names Of Commodities论审美联想与商品名的翻译2.On Influence Of American Culture On Import and Export Commodities论美国文化对进出口商品翻译的影响3.On Language Communication Skills In Business Negotiation论商务谈判中语言沟通技巧4.On Skills of Writing a Business Letter商业信函的写作技巧5.On the Characteristics of Business Negotiation Language and Its Translation商务谈判用语特点及翻译/doc/7718748217.html,nguage Characteristics and Skills for an English Tour Guide英语导游翻译的语言艺术与技巧7.The Application of Personification in Advertising广告英语中拟人的应用8.On the Abbreviations of Business English浅论商务英语的缩略语六．英语语音1. Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages(英语和汉语中的性别歧视)2. Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts(英语语篇中的词汇衔接手段)3. Lexical Cohesion in English(英语词语的接应关系)4. On English Oration as a V ariety of Language(论英语演说词)5. The Polite Language in the English Language 英语中的礼貌用语）6. Reflection on the English Taboo Words(谈英语的禁忌语)7. Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News(英语广播新闻与报纸新闻文体比较)8. Stylistic Features of News Reporting(英语新闻报道的文体风格)9. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Body Languages(中英手势语比较)七．翻译研究1. The Great Translator Yan Fu(伟大的翻译家严复)2. Gu Hongming: A Pioneer of Translating the Chinese Classics into English(汉英翻译的先驱-------辜鸿铭)3. On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation(论文学翻译中的等值原则)4. A Brief Comment on E. A. Nida’s Concept of Translation(浅谈奈达的翻译观)5. Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability(文化差异与不可预性)6. Translating and the Background Information(翻译与背景知识)7. A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating(解释性翻译初探)8. Translating the English Articles into Chinese(英语冠词汉译)9. Translating the English Plural Nouns into Chinese(英语复数名词汉译)10. Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese(英语长句汉译)11. On Translating English Book Titles into Chinese(谈英语书名汉译)12. Views on the Chinese Version of Emma(关于汉译本《爱玛》的几点看法)13. A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales(读方重译《坎特伯雷故事集》)14. On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems(评杜甫诗歌英译)15. Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry(中国古典诗歌标题英译)八．英语教学1.The Application of Phonological/Syntactic/Semantic Theory to ELT in Chinese Middle Schools(音位词/句法学/语音学理论在中国中学教学中的应用)2.The Application of Traditional/Structural/Transformational Linguistics to ELT in Chinese Middle Schools(传统语言学/结构语言学/转换语言学在中国中学英语教学中的应用)3.The Application of Theory of Behaviorism/ Cognitive Psychology to ELT in Chinese Middle Schools(行为主义/认知心理学理论在中国中学教学法中的应用)4. The Application of the Theory of Pragmatics/Discourse Analysis(语用学/话语分析理论应用)5.Teaching Grammar within a Communicative Framework(用交际法教语法)6. A Study on the Direct-Spelling Method(直接拼写法研究)7.Interaction in Oral English Teaching(英语教学中的互动)8.On Developing English Reading Skills(论英语阅读技能的培养)9. Analysis of Teacher Talk in Classroom by Speech Act Theory(英语语言行为理论分析课堂教师话语)10.On the Effective Factors of the SLA and the Englishment on Teaching(论二语习得的情感因素及其教学的启示)任务型教学法与3P教学模式的比较研究以下是我的大概构想1 Introduction2.什么是任务型教学法、3P教学模式3 任务型教学法的优缺点3. 3P教学模式的优缺点4. 两种教学模式运用到具体教学中的比较（高中英语课本）5. Conclusion。
lexical features in public speech
"Vocabulary used in public speaking is quite formal" Consequently,in public speaking , "big word" all used extensively.
The use of those words not only contributes significantly to the formality of the styles but also makes it sound more convincing and serious. It gives the audience an impression that the speaker is serious about the topic.(tenor)
listeners. as it mentioned in the speech "this victory
truly belongs to - it belongs to you"(field)
The Use of Colloquial Items
In order to adapt the message to the particular audience being addressed, there seems nowadays to be a tendency for the speaker to incline his/her language toward the relatively less formal , less rigid ways of speaking making reference to himself/herself , introducing humor , asking for direct response from the audience , or using some colloquial items or idioms even some dialect words , to appear “closer” to the audience .
Stylistic Features of Political Speech 以2008年奥巴马就职演说为例
BW1103 牛西月111006050334Stylistic Features of Political Speech—taking the case of “Change Has Come to America”English political speech refers to the speech that calls for people what to do and what not to do. Its principal contents concern the methods or means by which something should be done about war and peace, national defense, import and export, legislation, and so on.An English political speech is one that the speaker, usually on behalf of a certain class, society, or party, makes in English to the audience on some important matters and relationships home and abroad. Sometimes the individual also makes such a speech for the purpose of declaring his political propositions or ideas, nowadays this type of public speaking has a wild range of application such as stumping speeches is of strong political tendency with rigid logic and arousing force. The aim of speakers is to influence audience.There are many varieties of it such as inaugural address, speech in the war and speech in the college abroad. Owing to the relationship between politics and presidents’ speech and the culture background it is in, the political speech has formed its own stylistic features. Then I’ll try to analyze the stylistic features of political speech throughout Obama’s inaugural address in 2008: Change Has Come to America.1.Lexical featureStylists usually have a criterion to analyze words’ length. That is, more than 6 letters or 3 syllables. If a word contains more than 6 letters or 3 syllables, it is a long word, which origin from some formal words in Latin, French and Greek.The proportion of long words is not more than 20%. Then we can observe that words that president use in his inaugural address is very formal and word structure is very complicated. The total words are 2396, in which long words account for 27%, such as generation, depression and opportunity. In addition, many words is derivatives and compound words, such as productive, inventive, sweatshops, risk-taker, faint-hearted, short-cut.Word is the basic grammatical unite which is smaller than sentence and it is also the basic cell to form a lecture. When Obama referred to 106-year-old woman，Ann Nixon Cooper，he just said she cannot cast a vote because of her complexion. He avoided using the word “black” to be involved in racial discrimination.2.Syntactical featureIn informal speeches, orators usually use short sentences to support their views. However, as for Obama’s formal inaugural address, Obama is inclined to use the long sentences because the length of the sentence is influences by the mode of the discourse and also related to the textual function and interpersonal function of a language. The longest sentence contains 49 words. The sentence structure of political speech is more complicated than that of daily conversation because the common use of long sentences. American presidents give their speech to the people and expect to make their government policies known to the public to persuade them to accept and support their policies. This personal relationship determines that all the presidents’ speech should not be as casual as daily conversation. Meantime, he also uses some short sentences that alternate long sentences. The short sentence is “yes we can!” which received the warmest react.Obama also chose different kinds of sentences, such as declarative sentence, imperative sentence and rhetorical question. This sentence “This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time.”use the strong declarative mood. In addition, he always used “let us” to compose imperative sentence. Imperative sentence can arouse audience’s mood to support lecturers. Compared to imperative sentence, rhetorical question is seldom used. But it can receive better results if used properly.3.Rhetorical featuresPresidents’speech is a kind of speech happening in a particular situation which is an important activity of human’s public activity. The rhetoric is one of the main content of speech and rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and representing so that they should support them. In some sense, using proper rhetorical devices like alliteration, metaphor, etc. may have some stylistic effects.In order to reinforce expressive force and infection force, Obama used many rhetorical features. He chose parallelism, antithesis and repetition and alliteration.Parallelism is one of the most frequently used rhetoric figures. It refers to a structural arrangement of words, clause, sentence, paragraphs and even parts of the text. In another words: “similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses” For example, he use a parallel sentence to start his speech,“If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.”, which attract audiences’ attentions at the beginning of the speech.Antithesis is used when two opposites are introduced in the same sentence, for contrasting effect, which is either coordinate in meaning or symmetrical in structure. Then Obama used this rhetoric to reinforce his express. “To those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those -- to those who would tear the world down: We will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: We support you.”Antithesis makes comparison more distinct, and makes thesis more highlighted.Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables of an English language phrase. In Obama’s inaugural address, the alliteration is “block by block, brick by brick…”it makes speech rhythmical in language, poetic in article and vivid in words.As has been mentioned above, this paper analyzes the stylistic feature of Obama’s inaugural address through three different levels. The stylistic analysis of a political speech can make readers comprehend it better. Meantime, readers obtain speaking skills and learners develop their language skills.。
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BW1103 牛西月111006050334Stylistic Features of Political Speech—taking the case of “Change Has Come to America”English political speech refers to the speech that calls for people what to do and what not to do. Its principal contents concern the methods or means by which something should be done about war and peace, national defense, import and export, legislation, and so on.An English political speech is one that the speaker, usually on behalf of a certain class, society, or party, makes in English to the audience on some important matters and relationships home and abroad. Sometimes the individual also makes such a speech for the purpose of declaring his political propositions or ideas, nowadays this type of public speaking has a wild range of application such as stumping speeches is of strong political tendency with rigid logic and arousing force. The aim of speakers is to influence audience.There are many varieties of it such as inaugural address, speech in the war and speech in the college abroad. Owing to the relationship between politics and presidents’ speech and the culture background it is in, the political speech has formed its own stylistic features. Then I’ll try to analyze the stylistic features of political speech throughout Obama’s inaugural address in 2008: Change Has Come to America.1.Lexical featureStylists usually have a criterion to analyze words’ length. That is, more than 6 letters or 3 syllables. If a word contains more than 6 letters or 3 syllables, it is a long word, which origin from some formal words in Latin, French and Greek.The proportion of long words is not more than 20%. Then we can observe that words that president use in his inaugural address is very formal and word structure is very complicated. The total words are 2396, in which long words account for 27%, such as generation, depression and opportunity. In addition, many words is derivatives and compound words, such as productive, inventive, sweatshops, risk-taker, faint-hearted, short-cut.Word is the basic grammatical unite which is smaller than sentence and it is also the basic cell to form a lecture. When Obama referred to 106-year-old woman，Ann Nixon Cooper，he just said she cannot cast a vote because of her complexion. He avoided using the word “black” to be involved in racial discrimination.2.Syntactical featureIn informal speeches, orators usually use short sentences to support their views. However, as for Obama’s formal inaugural address, Obama is inclined to use the long sentences because the length of the sentence is influences by the mode of the discourse and also related to the textual function and interpersonal function of a language. The longest sentence contains 49 words. The sentence structure of political speech is more complicated than that of daily conversation because the common use of long sentences. American presidents give their speech to the people and expect to make their government policies known to the public to persuade them to accept and support their policies. This personal relationship determines that all the presidents’ speech should not be as casual as daily conversation. Meantime, he also uses some short sentences that alternate long sentences. The short sentence is “yes we can!” which received the warmest react.Obama also chose different kinds of sentences, such as declarative sentence, imperative sentence and rhetorical question. This sentence “This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time.”use the strong declarative mood. In addition, he always used “let us” to compose imperative sentence. Imperative sentence can arouse audience’s mood to support lecturers. Compared to imperative sentence, rhetorical question is seldom used. But it can receive better results if used properly.3.Rhetorical featuresPresidents’speech is a kind of speech happening in a particular situation which is an important activity of human’s public activity. The rhetoric is one of the main content of speech and rhetorical devices are closely related to the skill of public speaking. The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the audience that what the speaker is saying and representing so that they should support them. In some sense, using proper rhetorical devices like alliteration, metaphor, etc. may have some stylistic effects.In order to reinforce expressive force and infection force, Obama used many rhetorical features. He chose parallelism, antithesis and repetition and alliteration.Parallelism is one of the most frequently used rhetoric figures. It refers to a structural arrangement of words, clause, sentence, paragraphs and even parts of the text. In another words: “similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses” For example, he use a parallel sentence to start his speech,“If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.”, which attract audiences’ attentions at the beginning of the speech.Antithesis is used when two opposites are introduced in the same sentence, for contrasting effect, which is either coordinate in meaning or symmetrical in structure. Then Obama used this rhetoric to reinforce his express. “To those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those -- to those who would tear the world down: We will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: We support you.”Antithesis makes comparison more distinct, and makes thesis more highlighted.Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables of an English language phrase. In Obama’s inaugural address, the alliteration is “block by block, brick by brick…”it makes speech rhythmical in language, poetic in article and vivid in words.As has been mentioned above, this paper analyzes the stylistic feature of Obama’s inaugural address through three different levels. The stylistic analysis of a political speech can make readers comprehend it better. Meantime, readers obtain speaking skills and learners develop their language skills.。