人教版高中英语选修六Unit2Poem知识讲解虚拟语气(2)

虚拟语气（2）
编稿：牛新阁审稿：王春霞
概念引入
上一单元我们学习了虚拟语气中与现在、将来事实相反的虚拟条件句及宾语从句的虚拟语气。

本单元要继续学习虚拟语气中与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，及虚拟语气在其它从句中的应用。

首先，我们先看下面含虚拟语气的句子：
1. We would have won, if Jack had scored that goal.
2. We would have won if we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before.
3. We would have won the championship, if we had got Mr Han to coach us.
4. If she had studied harder, she would have got the diploma.
这些句子都是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。

下面我们就来学习这部分内容。

用法讲解
与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句的动词形式
假设类型条件从句（if从句）谓语动词主句的谓语动词
与现在事实相反一般过去式(be用were) would/should/might/could +动词原形
与将来事实可能相反1）一般过去式(be只用were)
2）were to + 动词原形;
3）should + 动词原形
would/should/might/could+动词原形
与过去事实相反had done would/should/might/could + have过去分词
从表格可知，虚拟条件句与过去事实相反时，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时，而主句的谓语用would/should/might/could加现在完成时形式。

If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。

（事实：没有听我的话---he didn’t take my advice）
If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.
要是你早来几分钟的话，你就见到他了。

（事实：来晚了---you came late）
If She hadn’t been so strict with herself, she wouldn’t have made such great progress.
她要是对自己要求不严格，她就不会有这样大的进步。

（事实：她对自己很严格---she was strict with herself）
虚拟语气中的倒装
条件从句中的were，had, should可放句首，省略if，条件句成为倒装句。

Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
如果你邀请我们了，我们会参加你的聚会的。

Were I ( If I were ) you, I would do more practice.
如果我是你，我会做更多的练习。

Should she ( If she should) lend us a helping hand, we would succeed.
如果她帮助我们，我们会成功的。

注意：
条件句或省略的条件句可以放句尾。

如：
We would have lost our lives had it not been for the policeman.
如果没有这位警察，我们就没命了。

【高清课堂：虚拟语气（上）法则二：千变万化的表现形式。

】
千变万化的表现形式
if虚拟条件句的三个公式的倒装我们说完了，那是不是就这一种变化呢？我们接下来看看它的千变万化的表达形式。

含蓄虚拟语气
有时假设的条件不通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些介词短语（如without，but for等）或上下文中。

1. I was very tired. Otherwise, I would have gone to the party with you last night.
我太累了。

否则，我昨晚就同你去聚会了。

（otherwise代替了条件句“If I hadn’t been very tired”）
2. Life without any friends or family would be lonely for me.
如果生活既没有朋友也没有家庭，那对我来讲就太孤独了。

（without短语代替“If there were no friends or family”）
3. If only we had done as we were told. 如果我们按照被告知的去做，该多好呀。

4. If only I had known the answer before the test. 考试前就知道答案，那该多好呀。

（if only表示“要是......该多好呀”，表示假设的内容成立时的感受，但是并没有明确说出这种感受）
5. But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.
要不是下雨，我们本来会有一个愉快的旅行的。

（But for the rain，代替的是“If it hadn’t rained”）
混合虚拟语气
什么混合了呢？从下面例句中我们看出是时态方面的混合，即主句与从句所指的时间不一致，这时主从句的时态根据实际的时间概念确定。

1. If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now.
如果我几小时前吃了早餐的话，我现在就不会饿了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
2. If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre. 如果我是你，我就去剧院了。

（从句与经常的状况相反，属特殊用法，主句与过去事实相反）
3. If you hadn’t helped me, I would be still working now.
如果当时你没有帮我的话，现在我还在工作呢。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
分裂虚拟语气
在这种句型中，虚拟语气通常省略条件句，只保留主句，后面再加上真实的情况。

1. He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat much. 他会增加重量的，但是他吃得不多。

（=If he ate much, he would gain weight, but he doesn’t eat much.）
2. I would go to visit them but I don’t think they are anxious to see me.
我本来是会看他们的，但是我想他们不会急于见我。

（=If they were anxious to see me, I would go to visit them.）
3. I would have invited her to the party but I did n’t know her well.
我本来想邀请她来聚会的，但是与她不怎么熟。

注意：这种句型的关键词but。

■
虚拟语气在其它从句中的用法（1）
主语从句的虚拟语气
这种主语从句由连词that引导，虚拟语气为“（should）动词原形”。

其中should可省略。

should 常译成“应该、必须、竟然”。

注意下面句型：
1．It is／was + 形容词+ that从句
当形容词为important, necessary，strange，natural，appropriate, proper, right, desirable, essential, surprising, unthinkable等或名词短语a good idea时。

如：It is important and necessary that we (should) master a foreign language．
我们精通一门外语是重要而且必要的。

It is proper that an independent inquiry (should) take place. 进行独立调查很合适。

It is strange that he (should) refuse your help．
他竟然拒绝你的帮助真是奇怪。

It is surprising that you (should) not understand me! 你竟然不理解我，真令人吃惊！
2. It is／was + a pity/a shame / a surprise / no wonder + that从句
It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 你竟然错过一个好机会真是遗憾。

3. It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/ ….that-clause
It is suggested that he (should) not spend too much time watching TV.
有人建议他不应该花太多时间看电视。

It is proposed that the plan (should) be delayed. 有人建议推迟这项计划。

表语从句的虚拟语气
1. 在名词“suggestion, proposal, idea, plan，order, advice, desire, requirement, request, command, decision, recommendation等”后面的同位语从句或表语从句中，用“should+动词原形”，其中should可省略。

My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference．
我的建议是我们应该让更多的人参加会议。

2. as if ( as though)引导的表语从句中的虚拟语气。

It seems as if the meeting would never end. 看来会议没完没了。

（与将来相反）
It seems as though he had been there many times. 好像他已经去过那里好多次了。

（与过去事实相反）
It seems as if nobody knew what happened. 好像没有知道发生了什么事。

注：详细用法见上一单元的《虚拟语气（1）》。

同位语从句中的虚拟语气
与表示“决定、主张、要求、建议、命令”的动词相对应的名词构成的同位语从句中常用“（should）+do”结构。

The requirement that students (should) learn to protect themselves is successfully carried out in most schools. 学生必须学会保护自己，这一要求在大多数学校都能顺利实施。

I made a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week．
我提议我们应该下周开个会。

虚拟语气在其它从句中的用法（2）
定语从句中的虚拟语气
It is (high) time+ (that) 从句
此句型的虚拟语气结构是：从句的谓语动词一般用过去式或“should + 动词原形”等虚拟结构，意为“该做某事了”。

注意should不省略。

It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
早该对闹市区的交通问题采取点措施了。

It is high time that we put an end to this discussion. 我们现在该结束讲座了。

It’s time we should have a discussion. 我们应该讨论讨论。

状语从句中的虚拟语气
1. 由as if和as though等引导的方式状语从句中：
Holding his head high，he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist．
（与walked同时发生的动作相反）
他高高地昂着头走过柱子和士兵，好像他们不存在一样。

Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had just happened.
（与在crowded之前发生的动作相反）
我童年的一切一下子涌进我的大脑，仿佛刚刚发生的一样。

注：详细用法见上一单元的《虚拟语气（1）》。

2. so that, in order that（为了，以便）, for fear that （生怕，以免）, in case （万一）, lest （唯恐）等引导目的、条件状语从句中，从句的谓语动词形式为“should (may, might, can, could, would等) + 动词原形”
The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.
为了我们可以更好地理解，老师再次解释了这条法律。

Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.
一些人为了活着而吃饭，而另一些人为了吃饭而活着。

Bring some money in case you (should) use it. 带点钱备用。

简单句中虚拟语气
表示责备及批评的虚拟语气
1）should/ ought to/ could/ may/ might + have + done
此句型表示“应该/能够/可能做而没做到”，否定形式则表示“过去不该应该/能够/可能做的事却做了”，是一种委婉的责备，语气最强的是should，最弱的是might。

You are late again. You could have come earlier. 你又来晚了，你本来能早来一些的。

I have told you many times. You should have done it better.
我已经告诉你很多遍了，你应该做得更好些。

2）needn’t have done 本不需要做某事，却做了
You needn’t have ordered so much food, only five guests came.
你当时本没有必要订这么多饭的，只来了五个人。

表示委婉、客气的虚拟语气
这类虚拟语气用“should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形”。

I don’t think he could be so careless. 我想他不会这么粗心。

Might I have your bike for a moment? 借你的自行车用用好吗？
Would you mind turning off the TV? 关上电视好吗？
表示“本打算做而未做成”的虚拟语气
1. had hoped (wanted, planned, meant, intended, expected) 或
hoped (wanted, planned, meant, intended, expected) + to have done
这两个句型表示“未曾实现的希望、打算和意图”。

I had meant to phone you (I meant to have phoned you), but I forgot your phone number.
我本打算给你打电话，可把你的号码忘了。

2. 下面表示法表示“本想、本该做而未做成”：
would/should like to have done
was/ were to have done
was/ were supposed to have done
had better have done
would rather have done
I would like to have gone with you, but I got up late. 我本来想和你一起走，但起晚了。

表示祝愿的虚拟语气
表示祝愿时常用动词原形或“May+主语+动词原形”结构。

God bless you! 上帝保佑你！
Long live the people! 人民万岁！
May you succeed. 祝你成功。

So be it! 但愿如此！
虚拟语气做题技巧：
1. 记住各种虚拟语气的形式。

如虚拟条件句的三种句式，“建议”类虚拟形式“（should）+动词原形”，wish和as if的从句的形式等。

2.找题中表示需用虚拟语气的词语。

1）if条件句，或虽没有if从句，可以看出省略了条件句，而用without等短语代替了条件句的含蓄条件句。

2）“建议”类动词、名词或过去分词，如：advise, demand, command, suggestion, proposal，suggested等。

3) wish, as if, would rather 等
4) 特殊句式，如：
It is + 形容词+ 从句
It is time + 从句
3. 分辨句子是陈述事实，还是表示虚拟语气。

Should green plants disappear some day, _____ on the earth.
A. there will hardly be any life
B. there will be no life
C. there must have been no life
D. there would hardly be any life
分析：应选D。

从句子的形式和内容（植物消失，生命绝迹）来看，是省略了if用倒装
的对未来情况作出假定和推测的句子，其主句部分应该使用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的谓语形式。

4. 区别时间。

判断句子所叙述的情况发生在何时（现在、过去或将来），如果句子是复合句，要仔细确认从句和主句叙述的情况是否发生在同一时间层面，然后选择相应的谓语动词的虚拟形式。

注意时间副词、从句或前后句的暗示。

1）If the city had built more homes for the poor in 2008, the current housing problem there _____ so serious.
A. is not
B. would not be
C. will not have been
D. would not have been
分析：选B。

从题干的形式和语义看，是非真实条件句，由从句中的时间状语in 2008和过去完成时谓语动词可以知道从句与过去事实相反，由主句中的current（现在的）可知主句表示的是与现在事实相反的情况。

2）But for the old woman, he ________ of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died
B. would die
C. must have died
D. must die
分析：应选A。

因为but for (要不是因为、如果没有) 通常要与虚拟语气连用，由fifteen years ago 可知，这是与过去事实相反的情况，所以选would have died。

5. 根据句意，区分选择项中的情态动词。

一般而言，would, could, might, should都可以用于虚拟语气主句中的谓语结构，但是意义略有不同。

特别提醒：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气时，从句只能用情态动词should。

如：
_______me tomorrow, I would let him know, but he doesn’t often call back on Monday.
A. Would he call
B. Should he call
C. Could he had called
D. Might he have called
分析：选B。

这道题是虚拟条件句的倒装。

虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should或had时，可省略if，再把were, should或had提前。

但是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气时，从句只能用should。