罗选民英美赏析教程里的诗歌的翻译与赏析

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英美诗歌鉴赏文章资料[整理版]

英美诗歌鉴赏文章资料[整理版]

1、诗歌的类型2、Images意象Figures of Speech3、修辞Sound of Poetry4、诗的音律Forms of Poetry5、诗歌的形式简单来说,鉴赏诗就三步。

写什么(意象、意境);怎么写的(艺术手法);抒发诗人什么情感?TreesI think that I shall never see我认为我从来都没有见过A poem lovely as a tree.一首像树一样的诗歌A tree whose hungry mouth is prest 牧师Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;A tree that looks at God all day,And lifts her leafy(叶茂盛的,多叶的)arms to pray祈祷;A tree that may in summer wearA nest(鸟巢) of robins(知更鸟) in her hair;Upon whose bosom(胸怀) snow has lain;Who intimately(亲密的) lives with rain.Poems are made by fools like me,But only God can make a tree.明喻是本体和喻体同时出现,它们之间在形式上是相类的关系,说甲(本体)像(喻词)乙(喻体)。

常用:像、好像、比如、仿佛、宛如、仿佛、好比、比方说、像……一样、如……一般、仿佛……似的、……一样、……似的等喻词来联系。

∙再次是拟人。

拟人就是把事物人格化,把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样。

再谈谈拟人、移情与移就之间的区分方法。

移情和移就的区别是:移情是将人的主观的感情移到客观的事物上,反过来又用被感染了的客观事物衬托主观情绪,使物人一体,能够更集中地表达强烈感情;而移就是甲乙两项事物相关联,就把原属于形容甲事物(或人)的修辞语移来属于乙事物,是一种词语活用的修辞手法。

中南大学研究生考试各专业参考书目

中南大学研究生考试各专业参考书目
912无机化学
武汉大学《无机化学》;大连理工大学《无机化学》
商学院
431金融学综合[专业硕士]
黄达《金融学》;罗斯《公司理财》
950工程经济学[专业硕士]
黄瑜祥《工程经济学》;黄瑜祥《工程经济学》
965西方经济学
高鸿业《西方经济学(微观部分)》;高鸿业《西方经济学(宏观部分)》
966运筹学(B)
运筹学教材编写组《运筹学》;运筹学教材编写组《运筹学》;徐选华《运筹学》
大连理工大学《无机化学》;武汉大学《无机化学》
915矿物加工学
王淀佐《资源加工学》
916化工原理
扬祖荣《化工原理实验》;姚玉英《化工原理》;柴成敬《化工原理课程学习指导》;姚玉英《化工原理例题与习题》
938生物化学(B)
王镜岩《生物化学》
939无机材料科学基础
陈佩文《无机材料科学基础》
970钢铁冶金原理
施荣华《计算机网络技术与应用》
943数据结构
严蔚敏《数据结构》
建筑与艺术学院
733建筑理论综合
彭一刚《建筑空间组合论》;刘先觉《现代建筑理论》;李必瑜《建筑构造》;刘建荣《建筑构造》
748中外美术史
中央美术学院外国美术教研室《外国美术简史》;洪再新《中国美术史》
749设计史及评论
王受之《世界现代设计史》
903思想政治教育基础知识
郑永廷《思想政治教育方法论》;张耀灿《思想政治教育学原理》
919中国化马克思主义基本问题
教育部统编《毛泽东思想概论和中国特色社会主义理论概论》
临床药理研究所
741药学基础综合
邢其毅《基础有机化学》;李发美《分析化学》
资源加工与生物工程学院
728微生物学

大学英语专业推荐阅读书目

大学英语专业推荐阅读书目

英语专业学生推荐阅读书目(英汉对照)1. 美国文学简史与作品选读 [专著]/何木英,杜平主编, 2004,2. 傲慢与偏见=Pride and Prejudice/(英)简奥斯汀(Jane Austen), 2006,3. 傲慢与偏见:中英对照/[英]简奥斯汀著;刘玉成编译, 2005,4. 洛娜杜恩/(英)理多布莱克莫尔原著;赵雅君编译, 2006,5. 雾都孤儿/(英)狄更斯原著;钱颖编译, 2006,6. 艰难时世/(英)狄更斯原著;吴素君编译, 2006,7. 威克菲尔德的牧师/(英)奥利费哥尔斯密原著;王红坤编译, 2006,8. 德伯维尔家的苔丝/(英)托马斯哈代原著;贾志刚编译, 2006,9. 白衣女人/(英)威尔基柯林斯原著;袁曦编译, 2006,10. 化身博士/(英)史蒂文森原著;危薇编译, 2006,11. 大卫科波菲尔:中英对照/(英])更斯著;张宏中编译, 2005,12. 德拉库拉/(英)Bram Stoker著;(英)Diane Mowat改写;商海燕译, 200313. “慷慨”号上的叛乱:[英文插图本]/[英]William Bligh[著];[郑红译注], 2002,14. 远大前程:[英文插图本]/[英]Charles Dickens[著], 2002,15. 双城记:[英文插图本]/[英]Charles Dickens[著], 2002,16. 呼啸山庄/(英)勃朗特(Emily Bronte)著;(英)韦斯特(Clare West)改写;赵兵译, 199717. 简爱=Jane Eyre/(英)Charlotte Bronte原著;Evelyn Attwood简写;陈小眉译, 1981,18. 蝴蝶梦:中英对照/[英]达夫妮杜穆里埃著;周亮编译, 2005,19. 生命之爱:英汉对照/(英)汉考克(Penny Hancock)著;黎松峭译, 2002,20. 孤身复21. 仇记/(英)Alan Maley著;温向东译, 2002,22. 海豚之歌:英汉对照/(英)Antoinette Moses著;石显富,黄秀云译, 2002,23. 柯南道尔作品选:中英对照/[(英)柯南道尔(Arthur Conan Doyle)著];刘青译注, 2001,24. 占有/(美)A.S.拜厄特(A.S.Byatt)著, 2000,25. 简萨默斯的日记/(英)多丽丝莱辛(Doris Lessing)著, 2000,26. 三十九级台阶/(英)John Buchan著;[英]Nick Bullard改写;王云译27. 达罗卫夫人 [中译文]/(英)沃尔夫(Virginia Woolf) 著;(英)米弗姆(John Mepham) [注释28. 莎士比亚名29. 篇赏析/黄必康编著, 2005.06,30. 李尔王:中英文对照全译本/(英)莎士比亚著;朱生豪译, 2001,31. 奥瑟罗:中英文对照全译本/(英)莎士比亚著;朱生豪译, 2001,32. 四大喜剧:无事自扰仲夏夜梦威尼斯商人第十二夜:中英对照/[(英)莎士比亚著];梁实33. 四大悲剧:马克白哈姆雷特李尔王奥赛罗:中英对照/[(英)莎士比亚著];梁实秋译,34. 托马斯哈代的卡斯特桥市长/[美][K.索博尔]Ken Sobol著;刘芊,覃荣译, 1997,35. 第十二夜 [中译文]=Twelfth Night/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生豪译,杨小川36. 仲夏夜之梦 [中译文]=A Midsummer Night's Dream/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生37. 罗密欧与朱丽叶 [中译文]=Romeo and Juliet/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生豪38. 哈姆莱特 [中译文]=Hamlet/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生豪译,杨小川编, 239. 无事生非 [中译文]=Much Ado About Nothing/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生豪40. 威尼斯商人 [中译文]=The Merchant of Venice/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生41. 麦克白 [中译文]=Macbeth/(英)莎士比亚(Shakespeare,W.)著;朱生豪看不42. 见的人 [夫埃里森(Ralph Ellison)著, 2000,43. 简萨默斯的日记/(英)多丽丝莱辛(Doris Lessing)著译,杨小川编, 2001,44. 爱丽思漫游奇境记:中英对照/[英]卡罗尔(Lewis Carroll)著;李敏中译, 2004,45. 北回归线 [中译文]=TROPIC OF CANCER/(美)亨利米勒(Henry Miller) 著;亦霖注释,46. 查尔斯狄更斯的艰难时世/[美][P.M.奥乔杰斯基]Paul M.Ochojski著;姜红译, 1997,47. 亨利詹姆斯的贵妇画像/[美][V.基诺安]Vartkis Kinoian著;章汝雯译, 1997,48. 托马斯哈代的还乡/[美][C.L.莱维特]Charles L.Leavitt,[美][E.S.莱维特]Emily S.Leavi 2. Other English Works49. 最经典的短篇小说:汉英珍藏版/徐翰林编译, 2006.11,50. 英语散文精品赏析/程梅编著, 2005,51. 英美小说要素解析/林六辰编著, 2004.07,52. 巴黎圣母院:英汉对照/(法)雨果(V.Hugo)著;王怀远译注, 1986,53. 英语现代散文选/李汝仪,章祖德选注, 1983,54. 英文名55. 篇鉴赏金库散文卷/辜正坤主编, 2006,56. 英文名57. 篇鉴赏金库电影卷/钱锋, 刘爱萍58. 编著, 2005,59. 英美文学赏析教程散文与诗歌/罗选民主编, 2002,60. 英文名61. 篇鉴赏金库诗歌卷/辜正坤主编, 2000,62. 英文名63. 篇鉴赏金库小说卷/王占梅,蔡丽文编著, 2000,64. 世界上最美的诗歌:全新中英对照版/(英)托马斯哈代(Thomas Hardy)等著;成应翠编著, /Richard A. Lanham, 2004,65. 经典英语短篇小说赏析= Classic short stories in English/王玲主编, 2005,66. 彼得潘:[英文插图本]/[英]J. M. Barrie[著], 2002, H319.4:I/B11467. 丛林历险记:[英文插图本]/[英]Rudyard Kipling[著], 2002,68. 世界上最美的诗歌:全新中英对照版/(英)托马斯哈代(Thomas Hardy)等著;成应翠编著,69. 浪漫短诗/朱孝愚, 张爱民编译, 2006,70. 英文经典歌词赏析/袁晓波, 倪志磊, 谢宜兴编著, 2005,71. 英语爱情诗歌精粹/程雪猛等编译, 2000,72. 二十世纪西方文论选读:[英语读物]/张中载,王逢振,赵国新编, 2002,73. 时尚英语主题阅读精美散文篇/翁云凯主编, 200774. 现代美文阅读:[英汉对照]/冯其良,董西华编著, 2006,75. 最伟大的演说辞:汉英珍藏版/徐翰林编译, 2006,76. 西方经典演讲辞:英汉对照本/《西方元典》编委会主编;吴群芳编译, 2005.08,77. 世界上最美丽的英文:爱与人生= Love and Life/赵妍编, 200578. 西方经典情书:英汉对照本=Western classical love letters/《西方元典》编委会主编;79. 人类最伟大的声音= The greatest speeches in the world:全新中英对照版/(美) 亚伯拉希80. 腊罗马神话与西方民间传说:英汉对照=Classical Mythology & Western Legends/郝澎编81. 杜甫诗选:汉英对照/[(唐)杜甫著];(新西兰)路易艾黎(Rewi Alley)英译, 2003,82. 阿Q正传:[汉英对照]/鲁迅著;杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2003,83. 中国现代名84. 家短篇小说选:汉英对照/老舍85. 等著;沙博理等英译, 2002,86. 彷徨:[汉英对照]/鲁迅著;杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2002,87. 鲁迅诗选:[汉英对照]/鲁迅著;(英)W.J.F.詹纳尔(W.J.F.Jenner)译, 2002,88. 嬉雪:中国当代女性散文选:汉英对照本/朱虹,周欣编, 2002,89. 日出:汉英对照/曹禺著;(英)巴恩斯(Barnes)译, 2001,90. 雷雨:[汉英对照]/曹禺著;王佑良,巴恩斯译, 2001,91. Tales of Prime Ministers in Ancient China/程宇编译, 2001,92. 关汉卿杂剧选二:汉英对照/[(元)关汉卿著];杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2001,93. 关汉卿杂剧选一:汉英对照/[(元)关汉卿著];杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2001,94. 长生殿:汉英对照/(清)洪昇95. 著;杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2001,96. 茶馆:[汉英对照]/老舍97. 著;霍98. 华译, 2001,99. 骆驼祥子:汉英对照/老舍100. 著;施晓菁译, 2001,101. 太平广记选:汉英对照/(宋)李〓等编;张光前译, 2001,102. 聊斋志异选:汉英对照/(清)蒲松龄著;(美)丹尼斯马尔(Denis C.Mair),(美)维克多马尔(Vi 103. 汉魏六朝小说选:汉英对照读物/杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2001,104. Six Classical Chinese Comedies/[钟元编], 2001,105. 鲁迅小说选:[汉英对照]/鲁迅著;杨宪益,戴乃迭译, 2000,106. 倘若鸟儿回还:百味人生美文精选:英汉对照/明廷雄译注, 2001,107. 东坡诗文选:[中英对照]/[(宋)苏东坡著];林语堂译, 2002,108. 爱的教育:中英对照/(意)亚米契斯著;徐立编译, 2005,109. 宋词:[汉英对照]/聂鑫森今译;杨宪益,戴乃迭等英译, 2001,110. 诗经:汉英对照/野莽今译;杨宪益,戴乃迭等英译, 2001,111. 女神:汉英对照/郭沫若著;( )勒斯特(Jong Lester),( )巴恩斯(A.C.Barnes)译, 2001 112. 英语电影对白:英汉对照, 2003,113. 汉英对照《千家诗》/郭著章,傅惠生等编译, 2004,114. 安徒生童话精粹:英汉对照/(丹)安徒生(Hans Christian Andersen)原著;( )W.A.Craigi 欣中译, 2003,大学生读书目录推荐1.《语言问题》赵元任著,商务印书馆,1980年版2.《语言与文化》罗常培著,语文出版社,1989年版3.《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘著,商务印书馆,1979年版4.《修辞学发凡》陈望道著,上海教育出版社,1979年版5.《汉语方言概要》袁家骅等著,文字改革出版社,1983年版6.《马氏文通》马建忠著,商务印书馆,1983年版9.《中国语言学史》王力著,山西人民出版社,1981年版12.《普通语言学教程》(瑞士)索绪尔著,高名凯译,岑麒祥、叶蜚声校注,商务印书馆,19814.《西方语言学名著选读》胡明扬主编,中国人民大学出版社,1988年版15.《应用语言学》刘涌泉、乔毅编者,上海外语教育出版社,1991年版20.《文心雕龙选译》刘勰著,周振甫译注,中华书局1980年版22.《西方文艺理论史精读文献》章安祺编,中国人民大学出版社1996年版23.《20世纪西方美学名著选》蒋孔阳主编,复旦大学出版社1987年版24.《西方美学史》朱光潜著,人民文学出版社1979年版25.《文学理论》(美)韦勒克、沃伦著,刘象愚等译,三联书店1984年版26.《比较文学与文学理论》(美)韦斯坦因著,刘象愚译,辽宁人民出版社1987年版35.《李白诗选》复旦大学中文系古典文学教研组选注,人民文学出版社1977年版36.《杜甫诗选》萧涤非选注,人民文学出版社1985年版41.《唐宋词选》中国社科院文学所编,人民文学出版社1982年版46.《西厢记》王实甫著,王季思校注,人民文学出版1978年版47.《三国演义》罗贯中著,人民文学出版社1957年版48.《水浒传》施耐庵著,人民文学出版社1975年版49.《西游记》吴承恩著,人民文学出版社1955年版51.《牡丹亭》汤显祖著,人民文学出版社1982年版52.《聊斋志异选》张友鹤选注,人民文学出版社1978年版53.《儒林外史》吴敬梓著,人民文学出版社1977年版54.《红楼梦》曹雪芹著,人民文学出版社1982年版57.《老残游记》刘鹗著,人民文学出版社1959年版58.《鲁迅小说集》人民文学出版社1979年版60.《女神》郭沫若著,人民文学出版社1978年重印版61.《郁达夫小说集》浙江人民出版社1982年版63.《子夜》茅盾著,人民文学出版社1994年版64.《家》巴金著,人民文学出版社1979年版65.《沈从文小说选集》,人民文学出版社1982年版66.《骆驼祥子》老舍著,人民文学出版社1999年版67.《曹禺选集》曹禺著,人民文学出版社1978年版69.《围城》钱钟书著,人民文学出版社1980年版73.《茶馆》老舍著,收《<茶馆><龙须沟>》,人民文学出版社1994年版78.《中国当代文学作品选》王庆生主编,华中师范大学出版社1997年版79.《希腊的神话和传说》(德)斯威布著,楚图南译,人民文学出版社197782.《哈姆莱特》(《莎士比亚悲剧四》)卞之琳译,人民出版社1988年版83.《伪君子》(法)莫里哀著,李健吾译,上海译文出版社1980年版84.《浮士德》(德)歌德著,董问樵译,复旦大学出版社1982年版85.《悲惨世界》(法)雨果著,李丹、方于译,人民文学出版社1978-1983年版86.《红与黑》(法)司汤达著,郝运译,上海译文出版社1986年版87.《高老头》(法)巴尔扎克著,傅雷译,人民文学出版社1954年版88.《双城记》(英)狄更斯著,石永礼译,人民文学出版社1993年版89.《德伯家的苔丝》(英)哈代著,张谷若译,人民文学出版社1957年版91.《安娜·卡列尼娜》(俄)托尔斯泰著,周扬、谢索台译,人民文学出版社1978年版92.《母亲》(俄)高尔基著,瞿秋白等译,人民文学出版社1980年版93.《百年孤独》(哥伦比亚)加西亚·马尔克斯著,黄锦炎等译,上海译文出版社,1984年版97.《泰戈尔诗选》(印)冰心译,湖南人民出版社1981年版99.《一千零一夜》(阿拉伯)纳训译,人民文学出版社1957年版100.《外国文学作品选》(两卷本)郑克鲁编,复旦大学出版“英美文学”必读作品“英美文学”为外语系英语专业三年级学生在第五、六学期所开设的专业课。

高中语文选修 外国诗歌散文欣赏27 2朦胧中所见的生活

高中语文选修 外国诗歌散文欣赏27 2朦胧中所见的生活

2朦胧中所见的生活自学指导一、在诗歌之中,意象的作用不仅是审美的,而且也是呈现世界、呈现思考的一种方式,帕斯在一首诗中曾写到:“诗歌/在纸上播种眼睛/在眼里播种词语。

/眼睛说话,/词语观看,/目光思考。

”这首诗充分体现了这种特征,在意象的呈现中包含了对世界的发现,让眼睛直接遭遇人生的哲理。

二、这首诗也采用了“意象并置”的手法,将四幅不同的画面──大海、森林、人体、生活的世界──剪接在一起,形成一种诗意的张力。

不仅如此,每一个画面其实也包含着张力,无论是游鱼、鸟儿、白骨、生活,都像一道“闪电”撕破了周围的黑暗。

在反差中有同一,在前进中有重复,意象之间的关系,因而不是简单的、静态的并置,而有了一种强劲的运动感、推进感。

三、在意象的相互推进中,诗歌的内在隐喻也巧妙地呈现出来:开始是对自然现象的发现,人体中“磷磷的白骨”一句虽然有点恐怖,但唤起了一种身体的直观,并将读者的注意力从自然世界转向了人的世界。

最后两句起到点题的作用(“生活”本身照亮了昏暗的世界),并让读者领悟到,人与自然都处在同一种节奏、同一种运动中。

参考资料一、奥克塔维奥·帕斯诗四首(沈健)奥克塔维奥·帕斯,1914年生于墨西哥。

当他的第一本诗集《荒原上的月亮》(1933)显示他卓越的想像力和杰出的抒情才能的时候,他也许绝对不会想到59年后他会登上诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖台,通过麦克风与电视屏幕向全世界抒发他作为印第安文化之子的荣光与骄傲。

如果说,拉美诗坛是一座富有魔幻色彩的青铜巨鼎,那么,帕斯是其三个支点之一(其余二足为博尔赫斯和聂鲁达)。

与蛰居在图书馆阴影中的博尔赫斯不同,帕斯一直在流动和起伏中生存和写作。

就职业而言,他做过编辑、记者,当过诗歌研究专家,干过外交官,据说还干得相当精明老练。

就生活环境而言,他到过基督和布勒东的西欧,还在佛禅漫舞的印度大陆住过相当长的一段时光。

因此,帕斯的美学思想中较多地盘旋着文化的影子,在印第安文化的背景与底色上,既杂糅着布勒东超现实主义的峭拔的想像,又涂抹着浪漫主义的痛苦情感,同时还神秘地笼罩着东方神秘主义的佛禅灵光。

外国语与国际教育学院教师信息表

外国语与国际教育学院教师信息表

外国语与国际教育学院教师信息表基本信息姓名谭琼琳性别女职称教授、博士生导师政治面貌中共党员学历、学位英语语言文学博士毕业学校一、简历谭琼琳,女,中共党员,汉族,英国威尔士大学英语语言文学博士,教授,博士生导师,英国皇家亚洲研究会会员,英国威尔士大学荣誉研究员,湖南省“新世纪121人才工程”第三层次人选,现任湖南大学外国语与国际教育学院副院长,湖南大学秦始皇陵博物院爱国主义教育基地和口语实习教学基地负责人。

先后主持、独自或主持完成国家社科基金1项、教育部人文社科和教改课题3项、湖南省社科基金和教改课题3项、湖南大学教改课题11项;独自在英国出版英语学术专著1部、合作出版中文学术专著1部、译著1部、字典2部、教材编写20余本;在《外国文学评论》、《外国语》、《外国文学研究》、《外国文学》、《英美文学研究论丛》、《翻译学报》等刊物上发表论文20余篇。

教学成绩突出,多次被评为湖南大学教书育人先进个人、荣获湖南大学教学质量优秀奖、青年教师讲课比赛一等奖、青年教师优秀教案展览一等奖、多媒体讲课比赛二等奖、本科毕业论文优秀指导教师。

二、主要开设课程研究生课程:生态文学、文学翻译与赏析、生态批评本科生课程:英国文学作品选读、英美新诗赏析、宗教文化、意象派诗歌三、学科专业及研究方向学科专业:英语语言文学研究方向:生态诗学、绘画诗学、旧金山-垮掉派文学、文学翻译四、主要科研项目国家课题谭琼琳主持,2011年国家社会科学基金项目:美国现代绘画诗中的中国物化文化改写审美研究,经费:15万,批号:11BWW012。

教育部课题谭琼琳主持,2009年教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目:当代美国生态诗人格雷·史奈德(Gary Snyder)作品中的佛教生态思想与东方文化的消融现象研究,经费:7万,批号:09YJA752006【中期检查已过】。

谭琼琳独自,2010年教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金绘画诗与改写:透视格雷·史奈德生态诗歌中的去浪漫化现象,经费:3万,批号:教外司留(2010)609。

母语文化教学在英美诗歌鉴赏课程中的渗透

母语文化教学在英美诗歌鉴赏课程中的渗透

母语文化教学在英美诗歌鉴赏课程中的渗透作者:徐一丹来源:《神州·中旬刊》2013年第04期摘要:在中国的大学英语教学中,由于应试需求而片面灌输西方文化知识导致中国传统文化急剧缺失的现象尤为严重。

加强母语文化意识已俨然成为我国教学界当前的首要问题。

重视母语文化在英语学习中的正迁移,遵循对比原则进行文化教学,使母语文化更好得为学习西方文化做铺垫。

关键词:中国文化失语现象跨文化交际能力母语文化大学英语教学英美诗歌鉴赏课程当前大学跨文化交际仅仅停留在英语文化的输入上,大大削弱了对母语文化知识的介绍和引导。

在大学的英语课堂上,不少学生的中文表达都还会出现低级的错误,“中国文化失语”现象成了大学英语教学的普遍问题,也是当前大学英语教学亟须因对和解决的难题之一。

在英美诗歌鉴赏教学中有意识地适当导入母语文化知识是提高学生跨文化交际能力、加强文化教学、充实中国传统文化的有效途径。

一、当今大学英美诗歌鉴赏教学中母语文化的缺失现状作为传承和展现文化传统精华,拥有悠久历史文学形式的英美诗歌鉴赏课已经悄然走进了大学英语课堂。

课程的开设目的是为了加强文化教学,提高和增强学生跨文化交际的能力和意识。

但在英美诗歌鉴赏教学方面,部分教师进行诗歌教学时往往只采取了典型的“填鸭式”的教学模式,无法让学生体会到诗歌的内涵和韵味,根本达不到传颂经典文学、培养跨文化交际的意识。

相反会造成的学习者在跨文化交际中产生的语言和心理障碍,甚至民族自卑心理。

二、诗歌艺术在文化领域的重要地位诗歌是文学艺术的明珠,是传颂美的最高境界,是民族的心声、语言的精华。

在鉴赏与评析中西诗歌的过程中发现,由于人类有着共同的生命起源和体验条件,人类的诗歌创作也因此拥有相同的一面。

然而又因不同国家,不同民族都有属于自己的文化传统,诗歌创作拥有了不一样的风采。

中西方文化拥有两种截然不同的文化传统,势必会导致不同的文学创作。

教师在大学英美诗歌鉴赏教学中理应引导学生挖掘潜藏在语言背后的文化,适当地导入母语文化,将有助于学习者更深刻地理解学习语言的意义以及跨文化交际能力的培养。

英美诗歌欣赏(讲义)

英美诗歌欣赏(讲义)

《英美诗歌欣赏》讲义A Course of British and American Poetry: A SurveyLecture one introductionThe earliest English poems appeared in the Anglo-Saxon period which experienced a Bookless Age. English literature was almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. The oldest specimens now existent are found in the Exeter Book containing the following poems: Widsith, Doer‟s Lament, The Wanderer and The Sea-Farer, The Battle of Maldon. By far the most significant poem of the Anglo-Saxon Age, however, is Beowulf, which is the oldest poem and the surviving epic in the English language. It is the representative work of Pagan poetry. The poem descended from generation to generation in oral form, sung by bards at the end of the sixth century. The present manuscript was written down in the 10th century or at the end of the 9th century.The characteristics of Anglo-Saxon poetry are the abundant use of metaphor, understatement and alliterative meter. At the same time a number of Christian poets appeared. The most well-known were Caedmon and Cynewulf. They chiefly took their subject matter from the Bible, but their writing styles were almost the same as Anglo-Saxon poetry.The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought forward a literary revolution. Thanks to the French influence, the language and literary taste experienced an enormous change.A new literary form named “romance” became prevailing. Romance dealt mainly with perilous adventures about courageous knights‟ devotion to the king and church. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the most charming and enduring example.The first harvest in English literature was, in the 14th century, in which several remarkable poets lived, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower and John Wycliff. Among them, Chaucer towered above all and became the representative of this century. He has won the tide of the Father of English poetry.The 15th century was an age full of wars, which greatly affected the development of literature. There were no great names in poetry but a group of Chaucerians. So the 15th century in English literature is traditionally described as the barren age. Yet in this barren age, ballads became popular, for example, Lord Randal, Glasgerion and Robin Hood.English poetry in the 16th century achieved an age of prosperity. Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth poetry writing became a fashion. There appeared a group of excellent poets, such as Sir Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Wyatt introduced into England the Italian sonnet, a fourteen-line poem with a rhyme scheme abba, abba, cddc, ee. It was Henry Howard who created the English form of sonnet with the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef gg. This scheme was later so skillfully and American Poetry used by Shakespeare that it is usually called the Shakespearean sonnet. Wyattand Howard are generally regarded as the founders of the golden age. Sir Philip Sidney‟s best known book was his pastoral romance, Arcadia. His sonnets, altogether one hundred and twenty poems, were imitative of Italian ones, but they possessed a charm distinctly of their own. Edmund Spenser‟s chief works include The Faerie Queen, The Shepherd’s Calendar, and The Amoretti. In his The Faerie Queen, Spenser planned twelve books, each speaking of twelve virtues, with a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues. But it was a pity that only six books and two cantos of the seventh were completed. In writing this great allegorical poem, Spenser created a new poetic form known as the Spenserian stanza, consisting of nine lines rhyming ababhchcc. This form was widely imitated by later poets, especially by the romantic poets of the 19th century. The best imitator of the Spenserian stanza is John Keats. Christopher Marlowe‟s entire reputation rests on his plays such as Tamburlain, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus. Marlowe is considered to be the greatest of the pioneers in English drama. He is the first poet to make blank verse the principal instrument of English drama. The last one, Shakespeare, is undoubtedly the greatest. Besides his 37 plays, he also wrote two long poems and 154 sonnets. His sonnets figure among the greatest in the language.The death of Elizabeth in 1603 brought the Tudor dynasty to an end and the throne was passed to the Stuarts. On the basis of different political and religious beliefs, people of this period were separated into two vasdy different groups: the Cavaliers and the Puritans. In the field of poetry, two schools of poets appeared: the Cavaliers and Metaphysical poets. The noteworthy names of Cavaliers were Robert Herrick, Sir John Suckling, Richard Lovelace and Thomas Carew. The Cavaliers were royalistic against the British Revolution. They found their happiest poetic expression in gay little sparkling lyrics. The chief representatives of metaphysical poets, on the other hard, were John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvel, Henry Vaughan, Richard Crashaw, Abraham Cowley. The term “metaphysical” was applied by Dr. Samuel Johnson to describe Donne and his followers. Their common features are: arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, good use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialectical argument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. Their manner was directly opposed to the grace and romanticism of the Elizabethans. They shed profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.The distinguished example of Puritan poets is John Milton. He wrote one of the greatest odes, Ode on the Morning of Christ’s Nativity, a famous elegy Lycidas, a number of unforgettable sonnets, the tragedy Samson Agonistes and his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Milton‟s religious ideas influenced his political and literary careers. During the revolution he became a fighter by using his pen. The chief poet of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, who won his fame as a dramatist, satirist, and writer of odes and lyrics. He contributed to English literature his greatest drama All for Love, a political satire Absalom and Achitophel, two religious poems Religio Laid and The Hind and the Panther, and a magnificent Pindaric ode Song for St. Cecelia’sDay. Nowadays modern writers show their great interest in the study of the Restoration and Metaphysical poets. Dryden in particular has received the applause and cheer of many intellectuals.The 18th century in England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. It was a progressive intellectual movement and also a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. It exerted an immense influence upon English social life and literature. The purpose of the movement was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other remains of feudalism. They celebrated rationality, equality and science. The major representatives were Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith and so on. Artistically this period was characterized by the so-called neoclassicism, a revival of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school. Toward the middle of the century, a new literary trend of sentimentalism appeared. This trend was closely knitted with the radical social and ideological changes in England of that age. It indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were used as a sort of relief from the grief toward the world‟s unfairness wrongs from and mild protest against social injustice. The first notable poem in this tendency is James Thomson‟s The Seasons. Another is Thomas Grey‟s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard which has been thought of as one of the greatest meditative lyrics. The century drew its curtain down with Robert Burns, a lyrical poet and William Blake, a mystical poet. Burns wrote the majority of his poems in his Lowland Scottish dialect. In spite of the limitation of his lyric range, his expression of the simple singing line was greatly varied. Blake, with his Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, is regarded as the forerunner of Romanticism.Poetry in the 19th century experienced a significant phase in its development in Britain. William Wordsworth, together with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in 1798, published an epoch-making volume, Lyrical Ballads, which marks the break from the neoclassicism of the 18th century and the beginning of the romantic revival in England. Wordsworth wished to intensify everyday experience. The three men, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as Lake Poets, as they spent much of their time in the Lake District of northern England. George Gordon Lord Byron‟s fame rests mainly on two long poems: Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Don Juan. He also wrote many short beautiful lyrics such as She Walks in Beauty and When We Two Parted. Percy Bysshe Shelley‟s writing is the most passionate and intense of all the Romantic poets. His greatest lyrics include Song to the Men of England, Ode to the West Wind and To a Skylark. John Keats, influenced by the poets of the English Renaissance period, endeavored to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day. His immortal odes are To Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn. Robert Browning is entitled “the Shakespeare of the 19th century”. He was interested in stylistic experimentation, using rough colloquial diction and word order, surprisingand even grotesque rhymes, and harsh rhythms and metrical patterns. His Men and Women, a collection, displays his perfect use of a poetic form: the dramatic monologue. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning‟s wife, is the first woman poet who has occupied an everlasting place in English literature due to her sequence of love poems entitled Sonnets from the Portuguese.In the Victorian Age even when the novel became the dominant literary form, there appeared many important poets such as Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Algernon Charles Swinburne and Gerard Manley Hopkins. Victorian poetry has a close connection with Romantic poetry. Tennyson is a follower of John Keats, Swinburne of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Matthew Arnold of William Wordsworth. The Victorian poets endeavored to search for appropriate modes and experimented in a variety of ways. In versification, they experimented with new or unusual metrical patterns. In line with their metrical experiments were those in the art of narrative poetry. Among them appeared dramatic monologue, most effectively used by Tennyson and Browning. In subject matter, they dealt with some frequently recurring subjects, including a preoccupation with man‟s relationship to God, an acute awareness of time, the timeless equilibrium of lovers, the poignant experience of isolation and hostility of partners in a shattered marriage. Tennyson was the top poet to present the Victorian spirit. His works include the sentimental romance Maud, the epic Idylls of the King, the famous elegy In Memoriam. Swinburne‟s poetry threatened the Victorian sense of decency, so he became celebrated for his revolutionary utterances. His Poems and Ballads was considered a masterpiece of erotic literature. He showed his ingenuity in metrics and phonetics. He outwitted others by creating a new form, the roundel. Arnold was as much a critic and essayist as a poet, although his poetic output was comparatively little. Sohrab and Rustum, his best-known poem, is written in a delicate blank verse with Homeric style. But as a matter of fact his Dover Beach attains far greater height. Many of his best poems convey a melancholy, pessimistic sense of the dilemmas of modern life and tend to focus on the moral aspect of life.The early 20th century saw a technical revolution which is known as Imagism. In the years leading up to WWI, the imagist movement set the stage for a poetic revolution and reevaluation of metaphysical poetry. Thomas Stern Eliot extended the scope of Imagism by bringing the English metaphysicals and the French Symbolists to the rescue, introduced into modern English and American poetry the kind of irony achieved by shifting suddenly from the formal to the colloquial or by oblique allusions to objects or ideas that contrasted sharply with those carried by the surface meaning of the poem. So the 1920s is regarded as the age of Eliot. Gerard Manley Hopkins combined absolute precision of the individual image with a complex ordering of images and a new kind of metrical patterning. William Butler Yeats worked out his own notions of symbolism, developed a rich symbolic and metaphysical poetry with its own curiously haunting cadences and imagery. His poetry reflected the varying developments of his age and maintained an unmistakably individual accent. Both Thomas Hardy and Alfred Edward Housman inherited English poetic traditions and shared the similarity in having a pessimistic vision to human life.Wystan Hugh Auden often combined deliberate irreverence with verbal craftsmanship. His poetry is noted for its vitality, variety, and originality. Robert Graves and Edwin Muir are the two important 20th-century poets who stood somewhat apart from the main map of English poetry in the first half of the century. Both of them show that there were strengths in the English poetic tradition untapped by Thomas Sterns Eliot and his followers. They were much concerned with time and the human response to time, and both had a deep sense of history. New forces kept coming in during the sixties and seventies. English poetry today is more diverse than before. Since the end of the 1950‟s a new element of both rhetoric and myth has been coming into English poetry. The recent famous poets are Ted Hughes, Tony Harrison, Dylan Thomas and Seamus Heaney.In American literature the Puritans who had settled in New England were the first poets of the American colonies. When they came to America they maintained their cultural allegiances to Britain. Most Puritan poets saw the purpose of poetry as careful Christian examination of their life. So the Puritan‟s religious subject and imitation of English literary traditions were the two essential characteristics of early American literature. Anne Bradstreet, the first American poet, published a volume of poetry. Her famous The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America contained a muted declaration of independence from the past and a challenge to authority.Colonial poets of the 18th century still followed the example of British poets such as Alexander Pope. Ebenezer Cook and Richard Lewis wrote accomplished satirical poems based on British pastoral models. The development of poetry in the American colonies mirrors the development of the colonies themselves. Revolutionary-era poets felt an urgency to produce a serious national poetry that would celebrate the country‟s new democratic ideals. They d id not bother with the question whether a new nation required new forms of poetry, but were content to use traditional forms to write about new subjects in order to create the first truly American poetry. Many of Philip Freneau‟s poems focused on America‟s future greatness and other subjects including the beauties of the natural world. His lyric poems such as The Wild Honey Suckle and On a Honey Bee can be seen as the first expressions in American poetry of a deep spiritual engagement with nature. Phillis Wheatley wrote in 18th-century literary forms. But her highly structured and elegant poetry nonetheless expressed her frustration at enslavement and desire to reach a heaven where her color and social position would no longer keep her from singing in her full glory.In the 19th century American poetry assumed real literary value for the first time. The most remarkable poet born in America was William Cullen Bryant who gained public recognition for his Tbanatopsis. Influenced by British Romantic poets, especially by William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley, Bryant wrote about his personal experiences in nature and society, therefore, nature became the major theme of his poems. Edgar Allan Poe created noble poetry with felicity and won a reputation both in America and abroad. Toward the middle of the century there appeared a group of poets named the New England Group, which consisted of John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, andRalph Waldo Emerson. Whittier became best known for Snow-Bound, a long nostalgic look at his Massachusetts Quaker boyhood. Whittier was sensitive to find the beauty of the commonplace, to comprehend the profound meaning of freedom and democracy. Holmes followed the tradition of neoclassicism in his poetic creation, although he lived in the Romantic Period. His poetry was characterized by his light verse with witty, arresting charm. Lowell was best remembered for his volumes of poems such as A Year’s Life, Under the Willows and The Cathedral, in which he demonstrated his striking characteristics of simplicity, wit and urban good nature. Longfellow was the most distinguished poet in his story-telling faculty. His long poem The Song of Hiawatha was written in the nearest approach to a native epic that America as yet possessed. Ralph Waldo Emerson‟s poetry was more searching and intellectual than sensuous. His verse functioned as the transition from blank verse to free verse. These poets were united by a common search for a distinctive American voice to distinguish them from their British counterparts. The transcendentalism of Emerson and Henry David Thoreau was the distinctly American strain of English Romanticism. During the 19th century, black and white poets also wrote about the abolition of slavery and the emancipation of slaves.Bridging the gap between the New England Group and the contemporary poets towers the figure of Walt Whitman, the first working-class American poet. In 1855 Whitman published the first edition of Leaves of Grass which marked the birth of truly American poetry. In this collection Whitman developed a poetic style of originality, which was a major experiment in cadenced rather than metrical versification. Emily Dickinson is now regarded a chief poet, as great as Walt Whitman. She, the only important female poet in America in the 19th century, was fascinated with love, friendship, nature, life, immortality and death. Her poetry is distinguished not only by its intensity of emotion but by its idiosyncratic form — the frequent use of dash and capitalization, fragmentary and enigmatic metrical patterns. Herman Melville, though much better known as a novelist, wrote powerful poetry about the Civil War, collected in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War. He later wrote a long and mysterious poem, Clarel, about his search for faith, his struggle with doubt, and his anxiety about the decline of civilization.By 1900 the United States experienced multiple changes: westward expansion, waves of immigration, and increasing urbanization that combined to create a physically larger, more populous, and far more diverse country. American poetry in die opening decades of the century displayed far less unity. In the last decades of the 19th century, American literature had entered a period of regionalism. Dialect poetry written in exaggerated accents and colorful idioms became a sensation for a time and found its chief exponents in James Whitcomb Riley, Eugene Field, Paul Laurence Dunbar.The following period in the development of American poetry is generally considered as new era, dating from 1914. Edwin Arlington Robinson‟s Children of the Night and Collected Poems were full of brilliant condensations and sympathy for all phases of humanity, particularly with those lost dreamers whom the world appraises as mediocrities and failures. Robinson explored the lives of New Englanders in hisfictional Tilbury Town through dramatic monologues. He employed the rhythm of everyday speech and reflected a Puritan sense of humankind‟s moral corrupti on. At an equal rank with Robinson, Robert Frost further developed Robinson‟s New England voice in poetry that could be read both as regional and as some of the most accomplished modern poetry of the early 20th century. He revolutionized blank verse. Restr ained, humorous, and understated, Frost‟s poetry gives voice to modern psychological constructions of identity without ever losing its focus on the local and the specific. Carl Sandburg‟s writing was completely different from that of Robinson and Frost, who advocated reticence, whereas Sandburg was in favor of declamations. Sandburg saw the Middle West as the source of most of his materials and concerned himself with steel mills and slaughterhouses, city streets and farm houses, so he was called “the laureate of industrial America”.Ezra Pound and Thomas Sterns Eliot are the leading poets of early 20th century American literature. Meanwhile, many other poets also made important contributions. These included Gertrude Stein, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, Edward Estlin Cummings, Langston Hughes and Hart Crane. After WWII, a number of new poets and poetic movements emerged. The Confessional movement was just one of them. Robert Lowell, John Berryman, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass were its major members, and the first two were its leading lights. Both Berryman and Lowell were closely acquainted with modernism. Their subject matter had not been openly discussed in American poetry in the previous time. Private experiences with and feelings about death, trauma, depression and relationships were addressed in their poetry. WWII saw the emergence of a new generation of poets, many of whom were influenced by Wallace Stevens, Richard Eberhart, Karl Shapiro and Randall Jarrell. Around the same time, the Black Mountain poets appeared under the leadership of Charles Olson and Robert Creeley. They were a group of mid-20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered around Black Mountain College. The group included Charles Olson, Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, Edward Dorn, Paul Blackburn, and Jonathan Williams. They based their approach to poetry on Olson‟s essay Projective Verse. Some of the Black Mountain poets are often considered to have contributed to the San Francisco Renaissance. The 1970s saw a revival of interest in surrealism, with the most prominent poets such as Russell Edson and Maxine Chernoff working in this field. In 1980s appeared a group of poets known as the New Formalists, including Molly Pacock, Dana Gioia and Marilyn Hacker. They wrote in traditional forms and declared that this return to rhyme and more fixed meter was the new avant-garde.What Is PoetryThere have been many attempts to define what poetry is. Plato says that “The poet is a light and winged and holy thing, and there is no invention in him until he has been inspired and is out of his senses, and then the mind is no longer in him.” Aristode defines that “poetry, therefore, is a more philosophical and higher thing than history, fo r poetry tends to express the universe, history, the particular”. For Aristotle, poetry is a species of imitation or mimesis. Poetry uses different mediums, objectsand modes in order to carry out an imitation. Sir Philip Sidney borrows and amends the theories of Plato, Aristotle, Horace and a few of his contemporary Italian critics. He writes that “Poesy therefore is an art of imitation, for as Aristode terms in his word …mimesis‟, that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth.” but lat er he adds a Horation note, declaring poesy‟s chief end to be “to teach and delight”. Like Aristode, Sidney values poetry over history, law, and philosophy, but he takes Aristode‟s idea one step further by declaring that “poetry, above all the other arts a nd sciences, embodies truth.” Samuel Johnson insists that “the end of writing is to instruct; the end of poetry is to instruct by pleasing.” William Wordsworth defines “poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till, by a species of reaction, the tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist i n the mind. “Samuel Taylor Coleridge has his definition that “the proper and immediate object of Science is the acquirement or communication of truth; the proper and immediate object of poetry is the communication of pleasure ... I wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry; that is, prose: words in their best order; poetry: the best words in the best order.” Percy Bysshe Shelley says poetry is “the record of the best and happiest moments of the best minds”. Emily Dickinson thinks poetry is that which “makes my body so cold no fire can warm me, and makes me feel as if the top of my head were taken off”. To Carl Sandburg, “Poetiy is the synthesis of hyacinths and biscuits ... a series of explanations of life, fading o ff into horizons too swift for explanation”. Thomas Sterns Eliot considers that poetry is “not the assertion of truth, but the making of that truth more fully real to us”. Robert Frost holds that “a poem begins with a lump in the throat, a home-sickness or a love-sickness. It is a reaching-out toward expression; an effort to find fulfillment. A complete poem is one where the emotion has found its thought and the thought has found the words.” Louis Untermeyer gives, perhaps, the most eloquent definition: “Po etry is the power of defining the indefinable in terms of the unforgettable”. A. E. Housman observes that “I could no more define poetry than a terrier can define a rat,” while Dylan Thomas believed that “there is no such thing as poetry, only poems.” Here is Archibald Macleish‟s poem about poet ry: Ars PoeticaA poem should be palpable and muteAs a globed fruit,DumbAs old medallions to the thumb,Silent as the sleeve-worn stoneOf casement ledges where the moss has grown —A poem should be wordless As the flight of birds.A poem should be motionless in time As the moon climbs,Leaving, as the moon releasesTwig by twig the night-entangled trees,Leaving, as the moon behind the winter leaves, Memory by memory the mind —A poem should be motionless in time As the moon climbs.A poem should be equal toNot true.For all the history of griefAn empty doorway and a maple leaf.For loveThe leaning grasses and two lights above the sea —A poem should not meanBut be.It is clear that poetry is almost too complex to define. Every poet seems to have his or her own definition of poetry. Usually a poet is just describing his or her definition in his or her poems. It is difficult to have a single definition of poetry that fits all its varying structures, styles and subject material. A typical dictionary might define poetry as literary composition written in verse with meaning. This simple definition only characterizes poetry on the surface, but there is so much more to poetry than just words. One can hardly define what poetry is. However, one can make an attempt to describe its properties, function, and characteristics as clearly as possible. It is a method to express one‟s emotion and make his reader feel it by means of the best language. If one is dealing with similar ideas and perspectives, conventional forms of language may not be sufficient to express emphatically and efficiently. That is why poetry has evolved and taken so many different linguistic forms over the centuries. The definition of poetry can be discussed, debated, and analyzed, but it cannot be understood in concrete terms. In a world full of unknowns, secrets, and mysteries, poetry becomes a means of survival and coping. Through poetry, one can acquire knowledge how to do with the change, how to come to terms with joy and grief, and how to celebrate the wonder still to be found in the extraordinary energy of daily life. Due to this perspective by itself, poetry cannot be limited by definitions. It cannot be communicated or fathomed other than by the use of poetry itself.How to Read a PoemPoetry is written to be read aloud and heard. In the past, it was common for people to get together and read poetry to each other. A poem was not simply a piece of。

罗选民英美赏析教程里的诗歌的翻译与赏析

罗选民英美赏析教程里的诗歌的翻译与赏析

罗选民英美赏析教程里的诗歌的翻译与赏析第一篇阿尔弗瑞德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌假如我认为,我是回答一个能转回阳世间的人,那么,这火焰就不会再摇闪。

但既然,如我听到的果真没有人能活着离开这深渊,我回答你就不必害怕流言。

那么我们走吧,你我两个人,正当朝天空慢慢铺展着黄昏好似病人麻醉在手术桌上;我们走吧,穿过一些半清冷的街,那儿休憩的场所正人声喋喋;有夜夜不宁的下等歇夜旅店和满地蚌壳的铺锯末的饭馆;街连着街,好象一场讨厌的争议带着阴险的意图要把你引向一个重大的问题……唉,不要问,“那是什么?”让我们快点去作客。

在客厅里女士们来回地走,谈着画家米开朗基罗。

黄色的雾在窗玻璃上擦着它的背,黄色的烟在窗玻璃上擦着它的嘴,把它的舌头舐进黄昏的角落,徘徊在快要干涸的水坑上;让跌下烟囱的烟灰落上它的背,它溜下台阶,忽地纵身跳跃,看到这是一个温柔的十月的夜,于是便在房子附近蜷伏起来安睡。

呵,确实地,总会有时间看黄色的烟沿着街滑行,在窗玻璃上擦着它的背;总会有时间,总会有时间装一副面容去会见你去见的脸;总会有时间去暗杀和创新,总会有时间让举起问题又丢进你盘里的双手完成劳作与度过时日;有的是时间,无论你,无论我,还有的是时间犹豫一百遍,或看到一百种幻景再完全改过,在吃一片烤面包和饮茶以前。

在客厅里女士们来回地走,谈着画家米开朗基罗。

呵,确实地,总还有时间来疑问,“我可有勇气?”“我可有勇气?”总还有时间来转身走下楼梯,把一块秃顶暴露给人去注意——(她们会说:“他的头发变得多么稀!”)我的晨礼服,我的硬领在腭下笔挺,我的领带雅致而多彩,用一个简朴的别针固定——(她们会说:“可是他的胳膊腿多么细!”)我可有勇气搅乱这个宇宙?在一分钟里总还有时间决定和变卦,过一分钟再变回头。

因为我已经熟悉了她们,熟悉了她们所有的人——熟悉了那些黄昏,和上下午的情景,我是用咖啡匙子量走了我的生命;我熟悉每当隔壁响起了音乐话声就逐渐低微而至停歇。

英美诗歌鉴赏ppt课件

英美诗歌鉴赏ppt课件

用部分代替整体,或用整体代 替部分。例如,“伦敦的雾” (London Fog)可以代表“ 工业污染”。
通过说反话或表达与字面意思 相反的含义,达到讽刺或幽默 的效果。例如,“他是个快乐 的单身汉”(He is a happy bachelor),实际上是说他是 个孤独的人。
意象与象征
意象(Image)
03
英美著名诗人及代表作品
莎士比亚的《十四行诗》
要点一
总结词
莎士比亚的《十四行诗》是一部充满情感与技巧的诗歌作 品,展现了诗人对爱、生命和死亡的深入思考。
要点二
详细描述
这部作品由154首十四行诗组成,探讨了各种主题,包括 爱、死亡、时间和人生等。诗中使用了丰富的比喻和修辞 手法,如“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?/ Thou art more lovely and more temperate.”(我是否 可以把你比作一个夏日?/你比夏日更可爱也更温和。)这 些诗句展现了诗人对语言的精湛运用和对主题的深入理解 。
现代主义与后现代主义诗歌的特点
现代主义诗歌特点 重视个体体验和内心感受 大量运用象征、隐喻等修辞手法
现代主义与后现代主义诗歌的特点
01
诗歌语言简洁、意象鲜明
02
关注现代都市生活和科技文明带来的影响
后现代主义诗歌特点
03
现代主义与后现代主义诗歌的特点
解构传统诗歌结构和韵 律
关注边缘群体和反主流 文化
02
情感是指诗歌所表达的情感状 态,包括喜怒哀乐、爱恨情愁 等方面。
03
分析诗歌的主题和情感,有助 于理解诗人的情感表达方式和 诗歌的艺术价值。
关注诗歌的细节与意象

《英美诗歌鉴赏课件》The_Confessional_School

《英美诗歌鉴赏课件》The_Confessional_School
Lowell began writing at St. Mark's School, where his teacher was the poet Richard Eberhart. He studied English literature at Harvard. When his parents rejected the woman he proposed to marry, he broke from his family. On the advice of a psychiatrist, he transferred to Kenyon College (Ohio). There he studied poetry and criticism, graduating in 1940.
Lowell died of heart failure in a taxi on September 12, 1977, in New York. At the time of his death, he was returning to Elizabeth and his daughter, after breaking with Caroline. His last collection was DAY BY DAY, in which he used free verse like he had done in his early works. Lowell's record of his domestic history received posthumously in 1978 the National Book Critics Circle Award.
1. Features of The Confessional School

罗门诗歌《麦坚利堡》原文及赏析

罗门诗歌《麦坚利堡》原文及赏析

罗门诗歌《麦坚利堡》原文及赏析(最新版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如诗歌散文、原文赏析、读书笔记、经典名著、古典文学、网络文学、经典语录、童话故事、心得体会、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as poetry and prose, original text appreciation, reading notes, classic works, classical literature, online literature, classic quotations, fairy tales, experience, other sample essays, etc. if you want to know the difference Please pay attention to the format and writing of the sample essay!罗门诗歌《麦坚利堡》原文及赏析【导语】:麦坚利堡超过伟大的是人类对伟大已感到茫然战争坐在此哭谁它的笑声曾使七万个灵魂陷落在比睡眠还深的地带太阳已冷星月已冷太平洋的浪被炮火煮开也都冷了史密斯威廉斯烟花节光麦坚利堡超过伟大的是人类对伟大已感到茫然战争坐在此哭谁它的笑声曾使七万个灵魂陷落在比睡眠还深的地带太阳已冷星月已冷太平洋的浪被炮火煮开也都冷了史密斯威廉斯烟花节光荣伸不出手来接你们回家你们的名字运回故乡比入冬的海水还冷在死亡的喧噪里你们的无救上帝的手呢血已把伟大的纪念冲洗了出来战争都哭了伟大它为什么不笑七万朵十字花围成园排成林绕成百合的村在风中不动在雨里也不动沉默给马尼拉海湾看苍白给游客们的照相机看史密斯威廉斯在死亡紊乱的镜面上我只想知道哪里是你们童糼时眼睛常去玩的地方哪地方藏有春日的录音带与彩色的幻灯片麦坚利堡鸟都不叫了树叶也怕动凡是声音都会使这里的静默受击出血空间与空间绝缘时间逃离钟表这里比灰暗的天地线还少说话永恒无声美丽的无音房死者的花园活人的风景区神来过敬仰来过汽车与都市也都来过而史密斯威廉斯你们是不来也不去了静止如取下摆心的表面看不清岁月的脸在日光的夜里星灭的晚上你们的盲睛不分季节地睡着睡醒了一个死不透的世界睡熟了麦坚利堡绿得格外忧郁的草场死神将圣品挤满在嘶喊的大理石上给升满的星条旗看给不朽看给云看麦坚利堡是浪花已塑成碑林的陆上太平洋一幅悲天泣地的大浮雕挂入死亡最黑的背景七万个故事焚毁于白色不安的颤栗史密斯威廉斯当落日烧红满野芒果林于昏暮神都将急急离去星也落尽你们是哪里也不去了太平洋阴森的海底是没有门的&emsp;&emsp;注:麦坚利堡(Fort Mckinly)纪念第二次大战期间七万美军在太平洋地区战亡;美国人在马尼拉城郊,以七万座大理石十字架,分别刻着死者的出生地与名字,非常壮观也非常凄惨地排列在空旷的绿坡上,展览着太平洋悲壮的战况,以及人类悲惨的命运,七万个彩色的故事,是被死亡永远埋住了,这个世界在都市喧噪的射程之外,这里的空灵有着伟大与不安的颤栗,山林的鸟被吓住都不叫了。

英美诗歌赏析教学大纲

英美诗歌赏析教学大纲

燕山大学本科课程教学大纲英美诗歌赏析课程教学大纲课程名称:英美诗歌赏析课程编码:英文名称:The Appreciation of British and American Poetry学时:36 学分:2开课学期:07-08春季学期适用专业:不限课程类别:选修课程性质:公共课先修课程:无教材:英美诗歌选读,湖南师范大学出版社一、课程性质及任务该课程旨在通过教学使学生对英美文学各个时期主要诗人及其诗作有较系统的了解,掌握基本的诗歌鉴赏知识和技能,培养学生对作家、作品、诗歌流派进行分析鉴赏和评论的能力以及一定的论文写作能力,提高学生的文化素养、人文精神和综合能力,扩大学生的知识面、优化学生的知识结构,有利于促进不同学科的交叉渗透。

二、课程内容及学习方法课程内容从文艺复兴时期的莎士比亚十四行诗起至现代派诗人以及诗作。

在体裁上包括十四行诗、独白诗、挽歌、史诗、田园诗、白体诗、英雄双韵体诗等等。

同时介绍英美诗歌史上的重要流派玄学派、湖畔派、宪章派、前拉斐尔派、意象派、芝加哥诗派、自白派以及黑山派等。

学习方法主要包括: 在老师课堂讲解的基础上开展分组讨论,听诗歌录音,模仿朗诵以及书写读后感等形式。

三、课程的教学要求本课程要求学生在认真听讲、写读书笔记、积极参加分组讨论的基础上,能够比较系统地了解英美文学各个时期主要诗人及其代表作品,掌握基本的诗歌鉴赏知识和技能,能够对英美主要诗人、诗作、诗歌流派进行分析鉴赏和评论。

通过阅读、欣赏英美著名诗歌,加深学生对英美文化和西方文化的了解,进一步提高学生的文化素养、人文精神和跨文化交际等综合能力。

燕山大学教学大纲四、课程学时分配五、课程习题要求要求学生在认真听讲的基础上,能够完成课外阅读和课后作业。

六、课程的实验内容与要求无燕山大学本科课程教学大纲七、课程的主要参考书1.《英国诗选》(卞之林编,商务印书馆,1996)2.《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁编,外语教学与研究出版社,1988)3.《英国诗歌教程》(戴继国编,对外经济贸易大学出版社,1984)4.《美国文学简史》(常耀信编,南开大学出版社,1993)5. The Oxford Companion to English Literature (Edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press & Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press)6. The Oxford Companion to American Literature (Edited by James D. Hart, Oxford University Press & Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press))7. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms (Edited by Chris Baldick, Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press)8.The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces (General editor: Maynard Mack, W.W. Norton & Company. New York. London, 1992)制定人:王艳文审定人:批准者:2007年10月。

英美诗歌赏析

英美诗歌赏析

英美诗歌赏析英美诗歌赏析一、引言在英美文学中,诗歌一直扮演着重要的角色。

英美诗歌以其丰富的表现形式、深邃的内涵和优美的语言著称。

本文将对英美诗歌进行全面的赏析,涵盖了各个时期与流派的代表作品。

二、古典主义诗歌1:诗歌特点:严格的诗体规范,受到古希腊罗马文学的影响。

2:代表作品:约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》,亚历山大·蒲柏的《邪恶的希望》。

3:赏析:分析古典主义诗歌的格律、句式和主题,探讨其与当时社会背景的关联。

三、浪漫主义诗歌1:诗歌特点:强调情感表达和个人体验,崇尚自然与人性。

2:代表作品:威廉·华兹华斯的《浪漫颂歌》,约翰·济慈的《秋思》。

3:赏析:探讨浪漫主义诗歌对个体情感、社会观念和政治状况的反映。

四、现代主义诗歌1:诗歌特点:复杂的形式实验,对传统诗歌形式和语言进行颠覆。

2:代表作品:T·S·艾略特的《荒原》,韦斯特·文振克的《红轮梦幻曲》。

3:赏析:解读现代主义诗歌中的象征主义、意象主义和超现实主义元素,揭示其对现代社会变革和个体内心体验的描绘。

五、后现代主义诗歌1:诗歌特点:注重语言游戏、双关和语意模糊,拒绝固定的意义体系。

2:代表作品:艾莉森·莱德尔的《我们长夜的烛火》,约翰·阿什贝利的《三首诗》。

3:赏析:分析后现代主义诗歌中的语言流变、反叙事和新的意义构建。

六、女性主义诗歌1:诗歌特点:探讨女性经验、身份和主体性,呼吁性别平等。

2:代表作品:席安娜·普拉斯克的《肩并肩》,西尔维亚·普拉斯的《镰刀诗人》。

3:赏析:评析女性主义诗歌中的身体政治、家庭关系和社会问题,并探讨与其他流派的关联。

七、本文所涉及的附件:附件1:《失乐园》全文附件2:《浪漫颂歌》全文附件3:《荒原》全文附件4:《我们长夜的烛火》全文附件5:《肩并肩》全文八、法律名词及注释1:版权法:保护文学作品的独立性和创作权。

094英美文学参考文献

094英美文学参考文献

1.《英国文学教程》,张伯香主编,武汉大学出版社,19972.《英国文学简史》,常耀信著,南开大学出版社,2006年印刷3.《漫话英美文学》,常耀信著,南开大学出版社,2004年版4.《英美文学选读》,桂扬清,吴翔林,中国对外翻译出版公司,1985年版5.《英美文学散文论》,朱虹著,生活、读书、新知三联书店出版,1984年版6.《英美文学工具书指南》,钱青著,上海译文出版社,1994年版7.《英美文学赏析教程》,罗选民主编,清华大学出版社,2002年版8.《英美文学欣赏》,刁克利主编,中国人民大学出版社,20039.《英美文学选读》,张伯香、马建君主编,外语教学与研究出版社,199910.《英美文学与艺术中的古典神话》,盖雷,上海人民出版社,200511.《英美文学名著赏析》,刘存波,华南理工大学出版社,200512.《英美文学赏析教程小说与戏剧》,罗选民,清华大学出版社,200613.《英美文学佳作赏析》,王群,华中科技大学出版社,200614.《英国文学史》,王佐良著,商务印书馆,199615.《英国文学名片选注》,王佐良等主编,商务印书馆,198316.《英国散文的流变》,王佐良著,商务印书馆,199417.《美国短篇小说选》,欧文等著,商务印书馆,198218.《英国诗史》,王佐良著,译林出版社,199719.《外国文学》,王佐良著,北京外国语学院该刊编辑部,198020.《英国文艺复兴时期文学史》,王佐良,何其莘,外语教学与研究出版社,199621.《美国文学简史》,常耀信著,南开大学出版社,199022.《美国文学选读》,常耀信著,南开大学出版社,198723.《美国文学史》,常耀信著,南开大学出版社,199824.《英国文学简史》,刘炳善编著,上海外语教育出版社,198125.《英国文学简史》,刘炳善,河南人民出版社,200626.《美国文学选读》(1-2),杨岂深,龙文佩,上海译文出版社,198727.《英国文学选读》(1-3),杨岂深,孙铢主编,上海译文出版社,198128.《外国文学名著欣赏》,杨岂深主编,黑龙江人民出版社,198229.《大学英国文学史》,宋文林,商务印书馆,199630.《英国文学史》(1-4),陈嘉著,商务印书馆,198631.《英国文学作品选读》(全三册),陈嘉著,商务印书馆,198332.《美国文学名著精选》(上、下),钱青主编,商务印书馆,199433.《英美文学工具书指南》,钱青主编,上海译文出版社,199434.《英国文学教程学习指南》,张伯香,武汉大学出版社,2006。

以勃朗宁的《深夜幽会》为例试论诗歌的翻译

以勃朗宁的《深夜幽会》为例试论诗歌的翻译

以勃朗宁的《深夜幽会》为例试论诗歌的翻译引言把诗歌从一种语言翻译成另外一种语言,译者的任务是既要保持原文的韵味,又要准确全面的传达原文的深层含义。

这就要求深入彻底地理解句子含义,特别是要准确把握那些表意模糊的句子。

《深夜幽会》是一首戏剧性很强的作品,因此要想准确翻译此诗,必须正确恰当的处理诗歌原文的艺术特点。

这首《深夜幽会》生动细腻地描述了一对情人黑夜幽会的情景。

全诗没有直接的心理描写和感情宣泄,然而那富于戏剧性的背景描绘及人物动作的展现却使读者清晰地看到热恋中青年男子的一腔激情。

一、诗歌译文的三个版本诗歌译文的三个版本分别介绍如下:译文(一)海水茫茫岸黑黝淡黄半月大又低微波荡漾惊梦醒月辉入海泛涟漪吾驶轻舟进海湾靠岸船头滑入泥一哩沙滩风送暖三畴已过见农庄轻扣窗棂闻声响蓝光一闪火柴亮欣喜惊惧语呢喃轻过怦怦两心跳译文(二)深夜幽会海,昏暗;地,漫长、漆黑;半轮黄月,大而低垂;细浪从梦中惊醒,在火一般的涟漪中闪动。

我驾急行的小舟抵达海湾,船头扎进充满泥沙的海滩。

之后,走过一哩散发温暖海香的沙滩,1又穿过三块田地,直到一农庄出现;轻扣窗户;急速的哧啦声响,蓝光闪过,火柴点亮。

柔声细语,透露出惊与喜,之后,两颗心惊跳在一起。

(李正栓译)译文(三)夜苍茫沧海茫茫倚大荒,一弯眉月色偏黄。

波澜惊拍又何妨?怒卷千重心彷徨。

海湾舟行疾,泥沙一阻岸边藏。

水暖沙滩长,三亩过后是农庄。

灯火微光。

啼笑难自禁,相会喜欲狂!窃窃语不止,绝胜各感伤!二、词语翻译本诗开头的几个形容词 grey,long,black 不仅仅是表示颜色和长度的,而且也包涵了诗中男子独自一人在慢慢长夜中长途跋涉,寻找自己心爱的女子时急切而孤独的心情。

同时也奠定了整首诗起始部分灰色的基调。

中文一个“茫茫”就把漆黑长夜中的漫漫海岸以及男子的迫不及待又无可奈何的心情表达得淋漓尽致了。

译文(二)中译成“海,昏暗;地,漫长、漆黑”,仿佛戏剧舞台上道具的陈列,开篇就营造出了一种紧张的舞台气氛。

美国文学选读 诗歌鉴赏

美国文学选读 诗歌鉴赏

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowI Shot an ArrowI shot an arrow into the air,我把一支箭射向空中It fell to earth I knew not where;不知它落在何方For so swiftly it flew the sight飞得那么快Could not follow it in its flight飞行.眼睛难以追寻它的方向I breathed a song into the air,我对着天空轻轻唱歌It fell to earth I knew not where;不知它消逝在何方For who has the sight so keen and strong谁的眼光能如此敏锐犀利That can follow the flight of a song.能跟上歌声的翅膀Long, long afterwards in an oak,很久很久以后,在一棵橡树上I found the arrow still unbroke 完整的;我找到了那支箭,仍未折断And the song, from beginning to end,也发现了那支歌,自始自终I found again in the heart of a friend.在朋友的心中欢唱Analysis:When he shot an arrow and breathed a song into the air, he did not expect to find them any more.But many years later, he came across with the arrow and found that his song was always in the heart of his friend.This suggests that the friendship is everlasting.This poem is written in a traditional iambic form with the feet “aabb aacc ddee”.In the poem, Longfellow sings the friendship implicitly and skillfully.The arrow and the song in this poem stand for the friendship.Structurally, the first and the second stanza develop in a parallel way, yet in the last stanza the poet joins the two independent images logically together to indicate the strength of fantastic conceit in poetry.A Psalm of Life 人生颂Tell me not, in mornful numbers不要在哀伤的诗句里告诉我:"Life is but an empty dream!"“人生不过是一场幻梦!”For the soul is dead that slumbers因为灵魂睡着了,就等于死了,And things are not what they seem.事物的真相与外表不同。

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第一篇阿尔弗瑞德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌假如我认为,我是回答一个能转回阳世间的人,那么,这火焰就不会再摇闪。

但既然,如我听到的果真没有人能活着离开这深渊,我回答你就不必害怕流言。

那么我们走吧,你我两个人,正当朝天空慢慢铺展着黄昏好似病人麻醉在手术桌上;我们走吧,穿过一些半清冷的街,那儿休憩的场所正人声喋喋;有夜夜不宁的下等歇夜旅店和满地蚌壳的铺锯末的饭馆;街连着街,好象一场讨厌的争议带着阴险的意图要把你引向一个重大的问题……唉,不要问,“那是什么?”让我们快点去作客。

在客厅里女士们来回地走,谈着画家米开朗基罗。

黄色的雾在窗玻璃上擦着它的背,黄色的烟在窗玻璃上擦着它的嘴,把它的舌头舐进黄昏的角落,徘徊在快要干涸的水坑上;让跌下烟囱的烟灰落上它的背,它溜下台阶,忽地纵身跳跃,看到这是一个温柔的十月的夜,于是便在房子附近蜷伏起来安睡。

呵,确实地,总会有时间看黄色的烟沿着街滑行,在窗玻璃上擦着它的背;总会有时间,总会有时间装一副面容去会见你去见的脸;总会有时间去暗杀和创新,总会有时间让举起问题又丢进你盘里的双手完成劳作与度过时日;有的是时间,无论你,无论我,还有的是时间犹豫一百遍,或看到一百种幻景再完全改过,在吃一片烤面包和饮茶以前。

在客厅里女士们来回地走,谈着画家米开朗基罗。

呵,确实地,总还有时间来疑问,“我可有勇气?”“我可有勇气?”总还有时间来转身走下楼梯,把一块秃顶暴露给人去注意——(她们会说:“他的头发变得多么稀!”)我的晨礼服,我的硬领在腭下笔挺,我的领带雅致而多彩,用一个简朴的别针固定——(她们会说:“可是他的胳膊腿多么细!”)我可有勇气搅乱这个宇宙?在一分钟里总还有时间决定和变卦,过一分钟再变回头。

因为我已经熟悉了她们,熟悉了她们所有的人——熟悉了那些黄昏,和上下午的情景,我是用咖啡匙子量走了我的生命;我熟悉每当隔壁响起了音乐话声就逐渐低微而至停歇。

所以我怎么敢开口?而且我已熟悉那些眼睛,熟悉了她们所有的眼睛——那些眼睛能用一句成语的公式把你盯住,当我被公式化了,在别针下趴伏,那我怎么能开始吐出我的生活和习惯的全部剩烟头?我又怎么敢开口?而且我已经熟悉了那些胳膊,熟悉了她们所有的胳膊——那些胳膊带着镯子,又袒露又白净(可是在灯光下,显得淡褐色毛茸茸!)是否由于衣裙的香气使得我这样话离本题?那些胳膊或围着肩巾,或横在案头。

那时候我该开口吗?可是我怎么开始?是否我说,我在黄昏时走过窄小的街,看到孤独的男子只穿着衬衫倚在窗口,烟斗里冒着袅袅的烟?……那我就会成为一对蟹螯急急爬过沉默的海底。

啊,那下午,那黄昏,睡得多平静!被纤长的手指轻轻抚爱,睡了……倦慵的……或者它装病,躺在地板上,就在你我脚边伸开。

是否我,在用过茶、糕点和冰食以后,有魄力把这一刻推到紧要的关头?然而,尽管我曾哭泣和斋戒,哭泣和祈祷,尽管我看见我的头(有一点秃了)用盘子端了进来,我不是先知——这也不值得大惊小怪;我曾看到我伟大的时刻闪烁,我曾看到那永恒的“侍者”拿着我的外衣暗笑,一句话,我有点害怕。

而且,归根到底,是不是值得当小吃、果子酱和红茶已用过,在杯盘中间,当人们谈着你和我,是不是值得以一个微笑把这件事情一口啃掉,把整个宇宙压缩成一个球,使它滚向某个重大的问题,说道:“我是拉撒路,从冥界来报一个信,我要告诉你们一切。

”——万一她把枕垫放在头下一倚,说道:“唉,我意思不是要谈这些;不,我不是要谈这些。

”那么,归根到底,是不是值得,是否值得在那许多次夕阳以后,在庭院的散步和水淋过街道以后,在读小说以后,在饮茶以后,在长裙拖过地板以后,——说这些,和许多许多事情?——要说出我想说的话绝不可能!仿佛有幻灯把神经的图样投到幕上:是否还值得如此难为情,假如她放一个枕垫或掷下披肩,把脸转向窗户,甩出一句:“那可不是我的本意,那可绝不是我的本意。

”不!我并非哈姆雷特王子,当也当不成;我只是个侍从爵士,为王家出行,铺排显赫的场面,或为王子出主意,就够好的了;无非是顺手的工具,服服帖帖,巴不得有点用途,细致,周详,处处小心翼翼;满口高谈阔论,但有点愚鲁;有时候,老实说,显得近乎可笑,有时候,几乎是个丑角。

呵,我变老了……我变老了……我将要卷起我的长裤的裤脚。

我将把头发往后分吗?我可敢吃桃子?我将穿上白法兰绒裤在海滩上散步。

我听见了女水妖彼此对唱着歌。

我不认为她们会为我而唱歌。

我看过她们凌驾波浪驶向大海,梳着打回来的波浪的白发,当狂风把海水吹得又黑又白。

我们留连于大海的宫室,被海妖以红的和棕的海草装饰,一旦被人声唤醒,我们就淹死。

查良铮译《阿尔弗瑞德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》析这篇诗是一个戏剧独白,一个人说出一段话来暗示他的经历并显示了他性格。

……普鲁弗洛克是一个中年人,有些过于敏感和怯懦,又企望又迁延,一方面害怕生命白白溜走,可又对事实无可奈何。

他本是他的客厅世界的地道产物,可又对那个世界感到模糊地不满。

不过,我们只有细细观察,才能掌握本诗许多细节的全部意义并理解全诗的含意。

现在就让我们按照顺序对各个细节观察一下吧。

本诗里的“你”是谁?它就是许多其他诗中所出现的那个“你”,即普通读者。

但本诗中的“你”还特殊一点,它是普鲁弗洛克愿意向其展示内心秘密的人。

关于这问题,我们在本文最后还要论到。

时间正是黄昏,“你”被邀请一起去访问,而这个黄昏世界在本诗往下叙述时变得越来越重要了。

这个世界既非黑夜又非白昼。

昏黄的色彩渲染了本诗的气氛。

这是一个“好似病人麻醉在手术桌上”的黄昏,由于这个形象,这昏黄世界也成了另一意义的昏黄世界,就是生与死之间的境界。

这里也意味着病恹的世界,手术室的氛围。

我们可以说,在某一意义上,普鲁弗洛克是在动外科手术,或至少进行疾病检查(这病人既是他的世界,也是他自己)。

他在寻求一个问题的答案,——这是“一个重大的问题”对这问题“你”不能问,只能从这次访问中,在看到普鲁弗洛克的世界后才能理解。

要达到普鲁弗洛克的特殊世界,“你”必须走过一段由阴险的街道组成的贫民窟。

它为普鲁弗洛克的世界提供一个背景,一种对照,这对照在本诗后面部分尤其重要,但目前是为了指出那突如其来的女士们的谈话是多么琐碎。

这并非说她们谈的主题琐碎。

恰恰相反,那主题——弥盖朗琪罗是和女士们的琐碎形成对照的,因为他是有着强烈性格的人和辉煌的艺术家,而且还是文艺复兴伟大创造时期的典型人物,他和普鲁弗洛克世界的女士们很不相称。

在本诗第15-20行,我们进一步接触到这个昏黄世界。

这里有一点发展是:烟和雾的降落有意加重那客厅与外界的隔绝。

而且,睡猫的形象影射普鲁弗洛克世界的懒洋洋和漫无目的的特点。

在下一段(第23-34行)里,有两个主题呈现诗中:即时间主题和“表象及真实”主题。

前一主题表现在:总还有时间来决定解决某一未名的“重大的问题”——来构制幻景和修改幻景。

这里“幻景”(vision)一词是重要的,因为它意味着某种基本的洞察力,真理的一闪或美的一瞥。

只有神秘学家、圣徒、占卜人和诗人才看到“幻景”。

可是这一个词又和“更改”并用,含有再思索和故意改变的意思,等等。

本段的第二主题表现在:普鲁弗洛克要准备一副假相来应付世界。

他不能直接面对世界,而必须伪装起来。

这种必须是怎么引起来的,现在还看不出,但在下一节(第37-48行)里我们看到:伪装是由于害怕嘲笑,怕世人的敌视的眼睛贪婪地瞄着每一缺陷。

在这里,时间主题的侧重点也改变了。

在前一节,是总会有时间来容许推迟重要的决定,可是现在,在那个思想里还渗入另一个思想,即时光迫人,暮年逼近。

带着时光迫人的意识和恐惧,普鲁弗洛克敢不敢以一个重大的问题搅乱那个宇宙呢?以下三节(第49-69行)进一步解释何以普鲁弗洛克不能搅乱宇宙。

第一,他自己就属于那个世界,因此,他批评它就是甘冒大不韪。

作为那个世界的完美的产物,又被它的庸碌无能的自卑感所熏染,他凭什么能提出对它的批判呢?其次,他害怕这个世界,那些敌视的眼睛在瞄着他。

这种恐惧使他不敢改变他的“生活和习惯”。

这三节中的最后一节(第62-69行)好象和前两节有同样的格局:我已经熟悉了这个世界,等等,所以,我怎么敢提出?可是它有新的内容,即胳膊和香气,这不能被认为仅仅是普鲁弗洛克世界的细节。

归根到底,这首诗名为“情歌”,却迄未见爱情的故事。

现在,不是一个女人,而是许多女人意味深长地呈现了。

普鲁弗洛克被赤裸的胳膊和衣裙的阵阵香气所吸引,可就是在这陈述浪漫感情的几行中,我们看到一种更现实的观察在括弧中被提出来:“可是在灯光下,显得淡褐色毛茸茸!”是否这仅仅是一带而过,还是指出了普鲁弗洛克的某方面?对“真正”的胳膊的观察和“浪漫”想象中的胳膊形成对照,这一事实即减弱了吸引力:针对着诱惑还暗示有一种厌恶,有一种对现实和肉体的弃绝。

在这种情况下,普鲁弗洛克怎能“开口”呢?以下五行(第70-74行)是一种插叙,发展着“爱情”主题。

普鲁弗洛克想起了(一如在本诗开头)他走过陋巷和贫民窟,看见那里孤独的男子们,被社会所遗弃的人们。

何以这里插入这一回忆呢?为什么它在此刻浮上普鲁弗洛克的心中并写在诗里?普鲁弗洛克也是一个孤独的人,一个被社会遗弃的人,他突然感到自己和那些孤独者是一样的。

但同时,他的处境却和他们不同。

他们是因贫困、恶运、疾病或老年而孤独,而他的孤独是由于他畏缩和弃绝生活。

这种解释从一对兽爪那两行得到支持。

兽爪是一种贪婪的象征,它和普鲁弗洛克的过于文雅和敏感得神经质的生存形成两个极端。

可是绝望中的普鲁弗洛克宁愿过那种兽爪的生活,不管它如何低级和原始,只因为那是生活,而且是有目的的生活。

贫民窟的景象和原始的海底都不同于普鲁弗洛克的世界;我们可以感到从第70行起,有了一种呆板的、散文的节奏,和本诗其他部分的流畅而松弛的节奏迥乎不同。

从第75行起,我们重又回到客厅来,回到普鲁弗洛克没有魄力促使“紧要关头”出现的那个被麻醉的、平静的昏黄世界来。

主宰这一节的主题是时间主题,一种体力衰退和死亡临近的感觉,不是时间太多,而是时不我待的感觉。

现在,在岁月蹉跎的感觉下,普鲁弗洛克的痛苦仿佛无所谓了;它没有任何成果。

他承认他不是先知,也不是象施洗礼者约翰(注:施洗礼者约翰是耶酥的前驱,据说他奉派“为天主铺平道路”。

《新约·马太福音》记载:希律王因为约翰阻止他娶自己的弟妇希罗底,而将约翰囚禁,但因百姓以约翰为先知,不敢杀他。

以后希罗底的女儿沙乐美得到希律的欢心,要求希律把约翰杀掉,把他的头放在盘子上给她。

希律果然照办了。

)那样能宣告新的天道。

在提及施洗礼者约翰的地方,我们还看到也有爱情故事的提示,因为那个先知所以致死,是由于他拒绝了沙乐美的爱情;普鲁弗洛克也拒绝了爱情,但并非由于他是虔信和热情传道的先知,他只不过是他的世界的产物,而在他那个世界里,甚至“死亡”也是一个侍役,在拿着他的外衣并暗笑这个有些滑稽的客人。

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