《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记【圣才出品】

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《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(The Dover Beach)【圣才出品】

18. The Dover BeachThe sea is calm tonight.The tide is full, the moon lies fairUpon the straits; on the French coast the lightGleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!Only, from the long line of sprayWhere the sea meets the moon-blanch’d land,Listen! You hear the grating roarOf pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,At their return, up the high strand,Begin, and cease, and then again beginWith tremulous cadence slow, and bringThe eternal note of sadness in.By Matthew Arnold【参考译文】苍海静入夜。

正潮满，长峡托孤月；看法兰西岸，灯火明灭。

英伦峭壁森森，光熠熠，崖下风烟一时绝。

凭窗立，觉夜气清和透心冽！远望，月洗平沙千万里，排浪一线翻霜雪。

听！潮卷砾石声威烈，又回首，怒掷高滩侧。

才至也，又消歇，慢调如泣轻吟处，愁音万古声声切！(辜正坤译) 【翻译赏析】①这两节诗选自马修·阿诺德的《多佛海岸》，写诗人在英吉利海峡一端，凭窗而立，遥望法兰西岸灯火明灭，英伦峭壁森森，更有月洗的平沙，潮卷的砾石，怒掷高滩的海浪。

最后，这壮观的景象引发了是人的遣怀与寄托，达到了情与景的结合，人与物的交融。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(套语的翻译)【圣才出品】

第7章套语的翻译一、套语是文化的结晶套语(language formula)是一个文化特征性强的整体，其内部成分具有不可替换性。

它文化内涵丰富，是一个语言文化体系的结晶，多为约定俗成的成语、俗语表达等。

例：Where there is a will, there is a way.[分析]这是一个整体表达，其中文化内涵丰富，从中可以知道英语环境中用will和way 来表达决心和出路的关系。

“If you are determined to do something, you can find a way to do it.”虽然从语义上讲，和原句没有什么差别，但原句拒绝进行这样的改动。

二、科技套语和文化套语的差异科技等领域的不少表达法也和文化套语一样，拒绝别人对它们加以改动。

可是，这两类套语却有十分不同的特征。

(1) 科技等领域中的套语本身和文化套语有差异。

①文化套语可小到一个词，大到数个句子，甚至更大。

如，打电话时的一套礼貌对话就是一个套语，可能会由数个句子组成。

②科技等领域中的固定说法则往往是以词或词组为单位，一般是专有名词，或是由几个词组成的固定短语，如minimally invasive surgery(微创手术)。

一般不会上升到句子或句子以上。

(2) 两种套语的“效忠”对象不一样。

①科技等领域的套语由于是为一个实用的目的而存在，在跨文化交流中这类套语的转换原则是“求同”，即尽量在译入语中用与原文相同或相近的表达法。

②文化套语并非为任何短期的实用目的而存在，它要“效忠”某一个体文化，在跨文化交流中文化套语的转换原则就不一定总是“求同”。

在有些情况下“存异”反倒更好。

三、文化套语的翻译1. 译者要能敏锐地找出隐含的文化套语，采用适当的翻译单位译出其浓厚的文化内涵。

例：①Your guess is as good as mine.[译文]我和你一样不知道。

[分析]如果没有看出原文为套语，可能就会译为“你的猜想和我的猜想一样好”，这样的翻译表面上可谓十分忠实原文，但却完全没有将原文的真正意思译出来。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语言文化对比角度看翻译）【圣才出品】

《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。

语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。

(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。

例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。

②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。

例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。

b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。

c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。

2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。

(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。

形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。

例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。

[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。

If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。

笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践

211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。

功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。

以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。

英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。

汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。

汉语结构较为松散，重意念。

将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。

二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。

汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。

英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。

其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。

第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。

正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Mayhew)【圣才出品】

17. MayhewCapri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace①. It is friendly, remote, and debonair②. I find it strange that Mayhew should have settled on this lovely island, for I never knew a man more insensible to beauty. I do not know what he sought there, happiness, freedom, or merely leisure; I know what he found. In this place which appeals so extravagantly③to the senses he lived a life entirely of the spirit. For the island is rich with historic associations and over it broods always the enigmatic memory of Tiberius the Emperor. From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, with the noble shape of Vesuvius changing color with the changing light, Mayhew saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and Greeks. The past began to haunt④him. All that he saw for the first time, for he had never been abroad before, excited his fancy; and in his soul stirred the creative imagination⑤. He was a man of energy. Presently he made up his mind to write a history. For some time he looked about for a subject, and at last decided on the second century of the Roman Empire. It was little known and it seemed to him to offer problems analogous with those of our own day.He began to collect books and soon he had an immense library. His legal training had taught him to read quickly. He settled down to work. At first he had been accustomed to foregather in the evening with the painters, writers, and suchlike who met in the little tavern near the Piazza, but presently he withdrew himself, for his absorption in his studies became more pressing. He had been accustomed to bathe in that bland sea and to take long walks among the pleasant vineyards, but little by little, grudging the time, he ceased to do so⑥. He worked harder than he had ever worked in Detroit. He would start at noon and work all through the night till the whistle of the steamer that goes every morning from Capri to Naples told him that it was five o’clock and time to go to bed. His subject opened out before him, vaster and more significant⑦, and he imagined a work that would put him forever beside the great historians of the past. As the years went by he was to be found seldom in the ways of men. He could be tempted to come out of his house only by a game of chess or the chance of an argument. He loved to set his brain against another’s⑧. He was widely read now, not only on history, but in philosophy and science; and he was a skillful controversialist, quick, logical, and incisive⑨. But he had good-humor⑩and kindliness; though he took a very human pleasure in victory⑪, he did not exult in it to your mortification.By William S. Maugham 【参考译文】卡普里岛在深蓝色的大海中，远远望去仿佛是一块朴实无华的荒凉的岩石。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解( Congestive Heart Disease)【圣才

10. Congestive Heart DiseaseThis chapter emphasizes the special features characterizing the diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure①, whose high incidence in old age makes it an important problem of older people.Heart failure in the aged may result from any condition②which interferes with the coronary blood flow, increases the work of the myocardium, or impairs myocardial function. Age- specific rates demonstrate a remarkable increase in congestive heart failure with age. Atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease separately or combined③account for nearly 50 per cent of the reported cases of congestive heart failure.Advances in treatments available to younger patients are equally valuable to older patients although treatment of congestive heart failure in old patients poses problems of greater magnitude than in younger persons and requires Special consideration owing to the multiple pathological ailments and changes in pharmacological responses with age④. For example, the elderly patient’s extensive ⑤coronary artery disease and myocardial fibrosis impair heart action and decreased⑥cerebral blood flow and hypoxia produce irrational behavior which makes the older person more difficult to manage and less capable of following directions. Chronic renal and liver impairments make older people more susceptible to digitalis toxicity, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoproteinemia. Although thesechanges tend to thwart therapeutic efforts and render management more difficult, attention⑦to the diagnostic and therapeutic suggestions in this chapter should rectify and prevent recurrent congestive heart failure and provide more successful care in the hospital and at home.The pathology of heart failure in the aged includes all form of heart diseases in younger people and, in addition, the special entities found mainly in the elderly. The multiplicity of pathologic conditions increases with age and complicates the assessment of the pathologic basis for the heart failure⑧. Heart failure in aged patients often has more than one cause and may be associated with numerous other disorders⑨.From The Management of Geriatric CardiovascularDiseases by Raymond Harris 【参考译文】本章着重讨论在充血性心力衰竭的诊断与治疗中存在的特殊问题。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(Has Democracy a Future)【圣才出品】

2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)-复习笔记(下)【圣才出品】

第11章尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论一、奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。

1. “功能对等”(functional equivalence)(1) 定义：前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。

简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。

奈达把功能分成九类，译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。

但他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。

①表现功能(expressive)②认识功能(cognitive)③人际功能(interpersonal)④信息功能(informative)⑤祈使功能(imperative)⑥行为功能(performative)⑦情感功能(emotive)⑧审美功能(aesthetic)⑨自我解释功能(metalingual)(2) 理论来源①语言学领域对语言外的因素产生了兴趣，各种语言学分支渐次诞生，如心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、符号学等。

奈达理论中读者心理反应这一基石基本上得益于上述语言学方面的发展。

②乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)的转换生成语法。

乔姆斯基的早期理论中有关语言表层结构和深层结构转换的模式在很大程度上为奈达描写功能对等提供了工具。

2. 奈达的研究重心的变化(1) 早期的奈达从语言内营造他功能对等的理论，用了诸如转换生成语法、语义成分分析等具体方法来描写他的理论。

发表于1964年的Toward a Science of Translating，主要在语言学的框架下讨论翻译(也涉及了语言外的因素)。

他在该书中将语义细分成语法意义(linguistic meaning)、所指意义(referential meaning)和情感意义(emotive meaning)。

(2) 越往后，奈达就越重视社会文化因素。

笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践

笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。

功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。

以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。

英汉语义对比：举例如 democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。

汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。

汉语结构较为松散，重意念。

将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。

汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。

英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。

其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。

第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解(The Thanks We Give)【圣才出品】

6. The Thanks We GiveIt’s not the turkey alone we’re grateful for①. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers—friends of friends, cousins of in-laws②—and some are almost desperately familiar faces we live and work with every day.In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore. But today it doesn’t feel that way. The host—perhaps it’s you—stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we’re thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of belongings③.As holidays go④, Thanksgiving is in some ways the most philosophical⑤. Today we try not to take for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives⑥to what lies behind them. In other words, we try to understand how very rich we are, whether we feel very rich or not. Today is one of the few times most Americans consciously set desire aside, if only because desire is incompatible⑦with the gratitude—not to mention⑧the abundance⑨-that Thanksgiving summons.It’s tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another,except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn’t true. This is always a feast about where we are now⑩. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion⑪ of the year we’re in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions⑫.And this year? We will probably remember this Thanksgiving as a banquet of mixed emotions⑬. This is, after all, a profoundly American holiday. The undertow of business as usual seems especially strong this year⑭. The shadow of a war and misgivings over the future loom in the minds of many of us⑮. Most years we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving⑯, but this year, somehow, the holiday feels like part of a public effort to remember and reclaim for ourselves what it means to be America⑰.That means giving thanks for some fundamental principles that should be honored every day of the year in the life of this nation—principles of generosity, tolerance and inclusion. This is a feast that no one should be turned away from. The abundance of the food piled on the table should signify that there is plenty for all, plenty to be shared. The welcome we feel⑱ makes sense only if we also extend it to others.From The New York Times, No.25.2004 【参考译文】不单单是因为有①火鸡我们才感恩，也不是因为有红梅果酱、火鸡馅料，甚至不是因为有南瓜派。

武汉理工大学《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习重点笔记

考试复习重点资料（最新版）资料见第二页封面第1页高级英汉翻译理论与实践笔记比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。

功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。

以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。

英汉语义对比：举例如 democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。

汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。

汉语结构较为松散，重意念。

将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。

汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。

英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。

其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。

第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。

正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】

叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》（第3版）-翻译练习（上）【圣才出品】第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本（社会人文）1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping d iscrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancingexamination of the arti st’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it ba ck into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name?.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule?. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher? and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)? and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decisi on to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee?.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way?, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unt hinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent?. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art?. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’snephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports? and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①，但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（彼得

《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（彼得第14章彼得·纽马克和他的贡献⼀、纽马克翻译理论概述1. 彼得·纽马克是英国翻译教育家和理论家。

著作：《翻译教程》(A Textbook of Translation)。

2. 纽马克与奈达理论⽐较(1) 纽马克略倾向于直译，因为他崇尚真实性和准确性。

(2) 奈达认为翻译是⼀门科学，⽽纽马克认为它并不是科学。

(3) 纽马克和奈达⼀样都认为交流是翻译的⾸要任务。

3. 纽马克的理论涉及的⾯⼴，既包括翻译的基本理论，也涉及到翻译的某些具体问题，⽽且讲解通俗易懂。

4. 纽马克的理论中最重要的是他对语义翻译和交流翻译的区分(semantic／communicative translations)以及他对语篇类别的仔细区分。

⼆、语义翻译和交流翻译1. 纽马克感到直译和意译的两元模式束缚译者，所以他创⽴了⼀个多元的模式，其中有8种供选择的⽅法：在这8种⽅法中，最下⾯的两种，即语义翻译和交流翻译是核⼼。

2. SL emphasis(强调源语)左边的⼏种⽅法都是强调源语的，只是程度不同，但即便是最⾃由的语义翻译法也是强调源语的。

(1) 逐字翻译①逐字翻译指不仅保留源语的语序，⽽且也将原⽂中的词逐⼀译进译⼊语,将源语放在上⾯，将译⼊语直接写在下⾯，以便上下对照。

这种⽅法根本不顾及上下⽂等因素。

有关⽂化的词都以直译法搬到译⼊语中。

②⽬的：⽤这种⽅法揭⽰源语的结构，或对⽐源语和译⼊语间的差别，是学术研究的⼀个⼯具，没有交流的作⽤。

(2) 直译直译指将源语的语法结构转换成译⼊语中与之最接近的结构，但源语中的词仍然⼀个⼀个地译进译⼊语，不顾及上下⽂等因素。

(3) 忠实翻译①忠实翻译指在译⼊语语法结构的限制内精确地重现原⽂的上下⽂意义。

但⽂化词照搬到译⼊语中，并保留原⽂的语法和词汇的“异常”结构(abnormality)。

②⽬的：旨在试图完全忠实原⽂作者的意图和语篇结构。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(语言前景概念在翻译中的应用)【圣才出品】

第8章语言前景概念在翻译中的应用翻译中到底哪些语义之外的成分需要在译文中保留这一问题与语篇的文体或风格有关。

杰弗瑞·李奇在他的《小说文体分析》中借用了语言前景(Linguistic foregrounding)这个概念来界定文体，描写了各类文体的共同特点，即偏离常规。

一、语言前景或突显1. “自动化”(automatization)和“前景”(foregrounding)Bohuslav Havranek创造了“自动化”(automatization)和“前景”(foregrounding)这对概念来描写语言。

(1) “自动化”就是指语言表达法在表达意思过程中只是被使用的工具，本身并不引起别人的注意。

该语言表达法是常用的手段，属于一个语言系统内广为接受、频繁使用的手段，特点是平淡无奇。

例：I love you.用在英语的语言环境中，就属于自动化的表达法，因为这是习以为常的说法，别人不会因之大惊小怪。

(2) “前景”不是某一语言体系中广为接受，经常使用的说法，即“不落俗套”，甚至是语出惊人。

例：一位中国小孩在打完电话时对妈妈说“我爱你”，就会引起大多数中国人的特别注意，因为中国人在这种场合不用这个说法，这个说法本身突显于中国语言体系中。

2. 只要一个语言表达法在所处的语境中格格不入、与众不同，就造成前景。

例：在一篇科技文章中某一技术用语并不在语篇中突显，不构成前景，而是自动化。

但将同样一个科技用语突然用到一次日常生活的谈话中，就构成了前景。

3. 李奇认为一个作者要创出自己的文体与风格常会在写作手段上偏离常规，从而造成前景。

偏离常规可以是“质量性偏离”，也可以是“数量性偏离”。

“质量性偏离”(qualitative deviation)，指表达法本身偏离语言常规表达模式，违反了“语言法”。

“数量性偏离”(quantitative deviation)，即某些用法本身不偏离常规，但其使用的频率超出读者的预期。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译前的语篇分析)【圣才出品】

第15章翻译前的语篇分析一、进行语篇分析的必要性1. 从更多的角度分析语篇可以帮助译者更准确地把握文本，进而采用更符合语境的翻译策略。

2. 同一个表达法在不同的语篇里可能会有不同译法。

例：电影《卧虎藏龙》[译文]Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon我后来才发现，新闻系卧虎藏龙。

[译文]Later on, I discovered that the journalism department was full of highly talented people.二、语篇评价性的强弱1. 译者可以从语篇中作者对所论事件或人物判断评价的强弱来分析语篇。

2. 如果语篇的作者对文中的事物没有很强的价值判断，那么在翻译过程中译者就不必过多地调整结构。

例：科技报道，新药的介绍，联合国经济趋势分析，都是没有评价或少有评价的语篇。

在这些语篇中，作者基本不对文章的内容做出评论。

翻译这样的语篇，译者不能过多地介入，不应该太灵活，因为这类语篇对准确性的要求很高，甚至在有些情况下(比如一些法律合同)，翻译这类语篇准确性要比流畅性更重要。

3. 如果语篇具有较强的价值判断，那么在翻译时译者介入，对句子结构进行调整就很有必要。

例：一篇反对政府某项政策的社论，一篇旅游宣传手册，一个产品广告，则是有较强评价特征的语篇。

在这些语篇中，作者对文中的内容明显有评论，不是站在中立的立场。

翻译这类语篇时，译者能对语言的结构作较大的调整，可以比较灵活地处理，因为这类语篇的流畅性非常重要。

三、从文化角度分析语篇1. 分析语篇还可以从文化的角度着手，也就是说，看一个语篇和文化的关系紧密与否。

2. Basil Hatim和Ian Mason在他们的Discourse and the Translator中提出，一个语篇与某一特定文化关系越不紧密，翻译中就越不必调整其语言结构。

相反，一个语篇与特定文化的关系越紧密，翻译中结构调整的空间就越大。

笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践

笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。

功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。

以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。

英汉语义对比：举例如democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。

汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。

汉语结构较为松散，重意念。

将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。

汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。

英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。

其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。

第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。

正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。

eg there are no limitations in self except those you believe in.思果：人的一己没有种种局限，除非你画地为牢。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译的过程)【圣才出品】

第4章翻译的过程一、描述翻译过程的不同模式1. 传统的两阶段模式(1) 两阶段模式的内容翻译的过程常常被翻译实践者简练地概括成理解与表达。

理解包括分析原文，弄通原文的确切意思。

表达就是要在译入语中把原文的意思说出来。

(2) 优点与缺点①优点：这种描述方法相当简单。

②缺点：这种描述方法不能揭示在翻译中句子或语篇深层的转换过程。

2. 尤金·奈达的三阶段模式(1) 三阶段模式的内容从图中可以看出整个过程分成三个阶段，即分析、转换、重建。

在翻译实践中，这些过程实际上同时发生，而且是在译者不知不觉的情况下发生的。

(2) 对三阶段模式的理解①分析就是要分析出原文的语义，特别是要在分析中挖掘出各个层次的语义。

②转换是介于分析和重建之间的一个步骤，指译者把在大脑中分析好的语言材料从源语转换到译入语。

③重建是指译者把原文中重要的信息在译入语中表达出来。

二、分析理解原文通俗地讲，分析原文主要是要弄懂原文是什么意思。

1. 对“意思”(meaning)的讨论(1) 句中基本语言单位所指十分清楚，句子没有言外之意。

(2) 句子有言外之意，需分析字面意思之外的隐含意义。

如“That’s not funny.”一句暗含不满、阻止的意思。

(3) 句子或句中的词受社会、文化等因素影响承载语言之外的象征意义。

如Red一词的象征意义因文化而异。

2. 不同语义的三种划分(1) 具体内容所指意义(referential meaning，以语言所指的客观世界为基础的意义)关联意义(associated meaning，包括所有人、社会文化因素引发的意义)结构意义(structural meaning，包括语言本身结构产生的意义)(2) 理解与讨论①所指意义a. 定义：所指意义指词或短语所指称的事物的语义特征，是词最基本的意义。

b. 特点：所指意义比较稳定，不太容易变化，因此比较容易表达。

语言的所指意义是用来描述客观世界的，不掺杂人对客观世界的情感和态度。

《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(翻译单位)【圣才出品】

第6章翻译单位一、翻译单位概述1. 翻译单位的定义翻译单位就是指在译入语中可以找到的与源语语言单位相对应的分量相等的单位。

2. 翻译单位可大可小，可以为几句，也可以为一个音位(phoneme)。

用较大的翻译单位，译者在译入语中的回旋余地就较大，可以较为得心应手地照顾译文的行文。

较小的翻译单位则可使译文在结构上接近原文，但译者就不可避免地受到原文的束缚。

3. 如何取舍翻译单位在很大程度上要看是什么类别的原文。

(1) 原文中关键的意义如果是用较小的语言单位体现的，那么译这类文章就可能要用较小的翻译单位。

如十分严谨的法律文件和用很小的语言单位(如音位和词)来表示艺术效果的诗。

如旅游手册。

(2) 原文中关键的意义如果是用较大的语言单位体现的，那么就可以采用较大的翻译单位。

5. 在以句子为翻译单位的总的原则下，尽可能将翻译单位扩大可能是译者所应努力的方向。

二、音位1. 定义音位(phoneme)是最小的语言单位，具有语音上的区别性特征，但本身不承载语义。

音位作为翻译单位在翻译时，如原文中的音位需要在译文中获得对应，音位本身就成了翻译单位。

(1) 适用范围：音译借词(如laser译成“镭射”)和专有名词(如Lincoln译成“林肯”)的翻译。

(2) 音译借词是翻译新词的一种译法。

如nylon(尼龙)和copy(拷贝)。

新词的另一种译法是根据新名词的意思译。

如Laser译为“激光”。

(3) 专有名词的翻译①音译②音意兼顾。

如Yosemite译成“优胜美地”，Coca-Cola译成“可口可乐”。

③专有名词汉译时应切记名从主人这一原则，也就是要尽可能接近原文的发音。

④约定俗成的译名也许并不十分接近原文的音位，但约定俗成也是一个应该记住的原则。

三、词素1. 定义词素(morpheme)是最小的有意义的语言单位，任何一个词素都有意义，而且一个词素只有一个意义。

例：walking有两个词素。

walk是一个词素，其意义是表示一个动词，ing也是一个词素，其意义表示前面那个词素所处的状态正在进行。