广西医科大学病理生理学2012--2013,2016--2019年考博真题

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2012整理版病理考博题目资料

暨南大学2012年病理和病理生理学博士题回忆版。

这和之前一个病理的是不一样的，应该是针对不同的专业。

一，问答，每题20分，前四题是病生的，后四题是病理的，任选4题做1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制5，炎症基本病理改变，与肿瘤发生及调控机制6，胃溃疡从内到外四层，再生的机制7，病毒与肿瘤的关系，宫颈癌、鼻咽癌8，死亡和凋亡区别和检测方法二，每题10分1，新药I1202能治疗血管源性痴呆，其机制是能减少自由基，设计实验寻找作用靶点2，博士期间的研究计划2012 北医病理学名字解释:无性细胞瘤NK/T细胞淋巴瘤心肌炎R-S细胞桥接坏死化生CIN 纤维素样坏死交界性肿瘤肉芽肿简答:肉芽组织的组成及其作用肝炎的病理特点动脉粥样硬化的合并症霍奇金淋巴瘤的病理特点克隆病的病理特点论述:大肠癌的癌前病变有哪些?以及病理特点?器官慢性缺氧导致的病理变化原发性心肌病与心肌炎的鉴别哪些病理学指标可用于临床肿瘤的诊断以及预后暨南大学病理题1、肝细胞体积增大，胞浆空泡状，最常见原因是什么，什么检测方法确定胞浆性质？请举例说明2、冠心病基本病理变化，其并发症，详细阐述其病理生理机制3、阐述肾小球肾炎的病理分类，并论述其发病机制4、白血病免疫分型意义，如何检测5、根据自己专业写一个研究计划（小论文形式1000字）2012北京协和医学院病理真题完整版一、名词解释Caseous necrosisAnemic infarctOncogeneVerrucous vegetatioPeutz-Jegher syndromeComedocarcinoma二、单选题1. 恶性高血压病变特点2. 动脉粥样硬化发展过程3. 肺癌horner征4. 鼻咽癌哪种类型对放疗最敏感5. 早期胃癌病理类型6. 反流性食管炎成因7. 胃粘膜相关淋巴瘤8. 遗传性非息肉病性结肠癌9. 毛玻璃样肝细胞内嗜酸性颗粒成分10. 肝硬化特征性病理表现11. 肝硬化蜘蛛痣原因12. 小肝癌定义13. 胰头癌14. Burkitt淋巴瘤15. 滤泡性淋巴瘤16. Ph染色体17. 颈部淋巴结肿大18. 蚤咬肾19. Goodpasture综合征20. 微小病变性肾小球病21. 肾细胞癌22. 卵巢颗粒细胞癌23. 无性细胞癌24. 乳腺癌25. 甲状腺癌三、简答题1. 中枢神经系统的胶质肿瘤与其他系统肿瘤相比有何特点？2. 一妇女，双侧卵巢肿瘤，妇科切除后病理诊断为krukenber瘤，试述此肿瘤的发生、发展及组织学特征。

2012级中文班细胞期考卷正式卷-带答案1

广西医科大学2012级五年制临床医学、口腔医学、预防医学、护理学、医学检验、公共卫生事业管理、临床病检专业（1-9，11-16，22，27，29班），七年制临床医学1-2班；2011级五年制临床药学18班，2009级五年制临床药学19班《细胞生物学》期考试题（本试卷正文共7 页）考试日期：2012年12月29日考试时间：120分钟_______专业______班_____组姓名________学号___________为了使你的成绩统计无误，请按以上内容认真、正确填写一、单选题：每题只有一个最佳答案，请在答题卡上将所选答案的字母涂黑，答案只写在试卷上无效（每题1分，共60分）1、下列哪种说法不在细胞概念的范畴？A．一个细菌就是一个生命 B．蛋白质和核酸构成病毒颗粒C．一个成人约由2×1014个细胞构成 D．红细胞运O2和CO2是循环系统的功能基础2、用来衡量人红细胞或或鸡红细胞大小的单位是A．mm B．cm C．μm D．m3、真核细胞的特点是A．较小 B．进化水平较低C．结构简单，细胞器种类少 D．完整的细胞核4、生物膜主要成分包括A．脂类、蛋白质和糖类 B．核酸、蛋白质和糖类C．脂类、核酸和糖类 D．脂类、蛋白质和核酸5、关于生物膜的分子结构的描述，不正确的是A．流动的脂双层分子构成膜的主体 B．膜蛋白不同程度地嵌入脂双层中C．膜糖类以糖蛋白和糖脂的形式存在生物膜的胞质面 D．膜具有流动性和不对称性6、囊性纤维化是由于患者细胞膜上的Cl-泵异常所致，Cl-泵在分类上属于一种A．脂锚定蛋白 B．外在蛋白 C．内在蛋白 D．血影蛋白7、肺换气时CO2和O2交换是通过（）方式进行的A．主动运输 B．离子泵 C．帮助扩散 D．自由扩散8、氨基酸和Na+进入细胞需要的膜运输蛋白分别是A．载体蛋白，通道蛋白 B．通道蛋白，载体蛋白C．载体蛋白，载体蛋白 D．通道蛋白，通道蛋白9、神经肌肉接头或突触中乙酰胆碱的作用是A．开放应力激活通道 B．关闭持续开放通道C．开放电压闸门离子通道 D．开放配体闸门离子通道10、关于Na＋-K＋泵的描述，错误的是A．由大小二个亚基组成 B．分解ATP驱动泵的构型变化，排出3个Na＋回收2个K＋C．具有酶和载体蛋白的双重特性 D．产生和维持“内正外负”的膜电位11、下列哪种结构属于非膜相结构A．过氧化物酶体 B．高尔基复合体 C．溶酶体 D．核糖体12、在下列蛋白中，由游离核糖体合成的是A．分泌蛋白 B．溶酶体酶 C．细胞膜蛋白 D．肌动蛋白13、实验中小鼠腹腔内巨噬细胞对鸡红细胞的作用是14、在核糖体上有四个与蛋白质合成有关的功能位点，能催化氨基酸之间生成肽键的是A．受位（A位） B．供位（P位） C．转肽酶活性部位 D．GTP酶活性部位15、下列蛋白质都是在粗面内质网上合成的。

河北医科大学病理学2011,2012,2017--2019年考博真题

二、简答题 1. 病毒性肝炎病理特征与临床表现。 2. 癌与肉瘤区别。 3. 慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾小管肾炎区别。
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Hale Waihona Puke 4. 癌性增生和反应性增生区别。 5. 写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。 6. 动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。 7. 肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
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多，又称细胞内外的物质蓄积。
蓄积的物质可以是：（1）过量的细胞固有成分（2）外源性、内源性物质（３）色素
（1）细胞水肿（cellular swelling）
1）主要原因：感染、中毒、缺氧
2）发生机制:病因→细胞线粒体受损→ATP↓→细胞膜Na+-K+泵功能↓→Na+、H2O进入细胞内。
3）形态改变 ①肉眼观察：器官体积增大、色泽浅淡。②光镜观察：细胞肿大、胞浆淡染或清亮。
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河北医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释 1. 脂肪变形 2. 异型性 3. 槟琅肝 4. 化生 5. 肉芽肿 6. 异位内分泌 7. 栓塞 8. 组织芯片 9. 假性肥大 10. 肺心病 11. 新月体二、简答题 1. 良恶性肿瘤区别。 2. 支气管肺癌分类。 3. 坏死的基本病变？ 4. 霍奇金淋巴瘤的分型及临床特点。 5. 良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别？三、论述题 1. 门脉高压临床表现，慢性支气管炎，肾小球肾炎。 2. 举例说明淤血导致的病理改变及后果。
C．光镜观察：脂滴在心肌细胞内呈串珠状排列。
同源性细胞之间)
常见类型:.鳞状上皮化生：常见于气管、支气管、子宫颈肠上皮化生：发生于胃粘膜。

中南大学病理生理学2005--2019年考博真题

12.obstructive shock
13.polyuria
14.fever activator
15.standard bicarbonate
pensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome
17.oxygen free radical
18.myocardial failure
1.一个慢性肾炎6年的患者，出现纳差、乏力、夜尿增多，及一些检查
问：为何种肾衰竭，为什么，出现上述临床表现的机制
2.2月前心绞痛、2周前心梗、出现心慌、气短、咳嗽、咳粉红色泡沫痰、不能平卧、颈静脉怒张，既往有糖尿病15年
问：该患者诊断疾病，有心力衰竭吗，为何种类型？如何形成的。
中南大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
三、问答题
1.体温调定点的机制。
2.心衰导致缺氧的类型，为什么？血氧特点，为什么？
中南大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）
1.pathophysiology
2.etiology
3.aquaporin
4.apoptotic body
5.hypoxia
6.potassium deficit
7.hepatic encephalopathy
8.thrombosis
9.obstructive hypoventilation
10.small dense LDL
11.intestinal pseudo-obstruction
5.内生致热源进入中枢的途径。

2013医学考博试题 4

2013广西医科大学内科博士考题，选择题：30分，都是临床的一些常见问题，难度不太大，估计至少能拿25分简答题：30分1.呼吸暂停综合征的定义及分型；2.上消化道出血的定义；3.心梗溶栓再通的指征；4.负反馈调节的机制，举例说明；5.小细胞低色素贫血有哪些。

论述题（内分泌专业）：40分1.病例分析（10分），给出一个病例（，难道不大应该是库欣）（1）诊断和鉴别诊断（2）要做哪些检查进行鉴别2.降糖药肠促胰素的分类和机制（15分）3.妊娠甲亢的治疗原则。

广西医科大学病理生理学博士考题，希望对来年报考的同学有帮助！一、名词解释（共5个）：钙超载、尿毒症、水中毒、混合性酸碱平衡紊乱、外源性致热源二、简答题（共3个小题）：1.低渗性脱水尿量有何改变？2.慢性肾功能衰竭时钾离子有何代谢紊乱？3.还有一题考完了之后一下子脑子短路想不起来了，等我想起来再补上三、论述题（共3个小题）：1.输入大量库存血所致缺氧与贫血性缺氧机制有何不同；2.心脏衰竭时机体如何代偿及其代偿的调控机制；3.DIC血液高凝的机制2013年广西医科大学基础医学院医学生物化学与分子生物学一名词解释1.蛋白质的二级结构2.启动子3.Klenow fragment4.内含子5.外显子6管家基因7顺式作用元件8蛋白伴侣9？10?二简答1真核生物RNA聚合酶的种类和功能？2大肠杆菌表达系统的条件3癌基因激活的方式？4简述酶的温度调节。

三讨论1蛋白质分离纯化的种类和原理2关于三羧酸循环和尿素循环的关联性？为什么说尿素循环的氮原子都直接或间接来源于体内的氨基酸？2013年广西医科大学病理学试题一、名词解释10 *3分：化生，肿瘤的异质性，围管浸润，炎性假瘤，机化，动脉瘤，肾病综合征，早期胃癌，R eed-Sternberg cell，infarction二、简答题4*5分1、一期愈合、二期愈合的主要区别？如何获得一期愈合？2、食管癌浸润性生长可引起哪些后果？3、炎症时血管通透性升高的发生机制。

16年各学校医学内分泌考博试题-推荐下载

协和内分泌回忆版名解 6 个，一个 2 分旁分泌，糖异生，骨质疏松症，adrenarche，垂体卒中单选 20 个，多选 6 个，一个 2 分简答一个 5 分骨质疏松症的机制生长激素治疗禁忌症 2 型糖尿病和 LADA 的鉴别诊断库欣综合征的代谢异常泌乳素瘤的治疗论述一个 10 分原发性甲旁亢的临床表现氧化应激在糖尿病中血管并发症发生中的机制库欣综合征定位诊断时疾病分类男性骨质疏松症的治疗 2016 年上海交通大学医学考博专业基础 A 真题 1. 单选 30 个，每个 1 分，共 30 分。 2. 多选 10 个，每个 2 分，共 20 分。（今年没有名解，选择题相对较简单，多选有几个把握不大） 3. 简答：生理、生化各 3 个，每个 5 分，共 30 分。生理：1）呆小症的原因级临床症状。 2）动脉压力感受器的传导途径及生理意义。 3）什么是牵张反射？分为哪两种类型？各自有何生理意义？
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广西医科大学公共卫生学2009,2012--2019年考博初试真题

广西医科大学公共卫生学2009,2012--2019年考博初试真题2009年考博初试真题名词解释1. 环境卫生学2. 流行病学3. 卫生统计学4. 营养学5. 卫生管理学简答题1. 简述环境卫生学的研究内容。

2. 简述流行病学的的研究方法。

3. 简述卫生统计学在公共卫生领域的应用。

4. 简述营养学的基本概念。

5. 简述卫生管理学的的研究内容。

论述题1. 论述公共卫生学的发展历程。

2. 论述环境卫生学在我国的重要性。

3. 论述流行病学在公共卫生决策中的作用。

4. 论述卫生统计学在疾病预防控制中的应用。

5. 论述营养与健康的关系。

2012年考博初试真题名词解释1. 卫生政策2. 公共卫生服务体系3. 疾病预防控制中心4. 健康教育5. 卫生法规简答题1. 简述卫生政策的基本构成。

2. 简述公共卫生服务体系的功能。

3. 简述疾病预防控制中心的主要职责。

4. 简述健康教育的目标。

5. 简述卫生法规的分类。

论述题1. 论述我国公共卫生事业的发展现状及挑战。

2. 论述卫生政策在公共卫生领域的应用。

3. 论述疾病预防控制中心在疫情防控中的作用。

4. 论述健康教育在公共卫生中的重要性。

5. 论述卫生法规在公共卫生管理中的作用。

2013年考博初试真题名词解释1. 健康危险因素2. 慢性病3. 免疫接种4. 食品安全5. 卫生监督简答题1. 简述健康危险因素的分类。

2. 简述慢性病的影响因素。

3. 简述免疫接种的原则。

4. 简述食品安全的含义。

5. 简述卫生监督的任务。

论述题1. 论述健康危险因素与慢性病的关系。

2. 论述免疫接种在预防传染病中的作用。

3. 论述食品安全在公共卫生中的重要性。

4. 论述卫生监督在公共卫生管理中的作用。

5. 论述公共卫生学在疾病预防控制中的应用。

2014年考博初试真题名词解释1. 卫生应急2. 突发公共卫生事件3. 生物统计学4. 健康素养5. 环境卫生监测简答题1. 简述卫生应急的基本任务。

广西医科大学病理生理学2012年考博真题考博试卷

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攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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广西医科大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。酶钙反常
二、简答题 1 心力衰竭的常见诱因有哪些？ 2 代谢性酸中毒时机体的主要代偿调节方式及各自的特点 3SIRS 和 CARS 的发生机制 4 胃肠道粘膜在 MODS 发病中的作用 5 缺血-再灌注损伤时钙超载的发生机制
三、论述题 1 失血性休克早期患者血压可维持正常，脉压差增大，患者出现面色苍白，尿量减少等表现。论述：（1）失血性休克早期血压变化的病理生理学基础（2) 失血性休克早期尿少的机制 2 肝性脑病患者，给予醋酸灌肠，口服多巴胺，输入支链氨基酸等治疗手段，论述上述治疗手段的病理生理基础

广西医科大学病理学2009年考博真题考博试卷

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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广西医科大学
2009 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1.转移性钙化 2.Brown duration 3.滋养细胞疾病 4.Intraepithelial neoplasia 5.败血性梗死 6.隐性肺癌 7.小肝癌 8.Barrett 食管 9.虎斑心 10.荧光原位杂交二、简答题 1.试述细胞坏死性淋巴结炎的病理变化。 2.简述高血压细动脉硬化的发病机制。 3.简述类风湿性关节炎的病理变化。 4.简述 ARDS 的主要病理变化。三、论述题 1.急性炎症时血管通透性增高的机制。 2.肾小球肾炎的基本病理变化。 3.糖尿病的病理变化。 4.慢性纤维空洞型肺结核的病理特点及并发症。 5.酒精性肝病的病理变化。 6.试述生物芯片技术及其在病理学中的应用。
第ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ页共1页

南方医科大学病理生理学2003--2005,2012--2019年考博真题

南方医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：1、热限2、缺氧诱导因子3、脑死亡4、阴离子间隙二、问答题：1、DIC时为什么不用止血药止血？2、什么是EPO？它在体内的病理生理作用？3、各型休克为什么都要进行补液？南方医科大学2004年病理生理学（博士）一、选择题：40题×1分A1、A2、B、X型二、简答题：4题×5分1.简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致PaCO2升高？3.简述DIC时出血的机制4.肾性高血压的发病机制三、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：PH 7.26，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3－30,CL－92, Na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（专基）（博士）1.请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2.请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3.请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4.请简述心源性休克的病理基础5.请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6.请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。

7.请描述酸中毒对心肌收缩力的影响。

8.临床对心力衰竭病人检测心率的基本意义是什么？9.休克早期病人通过什么途径代偿血压的下降？10.请区分SIRS、Sepsis和Septic shock的概念。

2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。

一、简答题1、健康与疾病关系，有哪些影响因素2、DIC诱因有哪些，其影响机制如何3、左心衰与右心衰引起水肿的异同4、SIRS、MODS为什么均是肺先受累5、第二信使6、VEC抗凝血与促凝血的机制二、问答题1、失血性休克从代偿到失代偿的机制？从中可以给临床什么启示2、心功能的定义及判断指标3、何为蛋白质修饰？对细胞传导的影响三、病例分析题题目太长，大意是外伤后的一个年轻人表现为肾功能进行性恶化，少尿、肺部病变、昏迷、代谢性酸中毒、多器官功能衰竭。

年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。

5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,”　s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。

北医、同济、中山、中国医科大学、哈医大、北京协和医院、武汉大学病理生理学考博真题合集

2012北医专业基础—病理生理学（原题）一、名词解释（30分）1.pathogenesis process2.hypervolemic hyponatremia3.anion gap4.histogenous hypoxia5.hyperthermia6.oxygen paradox7.shock8.restrictive hypoventilation9.pulmonary encephalopathy10.false neurotransmitter二、简答（70分）1.血管内外液体交换异常引起水肿的机制2.代谢性酸中毒的类型及发生原因3.热休克蛋白的定义及其功能4.DIC的分期及各期的特点5.什么是无复流现象，其发生机制如何6.呼吸困难在哪种类型的心衰最常见？该型心衰引起的呼吸困难与那些因素有关？7.急性肾衰少尿期最严重的并发症是什么？其发生机制是？2012年同济大学病理生理学真题（回忆）一、名词解释：1.脑死亡2.MODS3.ARDS4.肾功能不全5.呼吸衰竭6.应激性溃疡7.充血性心力衰竭8.PH反常9.内生致热源10.热休克蛋白11.心室重构12.微血管性溶血性贫血13.激素不敏感14.等渗性脱水二、选择题三、问答题1.急性全身性DIC为何会引起广泛出血和休克，其机制如何？2.心力衰竭者腹水的发生机制（是一个案例分析，大概是这个意思）3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理变化4.简述急性肾炎发生的机制5.肝性脑病时假神经递质有哪些？它们是如何引起肝性脑病的？2012中山大学病理生理（A）：1.名词解释：（都是英文）缺血再灌注损失凋亡心源性休克功能性分流2.论述题1）急性低钾血症和急性高钾血症引起肌无力的机制区别2）DIC的发病机制3）从细胞增殖和凋亡方面论述肿瘤的分子机制4）什么是SIRS、CARS、MARS？它们和多器官功能衰竭的关系？交大病生简答：内毒素引起MODS的机制。

DIC晚期患者易发生出血倾向的机制。

2013医学考博试题1

2013医学考博试题12013南京医科大学细胞生物学（专业基础）考博真题回忆版1、什么是端粒酶？有什么特点，请简述端粒酶的表达水平与细胞增殖的关系2、什么是蛋白质的分选？及影响其分选的关键因素是什么？3、主动运输与被动运输的特点4、简述胚胎干细胞、终端分化细胞核癌细胞的生长和分化特点5、从细胞分化角度说明多利羊诞生的启示6、个体低密度脂蛋白（LDL）受体缺失引起高胆固醇血症的原理7、大题一（20分）：什么是细胞周期蛋白，有几类，各有什么功能，举例说明8、大题二（20分）：什么是细胞凋亡？有何特点？举例说明细胞凋亡的检测方法及其原理南京医科大学生物化学与分子生物学（我考的A卷）一、简答题（6X10分）1、酶活性调节的方式和机理2、什么是TCA循环，为什么TCA循环是三大物质代谢的枢纽3、什么是尿素循环，及其生理和病理意义4、什么是操纵子，乳糖操纵子的结构和正负性调节的机理5、什么是第二信使，举例说明第二信使如何参与信号转导通路6、转录与复制的异同二、问答题（2x20分）1、举例说明蛋白质构象改变与功能的关系2、写出至少6种RNA的名称，并简述其结构特点和功能南京医科大学老年医学一.简答题（6X10分）1.肠结核的诊断线索2.何谓肾上腺危象3.何谓DKA4.主动脉夹层的分型和临床表现5.中晚期食管癌的临床表现6.支气管哮喘的诊断标准二.问答题（2X20）1.原发性高血压的预后判断2.什么是肺血栓栓塞症，及其临床表现和诊断依据南京医科大学2013年药理学博士试题一、简答题（6×10）1、评价药物效应的指标有哪些？2、肾上腺素受体的分离及其临床应用？3、心律失常药的分类，代表药物及作用机制？、4、抗哮喘药物的分类及机制？5、糖皮质激素的临床应用及不良反应？6、简述怎样合理应用抗生素？二、论述题（任选两题，2×20）1、药物不良反应的类型，药物代谢酶对药物不良反应的影响？2、强心苷的临床应用，与ACEI相比有何优点？、3、中枢多巴胺紊乱所导致的疾病及其应对策略？4、抗肿瘤药物的分类及其机制？南京医科大学2013年生理学博士试题一、简答题（6×10）1、细胞兴奋后其兴奋性如何变化？与各期动作电位有何对应关系？2、什么是中心静脉压？其影响因素及临床意义？3、简述氧离曲线的影响因素？4、胃排空的过程及其影响因素？5、比较兴奋性突触传递及抑制性突触传递过程的异同？6、长期饮食缺乏碘为什么会引起甲状腺肿大？二、问答题（2×20）1、糖皮质激素的作用及其调节？2、兴奋交感神经对心肌细胞生理特性有什么影响，并设计实验加以证明。