高中英语 句子的基本成分及句型 学案

句子的基本成分、基本句型

句子的基本成分

【问】什么是句子成分？英语句子包含哪些成分？

【答】组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

包括：、、、、、和等。

一、主语：主语是句子说明的人或事物“是什么”或“是谁”。主语一般位于_____ 。

Jane is good at playing the piano. 简擅长弹钢琴。

She went out in a hurry. 她匆忙出去了。

The old should hand on the torch of knowledge to the young. 老年人应该把知识的火炬传递给年轻人。

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。

【归纳】主语通常由______ 词、______词、数词、名词化的形容词、________、________以及主语从句充当。

【答案】谓语动词后；名，代，动词不定式，动名词

二、谓语动词：说明主语做什么或怎么样。

We love China. 我们爱中国。

He can speak English. 他会说英语。

We have finished reading this book. 我们看完了这本书。

【归纳】谓语由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。

（1）_________动词可单独作谓语

（2）_________ 动词和_________ 动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。

（3）连系动词和表语一起构成谓语。

【答案】实义；情态，助

三、宾语：表示动作涉及的对象或承受者，一般放在_________或_______后面。

She has a very pleasant smile. 她笑得很灿烂。

I think (that) he is fit for his office. 我认为他适合这个职务。

Lend me your dictionary, please. 请借给我你的词典。

【归纳】宾语常由_____词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和___________等充当。

【双宾语】直接宾语与间接宾语

有些动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物sth（直接宾语），另一个指人sb（间接宾语）。

v+sth+sb 动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）

He lends me a book.

He bought me a big house.

You teach me English.

【答案】动词，介词；名，从句

四、宾语补足语：对宾语进行补充说明的成分。句式结构：V.+ 宾语+ 宾补

My parents ask me to study hard. 我父母要求我努力学习。

They painted their boat white. 他们把船漆成白色。

I will keep everything clean. 我会保持一切干净。

【归纳】宾补一般由______词、________词、动词不定式、副词、分词和介词短语等充当。

【答案】名，形容

五、表语：用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于系动词之后。

His words sounded reasonable. 他的话听起来很合理的。

She is in good health. 她很健康。

My father is a professor. 我父亲是一位教授。

【归纳】位于系动词之后，由_______词、代词、_______词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、________词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

【答案】名，形容，介

六、定语

用来修饰________或_________。可分为前置定语和后置定语。

前置定语：

You are the most beautiful girls.

The man under the tree is my teacher.

The swimming boy is my brother.

The boy swimming in the river is my brother.

Do you know the man who is talking to your mother?

【归纳】定语一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、_________、动名词、_____词、介词短语和从句等充当。

【答案】名词，代词；动词不定式，分

七、状语：修饰_______、_______、______或________。

状语可说明时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的条件、让步、方向、程度等。

1.He is often late for class.

2.We saw that picture at the cinema.

3.They did everything they could to save the boy’s life.

4.The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it.

5.He was angry because we were late.

6.If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go out.

【归纳】状语一般由______词、形容词、不定式、分词、_______词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。

【答案】动词，形容词，副词，整个句子；副，介

【巩固练习】

写出黑体部分所作的句子成分

1.Nowadays the priority for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery. ( 主语)

2.We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways. ( 谓语)

3.The musician along with his band members has given the performance in the last three months. ( 宾语)

4.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than those who are not. ( 定语)

5.Favorable policies are in effect to encourage employees’ professional development. ( 表语)