言语交际中性别语言差异的语用研究

文章总体修改意见文章章节衔接很不好中心章节不突出而且有部分语法错误。

由于有的章节删除，所以需要重新改写。

我在每段的地方都已经做详细标注。

这是我的二稿，我是专门花钱找您修改的。

希望写手能够尽自己最大努力接这个单子，咱们都不容易。

互相体谅也请按时交稿，因为已经两次给我晚交稿了。

而且希望给我按范文排版。

谢谢因为我们是省内重点我的导师是个老学究所以论文要求有点深度IntroductionThe science and technology of modern world is developing by leaps and bounds, thus the social life changes greatly. Language is the carrier of culture. People speak differently because they think differently. Because sex discrimination exists in most of the social environments and political systems, so it is reflected in language. In the traditional sense of gender, males are superior to females. As a universally social phenomenon, it is clearly reflected in language. More and more scholars concentrate on the relations between language and gender. Many people believe that language change must be in a dynamic state. This thesis analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and how people observe the cooperative principles when it comes to gender differences. The result gives a hint that the gender differences in verbal communication has already become a focus on the modern linguistics researches.I. A Brief Introduction of Gender language Differences.1.1 Definition of Gender Language Differences（老师说这段语法错误很多请仔细检查，她没有一个一个给我指出而且这个也很重要要是看你前面都改得不认真就直接返功了）It is easy to find that gender differences are reflected in language as a basic fact existing in most of the countries and people’s daily life. Man and woman speak differently because they think differently. But what is the element that causes the difference? It may be very difficult to answer the question. A lot of linguists find their interests on it and have their researches. It is said by Lakoff, （老师说不明白什么意思）who published an article named ‘Language and women’s place’. Lakoff的一个观点。

He is the pioneer who holds the view that males speak different from females and the ways they speak differently reflect and produce a superior position in society. Then more and more researchers are taken on. First,what is gender? The definition of gender should be recognized more clearly if it is contrasted with sex. According to Longman dictionary, sex and gender have several explanations. sex 1) the condition of being either male or female 2) the set of all male or female people 3) sexual intercourse 4) activity connected with this act. Gender 1）(in grammar ) the system (in some languages ) of marking words such as nouns adjectives and pronoun as being masculine female and neuter 2) the division into male or female. From the dictionary, we find that sex refers to the biological divisions into female and male but gender refers to the socially constructed categories based on sex. They are clearly distinguished in social and cultural fields, On the contrary; they have no big differences on biological dimension.Gender differences have been fundamental phenomena in social life and have attracted many scholars’ interests. It has been long studied from sociological anthropological and linguistic fields. The research began firstly in ancient Greek, Cicero, who found the linguistic differences between men and women. Besides Cicero’s finding, the drama of ancient Greek also reflected the phenomenon. But until the 20th century, gender differences are studied in linguistics. In 1922, Otto Jesphersen, a Danish linguist wrote about the characteristics on females’ languages on his book language; its nature, its development and origin. But this period the study of language and gender is not systematic and casual. Robin Lakoff held a view that there must be closely related between gender differences and social classes. At the same time, J.Cotes, who published her famous book, Women, Men and Language. In the book, she mentioned there are many differences between women’s speech and men’s speech and she tried to explain why it happens from sociolinguistics. In China, there are also many scholars who probe into the question. The first Chinese is Gu Hongming (辜鸿铭) who wrote an article named Chinese Women. Then Chen Yuan published his book Sociolinguistic and Language and social life after the Cultural Revolution. Thereare also many books written by later scholars. All these books form the research on gender differences in China.1.2 The Phenomenon of Gender Language Differences in Verbal Communication 那就不改标题了，不重写了，时间来不及Gender differences have been fundamental phenomena in social life and have attracted many scholars’ intere sts. Here are some examples of the phenomena of gender difference.1)M: What do you want for birthday?W: It doesn’t matter. Anything is OK.M: Frankly, what do you want most?W: You don’t need to buy something for me, because we cannot afford for it.M : How about going out for a dinner ?W: That’s right. I don’t need the gift because you already have given me what I need.From the conversation, the female’s content is different from male’s speech. Females in most conditions are good at using indirect sentence, while males like to express their ideas in a direct way.2) W: This TV show is very interestingM: MmW: The man said he loved the woman, but this is not true.M: MmW: What do you think?M: Mm, what did you say?This is a normal conversation in daily life. The woman wants to talk with the man about love, But the man is not so cooperative that he thinks other things. There is also a common sense that females pay more attention to keep good relationship with others than males. In the above conversation, the woman wants to communicate with the man, and she also hopes the man can say “I love you ” toher. Then their relationship may become more close. To her disappointment, the man is not aware of what she said, then they are in an embarrassed situation.3) W: How is your work going?M: I must have done it in two days.W: Would you like some tea? I guess you may be tiredM: Yes, please.W : You are like my father. He is so industrious a person like you.M: Thanks.From the conversation we discover that the speech speaks by man is more powerful than the woman their talks are not imbalance with each other. The woman is in a good mannerIt is important for us to do researches on gender differences and language. As we all know, language is dynamic and it is the carrier of culture. In another way, what culture reflects is the life of our human beings. While the most things we do in our life is communication. What distinguishes us and animals is we human have our thoughts. And we can communicate them by a lot of tools. Then we form our unique civilization. Art comes from life. So does our science. If we want to further our research it’s more important for us to find something in our verbal communication.II. Introduction of the Cooperative Principle（整体需要重新写这章要注意有很多东西在介绍章节的时候都要交代清楚）The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy gives the cooperative principle the definition of following: A convention suggested by Grice directing participants inconversation to pay heed to an accepted purpose or direction of the exchange. Contributions made without paying this attention are liable to be rejected for other reasons than straightforward falsity: something true but unhelpful or inappropriate may meet with puzzlement or rejection. We can thus never infer from the fact that it would be inappropriate to say something in some circumstance that what would be said, were we to say it, and would be false. This inference was frequently made in ordinary language philosophy, it being argued, for example, that since we do not normally say ‘there seems to be a barn there’ when there is unmistakably a barn there, it is false that on such occasions there seems to be a barn there.2.1 Proposal of Cooperation PrinciplesCooperative Principle was put forward by Herbert Paul Grice in1975.In making conversation, Grice holds that there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe.Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.2.2 Introduction of the Grice’s TheoryIn making conversation, Grice holds that thee is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. Grice, who is a philosopher, thinks there is a common rule that governs what the utterances are spoken of. Because pragmatics studies language in context, what the speakers say are utterance. Utterance meaning is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence. According to the principle, the speaker and addressee should cooperative with each other if theywant get their conversation on smoothly. He believed a set of rules that guide the conversation going on is the theory he put on. According to his theory, both sides of speaker should conform to the rules to make their conversation effective. There are four maxims, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. The maxim of quantity tells us that we should offer enough information about the topic. Neither should we speak too much nor too little. All what we say should be adequate. The maxim of quality shows what the speaker said should be true and exact. Never say something that the speaker himself believes is false. The maxim of relation shows us never speak something that has no relation with topic. If we do, the conversation will go on other directions. The maxim of manner tells us what we said must be clearly and without any ambiguities. In all, it is important for speakers to speak clearly, revelantly and sincerely.2.3 Maxims of the Cooperation PrincipleThe maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidenceThe maxim of relationBe relevantThe maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief.4. Be orderly.III. Theoretical Analysis of Gender Differences（这章是文章的重点篇章。