言语交际中性别语言差异的语用研究

文章总体修改意见

文章章节衔接很不好中心章节不突出而且有部分语法错误。由于有的章节删除，所以需要重新改写。我在每段的地方都已经做详细标注。这是我的二稿，我是专门花钱找您修改的。希望写手能够尽自己最大努力接这个单子，咱们都不容易。互相体谅也请按时交稿，因为已经两次给我晚交稿了。而且希望给我按范文排版。谢谢因为我们是省内重点我的导师是个老学究所以论文要求有点深度

Introduction

The science and technology of modern world is developing by leaps and bounds, thus the social life changes greatly. Language is the carrier of culture. People speak differently because they think differently. Because sex discrimination exists in most of the social environments and political systems, so it is reflected in language. In the traditional sense of gender, males are superior to females. As a universally social phenomenon, it is clearly reflected in language. More and more scholars concentrate on the relations between language and gender. Many people believe that language change must be in a dynamic state. This thesis analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and how people observe the cooperative principles when it comes to gender differences. The result gives a hint that the gender differences in verbal communication has already become a focus on the modern linguistics researches.

I. A Brief Introduction of Gender language Differences.

1.1 Definition of Gender Language Differences（老师说这段语法错误很多请仔细检查，她没有一个一个给我指出而且这个也很重要要是看你前面都改得不认真就直接返功了）

It is easy to find that gender differences are reflected in language as a basic fact existing in most of the countries and people’s daily life. Man and woman speak differently because they think differently. But what is the element that causes the difference? It may be very difficult to answer the question. A lot of linguists find their interests on it and have their researches. It is said by Lakoff, （老师说不明白什么意思）who published an article named ‘Language and women’s place’. Lakoff的一个观点。He is the pioneer who holds the view that males speak different from females and the ways they speak differently reflect and produce a superior position in society. Then more and more researchers are taken on. First,

what is gender? The definition of gender should be recognized more clearly if it is contrasted with sex. According to Longman dictionary, sex and gender have several explanations. sex 1) the condition of being either male or female 2) the set of all male or female people 3) sexual intercourse 4) activity connected with this act. Gender 1）(in grammar ) the system (in some languages ) of marking words such as nouns adjectives and pronoun as being masculine female and neuter 2) the division into male or female. From the dictionary, we find that sex refers to the biological divisions into female and male but gender refers to the socially constructed categories based on sex. They are clearly distinguished in social and cultural fields, On the contrary; they have no big differences on biological dimension.

Gender differences have been fundamental phenomena in social life and have attracted many scholars’ interests. It has been long studied from sociological anthropological and linguistic fields. The research began firstly in ancient Greek, Cicero, who found the linguistic differences between men and women. Besides Cicero’s finding, the drama of ancient Greek also reflected the phenomenon. But until the 20th century, gender differences are studied in linguistics. In 1922, Otto Jesphersen, a Danish linguist wrote about the characteristics on females’ languages on his book language; its nature, its development and origin. But this period the study of language and gender is not systematic and casual. Robin Lakoff held a view that there must be closely related between gender differences and social classes. At the same time, J.Cotes, who published her famous book, Women, Men and Language. In the book, she mentioned there are many differences between women’s speech and men’s speech and she tried to explain why it happens from sociolinguistics. In China, there are also many scholars who probe into the question. The first Chinese is Gu Hongming (辜鸿铭) who wrote an article named Chinese Women. Then Chen Yuan published his book Sociolinguistic and Language and social life after the Cultural Revolution. There