犬肥大细胞瘤
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- Usually easy diagnosis 常用的简单方法 - No grading on cytology!! 但不能在细胞学上分级 :
Biopsy 活组织检查:
- Antihistamines 抗组织胺类 - Grading on histology -> prognosis!!
组织学分类,以便判断预后 Grade 1: well differentiated 一级:分化良好
Paraneoplastic Syndroms 类肿瘤性综合症
Heparin 肝素 -> Bleeding tendency 出血倾向
Histamine 组织胺 -> GI ulcers 胃肠道溃疡
Proteases 蛋白酶
-> Wound healing problems: 创伤愈合问题
Prognostic Factors Mast cell tumors 影响预后的因素
stage IV: distant metastasis Ⅳ级: 远端转移
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Breed 预后因素 -- 品种
Shar Pei 沙皮犬
Higher occurence of grade III MCT and inguinal MCT: 易发三级和腹股沟肥大细胞瘤
1 fascial plain deep 目前意见一致的是: 外侧 2cm, 深至筋膜面.
Simpson et al, JAVMA 2004 Fulcher et al, JAVMA 2006 ...
Treatment – Surgery 治疗—手术
Consequence of unclean margins? 如果边缘不洁会有什么样的后果
10% of dogs have multiple cutaneous tumors 10% 的狗患有混合性的皮肤瘤
Behave similar to low or intermediate grade solitary MCT 行为与轻微或是中等程度的单个肥大细胞瘤相似 (Mullins M et al, JAVMA 2006
Even more controversial!!! 同样很有争论!!!
Second surgery? Radiation therapy? Nothing? 再次手术? 放射疗法?不作任何处理?
Seguin et al, JVIM 2006:
- Only 23% of 30 incompletely excised MCTs recurred 30例不全摘除的肥大细胞瘤病例中只有23%的复发.
-> More malignant (Turrel et al, JAVMA 1988)
更多的倾向于恶性
-> Similar to other locations (Cahalane et al, JAVMA 2004)
同其他部位的相似 Muzzle MCTs higher regional metastatic rate (Gieger et al,
Before surgery术前化疗: - Only marginal excision necessary只需切除病灶边缘 - Hope to shrink tumor 可望肿瘤缩小
After incomplete surgery在不完全摘除的手术之后也可化疗
Measurable disease病区较大时:
Fine Needle Aspiration 细针抽吸术
Cytologic Diagnosis 细胞学诊断
„Mast cell tumor“ (MCT)肥大细胞瘤
Mast Cells 肥大细胞
Derived from hematopoietic precursors 来自造血细胞的前体
Found in liver, lung, skin, GI tract, bone marrow 可以在肝、 肺 、皮肤、胃肠道以及骨髓中发现
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Location 预后因素 – 部位
Controversial... 有争议 :
Oral cavity, nail bed, inguinal, preputial, perineal 口腔的 ,指基部的,腹股沟的,包皮的,会阴的
JVIM 2003) 鼻口部肥大细胞瘤的转移率高
Visceral MCT 内脏肥大细胞瘤
Very poor prognosis 极度的预后不良
Treatment 治疗
Surgery 手术疗法
Goal: clean excision 以彻底摘除肿瘤为目的.
Radiotherapy 放射疗法:
Treatment – Surgery Mast cell tumors 治疗—手术
Goal: „Clean margins“, 目标:切缘干净,彻底摘除 how many cm required?? 干净的切缘需要多少厘米?
Very controversial!目前还存在很大的争议 Consensus: 2 cm laterally,
Abdominal ultrasound 腹部B超
Palpation and aspiration of regional lymph nodes 局部淋巴结的触诊和穿刺
(Buffy coat smear) (淡黄层斑); (Bone marrow)( 骨髓)
Mast cell tumors
Established 已确定的
Histologic grade 组织学分级 Clinical stage 临床阶段 Location 部位 Breed 品种 Growth rate 生长速率 Recurrence 血液循环 PCNA 增殖细胞核抗原 AgNOR count 银染核区记数 Intratumoral vessel density
瘤内的脉管密度
Unknown 未知的 :
c-KIT C-试剂盒 MMPs金属蛋白酶 P53 P53
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Grade 预后因素 -- 肿瘤的等级
Patnaik AK et al, Vet Path 1984
Dogs alive at 1500 days: 1500 日后存活的狗: Grade I 一级: 93% Grade II 二级: 44% Grade III 三级: 6%
- Cellular proliferation markers may indicate likelyhood of recurrence 细胞增生可能表示着复发的可能性.
Mast cell tumors
Treatment – Radiotherapy 治疗--放射疗法
Microscopic disease 病区微小时:
Differential Diagnosis 鉴别诊断
Mast cell tumor 肥大细胞瘤 Lipoma 脂肪瘤 Sebaceous hyperplasia/adenoma
脂肪增生 / 腺瘤 Fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤 Melanoma 黑素瘤 Squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌 Seroma, abscess… 肿, 脓肿…
Integral in inflammatory and allergic responses 可在炎症及过敏反应中出现
Mast cell tumors
General
Most common skin tumor of dogs (16-21%) 狗常见的皮肤肿瘤 (16%-21%) ;
Breed predisposition:具有品种遗传的特点
stage II: one tumor confined to the dermis + node Ⅱ级 : 仅在皮肤及结节上有一个肿瘤
stage III: multiple or large infiltrating tumors +/- node Ⅲ级 : 有多发性或较大的浸润性瘤(结节上有或无)
Clean up dirty margins 清除污染缘.
Chemotherapy 化学疗法:
Metastatic MCTs 转移的肥大细胞瘤
Supportive Care 支持疗法:
Prevent paraneoplastic syndromes 预防瘤外综合征
Mast cell tumors
Grade 2: moderately differentiated
二级: 中等程度的分化 Grade 3: poorly differentiated;三级:分化不明显.
Mast cell tumors
Staging 诊断步骤
Bloodwork 验血
Thoracic radiographs 胸片
(Miller DM J Vet Diagn Invest 1995)
Boxer 拳师犬
Higher occurence of grade I MCT (46% vs 26% in other breeds) 易发一级肥大细胞瘤(高达46%,而其他 型的为26%)
(Bostock DE J Small Anim Pract 1973)
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Stage 预后因素 -- 肿瘤的等级
WHO staging system: 世界卫生组织的肿瘤分类等级
stage 0: incompletely excised tumor 0 级 : 不完全的体外肿瘤
stage I: one tumor confined to the dermis Ⅰ级 : 仅在皮肤上有一个肿瘤
Otherwise no abnormalities 无其他异常现象
Physical Exam 体检
BAR No abnormalities except mass
除肿块外无异常
Soft 肿块柔软 Subcutaneous 位于皮下 Not well circumscribed
界限不明显
Systemic mastocytosis 全身性的肥大细胞增生病
Usually associated with cutaneous tumors 通常伴有皮肤肿瘤
Mast cell tumors
First Step: Getting a Diagnosis
第一步 : 进行诊断
Fine needle aspiration 细针抽吸术
Canine Mast Cell Tumors 犬肥大细胞瘤
„Jouschka“
10 year old FS Airdale Terrier 1
History 主诉
Masse hind leg 后腿肿块
Since several weeks 已发病几周
Changes size 大小发生改变
...
Clinical Presentation Mast cell tumors 临床特征
Clinical Presentation 临床特征
Location 发病部位
Head and neck 头颈部 (13%) Thorax and forelimb 胸部及前肢 (29%) Abdomen and hindlimb 腹部及后肢 (40%) Genital or perianal 生殖器或肛周 (18%)
Northrup NC et al, J Vet Diagn Invest, 2004
Variations among 10 pathologists in grading canine cutaneous MCTs 十个病理专家对犬表皮肥大细胞瘤的分类中存在个体的差异
Conclusion: significant variation among pathologists (p=0.001) 结论 : 在不同的病理专家存在显著的差异 (P=0.001)
Controversial疗效有争论
- Dobson et al, Vet Comp Oncol 2004: Overall Response 88%
Biopsy 活组织检查:
- Antihistamines 抗组织胺类 - Grading on histology -> prognosis!!
组织学分类,以便判断预后 Grade 1: well differentiated 一级:分化良好
Paraneoplastic Syndroms 类肿瘤性综合症
Heparin 肝素 -> Bleeding tendency 出血倾向
Histamine 组织胺 -> GI ulcers 胃肠道溃疡
Proteases 蛋白酶
-> Wound healing problems: 创伤愈合问题
Prognostic Factors Mast cell tumors 影响预后的因素
stage IV: distant metastasis Ⅳ级: 远端转移
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Breed 预后因素 -- 品种
Shar Pei 沙皮犬
Higher occurence of grade III MCT and inguinal MCT: 易发三级和腹股沟肥大细胞瘤
1 fascial plain deep 目前意见一致的是: 外侧 2cm, 深至筋膜面.
Simpson et al, JAVMA 2004 Fulcher et al, JAVMA 2006 ...
Treatment – Surgery 治疗—手术
Consequence of unclean margins? 如果边缘不洁会有什么样的后果
10% of dogs have multiple cutaneous tumors 10% 的狗患有混合性的皮肤瘤
Behave similar to low or intermediate grade solitary MCT 行为与轻微或是中等程度的单个肥大细胞瘤相似 (Mullins M et al, JAVMA 2006
Even more controversial!!! 同样很有争论!!!
Second surgery? Radiation therapy? Nothing? 再次手术? 放射疗法?不作任何处理?
Seguin et al, JVIM 2006:
- Only 23% of 30 incompletely excised MCTs recurred 30例不全摘除的肥大细胞瘤病例中只有23%的复发.
-> More malignant (Turrel et al, JAVMA 1988)
更多的倾向于恶性
-> Similar to other locations (Cahalane et al, JAVMA 2004)
同其他部位的相似 Muzzle MCTs higher regional metastatic rate (Gieger et al,
Before surgery术前化疗: - Only marginal excision necessary只需切除病灶边缘 - Hope to shrink tumor 可望肿瘤缩小
After incomplete surgery在不完全摘除的手术之后也可化疗
Measurable disease病区较大时:
Fine Needle Aspiration 细针抽吸术
Cytologic Diagnosis 细胞学诊断
„Mast cell tumor“ (MCT)肥大细胞瘤
Mast Cells 肥大细胞
Derived from hematopoietic precursors 来自造血细胞的前体
Found in liver, lung, skin, GI tract, bone marrow 可以在肝、 肺 、皮肤、胃肠道以及骨髓中发现
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Location 预后因素 – 部位
Controversial... 有争议 :
Oral cavity, nail bed, inguinal, preputial, perineal 口腔的 ,指基部的,腹股沟的,包皮的,会阴的
JVIM 2003) 鼻口部肥大细胞瘤的转移率高
Visceral MCT 内脏肥大细胞瘤
Very poor prognosis 极度的预后不良
Treatment 治疗
Surgery 手术疗法
Goal: clean excision 以彻底摘除肿瘤为目的.
Radiotherapy 放射疗法:
Treatment – Surgery Mast cell tumors 治疗—手术
Goal: „Clean margins“, 目标:切缘干净,彻底摘除 how many cm required?? 干净的切缘需要多少厘米?
Very controversial!目前还存在很大的争议 Consensus: 2 cm laterally,
Abdominal ultrasound 腹部B超
Palpation and aspiration of regional lymph nodes 局部淋巴结的触诊和穿刺
(Buffy coat smear) (淡黄层斑); (Bone marrow)( 骨髓)
Mast cell tumors
Established 已确定的
Histologic grade 组织学分级 Clinical stage 临床阶段 Location 部位 Breed 品种 Growth rate 生长速率 Recurrence 血液循环 PCNA 增殖细胞核抗原 AgNOR count 银染核区记数 Intratumoral vessel density
瘤内的脉管密度
Unknown 未知的 :
c-KIT C-试剂盒 MMPs金属蛋白酶 P53 P53
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Grade 预后因素 -- 肿瘤的等级
Patnaik AK et al, Vet Path 1984
Dogs alive at 1500 days: 1500 日后存活的狗: Grade I 一级: 93% Grade II 二级: 44% Grade III 三级: 6%
- Cellular proliferation markers may indicate likelyhood of recurrence 细胞增生可能表示着复发的可能性.
Mast cell tumors
Treatment – Radiotherapy 治疗--放射疗法
Microscopic disease 病区微小时:
Differential Diagnosis 鉴别诊断
Mast cell tumor 肥大细胞瘤 Lipoma 脂肪瘤 Sebaceous hyperplasia/adenoma
脂肪增生 / 腺瘤 Fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤 Melanoma 黑素瘤 Squamous cell carcinoma 鳞状细胞癌 Seroma, abscess… 肿, 脓肿…
Integral in inflammatory and allergic responses 可在炎症及过敏反应中出现
Mast cell tumors
General
Most common skin tumor of dogs (16-21%) 狗常见的皮肤肿瘤 (16%-21%) ;
Breed predisposition:具有品种遗传的特点
stage II: one tumor confined to the dermis + node Ⅱ级 : 仅在皮肤及结节上有一个肿瘤
stage III: multiple or large infiltrating tumors +/- node Ⅲ级 : 有多发性或较大的浸润性瘤(结节上有或无)
Clean up dirty margins 清除污染缘.
Chemotherapy 化学疗法:
Metastatic MCTs 转移的肥大细胞瘤
Supportive Care 支持疗法:
Prevent paraneoplastic syndromes 预防瘤外综合征
Mast cell tumors
Grade 2: moderately differentiated
二级: 中等程度的分化 Grade 3: poorly differentiated;三级:分化不明显.
Mast cell tumors
Staging 诊断步骤
Bloodwork 验血
Thoracic radiographs 胸片
(Miller DM J Vet Diagn Invest 1995)
Boxer 拳师犬
Higher occurence of grade I MCT (46% vs 26% in other breeds) 易发一级肥大细胞瘤(高达46%,而其他 型的为26%)
(Bostock DE J Small Anim Pract 1973)
Mast cell tumors
Prognostic Factor – Stage 预后因素 -- 肿瘤的等级
WHO staging system: 世界卫生组织的肿瘤分类等级
stage 0: incompletely excised tumor 0 级 : 不完全的体外肿瘤
stage I: one tumor confined to the dermis Ⅰ级 : 仅在皮肤上有一个肿瘤
Otherwise no abnormalities 无其他异常现象
Physical Exam 体检
BAR No abnormalities except mass
除肿块外无异常
Soft 肿块柔软 Subcutaneous 位于皮下 Not well circumscribed
界限不明显
Systemic mastocytosis 全身性的肥大细胞增生病
Usually associated with cutaneous tumors 通常伴有皮肤肿瘤
Mast cell tumors
First Step: Getting a Diagnosis
第一步 : 进行诊断
Fine needle aspiration 细针抽吸术
Canine Mast Cell Tumors 犬肥大细胞瘤
„Jouschka“
10 year old FS Airdale Terrier 1
History 主诉
Masse hind leg 后腿肿块
Since several weeks 已发病几周
Changes size 大小发生改变
...
Clinical Presentation Mast cell tumors 临床特征
Clinical Presentation 临床特征
Location 发病部位
Head and neck 头颈部 (13%) Thorax and forelimb 胸部及前肢 (29%) Abdomen and hindlimb 腹部及后肢 (40%) Genital or perianal 生殖器或肛周 (18%)
Northrup NC et al, J Vet Diagn Invest, 2004
Variations among 10 pathologists in grading canine cutaneous MCTs 十个病理专家对犬表皮肥大细胞瘤的分类中存在个体的差异
Conclusion: significant variation among pathologists (p=0.001) 结论 : 在不同的病理专家存在显著的差异 (P=0.001)
Controversial疗效有争论
- Dobson et al, Vet Comp Oncol 2004: Overall Response 88%