现代英语语法状语分类(2018年1月17日)

第十三章状语Adverbials

13.0 Introduction

1. 形式：状语可以是副词形容词名词，介词词组，副词词组，形容词&名词词组，分句等。

2. 位置：可在句首，句中和句末。

3. 语法结构：1）结合性状语（integrated)。2）分离性状语(peripheral)。

判断方法：把整句带入:“It’s true that…“里可以明显看出。

E.g.: John drove slowly.

-- i t’s true that John drove slowly. (integrated，adjuncts )

Fortunately, he came back just in time.

--Fortunately, It’s true that he came back just in time. (Peripheral, disjuncts )

However, it was a good meeting.

-- However, it’s true that it was a good meeting. (Peripheral, conjuncts)

* Adjuncts: 修饰性状语，主要修饰动词

* Disjuncts: 评注性状语，对分句内容的评价。

* Conjuncts: 连接性状语，逻辑粘合剂，把新句子加入文章中。

Integrated adverbial（结合性状语）Adjuncts修饰性状语

Adverbials 状语Disjuncts: 评注性状语

Peripheral adverbial (分离性状语)

Conjuncts: 连接性状语

13.1 Adjuncts 修饰性状语

分时间状语(Time Adjuncts)，地点状语(Place Adjuncts)，过程状语(Process Adjuncts)，因果状语(Contingency Adjuncts)。

13.1.1时间状语Time Adjuncts

13.1.2地点状语Place Adjuncts

13.1.3过程状语Process Adjuncts

a. Types of Process Adjuncts

Manner Adjuncts (方式状语) Instruments Adjuncts(工具状语) Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)

⏹Manner Adjuncts 方式状语

1.Definition：描述事情如何完成的状语。They plan the project carefully.

2.可被How, In what way/manner 来提问。How do they plan the project?

3.一般用副词来当方式状语，其他方式显得比较繁琐。

⏹Instruments Adjuncts工具状语

1.方式状语指某事如何完成的，主观描述，而工具状语则指在外部帮助下某事如何完成，很客观。

Why not cut the bread with a knife?

I used to go to work by bike.

You can start the machine by pressing the button.

2.最常见的形式是with + 方式

Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)

1.指执行动作的人，by + performer, 特别会出现在被动语态中，执行者一般是人，或者把物体拟人化。

The flying object was seen by many people.

The work can be easily done by a machine.

当过程状语，时间状语，地点状语同时出现时，按以下规律排列：

Process + Place + Time

He told me in person at the meeting yesterday. (Process + Place + Time)

13.1.4因果状语Contingency Adjuncts

Reason Adjunct(原因状语) Result Adjunct(结果状语) Purpose Adjunct(目的状语) Concession Adjunct(让步状语) Condition Adjunct(条件状语)

⏹Reason Adjunct(原因状语)

1.当想表示事物或某一行为的原因时，用原因状语从句

2.一般以because引导从句，或者since，as，for…

I asked her to stay, for I have something important to tell her.

Because of his bad leg, he couldn’t walk as fast as others.

3.也可出现在不定从句中，省略连接词。

Being unable to concentrate at home, he went to the library.

Situated at the foot of the mountain, the village was very quiet.

4.As结构的的原因状语从句。

Foolish as he was, he would defy any advice and continue to make the same mistakes.