英汉翻译教程讲解第四章
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第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（8-11）
第四章汉译英常用方法和技巧（教学安排：8课时）与词有关的翻译方法包括：✓直译和意译✓词义的选择✓词的增补与省略✓词类转义法✓重复法✓正说反译法和反说正译法✓分句法和合句法第一节直译和意译首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。
意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。
例1原文：我们的朋友遍天下。
直译：Our friends are all over the world.意译：We have friends all over the world.直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。
总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。
✧能直译则直译例2原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。
译文：love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not arrogance and rudeness.例3原文：进入21世纪，麦当劳团体的对手们又集合到一面共同的旗帜之下——反对全球化。
译文：On stepping into the 21st century, the McDonalds’ groups have again assembled under the same flag——anti-globalization.Upon entering opponents banner rafilled例4原文：电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，前者是电流单位，后者是电压单位。
译文：the unit of current the one of voltage例5原文：俗话说：“千里搭凉棚，没有不散的筵席”。
再过两三年，咱们都要离开这里的。
英汉翻译基础教程 第四单元 句法翻译-ppt
六、转态译法
所谓转态译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中的被 动语态转换为译文中的主动语态，或把原文中的 主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。一般情况下， 无论是书面语，还是口头语中，英语比汉语用更 多的被动语态。 1. New Zealand had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans. 新西兰不知道这件事，也没人同它商讨过这些传 闻的计划。
第四单元
句子翻译
一、换序译法
翻译时根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行 调整，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺，这就是换 序译法。 1. It’s good you are so considerate. 你想得这样周到是很好的。 （×这是很好的你想得这样周到。）（主语从句 语序）
一、换序译法
三、转句译法
他感到习语是语言的支柱，因此特别主张用生动 的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。 （定语转句）
4. I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller: The Story of My Life) 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。 (状语转句)
二、断句译法
把一些长句断开来翻译就叫断句译法。 1. It is very easy to bring some books from the bookstores and libraries, but to learn the knowledge in the books and put the knowledge into practice is by no means an easy job. 从书店和图书馆带一些书回来是轻而易举的。// 然而，从书中学得知识并把这些知识运用到实践 中去就决不是那么简单的事情。 (拆开并例句)
英汉翻译教程第四章翻译方法技巧
safe
and
The house needs attention but the roof is sound. sleep: deep and peaceful To have a sound night’s sleep
LOGO
5. good, but not excellent a sound piece of writing 6. physical punishment to give sb. a sound beating
He Hamleted at a chance and regretted for it. 机会到来时他犹豫不决，过后又后悔了。 Hamlet 原是沙士比亚（王子复仇记） 中主人公名，用此人优柔寡段性格来比 喻类似情况。译时抽象化了。
LOGO
We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street. 我们主张国际贸易不应该是有来无往。 One-way street 原意是“单行道” 引申“有来无往”。
LOGO
（二）英语中有些词是中立的本身不表示褒贬 义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味， 译时要相应地表达出来。 The president promised to work to repeat state and federal laws that discriminate Against women. 总统承诺将力求废除歧视（贬义）妇女的州法 及联邦法。 By a 6-3 vote, the court held that this official discriminate did not violate the Constitution. 法院以六票对三票的裁决的认定，政府对这个 问题上才去的区别对待（中性词）的办法并不 违反宪法。
chapter four-商务英语英汉翻译教程PPT精品文档53页
CISISU-Business English for the
8
Seniors
Part 1. Relationship between the meaning of English and Chinese words
3. no correspondence 词义缺乏对应
Plumber
形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设 立的专门特工机构。Plumber原意“铅管 工”，用以指特工，系借用“铅管工”堵漏、 防漏之含义）美国调查政府雇员泄密事件的 特工（《参考消息》将此词翻译为“管子 工”）
Chapter Four A Comparison study between English
and Chinese words and its translation
第四章 英汉词语对比与翻译
By Lily Chang
CISISU-Business English for the
1
Seniors
Targets of Chapter Four
CISISU-Business English for the
3
Seniors
Part 1. Relationship between the meaning of English and Chinese words
Differences: Chinese-相比英文，汉语词义严谨固定，
词的含义范围较窄，词义上下的依赖性比较 小。
译文：为应对目前的“非洲之角”饥荒，中国政府 决定通过联合国双边渠道向有关国家提供价值 4.432亿元人民币的紧急粮食援助。
CISISU-Business English for the
5
大学汉英翻译教程第四章 句子的英译与常用技巧_46
【分析】译文中增译了“herculean effort”，用来和“grueling toil” 一起来表示艰巨的任务的意思，增加了这个词语，使得译文更充分 的传达除了艰苦的劳动之意。
【例3】还有些人不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，……革命意 志严重衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的，等等。（邓小平：《邓小平 文选》第二卷）
【例2】科学是老老实实的学学的春天》）
Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing not an iota of falsehood, and it involves herculean effort and grueling toil.
【例3】所以，人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。 Hence people are all heavily dependent on nature for survival. 【分析】“全都”已经包含了“一致”的意思了，所以，译文 中“一致”并没有再次译出。
【例4】他暗暗下定决心：一定重新做人。 He made up his mind to turn a new leaf in his life. 【分析】“暗暗下决心”不必译成“he made up his mind secretly”,在英文中“make up one’s mind”就可以表达暗暗下 定决心了，如果加上“secretly”反而会让人觉得奇怪。因为下 决心本来就是一种心理活动，所以就不存在“openly”和 “secretly”之分了。
There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:...and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing.
【例3】还有些人不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，……革命意 志严重衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的，等等。（邓小平：《邓小平 文选》第二卷）
【例2】科学是老老实实的学学的春天》）
Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing not an iota of falsehood, and it involves herculean effort and grueling toil.
【例3】所以，人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。 Hence people are all heavily dependent on nature for survival. 【分析】“全都”已经包含了“一致”的意思了，所以，译文 中“一致”并没有再次译出。
【例4】他暗暗下定决心：一定重新做人。 He made up his mind to turn a new leaf in his life. 【分析】“暗暗下决心”不必译成“he made up his mind secretly”,在英文中“make up one’s mind”就可以表达暗暗下 定决心了，如果加上“secretly”反而会让人觉得奇怪。因为下 决心本来就是一种心理活动，所以就不存在“openly”和 “secretly”之分了。
There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:...and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing.
华先发英汉翻译教程第四章
拟声词的翻译
• • • • • • • • A tiger growls. 虎啸 a dog barks 犬吠 A lion roars 狮吼 A wolf howls 狼嚎 A horse neighs. 马嘶 A monkey screeches. 猿啼 An ass brays. 驴叫 A deer bleats. 鹿鸣
拟声词的翻译
• 1）英汉拟声词比较 • A. 同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声 词来表达； • B. 同一声音在英语中和汉语中用不同的拟 声词来表达 • C. 不同的声音用同一拟声词来表达，这种 情况在英语和汉语中都很普遍
拟声词的翻译
• （1）大多数英文拟声词都可译为汉语相应的拟声 词，有的译为独词句，有的则译为动词或者词的 辅助成分。 • Crack ! The stick broke into two. • Only the ventilator in the cellar window kept up a ceaseless rattle. • Round the corner of Crescent Bay, between the piled-up masses of broken rock, a flock of sheep came pattering.
颜色词的翻译
• A mark was on him from the day's delight, so that all his life, when April was a thin green and the flavor of rain was on his tongue, an old wound would throb and a nostalgia would fill him for something he could not quite remember. (Rawlings 2001:13)
新编汉英翻译教程 第四章(Shortened)ppt课件
在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语以 保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、语言自然地道，行 使与原文相似的功能。用来替换原主语的，可以是 句中的其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。如：
⑴他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌 肤呈着紫檀色。 He is a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.
精选ppt
4.1.1 以原句主语作译文主语
英语句中的主语只能是：名词、主格人称代词 或名词性的词语。
当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词 或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原主语作译文的 主语。如： 1. 我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
Our house was built over a hundred years ago. 2. 我是北京人。
但就文体色彩而言译文a偏向中性书面语体而译文b属非正式口语体效果与原文更接19422谓语的确定应基于构句的需要选择谓语时考虑构句的需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范遵循主谓一致的原则保证谓语和主语的人称和数的一致谓语动词时态语态正确句式连贯顺畅表达地道自然
第四章 句子的翻译
精选ppt
由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语句子的概念不同， 句子类型的划分也不同，句子组合的机制也不同。
精选ppt
例：在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的 最高级形容词。
a. When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree. b. You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press. 译文a紧随原文句子结构，主、谓语的选择与原文完 全对应。译文b则不同，其中can hear替代了原谓语 “使用”，是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”，而 是泛指人称代词You。两个译文都与原文意义相符， 且符合语法规范。不同的是，译文a仅仅陈述事实， 语气比较客观；而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表达， 带有一定的感情色彩。 精选ppt
⑴他的身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌 肤呈着紫檀色。 He is a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the colour of red sandalwood.
精选ppt
4.1.1 以原句主语作译文主语
英语句中的主语只能是：名词、主格人称代词 或名词性的词语。
当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词 或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以原主语作译文的 主语。如： 1. 我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。
Our house was built over a hundred years ago. 2. 我是北京人。
但就文体色彩而言译文a偏向中性书面语体而译文b属非正式口语体效果与原文更接19422谓语的确定应基于构句的需要选择谓语时考虑构句的需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范遵循主谓一致的原则保证谓语和主语的人称和数的一致谓语动词时态语态正确句式连贯顺畅表达地道自然
第四章 句子的翻译
精选ppt
由于思维方式的差异，汉语和英语句子的概念不同， 句子类型的划分也不同，句子组合的机制也不同。
精选ppt
例：在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的 最高级形容词。
a. When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree. b. You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press. 译文a紧随原文句子结构，主、谓语的选择与原文完 全对应。译文b则不同，其中can hear替代了原谓语 “使用”，是因为句中的主语不再是“上海人”，而 是泛指人称代词You。两个译文都与原文意义相符， 且符合语法规范。不同的是，译文a仅仅陈述事实， 语气比较客观；而译文b从旅游观光者的角度表达， 带有一定的感情色彩。 精选ppt
英汉翻译教程课文4
4-1. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and miners.
汉语叙事顺序是按照事情发生的 顺序进行的。
1-3. The Industrial Revolution began with such machines; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. 而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。 1-4.James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self- made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. 斯塔福郡的詹姆斯 •布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁， 就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了那自我奋斗的生涯。 having been born poor in a village表示原因，说明他为什么十七岁就开始干活。 2-1. Brindley 's improvemenபைடு நூலகம் were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine. 布林德雷所作的改良是很实际的：改善并加强水车的机械功能。 2-2. It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries. 这是为新工业提供的第一部多功能机器。
英汉翻译实用教程第4讲 英译汉 (3)
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四. 形式上否定，意义上肯定 形式上否定， 有些英语句子或短语形式上是否定的，意 义上却是肯定的。这类句子一般可译成汉 语的肯定句。现分述如下：
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1．“nothing” 有时意为“零”、“正好”。 如： 1) Multiply 6 by nothing, and the result is nothing. 六乘以零等于零。 2) He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺高。
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三. 双重否定 双重否定指两个否定词并用，否定同一个 单词，或者一个否定词否定另一个词，其 否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义。汉译 时可译成肯定句。如：
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1) Nothing is so difficult that it can not be done. 有志者事竟成。 2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 3) It is none other than zinc. 这就是锌。 4）You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
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பைடு நூலகம்
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6）There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. 分析：that引导的从句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是 realization的同位语从句。介词for相当于in spite of。句子中的 not inexhaustible为双重否定结构。第二句中也用了not without 双重否定结构。有否定词without的双重否定结构，翻译时一般 可以译成肯定句。但是，在需要加强语气的时候，也可以译成 双重否定句。 译文：人们越来越认识到，尽管海洋无边无垠，但其资源并不 是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其 遭致灭绝的危险，或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁 衍生息。
四. 形式上否定，意义上肯定 形式上否定， 有些英语句子或短语形式上是否定的，意 义上却是肯定的。这类句子一般可译成汉 语的肯定句。现分述如下：
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1．“nothing” 有时意为“零”、“正好”。 如： 1) Multiply 6 by nothing, and the result is nothing. 六乘以零等于零。 2) He is five foot nothing. 他整整五英尺高。
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三. 双重否定 双重否定指两个否定词并用，否定同一个 单词，或者一个否定词否定另一个词，其 否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义。汉译 时可译成肯定句。如：
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1) Nothing is so difficult that it can not be done. 有志者事竟成。 2) There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 3) It is none other than zinc. 这就是锌。 4）You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
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6）There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without risking their extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock. 分析：that引导的从句that for all their vastness, the resources to be found in the oceans and seas were not inexhaustible是 realization的同位语从句。介词for相当于in spite of。句子中的 not inexhaustible为双重否定结构。第二句中也用了not without 双重否定结构。有否定词without的双重否定结构，翻译时一般 可以译成肯定句。但是，在需要加强语气的时候，也可以译成 双重否定句。 译文：人们越来越认识到，尽管海洋无边无垠，但其资源并不 是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其 遭致灭绝的危险，或无限制地捕捞鲱鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁 衍生息。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第四章 词语翻译技巧
We have decided to place a trial order for the following on the terms stated in your letter.
2、 动词转为形容词
她父母为她的健康不佳而发愁。
Her parents were anxious about her poor health． 获悉贵国遭受地震 ，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake． 她没有意识到自己犯了一个严重的错 误。 She was not aware that she had made a serious mistake．
译文：我们大脑的“程序”非常复杂，所以 也许我们喜欢从文学、艺术、科学和技术角 度的创造力来定义“思考”这个概念。
该例原文选自有关人脑功能方面的一篇科技 性文章。根据整个语篇以及相关语境，可以 推断出这里的“our program”指大脑程序， 因为我们自己本身并没有什么程序可言。因 此，译成汉语时要增加失当词汇，才能更确 切地表达原文所要传达的意思。
我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一， 反对； 第二，不怕。
Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are against it；second, we are not afraid of it． 他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks．
1、冠词的省译
A teacher should have patience in his work. 教师在工作中应当有耐心。
2、 动词转为形容词
她父母为她的健康不佳而发愁。
Her parents were anxious about her poor health． 获悉贵国遭受地震 ，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake． 她没有意识到自己犯了一个严重的错 误。 She was not aware that she had made a serious mistake．
译文：我们大脑的“程序”非常复杂，所以 也许我们喜欢从文学、艺术、科学和技术角 度的创造力来定义“思考”这个概念。
该例原文选自有关人脑功能方面的一篇科技 性文章。根据整个语篇以及相关语境，可以 推断出这里的“our program”指大脑程序， 因为我们自己本身并没有什么程序可言。因 此，译成汉语时要增加失当词汇，才能更确 切地表达原文所要传达的意思。
我们对待世界大战这个问题的态度是：第一， 反对； 第二，不怕。
Our attitude on the question of world war is, first, we are against it；second, we are not afraid of it． 他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks．
1、冠词的省译
A teacher should have patience in his work. 教师在工作中应当有耐心。
汉英翻译第四章
II.冗余信息: II.冗余信息 冗余信息:
务必要继续发扬艰苦奋斗的优良传统,提倡勤俭,崇尚节约, 务必要继续发扬艰苦奋斗的优良传统,提倡勤俭,崇尚节约,防止 和纠正脱离经济发展水平的高消费. 和纠正脱离经济发展水平的高消费. It is imperative to carry on the fine tradition of hard work, encourage and uphold industry and thrift to prevent and check high consumption that outgrows economic development. 原文” 原文” 提倡勤俭,崇尚节约”实际上是一回事,属行文语气的需要. 提倡勤俭,崇尚节约”实际上是一回事,属行文语气的需要. 不必 在译文中重复译出. 在译文中重复译出. ..encourage frugality, and prevent and check 建立办事高效,运转协调,行为规范的行政管理体系. 建立办事高效,运转协调,行为规范的行政管理体系. We must set up an administrative system with high efficiency in work, coordination in operation and standardization in behavior. 字面倒是很对应,然而意义重复甚至有些莫名其妙. 字面倒是很对应,然而意义重复甚至有些莫名其妙.原文四字结 构纯粹出于汉语行文对称的需要,大可不必字字对应. 构纯粹出于汉语行文对称的需要,大可不必字字对应. 改译We 改译We must establish an efficient, well-coordinated and wellstandardized administrative system. 3)新的时代呼唤新的理论,新的理论指导新的实践。 3)新的时代呼唤新的理论 新的理论指导新的实践。 新的时代呼唤新的理论, The new era calls for new theory to guide the practice.
英汉翻译第4章(英汉对比)
英汉翻译第4章(英汉对比)英语翻译教程English-Chinese Translation (英汉翻译)Linda英语翻译教程第四章词语的翻译英汉两种语言分属语系和语系，两者之间存在着很大的差异。
这种差异首先反映在词汇上。
与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形，和词的音律和节奏等。
英语翻译教程As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning EnglishChinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important to master the languages’ peculiarities.英语翻译教程第一节英汉词义英汉词汇之间本身有着很大的差别，这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家杰弗里 . 利奇在他的Semantics ( 语义学) 中把最广义的意义划分为7 种不同的类型：外延意义(概念意义)( denotative meaning )、内涵意义( connotative meaning )、风格意义( stylistic meaning )、情感意义( affective meaning )、联想意义( reflective meaning ) 搭配意义( collocative meaning )、主题意义( thematic meaning )。
英汉翻译教程 第四章 翻译的技巧
1. How to explain that I was not a proud owner seeking admiration for his vehicle, but a tourist who had broken down?【译文】真不知道怎么说好呢？我又不是一个得意的车主，专门让人家欣赏我的车子来着，而是个路途中有了难处的游客。
2. It is actually very, very old and was not always as beautiful as it is now. It is not certain how the Earth began. Probably it began as a huge globe of gas and dust. The globe became smaller and denser. … Today the outer layer or crust is cool and hard, …【译文】实际上，地球已经非常、非常古老了，它起初并不总像现在这样美丽。
关于地球的起源，尚无定论。
地球开始形成时，很可能是一个由气体和尘埃组成的巨大球体。
地球变得越来越小，越来越密，……今天，地球的外层或地壳已经冷却硬化，……3. Special equipment assures that the computers will not be disturbed by power interruptions that last less than two hours.【译文】在停电两小时以内的情况下，有专门设备能保证计算机正常工作。
4. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for.【译文】那表情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是嫌恶，也不是她原先准备应付的任何一种感情。
第四章 语词的选择 英汉互译课件
2．词义的轻重缓急。如“笑”一词。
laugh 大笑 smile 微笑 giggle 傻笑 jeer 嘲笑 chuckle 抿着嘴笑 guffaw 放声大笑、狂笑 smirk 得意地笑 grin 露齿一笑
3．词义的褒贬和语体等感情色彩。词义的感情色彩取决于该词在交际情景 中的使用情况，它反映着作者运用某一词语时所赋予它的或肯定、或否定、 或尊敬、或诅咒、或古朴典雅、或庄严肃穆、或诙谐幽默等意义。例如 ambition一词既可作褒义，又可作贬义，完全取决于它在句中所含的潜在态 度。请分析这个词在下列句中的不同褒贬义：
在所指事物相同的情况下，一组同义词中的各个词可以分别用于 不同的文体中，有的适用于一般文体，有的适用于正式文体，有 的适用于非正式文体。因此，翻译时应注意词的文体特征。
英汉语中的委婉语涉及社会生活的方方面面，它从不同的角度反映了人们认可 的行为准则、社会习俗、思维模式、审美情趣、价值观念和道德标准。而委 婉语通常采用一些比喻、借代、迂回、缩略或谐音喻指等修辞手法来表达生 活中那些使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物和行为。翻译时， 应注意词的这一特征。 例如，在英汉语言中有多达上百种“死”的委婉说法。 To go to sleep 长眠 To be no more 没了，不在了 To close one’s eye 闭眼，合眼 To expire 逝世 To pass away 永别了，去世，与世长辞 To end one’s day 寿终，谢世 To go west 归西 To pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘 To go to one’s last home 回老家 To go to heaven 升天，仙逝，进天堂 To kick up one’s heels 登腿，伸腿 To kick the bucket 翘辫子，翻白眼 To return to dust 入土 To demise 崩，薨
英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法
法国的《世界报》、英国广播公司、美 国《纽约时报》以及整个阿拉伯报界， 都经常大量引用海卡尔的话。
This great scientist was born in New England.
这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的 新英格兰。
EX. 增加背景知识文化而增词
The blond boy quickly crossed himself.
▪ 导致合并不断增加的另一个因素是股票市场的空 前繁荣。股票市场的空前繁荣使得各家公司可以 依赖其上涨的股票价格去资助各种大规模的购进。
2.4 因语序变化而加词
▪ 由于英语国家惯用被动结构的语序,而我们 中国人惯用主动句,因而,在翻译中经常要增 加主语,使之变为主动语态,以适应我们的语 言习惯。例如：
因表达清晰自然之需而增词
❖ As to direct and indirect exporting, which approach is best depends on such factors as the company’s size, its export volume, the number of foreign countries involved, the investment required to support the operation, the profit potential, the risk present, and the desires of the overseas buyers.
▪ These drills want sharpening. ▪ 这些钻头需要磨一磨。
EX. 因语法需要而增词
▪ It is on one of these occasions that I met the Cartwrights. I was staying with a man named Gaze who was head of the police and he came into the billiardroom, where I was sitting, and asked me if I would make up a four at a bridgetable.
This great scientist was born in New England.
这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的 新英格兰。
EX. 增加背景知识文化而增词
The blond boy quickly crossed himself.
▪ 导致合并不断增加的另一个因素是股票市场的空 前繁荣。股票市场的空前繁荣使得各家公司可以 依赖其上涨的股票价格去资助各种大规模的购进。
2.4 因语序变化而加词
▪ 由于英语国家惯用被动结构的语序,而我们 中国人惯用主动句,因而,在翻译中经常要增 加主语,使之变为主动语态,以适应我们的语 言习惯。例如：
因表达清晰自然之需而增词
❖ As to direct and indirect exporting, which approach is best depends on such factors as the company’s size, its export volume, the number of foreign countries involved, the investment required to support the operation, the profit potential, the risk present, and the desires of the overseas buyers.
▪ These drills want sharpening. ▪ 这些钻头需要磨一磨。
EX. 因语法需要而增词
▪ It is on one of these occasions that I met the Cartwrights. I was staying with a man named Gaze who was head of the police and he came into the billiardroom, where I was sitting, and asked me if I would make up a four at a bridgetable.
英汉翻译教程讲解第四章
第4章Unit 4 Economy1. 经济文章选篇。
其特点是：着重说明经济形势，提出主张和建议，以大量数据说明问题。
所用语言视场合而定，文件的语言正式而精练，演讲的语言则要比较易于上口。
2. 语言对比：（1）经济术语。
经济领域有大量的专门术语。
如：two way trade双向贸易l ucrative export markets 获利的出口市场foreign exchange 外汇commercial opportunities商业机会export opportunities 出口机会potential exports潜在市场（2）有些普通词语在经济文章中有特殊含义。
经济术语有特殊的用法和搭配。
例1）The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.我相信我们已经为今后贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。
例2）There are more than 20 joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors.现在有20多家中美合资企业。
（3）数字及有关的术语和量词。
数字很容易出错，因此要特别仔细核对。
和数字有关的动词、介词、形容词、副词也很重要。
如“增加了”和“增加”表示的意思是不一样的。
by用来表示增加或减少的幅度。
表示倍数时汉语与英语不一样。
汉语：1）甲比乙...（形容词或副词）n倍：不包括基数。
2）甲是乙n倍：包括基数。
英语：1) "n+ times + adj.比较级+than"式：包括基数；2) "n+ times + as + adj. + as"式：包括基数；3) "verb (e.g. increase, grow, rise, be raised, etc.) + n + times"式：包括基数。
英汉翻译教程-第 4 章-第 1 节
Sept.16, 2002 Collins Workshop 3
Take (off)
To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对他来说是一种痛苦，…… An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 在机场跑道上表出了与大黄峰号飞行甲板一样大小的地方， 他们就在这个有限的地方一次一次的练习起飞。 He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. ……好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。 Their first major design was a pleated褶, 褶状物denim jean with external pockets dubbed “baggies” that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers. ……一种打褶的，缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人 们称为“袋子”， 在中学和大学首先流行，接着别的服装店 Sept.16, 2002 Collins Workshop 4 也跟着仿制起来
Sept.16, 2002 Collins Workshop 8
Take (off)
To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对他来说是一种痛苦，…… An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 在机场跑道上表出了与大黄峰号飞行甲板一样大小的地方， 他们就在这个有限的地方一次一次的练习起飞。 He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. ……好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。 Their first major design was a pleated褶, 褶状物denim jean with external pockets dubbed “baggies” that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers. ……一种打褶的，缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人 们称为“袋子”， 在中学和大学首先流行，接着别的服装店 Sept.16, 2002 Collins Workshop 4 也跟着仿制起来
Sept.16, 2002 Collins Workshop 8
英汉互译第四章翻译技巧
3 词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词 多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。 一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不 同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要 善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常 从以下几个方面着手：
as drunk as a fiddler 酩酊大醉 （在古英格兰,民间小提琴手在公共场合为舞 蹈伴奏,人们往往以酒酬谢,因此往往会喝得 大醉.后人用此成语时,常常重意不重形与典, 因此,不必直译为 "像小提琴手一样酩酊大醉 ",采用释义法即可.）
bring down the house 全场喝彩 (不能直译为 "把房子都弄倒了")
第四章 翻译技巧1
• • • • • 加注 释义 词义的选择 词义的引申 词义的褒贬
1. 加注(annotation)
由于英汉文化存在许多差异，因此译入语 中某些文化词语在译出语中根本就没有对 等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况 下，英汉互译时常常要采用加注法来弥补 空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材 料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。 加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。
下海 jumping into the sea of business (若直译为 jumping into the sea容易引起误解) 拜堂 perform the marriage ceremony
（1） It's not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要参加那个俱乐部并非易事──他们只吸收手头阔 绰的人，而不是普通百姓。 （Tom, Dick, Harry都是英美常见的人名，这里泛指 任何人，相当于汉语中的"张三、李四、王五"。 所以，这里不宜直译为"汤姆、迪克、哈里"。）
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第4章 Unit 4 Economy 1. 经济文章选篇。其特点是：着重说明经济形势，提出主张和建议， 以大量数据说明问题。所用语言视场合而定，文件的语言正式而精练， 演讲的语言则要比较易于上口。 2. 语言对比： （1）经济术语。经济领域有大量的专门术语。如： two way trade双向贸易 lucrative export markets 获利的出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 commercial opportunities商业机会 export opportunities 出口机会 potential exports潜在市场 （2）有些普通词语在经济文章中有特殊含义。经济术语有特殊的用 法和搭配。 例1） The result, I believe, is that we have built the beginnings of a sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties. 我相信我们已经为今后贸易与金融关系初步打下了坚实的基础。 例2） There are more than 20 joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors. 现在有20多家中美合资企业。 （3）数字及有关的术语和量词。数字很容易出错，因此要特别仔细核 对。和数字有关的动词、介词、形容词、副词也很重要。如“增加 了”和“增加”表示的意思是不一样的。by用来表示增加或减少的幅 度。表示倍数时汉语与英语不一样。 汉语： 1）甲比乙...（形容词或副词）n倍：不包括基数。 2）甲是乙n倍：包括基数。 英语： 1) "n+ times + adj.比较级+than"式：包括基数； 2) "n+ times + as + adj. + as"式：包括基数； 3) "verb (e.g. increase, grow, rise, be raised, etc.) + n + times"式：包括基数。 3. 考核要求：翻译中有处理下列问题的能力： (1) 所选经济文章的特点及理解方面的难点 (2) 本单元出现的经济术语
Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983. 2、本练习经济术语： bilateral trade双边贸易 two way trade双向贸易 investment投资 total trade 总贸易额 commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系 commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系 labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业 technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的 技术改造 joint venture 合资企业 imports 进口额 exports 出口额 productivity生产率 resource capabilities资源潜力 3、本练习数量的表达法： something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元 amount to 总数达 roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元 4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively. 1）英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态，才能正确 地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体 现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。 2）imssively：显著地 下文中还有同义词：dramatically 3）英语一般一对主谓（宾）结构构成一个句子，如果几个句子构成一 个复合句，中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合 句，中间没有连接词也可，靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻 辑上相关性较大，可以译成一个汉语句子。 下文有类例，如： a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the
(3) 数字的译法
Exercise 10 New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries 一、解说 1、Exercise 10 ∽悦拦 骋状 砺薏亍せ袈泶脑谥泄 难萁病吨泄 酝饩煤献鞯男禄 帷贰Ｑ萁舶 ǎ骸袄止鄣睦碛伞薄ⅰ凹际酢薄ⅰ敖 鹑诠叵怠薄ⅰ霸谥泄 耐蹲省薄ⅰ爸泄 诠 獾耐蹲省薄ⅰ靶枰 朔 睦 选薄ⅰ胺闹贰薄ⅰ俺隹诳刂啤薄ⅰ巴 蚪坏馈被褂小敖崧邸钡燃 覆糠帧?BR>罗伯特·霍马茨生平介绍： Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International. Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974. Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund. Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The
instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些 人争取过来。 7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句， 不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时，可用后置法或别的方法翻译。 有时可以用后置法翻译，在译文中把原文从句后置，不重复关系代词所 代表的含义，译成并列分句。如： After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直到深夜。 译文： 中国从美国的进口额，1978年为9亿美元，到了1982年增加到近30亿美 元。 8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion. 中国的总贸易额也显著增长，从1978年到1983年，中国的出口额从大约 100亿美元增加到220亿美元，进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。 注意译文与原文之间的差异，原文中的关系词while是不能少的，而译 文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3）。 9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资 企 10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表 现 注意：Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同，要根据具 体的情况进行意译。如：put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一 样，但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”，因此翻译时一定要看目标语 的搭配能力与习惯。 11、decided on 选定，决定 12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the
Foreign Debt Dilemma and Reforming the International Monetary System. Other publications include articles in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, American Banker and The Financial Times. He was visiting lecturer at Princeton University in 1983. 2、本练习经济术语： bilateral trade双边贸易 two way trade双向贸易 investment投资 total trade 总贸易额 commercial and financial ties贸易与金融关系 commercial and financial relationships贸易与金融关系 labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业 technological transformation of existing industries现有企业的 技术改造 joint venture 合资企业 imports 进口额 exports 出口额 productivity生产率 resource capabilities资源潜力 3、本练习数量的表达法： something in the order of 6 billion大约为60亿美元 amount to 总数达 roughly $10 billion大约100亿美元 4、China is the world's largest developing nation and the US is the world's most developed large nation. Bilateral trade between the two has grown imssively. 1）英汉翻译要注意不能忽视英语原文中的动词时态、语态，才能正确 地表达。本句中的两个分词developing 和developed在翻译时要体 现“现在分词”的“进行”的特点和“过去分词”的“完成”的特点。 2）imssively：显著地 下文中还有同义词：dramatically 3）英语一般一对主谓（宾）结构构成一个句子，如果几个句子构成一 个复合句，中间要有连接词。而汉语可以几个小句在一起构成一个复合 句，中间没有连接词也可，靠逻辑意义连接。本注释点的两个句子在逻 辑上相关性较大，可以译成一个汉语句子。 下文有类例，如： a. There are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the
(3) 数字的译法
Exercise 10 New Opportunities in China's Economic Cooperation with Other Countries 一、解说 1、Exercise 10 ∽悦拦 骋状 砺薏亍せ袈泶脑谥泄 难萁病吨泄 酝饩煤献鞯男禄 帷贰Ｑ萁舶 ǎ骸袄止鄣睦碛伞薄ⅰ凹际酢薄ⅰ敖 鹑诠叵怠薄ⅰ霸谥泄 耐蹲省薄ⅰ爸泄 诠 獾耐蹲省薄ⅰ靶枰 朔 睦 选薄ⅰ胺闹贰薄ⅰ俺隹诳刂啤薄ⅰ巴 蚪坏馈被褂小敖崧邸钡燃 覆糠帧?BR>罗伯特·霍马茨生平介绍： Robert D. Hormats is Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs (International) and Managing Director of Goldman, Sachs & Co. He joined Goldman Sachs in 1982 as a Vice President in the Investment Banking Division and a Director of Goldman Sachs International. Mr. Hormats served as Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the Department of State from 1977 to 1979, Ambassador and Deputy U.S. Trade Resentative from 1979 to 1981 and Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982. He served as a Senior Staff Member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977 during which time he was Senior Economic Advisor to Dr. Henry Kissinger, General Brent Scowcroft and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Mr. Hormats was a recipient of the French Legion of Honor in 1982 and Arthur Fleming Award in 1974. Mr. Hormats is a board member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Engelhard Hanovia, Inc., and Human Genome Sciences, Inc. He is also a member of the Board of Visitors of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy and the Columbia University School of International Affairs. He is a member of the Advisory Boards of Foreign Policy and International Economics magazines. He was appointed by President Clinton in 1993 to the Board of The U.S.-Russia Investment Fund. Mr. Hormats publications include American Albatross: The
instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些 人争取过来。 7、China's imports from the US, which amounted to $900 million in 1978, rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. which amounted to $900 million in 1978为非限制性定语从句， 不能用前置法翻译非限制性定语从句时，可用后置法或别的方法翻译。 有时可以用后置法翻译，在译文中把原文从句后置，不重复关系代词所 代表的含义，译成并列分句。如： After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直到深夜。 译文： 中国从美国的进口额，1978年为9亿美元，到了1982年增加到近30亿美 元。 8、Total Chinese trade has also risen dramatically , from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly $10 billion to $22 billion, while imports increased from $ 10 billion to just over $ 21 billion. 中国的总贸易额也显著增长，从1978年到1983年，中国的出口额从大约 100亿美元增加到220亿美元，进口额从100亿美元增长到210多亿美元。 注意译文与原文之间的差异，原文中的关系词while是不能少的，而译 文中不需要译出。原因见上面的第3的解释3）。 9、joint ventures between the US and Chinese investors中美合资 企 10、China's Strong Economic Performance: 中国在经济上的出色表 现 注意：Strong译为“出色”。英汉语言的搭配能力不同，要根据具 体的情况进行意译。如：put on a coat, put on a hat两个put意义一 样，但分别译为“穿外衣”和“戴帽子”，因此翻译时一定要看目标语 的搭配能力与习惯。 11、decided on 选定，决定 12、It is aimed at adjusting the pace of modernisation to China's resource capabilities and its goal of major increases in employment, providing incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity; strengthening light, labour intensive industries, using technology to modernise and promote the