马绍尔群岛(世界风土人情论文)

马绍尔群岛马绍尔群岛共和国位于中太平洋，面积181.3平方公里，由34岛屿组成，其中29个珊瑚环礁和 5 个岛屿，这些岛屿组成两条平行的巨型岛链，舒展在750,000平方英里的中部太平洋上。

居民主要为密克罗尼西亚人种，大部分居住在马朱罗和夸贾林两岛上。

他们按语言分为9个种族群体。

居民中多数为天主教徒。

马绍尔语为官方语言，通用英语。

一、地理环境该国位于中太平洋。

由29个环礁岛群和5个小岛共1225个大小岛屿组成。

西面为群岛国密克罗尼西亚联邦，南面是另一群岛国基里巴斯。

它由一千二百多个大小岛礁组成，分布在两百多万平方公里的海域上，形成西北―东南走向的两列链状岛群。

共分两部分，分布在东南面的为日出群岛，在西北面的为日落群岛，中间相隔约208公里。

绝大多数人口集中在首都和夸贾林岛上。

海岸线长370.4公里。

属热带气候，年均气温27℃，年均降雨量为3350毫米，5月－11月为雨季，12月－4月为旱季。

在夏威夷西南约3200公里和关岛东南约2100公里处，东部为拉塔克群岛，西部为拉利克群岛。

主要岛礁有34个。

二、历史发展马绍尔群岛在16世纪初最先为西班牙航海家所发现。

1788年，英国“斯卡马勒”号船长约翰・马绍尔驾船从悉尼植物湾驶往中国途中经过这一群岛时，曾登岸寻求给养.因此后来一俄国水文学家将整个群岛命名为马绍尔群岛.直到19世纪20年代，马绍尔群岛才开始与外界有较多接触，那时，来自美国的捕鲸者常去那里寻觅食物和水.19世纪60年代美国传教士由夏威夷成批抵达马绍尔群岛.接踵而至是美国和德国的一些商人，他们在此设立公司，主要经营椰干和渔业。

后马绍尔群岛成为德国的保护领地，第一次世界大战被日本占领，战后，日本获得“国联”委托管理权.第二次世界大战时，日本以该群岛为基地同美军作战，并侵占了近邻的瑙替和基里巴斯。

马绍尔群岛及太平洋一些岛国被美军攻占，由联合国将马绍尔群岛交美国托管。

三、文化习俗马绍尔群岛自然环境优美，有南太平洋上的黑珍珠之称。

这里远离城市的喧嚷，没有任何工业污染，空气清新，令人身心舒畅。

碧蓝的海水，晶莹洁净的沙滩，到处是扶疏的椰林，踏上这片土地，令你心旷神怡。

1.体育2006年，2月6日报道，马绍尔群岛将成为国际奥委会的第203个成员。

国际奥委会执委会周日在都灵举行的会议上透露，国际奥委会已经决定将马绍尔群岛加入国际奥委会的事宜，提交到国际奥委会118次会议上。

这次会议将于2月8日到10日在都灵举行。

国际乒联在27日举行的年会上接纳缅甸作为新会员，并重新恢复了马绍尔群岛的国际乒联会员资格。

2.婚俗在马绍尔群岛，男子长到15-16岁，女子在婚嫁时，都要进行礼仪，即男子必须剃光额发，女子必须进行剃眉、染齿、结发等仪式，表示已到了思春期。

在当地，酋长的女儿举行思春仪式时，酋长管辖下的人民都要携食物、鲜花、席子等东西集到庆贺的场所。

青年人在礁湖附近的小屋内接受巫人的洗礼，然后全身涂上芳香的椰子油，再到海滨祛邪，象征着祛除不祥，大吉大利。

之后，两三周内，闭居于小屋，严格服斋戒。

白天绑紧伸直的双脚，身体不动，处于安静状态；夜间身体横卧在席上。

同时，岛上的女孩子们相继食宿在邻室，一直相伴到仪式结束。

仪式一结束，就大办宴席。

当夜，由氏族中的长者散发花蕾进行狂欢。

这个国家具有许多太平洋居民特有的风俗习惯。

如马绍尔群岛的土著居民，有纹身习俗。

在纹身时，必须举行隆重的祭神仪式。

他们认为，纹身是神圣的行为，因为它是由两位纹身之神——里奥第和兰尼第传下来的。

在举行纹身、仪式时，人们捧着祭祀品，唱着祈祷歌，跳着敬神舞，其场面非常热闹。

3.饮食每一个国家都有自己独到的美食，马国的美食还是很别具一格的。

(1) 椰子蟹马国的饮食非常重视阶级，在国宴上，通常由传统领袖先取用，其次为重要宾客、内阁阁员、国会议员。

而第一段介绍到的变迁也为马绍尔带来各样饮食文化。

在以前马绍尔人是以芋头及面包果当主食，渐渐的日本人带来了吃米文化、美国人带来肉食文化，而近年来台湾的农技团，更将蔬菜种植技术与猪、鸡等养殖技术引入马国，减少马国人因少吃蔬菜而易得痛风、糖尿病及高血压等疾病的先天不良状况。

另外，马国少不了的就是海鲜，椰子蟹、龙虾及石斑鱼都是当地的特产，但是在近年的捞捕过度下产量已经不如以往了，不过在马绍尔饮食需注意卫生，马国食物及饮料均依赖进口，因此价格不低。

光是这些饮食上的变化与特点多有趣！(2) 金枪鱼南太平洋岛国盛产金枪鱼早有所闻，吃生鱼片在国际餐桌上也颇有名气。

据马绍尔资源发展部介绍，在该国与密克罗尼西亚的海城中，聚集着大量金枪鱼，其中尤以“蓝序气全身呈浅蓝色)备受人们欢迎。

这种鱼肉质细嫩，肉多，肉中无刺，营养丰富，是所有“海边杀生鱼”的佼佼者，受到东南亚与美洲各国人民的青睐，是国际市场上的枪手货。

因此，林国、日本、台湾地区，甚至美国的船队，不远万里云集到马绍尔的海域捕捞金枪鱼，然后销往国际市场。

对此，马绍尔政府持欢迎与友好合作的态度。

首先，引用国外失进设备与技术，可开发本国资源.培训自己的技术队伍;其次，可坐地分成，并获得各种税收，增加外汇收入;第三.随着大批国外船员的纷至杳来，本国的服务业、旅游业风靡兴起，贝壳花瓶带来了巨大的市场效益，因此，仅金枪鱼一项就为马绍尔点得了可观的收入。

如今，当地人也开始搭帮结伙，筹集资金，加入了远洋捕捞金枪鱼及其他深水产品的行列。

海水鱼。

马绍尔人常说:“给我一条鱼只能活一天，教我养鱼，却能活一辈子。

”充分表达了他们吃在今天想到明天的远大抱负。

政府为此制定了一系列方针政策。

首先，加强法治，如明文规定国有海域未经政府许可不准私自捕捞，误捕鱼苗后一律就地放生等，其次，进一步探清海底资源，制止一哄而起一挖而尽，如对当地盛产的磷酸盐、海马、鲜贝、稀有金属等，一律加以保护，暂不开发，顾及长远，第三，加强国际技术经济合作，利用他人之长补自己之短。

4.手工艺马绍尔的手工编织品堪称太平洋各国间最好的。

扇子，篮子，垫子，装饰品以及KILI包（由于JACKIE ONASSIS使得其出名），这些物件都来自马绍尔，并将会因其独特性及错综复杂的精美设计继续得到好评。

这一时期众多富有创造力的工艺都在更现代的手工艺品中得以体现。

(1) 贝壳工艺品马绍尔海滩上的贝壳，五光十色，光彩夺目，背部呈黑色、褐色或黄色，并带有各式各样的隐纹图案，腹部通常为白色.每遇海水落潮时，贝壳借助于腹部的吸盘，吸附在浅滩的石头下.人们翻起石头，便可拾得。

在明月当空的夜晚，它常爬上海滩乘凉，只要你肯出动，定会满载而归。

拾得贝壳后，将它埋入土中，经蚂蚁等昆虫的叮食与细菌的分解，约一周左右，壳内的肉质物全部腐烂，挖出后用海水冲洗干净(不能使用淡水，否则壳背失去光泽)，就成为浑金璞玉般的精品了。

一只大贝壳(8.5X5.5厘米)可卖2. 5美元，小的也值几十美分。

但聪明手巧的妇女，借助于天工，又将这些小精品组合成各式各样的工艺品，诸如挎包、花瓶、颈环、台灯、挂毯等等，造型别致，珍品迭出。

一只贝壳花瓶价值50-80美元，颈环也值20-30美元，身价倍增。

按当地习惯，迎宾仪式、签署协议、续订合同、部族结盟等庄重场合，都要给客人披戴贝壳颈环.当地商店里，贝壳工艺品琳琅满目，令顾客目不暇接。

邮局也就势发行了展示各种贝亮的纪念邮票，当下被一抢而光。

马绍尔朋友对我们说:“中国有句诗词:‘可上九天揽月，可下五洋捉盆’，我们上天不行，下海捉鳌倒还在行。

”于是，在一个漆黑的夜晚，笔者带上防水多节乎电和潜水镜及脚跳等用具随当地友人登船出海了。

没行多远，一群遨游在深海中的海鳌便跟踪而来。

说时迟，那时快，只见友人戴上潜水镜，抓起手电，一十分敏捷地跳入水中，冲着海盆突然打开手电.强大的光柱一下子把鳌给蒙住了，等到它清醒过来时，早已成为“瓮”中之物了。

(2) 传统独木舟主动性使和提炼传统Marshallese 船大厦技能复苏当前是进行中在马绍尔群岛。

看对这些页对于更多信息在不远的将来。

双重独木舟在使用中从未是在马绍尔群岛-- 亦不一般在密克罗西亚岛: 这个区域典型的快速的航行工艺有一个double- ended 船身以不对称的边和锋利, 非常狭窄, 船骨、乘客和物品继续一个横向平台。

这带领了从舷外架浮游物和射出了在船身的庇护边。

乘员组坐了作为石碴对此, 他们的数字根据天气-- 和的微风是一个人风和强的吹动需要四。

帆柱逗留被紧固了对二独立主要景气并且他们的拉巧妙使用加强附件在浮游物和辅助景气之间。

货物能并且被存放在举行但必须容忍水因为运输了和打包不间断。

四、经济马绍尔的熟练和非熟练型劳力充足，且最低工资率很有竞争力。

非本地公民不能在马绍尔群岛购买土地。

土地租用期限一般可达 50 年，并可以续租。

《按揭和登记法》保护了出租人和承租人的利益。

租金要和土地所有人磋商决定。

关于建立土地开发登记处的立法正在审议之中。

马绍尔对外国投资者借贷没有限制，也无限制资金返还的法律规定。

然而，政府鼓励外国投资者扩大投资，并从中获利。

五、军事马绍尔群岛的军事地理位置十分重要。

第二次世界大战期间，美国与日本曾在此进行过激烈的战斗。

1946-1962年，美国在群岛西北部的比基尼和埃克威托克两面三岛上进行过数十次核试验。

夸贾林上设有美国的导弹军事基地。

马绍尔岛上有卫星通讯设备。

首都有可供波音707、727和737飞机起降的机场。

马绍尔群岛航空公司有定期飞往国内十个岛屿和邻近的南太平洋岛国。

国内各主要岛屿之间均有客轮定期往来。

首都马朱罗有深水码头。

马绍尔群岛的新闻、教育、卫生设施也比较完善。

有电台和电视台、中小学、医院等。

Marshall islandsThe republic of the Marshall islands is located in the central Pacific Ocean, covering an area of 181.3 square kilometers. It is composed of 34 islands, including 29 coral atolls and 5 islands, which form two parallel giant island chains stretching over 750,000 square miles in the central Pacific Ocean. The majority of the population is ethnically Micronesian, mostly on the islands of majuro and kwajalin. They are divided into nine ethnic groups by language. The majority of the inhabitants are catholics. Marshallese is the official language and English is spoken.I. geographical environmentThe country lies in the central Pacific. It consists of 29 atoll groups and 5 islets, a total of 1,225 islands and islets. To the west is the federated states of Micronesia, an archipelago, and to the south is Kiribati, another archipelago. It is composed of more than 1,200 islands and reefs of various sizes and distributed over 2 million square kilometers of sea, forming two chains of islands in the direction of northwest and southeast. Divided into two parts, distributed in the southeast of the sunrise islands, in the northwest of the sunset islands, separated by about 208 km. Most of the population is concentrated in the capital and on the island of kwajaling. The coastline is 370.4 km long. Is a tropical climate, annual average temperature is 27 ℃, annual average rainfall of 3350 mm, may - as the rainy season, November 12 month - April for the dry season. About 3,200km south-west of Hawaii and 2,100km south-east of Guam, the latak islands are to the east and the lalik islands to the west. There are 34 major islands and reefs.Second, historical developmentThe Marshall islands were first discovered by Spanish navigators in the early 16th century. In 1788, the British "card mahler" ・captain John Marshall botany bay boat from Sydney to China after the islands on the way, had landed to seek supplies. So later a Russian hydrologists to the islands named the Marshall islands. Until the 1820 s, the Marshall islands to have more contact with the outside world, then, from the United States whalers often go there to find food and water. In the 1860 s American missionaries by batch arrived in the Marshall islands of Hawaii. Follow are some of the United States and Germany businessmen, they set up in the company, mainly engaged in dry coconut and fishery. After world war I, the Marshall islands was occupied by Japan, and after the war, Japan was entrusted with the management by the "league of nations". The Marshall islands and some Pacific island nations were captured by the United States and placed under the trusteeship of the United States by the United Nations.Iii. Cultural customsMarshall islands beautiful natural environment, known as the south Pacific black pearl. Far from the noise of the city, there is no industrial pollution, and the air is fresh and refreshing. Blue water, crystal clean beach, everywhere is the coconut forest, set foot on this land, make you relaxed and happy.1. SportsThe Marshall islands will become the 203rd member of the international Olympic committee. The international Olympic committee (ioc) has decided to take theMarshall islands' membership to its 118th meeting, the ioc's executive board said at a meeting in Turin on Sunday. The meeting will be held in Turin from 8 to 10 February.Myanmar was admitted as a new member of the international table tennis federation (ittf) at its annual meeting on October 27 and its membership in the Marshall islands was restored.2. Marriage customsIn the Marshall islands, men grow up to 15-16 years old, women in marriage, are required to carry out etiquette, that is, men must shave the forehead hair, women must carry out eyebrow shaving, dyeing teeth, hair ceremony, said to have reached the spring period. In the local, the daughter of the chief held a Spring Festival ceremony, under the jurisdiction of the chief of the people have to bring food, flowers, mat and other things to the place of celebration. Young people in the lagoon near the cabin in the witch's baptism, and then the whole body coated with fragrant coconut oil, and then to the seaside dispel evil, a symbol of dispel the evil, auspicious. Then, for two or three weeks, they shut themselves up in their huts and fasted strictly. During the day, tie and straighten the feet, the body does not move, in a quiet state; Lie down on the mat at night. At the same time, the girls on the island board and sleep in neighboring rooms one after another until the ceremony is over. As soon as the ceremony is over, a big banquet will be held. That night, the elders of the clan exulted by sending out buds.This country has many Pacific customs. The indigenous people of the Marshall islands, for example, have the custom of tattooing. When tattoo, must hold ceremonious sacrificial ceremony. They believed that tattoos were a sacred act because they were handed down by two tattoo gods, Leonid and lannidi. When tattoo and ritual are held, people hold sacrificial offerings, sing prayer songs and dance to worship god. The scene is very lively.3. The dietEvery country has its own unique food, and Malaysian food is very unique.(1) the coconut crabThe diet of Malaysia attaches great importance to class. At the state banquet, traditional leaders usually take advantage of it first, followed by important guests, cabinet members and members of parliament. The changes introduced in the first paragraph also brought about various food cultures to Marshall. Before Marshall is taro and breadfruit as staple food, gradually brought the Japanese eat rice culture, American culture bring meat, and Taiwan's agricultural technology in recent years, more vegetable planting technology with Malaysia, introduced breeding technology such as pigs, chickens, because eat less vegetables reduce the horse of the people and accessible gout, congenital conditions of diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure. In addition, Malaysia cannot live without seafood. Coconut crab, lobster and grouper are local specialties. However, the production is not as high as before due to over-fishing in recent years. How interesting are these dietary changes and features alone!(2) tunaThe south Pacific island countries have long been known to be rich in tuna, and eating sashimi is quite famous on the international table. According to Marshall's department of resources and development, tuna stocks in coastal cities in the country and Micronesia are particularly popular, especially "blue sequined gas, which is light blue all over". This kind of fish flesh is fine and tender, the flesh is many, the flesh has no thorn in, the nutrition is rich, is all "the seaside kills the living fish" the outstanding person, receives southeast Asia and the American countries people's favor, is the gunner goods in the international market. As a result, the fleets of Lin, Japan, Taiwan and even the United States traveled thousands of miles to the waters of the Marshall islands to catch tuna for the international market. In this regard, the Marshall government welcomes and welcomes friendly cooperation. Firstly, foreign lost equipment and technology can be introduced to develop domestic resources. Secondly, it can be divided into two parts, and obtain various taxes to increase foreign exchange income. Third, with the arrival of a large number of foreign sailors, the rise of the service industry, tourism, shell vases brought huge market benefits, so tuna alone for Marshall point received a considerable income. Now locals are joining forces to raise money to catch tuna and other deep-water products in the ocean. Sea water fish.The marshallese used to say, "give me a fish and it will live only one day. Teach me how to raise fish and it will live forever." It fully expresses their great ambition to eat today and think about tomorrow. The government has formulated a series of guidelines and policies for this purpose. First, strengthen the rule of law, such as expressly state is not allowed without the permission of the government to sea fishing, fishing shall be on-site release after seedling, secondly, the further out the bottom of the ocean resources and to stop a coax a dig and do, such as the local rich in phosphate, hippocampus, scallop, rare metals, etc., shall be protected, no development, for the long term, the third, to strengthen international technical and economic cooperation, take advantage of others long fill yourself short.4. Arts and craftsMarshall's hand-woven goods are among the best in the Pacific. Fans, baskets, cushions, decorations and KILI bags (made famous by JACKIE ONASSIS), all from Marshall, will continue to receive praise for their uniqueness and intricate beauty. Many of the creative processes of this period are reflected in more modern artifacts.(1) shell craftsShells on the shore of Marshall beach are brightly colored. They are black, brown or yellow with various hidden patterns on their backs. The abdomen is usually white. When the tide falls, shells are attached to the rocks in the shallows with the help of suction cups on their abdomen. Stones can be picked up when people turn them over. When the moon is in the sky at night, it often climbs the beach to enjoy the cool, as long as you are willing to go out, will be full of. After picking up shell, bury it in the earth, the bite of the insect such as ant and bacterium decompose, about a week or so, the fleshy content inside the shell rots completely, after digging out, rinse with seawater clean (cannot use fresh water, otherwise shell back loses luster), become the high-quality goods like rough jade. A large shell (8.5x5.5cm) can sell for $2.50,and small ones can be worth dozens of cents. But the woman of clever handcraft, with the help of natural work, combine these little high-quality goods again sundress handicraft, wait a moment like satchel, vase, neck annulus, desk lamp, tapestry, modelling is chic, curiosus is repeatedly. A shell vase is worth $50 to $80, and a neck ring is worth $20 to $30. According to local custom, guests are required to wear shell neck rings at the reception ceremony, signing agreements, renewing contracts, tribal alliances and other solemn occasions. The post office also issued a series of commemorative stamps displaying various kinds of shellfish.Marshall's friend said to us, "there is a Chinese poem: 'you may go up to the moon in nine days, but you may go down to the five seas to catch POTS. Then, in a dark night, the author took waterproof much section to depend on electric and diving lens and the appliance such as the foot jumps to go out to sea with local friend boarding a boat. Not far away, a group of roaming in the depths of the sea turtle will follow. At that moment, I saw my friend put on his diving mirror, grabbed his flashlight, jumped into the water with great agility, and suddenly turned on his flashlight towards the sea basin.(2) traditional canoesInitiatives to enable and refine traditional Marshallese ship building skills are currently under way in the Marshall islands. Look at these pages for more information in the near future. Double-ended canoes in use have never been in the Marshall islands -- nor are they generally in Micronesia: the region's typical fast-sailing craft has a double-ended hull with asymmetrical edges and sharp, very narrow, bones, passengers and objects continuing on a horizontal platform. This led to floating objects from the outboard frame and shot out at the shelter side of the hull. The crew sat down as ballast for this, and their figures were based on the weather -- and the breeze was one person windy and strong blowing needed four. The mast stay was fastened to the two independent main boom and their pull was cleverly used to reinforce the attachment between the float and the auxiliary boom. Goods can and should be stored but water must be tolerated as they are transported and packed continuously.Fourth, the economicMarshall had sufficient skilled and unskilled Labour and a competitive minimum wage rate. Non-local citizens cannot buy land in the Marshall islands. Land is generally leased for up to 50 years and may be renewed. The mortgage and registration act protects the interests of the lessor and lessee. The rent is to be negotiated with the landowner. Legislation on the establishment of a land development registry is under consideration. Marshall has no restrictions on foreign investors' borrowing and no legal restrictions on refunds. However, the government has encouraged foreign investors to invest more and profit from it.Five, the militaryThe military geography of the Marshall islands is very important. The United States and Japan fought fiercely here during world war ii. Between 1946 and 1962, the United States conducted dozens of nuclear tests on bikini and ekwetok, two islands and three islands in the northwest part of the archipelago. It has a U.S. missile base.Marshall island has satellite communications equipment. The capital has airports for Boeing 707, 727 and 737 aircraft. Marshall islands airways regularly flies to ten islands in the country and neighboring south Pacific islands. There are regular passenger ships between the main islands in China. The capital, majuro, has a deepwater dock. News from the Marshall islands, education, health facilities are also better. There are radio and television stations, primary and secondary schools, hospitals and so on.。