专业英语中的常见语法现象分析

专业英语中的常见语法现象

一．人称、时态和语态

科技英语中主要使用第三人称，但第一人称也经常出现，主要是：

（1）叙述某个实验、现象或结论时，告诉读者我们以前也报道过，这里不在叙述；

（2）为了引导读者按照作者的思路去思考问题，此时we等第一人称是指作者和读者双方。

另外在文章的开头和结论部分有事也使用we，如in this paper, we report…或者we concluded that…等

时态主要使用三种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时

(1)在叙述一般的科学原理、公式推导、计算过程和结论时，常用一般现在时；

如当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时

This paper describe s……

The focus of this paper is……

Figure 1 show s ……

Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.

(2)在叙述某种实验操作、试剂配制时，常使用一般过去时；

例如：Novozym-435 (2.0 g) was suspended in 25 mL of nanopure water in a 100 mL round-bottomed flask fitted with a water cooled condenser. The lipase suspension was refluxed for 14 h. The suspension was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and water was removed by freeze drying…. The reaction vials were capped tightly and shaken vigorously for a few minutes. Thereaction vials were then placed in a constant-temperature water bath maintained at 37°C for 3h with magnetic stirring….

(3)在叙述已经发生的并且延续到现在的事情时使用现在完成时，如描述研究进展使用In

recent years作时间状语时，通常使用完成时

In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.

时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃。

科技英语使用被动语态比较多，但也可使用主动语态，特别是强调自己的观点时，在学术会议交流时也使用主动语态，这种语态的句子简洁，意思准确。

例：The oscillator strengths of certain 4f-4f transitions in lanthanide(Ⅲ) complexes exhibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment.

The extraction behavior of trivalent lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln:DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1:3 by the slope analysis method.

二数

数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上

的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可

以下是需要注意的语法

不规则变化的单复数

单数复数

criterion criteria 依据

phenomenon phenomena 现象

medium media 介质

radius radii 半径

index indices 指数

appendix appendices 附录

stimulus stimuli 刺激

basis bases 基础

synthesis syntheses 合成

matrix matrices 基体

Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.

一些数有特殊性的名词

data, kinetics 通常作复数名词

research, work: 不可数名词

The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.

The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.

Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.

Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.

一些结构的数<主谓的统一>

one of 复数名词:单数

none of 复数名词:复数

none of 单数名词/不可数名词:单数

no 复数名词:复数

no 单数名词/不可数名词:单数

a kind of 单数名词:单数

this/that kind of 单数名词:单数

these kinds of 复数名词:复数