维多利亚时代大事年表【英文】
维多利亚时代【英文】 victorian period
Victorian Period
• Women for suffrage – did not succeed until 1918 (30 & over) • Universal adult suffrage 1928 extended vote to women at age 21 • Factory Acts – limited child & women labor • State supported schools est. in 1870; compulsory in 1880; free in 1891 • Literacy rate increased from 40% to 90% from 1840-1900.
• First Reform Bill in 1832 extended vote to all men who owned property worth 10 lbs • Second Reform Act in 1867 gave the right to vote to working-class men (except agricod
• Intellectual Progress
• Understanding of earth, its creatures & natural laws (geology, Darwin – theory of evolution) • Industrialization of England depended on and supported science and technology.
Victorian Period
• Paradox of progress
• Victorian – synonym for prude; extreme repression; even furniture legs had to be concealed under heavy cloth not to be “suggestive”
维多利亚时代TheVictorianAge
Factory Children
• Mill owners said that they had to keep their prices down. That was why workers' hours had to be long, and wages low. Women and children got lower wages than men, so the owners employed a lot of women and children.
• • Children as young as six or seven worked up to fourteen hours a day in the mills. Their pay
was about three shillings (15p) a week. Many were killed or injured by the moving parts of the machines they had to clean. Others were maimed by a foreman's fist or strap. Sadly, many of them were forced to work by their own parents. Their fathers were out of work, and the family needed the few shillings that they could earn. • • Some decent employers paid their workers a fair wage. Some even built good houses for them, and ran schools for their children. Some mill-owners took part in a movement for factory reform. Most mill-owners were against the reformers, though. They said that shorter hours for children would put up their costs, and bring them to ruin. • • Mill-owners did not obey Parliament's first acts cutting mill hours. But an act passed in 1833 said that inspectors would enforce the law. The act banned all children under nine from cotton mills. Children over nine were allowed to work, but there were strict controls on their hours. By 1847, ten hours per day was the limit for boys and all female workers.
Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
TYPICAL INCOMES (YEARLY)
Aristocrats £30,000 Merchants, bankers £10,000 Middle-class (doctors, lawyers, clerks) £300-800 Lower middle-class (head teachers, journalists, shopkeepers, etc.) £150-300 Skilled workers (carpenters, typesetters,etc.) £75100 Sailors and domestic staff £40-75 Laborers, soldiers £25
19TH CENTURY ENGLAND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It accelerated the migration of the population from country to overcrowded c 1876 the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell The radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. The camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were all created during the Victorian Era. Factories began to be powered by steam. The police force was created during this period.
Great Expectations
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
4. often have happy ending or an important compromise to current society 5. So far as the literary form or genre is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) • Silas Marner • Middlemarch
Emily Bronte Charlotte Bronte
Thomas Hardy
Victorian Poetry
Always seems inferior when compared to Romanticism Develop new ways to tell stories—e.g. dramatic monologue Do not share Romantics’ confidence in the imagination Emphasis on visual imagery and sound
Critical Realism
A realistic presentation of the sufferings of the working class, to the criticism of English institutions, and to the education of the masses.
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
英美Chapter 5 维多利亚的时代
Chapter 5: The Victorian Period （维多利亚时代）part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p156)1837-1901 to coincide with the reign of Queen Victoria（维多利亚女王的统治时期）➢Victorian Period can be divided into 3 parts/stages:The early Victorian period（早）The mid-Victorian period（中）The late Victorian period（晚）Victorian Period is an extremely diverse and contradictory age. (para.1, p156)维多利亚时代是一个极其多样化和矛盾的时代。
imperial expansion, political reform, scientific progress帝国扩张，政治改革，科学进步Cruel exploitation, social injustice, desperate poverty残酷的剥削，社会不公，极度的贫困It was an age of “paradise for the well-to-do, a purgatory for the able, and a hell for the poor. 那是一个富人的天堂，能人的炼狱，穷人的地狱的时代。
-John Morley 早期的维多利亚时代(para.2, p156)1.Industrial Revolution （工业革命）→introduction of coal & steam engine(煤和蒸汽机)→transportation --> world trade market(运输—世界贸易市场)→profound economic & social changes（深刻的经济社会变革）2.Industrial Revolution (工业革命)→make up a new kind of working class(组成了一种新的工人阶级)→horrifying slums & cramped row housing(可怕的贫民窟和拥挤的排屋)→A huge gap between the rich and the poor(贫富之间的巨大差距)3. THE REFORM BALL of 1832 (议会通过选举改革法案)①It extended the voting rights to the men of the middle class.它扩大了中产阶级男性的投票权。
维多利亚时期文学
Part Ⅷ The Victorian Age(维多利亚时代)A.The Victorian Age1.It refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria, from heraccession in 1937 and her death in 1901, but the era of literature is from the Reform Bill（改革法案） in 1932 to the end of the Boer War（布尔战争） in 1902.2.Three phrases :✧The early Victorian Period (1832--1854), the time of troubles,the Reform Bill & Chartism✧Mid—Victorian Period (1855—1879), a time of economicprospering, highest point of development as a world power✧Last Period (1880—1902), a time characterized by decay ofVictorian values (e.g. Self-control, family loyalty, thrift,hard work, etc).B.The backgroundAmid the multitude of social and political forces of this great age, four things stand out clearly.✧First, the age of democracy;✧Second, the age of popular education, of religious tolerance;✧Third, the age of comparative peace;✧Fourth, the age of all the arts and sciences and in mechanicalinventions.C.Chartist Movement(宪章运动)Chartist Movement (1836-1848) was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.D.Literature Current(文学思潮)1.Chartist literature(宪章文学)✧The English working class created a literature of its own whichcan be, in full justice, called the Chartist Literature.✧The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat(无产阶级) for its rights.✧Some great Chartist poets are Ernest Jones (1819-1869), ThomasCooper (1805-1892), and William James Linton (1812-1897).2.Critical Realism(批判现实主义文学)✧Critical Realism is one of the literary genres that mainlyflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s in the 19th century.The critical realists not only gave the criticism tobourgeoisie and all ruling classes, bur also showed their deepsympathy for the common people. Hence humor and satire aboundin the English realistic novels of the 19th century. But thecritical realists did not find a way to eradicate(根除) socialevils. They did not realize the necessity of changing thebourgeois society. They were unable to find a good solutionto the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their worksis not of revolution but rather of reformism. Here we see atonce the strength and the weakness of critical realism. Threegreatest representatives of Critical Realism are CharlesDickens(狄更斯), William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷), andGeorge Eliot(艾略特). E.………………………………………………………………………………………………. F.…………………………………………………………………………………………………G.………………………………………………………………………………………………….H.Some Exercises1.The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years betweenthe Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, but a newera really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 andclosed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.2.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took onits quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sacked andcomplex, and reflected both romantically and realistically thegreat changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trendcritical realism appeared after the romantic poetry, andflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s.4.Critical realism found its expression in the form of novel; mostof the critical realists were novelists.5.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule ofcash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democraticand humanistic character if critical realism.6.The Chartist Movement appeared in the 30s of the 19th century.7.The most important poet of the Victorian Age was Tennyson, nextto him, were Robert Browning and his wife.8.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: thestruggle of the proletariat for its rights.9.The Chartist poetry played an important role in the developmentof English proletariat literature; the greatest Chartist poet was Ernest Jones. I.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．J.Charles Dickens（狄更斯）A.LifeCharles Dickens (1812--1870) was born in a poor family in the Portsmouth. He gave up schooling to work after his father was put into the prison because of the debt. In 1870, he died of overwork.B.The three period of his literary career1.the first period of youthful optimismAt this stage Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.Main works in this period:Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》Pickwick Paper 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》Barnaby Rudge 《巴纳比卢杰》2.the second period of excitement & irritationDickens' second period began from 1842, the year after his first visit to America.Main works in this period:American Notes 《美国札记》Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁朱杰尔维特》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》The Chimes 《钟声》The Cricket on the Hearth 《炉边蟋蟀》Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》3.the third period of steadily intensifying pessimismThe last period of Dickens's literary career began with the publication of "Bleak House" in 1852-1853.Up to this time Dickens maintained some hope of reform under capitalism but beginning from "Bleak House" there was an "underlying tone of bitterness" which showed the novelist's loss of hope for English bourgeois society.Main works in this period:Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Time《艰难时世》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》A Tale of Two Cites《双城记》Great Expectations 《远大前程》Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》Edwin Drood（unfinished) 《埃德温多鲁德》C.Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot(4) The Power of Exposurements of DickensCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London..Characterization is the most outstanding feature of his works.Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works.Yet he is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors.E.Some works1.The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Plot2.Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》PlotThe novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves.Then he is made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them once again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. Then Oliver i s made to help one the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hands of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doing and put into prison. Oliver is adopted by Mr. Brownlow.F.Some exercises1. Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Critical Realism.2. Of all of Dickens’s novels, David Copperfield is regarded as his masterpiece.3. In A Tale of Two Cities, the two cities are London and Paris in the time of revolution.4. The novel Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of Dickens’s time; the education of children in the private schools.5. The novel Oliver Twist tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist who was born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.6. The novel Hard Times makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois systemof education and the bourgeois philosophy Utilitarianism.G.OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray（萨克雷）A.His worksThe Books of Snobs 《势力人》Vanity Fair《名利场》Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The Newcomers《纽卡母一家》The Rose and the Ring (fairy tale) 《玫瑰与戒指》（通话）Henry Esmond《亨利·艾斯芒德》The Virginians (historical novels) 《弗吉尼亚人》B.Characteristics of Thackeray’s novels1．William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century.The pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. He is good at describing the life of the upper class with which he is familiar.2．Thackeray is a satirist.3．He is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.C.Vanity Fair《名利场》1．The Origin of the TitleThis title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’sProgress (天路历程) by Bunyan. It means “a fair, wherein aresold all sorts of vanity.”2．The Implication of the Subtitle----Novel Without a Hero✧No exactly positive character✧About women instead of men✧Not about some particular person but about the society3．Theme of the novelIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the upper class of England in the early decade of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individual in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the upper class.4． Characters: A brief comment on Amelia and Becky in Vanity Fair In Vanity Fair Thackeray successfully characterizes two heroines who stand in contrast in their characters and attitudes towards life.Amelia is a character of milk-and-water type, good in nature, tame and moral, sentimental and sympathetic, but unable to master her own fate. Becky, who is more impressively character and can be said to be the real heroine of the novel in a way, is different from Amelia;she is crafty, unscrupulous, and resourceful and she is neverobedient to her destiny and always rebels in order to have a change in her life, regardless of morality and the social judgment of her.The two heroines are, to Thackeray, the victims of the social environment that is inhuman in its nature.5．D.Some exercise1.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece Vanity Fair, whichmarks the peak of his literary career.2.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is Novel without a Hero. The writer’sintention was not to portray individuals, but bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.3.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women:Amelia Sedlley and Rebecca Sharp, whose characters are sharp contrast.E.othersGeorge Eliot（爱略特）----Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.A.Her Works✧Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景》✧Adam Bede《亚当贝德》✧Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》✧Silas Marner《织工马南》✧Middlemarch《米德尔马奇》✧需要补充B.Some exercises1.George Eliot was the Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.2.The author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.3.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.4.In the novel Adam Bede, Adam falls in love with a village girl calledHetty Sorrel who is seduced and deserted by a squire.C.OthersCharlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte（夏洛特和爱米丽）A.Works of Bronte Sisters✧Charlotte Bronte Professor《教授》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Shirley《雪丽》Villette.《维莱特》✧Emily Bronte Wuthering House《呼啸山庄》✧Ann Bronte Agnes Grey 《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of Wildfell Hall《维尔德·霍的佃户》B.Jane Eyre1．The theme of the novel✧The criticism of the bourgeois system of education✧The position of the women in society ---- the women should theequal rights with men2．The limitation of the novelCharlotte believes that education is the key to all social problems, and that by the improvements of the school system, mostof the social evils could be removed.3．Why the novel is greatly admired?1) Jane’s characteristics.2) Jane’s treatment of her love and marriage.Jane, differentfrom many other women in the mammon worship society, considersmarriage not as a bargain but as a union of kindred souls.3) Jane sticks to her principles, successfully resists theoppression and other social evils in the inhuman world andacquires her own happiness.4) It contains the author’s criticism of bourgeois attitudetoward marriage and love, and her ruthless expose of inhumanmisery in charity schools of her days which were establishedand run in the name of philanthropy. She attacks the terribleeducational system in her day and points out the miserable fateof poor girls as charity school pupils and as governess.4．C.Wuthering HouseD.Some exercises1.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnnBronte.2.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is Jane Eyre.3.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is Wuthering House.E.维多利亚女王维多利亚女王是第一个以“大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国女王和印度女皇”名号称呼的英国君主。
Victorian age ; roaring twenties; prohibition
Prohibition Act was established by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States constitution. Congress enacted the Volstead Act, which provided for enforcement of Prohibition.Volstead Act came into effect at January 16, 1920.
• The young women were mainly educated in accomplishments like French, drawing, painting, singing, dancing - everything which helped them to get a perfect suitor! Dancing was a preferred pastime among most of the upper-class women and men.
Literature
• The Roaring Twenties was a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period.
Books
• F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby and The Side of Paradise. • Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises.
The end
• The Dow Jones Industrial Stock Index [道琼斯工业平均指数] had continued its upward move for weeks, and The Roaring Twenties was ended on the Black Tuesday of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.
精品文档-英国文学维多利亚时期
(一)The Victorian Age⏹General Introductiona)Period an Eras in English historyAnglo-Saxon655–1066Norman1066–1154Plantagenet1154–1485Tudor1485–1603Elizabethan1558–1603Stuart1603–1714Jacobean1603–1625Caroline1625–1649Interregnum1649–1660Restoration1660–1688Georgian1714–1830Victorian1837–1901Edwardian1901–1910World War I1914–1918Interwar1918–1939World War II1939–1945Modern1945–present⏹Brief intro:The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria. She was crowned in 1837 and died in 1901 (which put a definite end to her political career). A great deal of change took place during this period--brought about because of the Industrial Revolution; so it's not surprising that the literature of the period is often concerned with social reform. As Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) wrote, "The time for levity, insincerity, and idle babble and play-acting, in all kinds, is gone by; it is a serious, grave time."b)Victoria Period1)Time Span⏹The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria.⏹ A new era really began with the passage of Reform Bill 1832 and closed at the end ofBoer War in 1902.2)Three phases⏹The early Victorian period (1830~48): 多事之秋(A Time of Troubles)It saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it wasalso a time of economic distress.⏹The mid-Victorian period (1848~70): 经济繁荣和宗教分歧的时期（EconomicProsperity and Religious Controversy）It was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, andstability.⏹The later period (1870~1901) : 由盛到衰过程的时期（Decay of Victorian Values）The costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted withgrowing threats to its military and economic preeminence.c)Queen Victoria and Victorian Temper⏹Victoria was born in 1819.She came to the throne in 1837(aged 18), after the death ofher uncle William IV, crowned in 1838 and died in 1901.⏹She reigned for exactly 63 years, 7 months, 2 days (June 20, 1837 - January 22, 1901),longer than any other British monarch.⏹Her 9 children and 42 grandchildren tying them together and earning her the nickname"the grandmother of Europe".⏹Exemplifies Victorian qualities: earnestness, moral responsibility, domestic propriety⏹The Victorian Period was an age of transition⏹An age characterized by energy and high moral purpose1819年生于伦敦,1837年继位成为英国女王。
victorian era 维多利亚时期介绍
The sun never sets
• “Russia and the North American plains is our corn, Chicago and Odessa is our granary, Canada and the Baltic Sea is our forests, our Australian sheep farms, Argentina and North American prairie to the west of our cattle grazing, and sent Peruvian silver, gold sent Australia and South Africa, India and China has provided us with tea, East Indies to provide us with coffee, sugar and spices. "
Caroline era (1625–1642)
Carolus
Georgian era (1714–1830)
The Circus, Bath, England.
Victorian era (1837–1901)
Queen Victoria
Edwardian era (1901–1910)
Edward vii england
30
25
20
16.8
15 8.2
10
5
0 1851
4.5 1901
England Ireland
year
Victorian
era
-----eVENTS
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria to the throne 1840 New Zealand becomes a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi. 1840 Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert 1840 Birth of the Queen's first child Victoria, Princess Royal ;Opium War 1841 Birth of Prince Albert Edward 1842 The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining.The Illustrated London News was first published.
维多利亚时期
Under the Greenwood Tree绿荫下 The Return of the native还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长 Tess of D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝 （masterpiece)
Jude the Obscure无名的裘德 Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣
Professor教师 Jane Eyre简爱 Her masterpiece. a representative work of the feminist writings. she criticizes the Victorian England’s strict social hierarchy.
英国文学之 维多利亚时期(1836-1901)
Victorian Period
指维多利亚女王由 1837年6月20日执政开 始到1901年1月22日维 多利亚女王去世为止, 这一时段是英国历史 上最光辉灿烂的时段。 期间英国文学蓬勃发 展，形成自具特色的 维多利亚文学时期。
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)狄更斯
------written in the first person and is most autobiographical of all Dickens’s books. A. Bleak House B. Hard Times C. Little Dorrit D. David Copperfield George Eliot’s first novel------is a rural农村 的 tragedy played out among the nonconformists in country scenes remembered from her childhood. A. The Mill on the Floss B. Middmarch C. Adam Bede D. Silas Marner
Victorian era
Victorian Era 1837–1901--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tudor period (1485–1603)Elizabethan era (1558–1603)Stuart period (1603–1714)Jacobean era (1603–1625)Caroline era (1625–1642)Georgian era (1714–1830)British Regency (1811–1820)Victorian era (1837–1901)Edwardian era (1901–1910)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen V ictoria's reign from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901.[1] The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed an educated middle class to develop. Some scholars extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the V ictorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.The era was preceded by the Georgian period and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the V ictorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and the Gilded Age of the United States.The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War, although Britain was at war every year during this time. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Anglo-Zanzibar War and the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform and the widening of the voting franchise.The population of England had almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901.[2] Ireland’s population decreased rapidly, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901.[3] At the same time, around 15 million emigrants left the United Kingdom in the Victorian era and settled mostly in the United States, Canada, and Australia.[4]During the early part of the era, the House of Commons was headed by the two parties, the Whigs and the Tories. From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberals; the Tories became the Conservatives. These parties were led by many prominent statesmen including Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, William Ewart Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and Lord Salisbury. The unsolved problems relating to Irish Home Rule played a great part in politics in the later V ictorian era, particularly in view of Gladstone's determination to achieve a political settlement. Indeed these issues would eventually lead to the Easter Rising of 1916 and the subsequent domino effect that would play a large part in the fall of the empire.The reign of Victoria is the longest in British history; it would be exceeded if the present monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) remains on the throne to 2017.CultureSee also: Victorianism, Victorian architecture, V ictorian decorative arts, and V ictorian fashion Gothic Revival architecture became increasingly significant in the period, leading to the Battle of the Styles between Gothic and Classical ideals. Charles Barry's architecture for the new Palace of Westminster, which had been badly damaged in an 1834 fire, built in the medieval style of Westminster Hall, the surviving part of the building. It constructed a narrative of cultural continuity, set in opposition to the violent disjunctions of Revolutionary France, a comparison common to the period, as expressed in Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution: A History, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities. Gothic was also supported by the critic John Ruskin, who argued that it epitomised communal and inclusive social values, as opposed to Classicism, which he considered to epitomise mechanical standardisation.The middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showcased the greatest innovations of the century. At its centre was the Crystal Palace, a modular glass and iron structure - the first of its kind. It was condemned by Ruskin as the very model of mechanical dehumanisation in design, but later came to be presented as the prototype of Modern architecture. The emergence of photography, which was showcased at the Great Exhibition, resulted in significant changes in Victorian art with Queen V ictoria being the first British Monarch to be photographed. John Everett Millais was influenced by photography (notably in his portrait of Ruskin) as were other Pre-Raphaelite artists. It later became associated with the Impressionistic and Social Realist techniques that would dominate the later years of the period in the work of artists such as Walter Sickert and Frank Holl.Events1832Passage of the first Reform Act.[5]1837Ascension of Queen V ictoria to the throne.[5]1840New Zealand becomes a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi.1840Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield. He had been naturalised and granted the British style of Royal Highness beforehand. For the next 17 years, he was known as HRH Prince Albert1840Birth of the Queen's first child The Princess V ictoria. Within months she was granted the title Princess Royal1841Birth of the Queen's heir-apparent The Prince Albert Edward, Duke of Cornwall (Duke of Rothesay). He was swiftly made Prince of Wales1842Massacre of Elphinstone's Army by the Afghans in Afghanistan results in the death or incarceration of 16,500 soldiers and civilians.[6] The Mines Act of 1842 banned women/children from working in coal, iron, lead and tin mining.[5] The Illustrated London News was first published.[7]1843Birth of The Princess Alice1844Birth of The Prince Alfred1845The Irish famine begins. Within 5 years it would become the UK's worst human disaster, with starvation and emigration reducing the population of Ireland itself by over 50%. The famine permanently changed Ireland’s and Scotland's demographics and became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment that pervaded British politics for much of the following century.1846Repeal of the Corn Laws.[5]1846Birth of The Princess Helena1848Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic.1848Birth of The Princess Louise1850Restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Britain.1850Birth of The Prince Arthur1851The Great Exhibition (the first World's Fair) was held at the Crystal Palace[5], with great success and international attention. The Victorian gold rush. In ten years the Australian population nearly tripled.[8]1853Birth of The Prince Leopold1854Crimean War: The United Kingdom declared war on Russia.1857The Indian Mutiny, a widespread revolt in India against the rule of the British East India Company, was sparked by sepoys (native Indian soldiers) in the Company's army. The rebellion, involving not just sepoys but many sectors of the Indian population as well, was largely quashed within a year. In response to the mutiny, the East India Company was abolished in August 1858 and India came under the direct rule of the British crown, beginning the period of the British Raj. Prince Albert was given the title The Prince Consort1857Birth of The Princess Beatrice1858The Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston, responded to the Orsini plot against French emperor Napoleon III, the bombs for which were purchased in Birmingham, by attempting to make such acts a felony, but the resulting uproar forced him to resign.1859Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which led to various reactions.[5] V ictoria and Albert's first grandchild, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, is born — he would later become William II, German Emperor1861Death of Prince Albert[5]; Queen Victoria refused to go out in public for many years, and when she did she wore a widow's bonnet instead of the crown.1863The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark at Windsor.1866An angry crowd in London, protesting against John Russell's resignation as Prime Minister, was barred from Hyde Park by the police; they tore down iron railings and trampled on flower beds. Disturbances like this convinced Derby and Disraeli of the need for further parliamentary reform. 1867The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada. 1875Britain purchased Egypt's shares in the Suez Canal[5] as the African nation was forced to raise money to pay off its debts.1877The Princess Alice becomes Grand Duchess of Hesse when her husband succeeds as Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse1878Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus becomes a Crown colony. The Princess Alice dies. Princess Louise's husband The Marchioness of Lorne is appointed Governor-General of Canada1879Victoria and Albert's first great-grandchild, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, is born.1882British troops began the occupation of Egypt by taking the Suez Canal, in order to secure the vital trade route and passage to India, and the country became a protectorate.1883Princess Louise and Lord Lorne return from Canada1884The Fabian Society was founded in London by a group of middle class intellectuals, including Quaker Edward R. Pease, Havelock Ellis, and E. Nesbit, to promote socialism.[9] Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany dies.1886Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and the Liberal Party tries passing the First Irish Home Rule Bill, but the bill is rejected by the House of Commons.1888The serial killer known as Jack the Ripper murdered and mutilated five (and possibly more) prostitutes on the streets of London.[5] V ictoria's eldest daughter, the Princess Royal becomes German Empress when her husband succeeds as Frederick III, German Emperor. Within months, Frederick dies, and their son becomes William II, German Emperor. The widowed V icky becomes the Dowager Empress as is known as "Empress Frederick".1870 - 1891Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education became free for every child under the age of 10.[10]1891Victoria and Albert's last grandchild, Prince Maurice of Battenberg, is born.1892The Prince of Wales' eldest son Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence dies of influenza. His place in the succession is taken by his brother Prince George of Wales (later Duke of Y ork and eventually George V).1893The Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh succeeds as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his uncle dies. The Duchy skips over The Prince of Wales due to his renunciation of his succession rights to that Duchy.1900Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dies. His nephew Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany succeeds him, because his brother Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and nephew Prince Arthur of Connaught had renounced their rights.1901The death of Victoria saw the end of this era, and the ascension of her eldest son, Edward, began the Edwardian era, another time of great change.EntertainmentPopular forms of entertainment varied by social class. V ictorian Britain, like the periods before it, was interested in theatre and the arts, and music, drama, and opera were widely attended. There were, however, other forms of entertainment. Gambling at cards in establishments popularly called casinos was wildly popular during the period: so much so that evangelical and reform movements specifically targeted such establishments in their efforts to stop gambling, drinking, and prostitution.Brass bands and 'The Bandstand' became popular in the V ictorian era. The band stand was a simple construction that not only created an ornamental focal point, but also served acoustic requirements whilst providing shelter from the changeable British weather. It was common to hear the sound of a brass band whilst strolling through parklands. At this time musical recording was still very much a novelty.Another form of entertainment involved 'spectacles' where paranormal events, such as hypnotism, communication with the dead (by way of mediumship or channelling), ghost conjuring and the like, were carried out to the delight of crowds and participants. Such activities were more popularat this time than in other periods of recent Western history.Natural history becomes increasingly an "amateur" activity. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology/conchology), beetles and wildflowers. Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Many people used the train services to visit the seaside, helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871 which created a number of fixed holidays which all sectors of society could enjoy. Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing, Brighton, Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres, and people like Thomas Cook saw tourism and even overseas travel as viable businesses.An important development during the Victorian era was the improvement of communication links. Stage coaches, canals, steam ships and most notably the railways all allowed goods, raw materials and people to be moved about, rapidly facilitating trade and industry. Trains became another important factor ordering society, with "railway time" being the standard by which clocks were set throughout Britain. Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade, so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials such as corn from the America and meat from Australia. One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black, the first postage stamp, which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent.Even later communication methods such as cinema, telegraph, telephones, cars and aircraft, would have an impact. Photography was realized in 1839 by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot in the UK. By 1900, hand-held cameras were available.Technology and engineeringBrunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge in BristolSimilar sanitation reforms, prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869, were made in the crowded, dirty streets of the existing cities, and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising. A great engineering feat in the V ictorian Era was the sewage system in London. It was designed by Joseph Bazalgette in 1858. He proposed to build 82 mi (132 km) of sewer system linked with over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of street sewers. Many problems were encountered but the sewers were completed. After this, Bazalgette designed the Thames Embankment which housed sewers, water pipes and the London Underground. During the same period London's water supply network was expanded and improved, and a gas network for lighting and heating was introduced in the 1880s.The V ictorians were impressed by science and progress, and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology. The model town of Saltaire was founded, along with others, as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic, educational andrecreational facilities, although it lacked a pub, which was regarded as a focus of dissent. During the V ictorian era, science grew into the discipline it is today. In addition to the increasing professionalism of university science, many V ictorian gentlemen devoted their time to the study of natural history. This study of natural history was most powerfully advanced by Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution first published in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Glasgow slum in 1871Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century, gas lighting became widespread during the V ictorian era in industry, homes, public buildings and the streets. The invention of the incandescent gas mantle in the 1890s greatly improved light output and ensured its survival as late as the 1960s. Hundreds of gasworks were constructed in cities and towns across the country. In 1882, incandescent electric lights were introduced to London streets, although it took many years before they were installed everywhere.Health and medicineAlthough nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy, it wasn't until 1846 when an American Dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession.[11] In 1847 chloroform was introduced as an anaesthetic by James Y oung Simpson[12]. Chloroform was favored by doctors and hospital staff because it's much less flammable than ether, but critics complained that it could cause the patient to have a heart attack.[12] Chloroform gained in popularity in England and Germany after Dr. John Snow gave Queen V ictoria chloroform for the birth of her eighth child (Prince Leopold).[13] By 1920, chloroform was used in 80 to 95% of all narcoses performed in UK and German-speaking countries.[12]Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible. At the same time the European diet grew a great deal sweeter as the use of sugar became more widespread.[14] As a result, more and more people were having teeth pulled and needed replacements. This gave rise to "Waterloo Teeth", which were real human teeth set into hand-carved chunks of ivory from hippopotamus or walrus jaws.[14][15] The teeth were obtained from executed criminals, victims of battlefields, from grave-robbers, and were even bought directly from the desperately impoverished.[14]Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of Carbolic acid (phenol).[16] He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and, in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery.[16]PovertyWorking class life in Victorian Wetherby, West Y orkshire19th century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanization stimulated by the Industrial Revolution. The large numbers of skilled and unskilled people looking for work kept wages down to barely subsistence level. A vailable housing was scarce and expensive, resulting in overcrowding. These problems were magnified in London, where the population grew at record rates. Large houses were turned into flats and tenements, and as landlords failed to maintain these dwellings slum housing developed. Kellow Chesney described the situation as follows: "Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single room." (The V ictorian Underworld)。
文学Unit 10 Charles Dickens
1. Life story
• Dickens was born at Portsmouth in 1812. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay Office, was put into the Marsalsea prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old: The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground, cellar at a shoe blacking factory-~a position he considered most humiliating . We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens’ novels . At 15, Dickens entered a lawyer's office as a. junior clerk where he gained the knowledge of an entirely different kind of life. Here he learned to understand both the enemies and the victims of society, between whom the harsh laws of that day frequently made no distinctions. We find many lawyers and criminal characters in Dickens’ novels.
(2) 1848-1870: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy; (theory of evolution（进化论） and utilitarianism （功利主义）;
维多利亚时期
However,with the development of industry,the ideology意识形态 of society changed. The "Crisis of Faith" happened, which would hit religion and the citizens' faith like a brick. The Crisis of Faith was brought about in 1859 with Charles Darwin's work On the Origin of Species; His theory differed from people's original faith.Young people don't know what to believe.They tend to escape in different ways.
• It can be divided into 3 periods:
Early Victoria Period （1837-1848） Middle Victoria Period (1848-1870) Late Victoria Period （1870-1901）
Politically
• The early period is a period of great social unrest动荡的局面 (Chartist Movement 1838-48); • Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class.
英美概况V The Victorian Period
Jane Austen（简.奥斯汀）
简· 奥斯丁出生在英国汉 普郡斯蒂文顿镇的一个 牧师家庭，过着祥和、 小康的乡居生活。兄弟 姐妹共八人，奥斯丁排 行第六。她从未进过正 规学校，只是九岁时， 曾被送往姐姐的学校伴 读。她的姐姐卡桑德拉 是她毕生最好的朋友， 然而奥斯丁的启蒙教育 却更多得之于她的父亲。
A Christmas Carol
《圣诞颂歌》
•
《圣诞颂歌》中守财奴Scrooge在圣诞夜的时候 遇到了他死了7年的合作伙伴通知他今夜会有三个 精灵过去，现在和将来来到他家。 因为他一直吝 啬还贪婪所以如果Scrooge还不改正的话，死后便 会坠入地狱。scrooge 看见地狱的惨状以后有些害 怕。之后他遇见了过去，又重温了了一遍童年的温 暖。但是看到后来自己的变化以后，Scrooge痛苦 极了于是生气的把过去赶走。之后他跟着现在看到 圣诞节百家欢乐的情形。又嫉妒又后悔的看完了一 切。最后未来来了，告诉Scrooge如果他不知悔改 的话他将在这夜死去而且没有人会怀念他。 Scrooge终于看明白了自己的错误并且恳求未来再 给他一个机会。之后Scrooge成为了远近闻名的好 人
狄更斯的其它作品
• 《博兹札记》（ Sketches by Boz ） —— 1836年 • 《尼古拉斯· 尼克贝》（ Nicholas Nickleby ）—— 1838年-1839年 • 《老古玩店》（ The Old Curiocity Shop ）—— 1840年-1841年 • 《巴纳比· 拉奇》（ Barnaby Rudge ）—— 1841年 • 《美国纪行》（ American Notes ）—— 1842年
• 《雾都孤儿》是英国作家狄更斯于1838年 出版的写实小说。以雾都伦敦为背景，讲述 了一个孤儿悲惨的身世及遭遇，主人公奥立 弗在孤儿院长大，经历学徒生涯，艰苦逃难， 误入贼窝，又被迫与狠毒的凶徒为伍，历尽 无数辛酸，最后在善良人的帮助下，查明身 世并获得了幸福。 • 如同狄更斯的其他小说，本书揭露许多当时 的社会问题，如救济院、童工、以及帮派吸 收青少年参与犯罪等。本书曾多次改编为电 影、电视及舞台剧。世界知名导演罗曼.波 兰斯基于2005年也曾将此书拍成电影。
维多利亚时期 victorian
Utilitarianism Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.
Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman野蛮不人道 social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people's life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.