二语习得书单
二语习得参考书
Ellis R. The study of Second Language acquisiton Oxford university press 1994
Larser-Freeman D & Michael H.Long An introduction to Second language Acquisition外研社2000
杨连瑞，张德禄等著，《二语习得研究与中国外语教学》2007
林立主编Second Language Acquisition : Theory and Practice 高等教育出版社2007
Ellis R. The study of Second Language acquisiton Oxford university press 1985 Lightbown P. M & Nina Spada How langugaes are learned 上海外语教育出版社2002 Cook V. Linguistics and Second Language Aciquisition外研社2000
吴旭东《第二语言习得研究—方法与实践》上海外语教育出版社2006
黄冰，《第二语言习得入门》广东高等教育出版社2004
文秋芳.《英语学习策略论》上海外语教育出版社，1996
《第二语言习得研究》王建勤2009第一章
观察、个案、实验 法；长于学习者语 言系统的描写
研究对象 学科归属 研究方法
研究兴趣
心理语言学
第二语言习得研究
对学习者语言系统 关注不多；关注儿 童母语获得心理过 程和机制
语言学习者的语言 系统、习得过程、 习得机制
认知科学
应用语言学
心理学、实验心理 学
通过学习所获得 的语言知识
（监控）
可理解的语言 输入信息
语言习得 装置LAD
习得 语言知识
语言输出
Schumann（1978）“文化适应模式”
• 美国民族事务局的J. W. Powell 第一次使用到 “acculturation”这个词，他在1883 年把“文化适应”定义 为“来自外文化者对新文化中的行为模仿所导致的心理变 化”。而现在我们提到的文化适应，一般是来自Redfield, Linton 和Herskovits 在1936年的定义：“由个体所组成且 具有不同文化的两个群体之间，发生持续的直接的文化接 触，导致一方或双方原有文化模式发生变化的现象。”与 之相对应，已有的文化适应研究主要探讨的就是文化适应 过程对这些新到一个文化环境的移民或者暂居者的影响。
Mclaughlin信息加工模式；联结主义理论
• 认知心理学有两种研究取向:信息加工取向(informationprocessing approach)和联结主义取向(connectionist approach)。信息加工心理学家将人脑看作类似计算机的信 息加工系统, 而联结主义的研究与神经计算的历史渊源有 密切联系, 所以可以认为联结主义者采用的是“大脑类比 ” , 而信息加工心理学家的则是“计算机类比” 。
第二语言习得理论阅读书目
第二语言习得理论阅读书目1. Ellis．R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition［M］．Oxford Univ．Press，1994．2. Ellis．R．Understanding Second Language Acquisition［M］．Oxford Univ．Press，1985．3.Krashen.S. & T.Terrell., The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom[M],Oxford:Pergamon,1983.4.Krashen.S. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition[M], New York: PPergamon Press[M],, 1982.5. Brown. H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice Hall, Inc[M],1987.6.Cook. V. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press[M], 2000.rsen-Freeman，D．and M．Long．An Introduction to Second Language AcquisitionResearch. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press[M], 2000.8.Littlewood.W. Foreign and Second Language Learning. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press[M], 2000.9.O’Malley.J & Chamot. A. U. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. CambridgeCambridge University Press[M], 1990.10.Ramirez.A. Creating Contexts for Second Language Acquisition. New York: LongmanPublishers[M], 1995.11.Seliger.H. & Shohamy.E. Second Language Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress[M], 1989.12.12. Stern. H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress[M], 1983.13.蒋祖康，第二语言习得研究，北京：外语教学与研究出版社[M]，1999。
世界图书出版公司北京公司语言学电子版书目-中国出版集团公
西方语言学与应用语言学视野～～系列丛书～～第一系列：第二语言习得前沿书系书名：第二语言习得的语言学视角原书名: Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language AcquisitionSusan M. Gass, Jacquelyn Schachter原出版社：Cambridge University Press书号：7-5062-8214-3简介：本书是一部从语言学角度阐述二语习得问题的经典文集，所选文章展示了不同的语言学理论，注重二语习得与语言学理论之间的潜在关系，是研习二语习得的必读书，适合二语习得以及语言学领域的研究者阅读。
书名：探索第二语言心理词汇原书名:Exploring the Second Language Mental LexiconDavid Singleton原出版社：Cambridge University Press书号：978-7-5062-8212-3定价：简介：本书是一本深入研究二语心理词汇的专著，研究主要集中于第一语言心理词汇和第二语言心理词汇的关系上。
本书内容充实，文献综述与实证研究结合，引证前人观点与作者批判分析结合，适合语言学专业和心理学专业的研究生、学者、教师以及其他对词汇习得感兴趣的读者阅读。
书名：第二语言阅读研究的交互模式原书名:Interactive Approaches to Second Language ReadingPatricia L. Carroll et al.原出版社：Cambridge University Press书号：978-7-5062-8217-8定价：26.00简介：本文集所选文章都出自阅读研究领域中知名学者之手。
可使读者了解第二语言阅读模式的研究概貌和开展轨迹。
对从事阅读教学的外语教师以及从事外语阅读教学大纲设计和教材编写的专业人士具有重要的参考价值。
书名：第二语言习得论著选读原书名: Readings on Second Language AcquisitionH. Douglas Brown, Susan T. Gonzo原出版社：Pearson Education Inc.书号：7-5062-8245-3简介：本书为课堂语言教学提供了一批原始的、有代表性的论著，使读者能看到学术研究的原貌,并且为每一篇入选文章提供了研究和思考的指导意见，以提高读者理解和评价研究成果的能力。
语言学各门课程教材及推荐书目-(简明版)
课程名称：语言学流派刘润清（编著），1995，《西方语言学流派》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
蓝纯（主编），2007，《语言导论》。
北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
课程名称：语义学Saeed, J. I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Lyons, J. 2000. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.课程名称：认知语言学Evans, V. & Green, M. 2006. Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction.Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.课程名称：语音学与音系学Carlos Gussenhoven, Haike Jacobs. 2011. Understanding Phonology. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Peter Ladefoged. 2009. A Course in Phonetics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.课程名称：语用学Rose, Kenneth R. & Gabriele Kasper. 2001. Pragmatics in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Verschueren, Jef. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (A text that reconsiders the nature and function of pragmatics, i.e. regarding it as a perspective into language and language use.)课程名称：文体学王佐良,1987，《文体学引论》。
语言学考博书目
语言学考博书目
语言学考博书目分为两部分，一是必读书目，二是参考书目。
必读书目：
1. 《西方语言学史》- 马蒂斯著
2. 《简明语言学教程》- 田艳平著
3. 《中外语言学发展史》- 王力强著
4. 《语言学概论》- 亨利·古兹著
5. 《概要语言学》- 贾宁著
6. 《语言学结构》- 戴维. 克里斯特尔著
7. 《心理语言学》- 斯坦利奥康纳著
8. 《跨文化交际理论与实践》- 金振武著
9. 《应用语言学》- 斯图尔特·卡皮奇著
10. 《对比语言学》- 雷杰克逊著
参考书目：
1. 《语言与大脑》- 斯蒂芬-卢克克（Stephen Pinker）著
2. 《语篇分析导论》- 德雷. 汤姆西斯清著
3. 《现代汉语语法与语义学》- 任思忠著
4. 《宇宙语言: 人类语言是否普遍》- 史蒂芬·安德森著
5. 《对话中的隐喻》- 马丁纽曼和弗兰克·兰德尔著
6. 《二语习得》- 斯蒂芬克拉什尼克和加拉-克拉什尼克著
7. 《版图外语言学文化》- 肖明潮著
8. 《语言和认知》- 让-奥利弗·克雷普斯著
9. 《应用语言学导论》- 约翰理查德和韦林麦基著
10. 《语言与思维》- 诺姆.乌尔费尔德著
以上书目涵盖了语言学的基础理论、学科发展史、语言结构、心理语
言学、跨文化交际、应用语言学等方面的内容，可作为语言学考博的重要参考书目。
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英语教学法原著选读48：克拉申二语习得五假说之二——自然顺序假说（NaturalOrder）
英语教学法原著选读48：克拉申⼆语习得五假说之⼆——⾃然顺序假说（NaturalOrder）导读：本篇是⼆语习得泰⽃Stephen D. Krashen的著作《⼆语习得原则与实践（Principles andPractice of Second Language Acquisition）》第⼆章“第⼆语⾔习得理论”A节“有关第⼆语⾔习得的五个假说”中的第⼆个假说，探讨的是语⾔习得过程中各学习项⽬的⾃然顺序。
按照这⼀假说，不管教的⼀⽅多么努⼒，学的⼈总是按照⼀定顺序学会语⾔项⽬，从⽐较简单的ing逐步⾛向稍为复杂的s/es、's等。
本⽂⾸发于“武太⽩⾦星⼈”微信公众账号，点击本⽂标题下⽅蓝⾊字选择关注该公号并回复“Krashen”（⼤⼩写没关系，引号不要，请确保单词后没有多余空格）即可收到上⽂图书的英⽂原版全本PDF。
该书仅供个⼈学习研究使⽤，请勿⽤作商业⽤途，并请于下载24⼩时后⾃觉删除。
祝朋友们学习进步！------------------------原⽂One of the most exciting discoveries in language acquisition research in recent years has beenthe finding that the acquisition of grammatical structures proceeds in a predictable order.Acquirers of a given language tend to acquire certain grammatical structures early, and otherslater. The agreement among individual acquirers is not always 100%, but there are clear,statistically significant, similarities.English is perhaps the most studied language as far as the natural order hypothesis isconcerned, and of all structures of English, morphology is the most studied. Brown (1973)reported that children acquiring English as a first language tended to acquire certaingrammatical morphemes, or functions words, earlier than others. For example, the progressivemarker ing (as in "He is playing baseball".) and the plural marker /s/ ("two dogs") were amongthe first morphemes acquired, while the third person singular marker /s/ (as in "He lives in NewYork") and the possessive /s/ ("John's hat") were typically acquired much later, cominganywhere from six months to one year later. de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) confirmedBrown's longitudinal results cross-sectionally, showing that items that Brown found to beacquired earliest in time were also the ones that children tended to get right more often. In otherwords, for those morphemes studied, the difficulty order was similar to the acquisition order.Shortly after Brown's results were published, Dulay and Burt (1974, 1975) reported thatchildren acquiring English as a second language also show a "natural order" for grammaticalmorphemes, regardless of their first language. The child second language order of acquisitionwas different from the first language order, but different groups of second language acquirersshowed striking similarities. Dulay and Burt's results have been confirmed by a number ofinvestigators (Kessler and Idar, 1977; Fabris, 1978; Makino, 1980). Dulay and Burt used asubset of the 14 morphemes Brown originally investigated. Fathman (1975) confirmed thereality of the natural order in child second language acquisition with her test of oral production,the SLOPE test, which probed 20 different structures.Following Dulay and Burt's work, Bailey, Madden, and Krashen (1974) reported a natural orderfor adult subjects, an order quite similar to that seen in child second language acquisition. Aswe shall see later, this natural order appears only under certain conditions (or rather, itdisappears only under certain conditions!). Some of the studies confirming the natural order inadults for grammatical morphemes include Andersen (1976), who used composition, Krashen,Houck, Giunchi, Bode, Birnbaum, and Strei (1977), using free speech, and Christison (1979),also using free speech. Adult research using the SLOPE test also confirms the natural orderand widens the data base. Krashen, Sferlazza, Feldman, and Fathman (1976) found an ordersimilar to Fathman's (1975) child second language order, and Kayfetz-Fuller (1978) alsoreported a natural order using the SLOPE test.As noted above, the order of acquisition for second language is not the same as the order ofacquisition for first language, but there are some similarities. Table 2.1, from Krashen (1977),presents an average order for second language, and shows how the first language orderdiffers. This average order is the result of a comparison of many empirical studies ofgrammatical morpheme acquisition.TABLE 2.1. "Average" order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes for EnglishWhile English is the best studied language, it is not the only one studied. Research in order of acquisition for other language is beginning to emerge. As yet unpublished papers by Bruce (1979), dealing with Russian as a foreign language, and van Naerssen (1981), for Spanish as a foreign language, confirm the validity of the natural order hypothesis for other languages. We will deal with the pedagogical implications of the natural order hypothesis later, I should point out here, however, that the implication of the natural order hypothesis is not that our syllabi should be based on the order found in the studies discussed here, that is, I do not recommend teaching ing early and the third person singular /s/ late. We will, in fact, find reason to reject grammatical sequencing in all cases where our goal is language acquisition. We will deal with this later, however, after we have finished laying the theoretical groundwork.(a) Transitional formsStudies supporting the natural order hypothesis show only the order in which mature, or well-formed structures emerge. Other studies reveal the path acquirers take en route to mastery. (For a review, see Dulay, Burt, and Krashen, in press. Ravem, 1974; Milon, 1974; Gillis and Weber, 1976; Cancino, Rosansky, and Schumann, 1974; Wode, 1978 and Nelson, 1980 are some second language studies in this area.) There is surprising uniformity here as well--acquirers make very similar errors, termed developmental errors, while they are acquiring. For example, in acquiring English negation, many first and second language acquirers pass through a stage in which they place the negative marker outside the sentence, as in:No Mom sharpen it. (from Klima and Bellugi's (1966)study of child L1 acquisition)and Not like it now. (from Ravem's (1974) study of childL2 acquisition)A typical later stage is to place the negative marker between the subject and the verb, as in:I no like this one. (Cancino et al. (1975) study of childL2 acquisition)and This no have calendar. (from Schumann's (1978a) study of adult L2 acquisition)before reaching the correct form.Predictable stages in the acquisition of wh-questions in English include an early stage in which the wh-word appears before the rest of the sentence, which is otherwise left in its normal uninverted form, as in:How he can be a doctor? (Klima and Bellugi, 1966, child L1acquisition)and What she is doing? (Ravem, 1974, child L2 acquisition)Only later do acquirers begin to invert the subject and verb of the sentence. (A detailed review can be found in Dulay et al., in press.)Transitional forms have been described for other languages and for other structures. The stages for a given target language appear to be strikingly similar despite the first language of the acquirer (although particular first languages may influence the duration of certain stages; see Schumann, 1979). This uniformity is thought to reflect the operation of the natural language acquisition process that is part of all of us. (For a discussion of some of the current issues and controversies concerning the natural order hypothesis, see Krashen, 1981.)------------------------读后感教学者有⾃⼰的⽇程，学习者有⾃⼰的⾃然顺序，克拉申⼜说不⼀定要完全遵循这个⾃然顺序，问题来了：咱们到底该怎么办呢？这让我想起了《西⾏漫记》⾥埃德加·斯诺提到的⼀件趣事：红军招募新战⼠，⼊伍的往往都是中国西部、西北部农村⽬不识丁的青壮年乃⾄少年⼈。
汉语作为第二语言教学参考书目
汉语作为第二语言教学课·阅读文献一、教育学、心理学、教师研究、外语教学理论著作陈琦、刘儒德，《当代教育心理学》，北京师范大学出版社，2007。
皮连生主编，《学与教的心理学》<修订本> 华东师范大学出版社，2002。
张庆宗著，《外语学与教的心理学原理》，外语教学与研究出版社，？？。
田延明、王淑杰编著《心理认知理论与外语教学研究》，北京大学出版社，2010。
陈新仁，《全球化语境下的外语教学与民族认同》，高等教育出版社，2008。
江新，《对外汉语教学的心理学探索》，教育科学出版社，2007。
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊帕克·帕尔默[美]著，吴国珍、余巍等译，《教学勇气——漫步教师心灵》，华东师范大学出版社，2005年10月第一版，2007年10月第五次印刷。
徐碧美[港]著，陈静、李忠如译，《追求卓越——教师专业发展案例研究》，人民教育出版社，2003。
Kathleen M. Bailey，Andy Curtis，David Nunan. Pursuing Professional Development: The Self as Source（追求专业化发展——以自己为资源），董奇译丛主编，北京师范大学出版社，2007。
孙德金著，《对外汉语教师素质与教师培训研究》，商务印书馆，2006。
孙德坤，教师认知研究与教师发展. 北京：世界汉语教学，2008（3）.李红印，情商：汉语教师职业发展的重要方面——基于学生和教师反馈的分析（未刊）李红印，谈汉语国际教育硕士培养的四个方面，《国际汉语教育》2010年第？？陈绂，对国内对外汉语教学的反思. 北京：语言文字应用（增刊），2006（1）丁安琪，关于汉语国际教育硕士专业课程设置的思考. 北京：国际汉语教育，2009（2）.汲传波，刘芳芳，教师的教师：国际汉语教师教育者研究. 北京：国际汉语教育，2009（3）. 李泉，汉语国际教育硕士培养目标与教学理念探讨. 北京：语言文字应用，2009（3）刘芳芳，汉语国际教育硕士教学技能训练模式探索. 北京：国际汉语教育，2009（1）＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊章兼中，《国外外语教学法主要流派》，华东师范大学出版社1984。
二语习得阅读书目
二语习得阅读书目1、牛津应用语言学丛书19本，上海外语教育出版社，重点阅读16本：《第二语言习得研究》The Study of Second Language Acquisition, Rod Ellis《第二语言习得研究》Understanding Second Language Acquisition, Rod Ellis《应用语言学原理与实践》Principles & Practice in Applied Linguistics, G. Cook, et al. eds.《英语教学史》A History of English Language Teaching, A. P. R. Howatt《语言教学的环境与文化》Context and Culture in Language Teaching, C. Kramsch《第二语言研究方法》Second Language Research Method, H. W. Seliger, et al.《语言学习认知法》A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning, P. Skehan《语言教学的基本概念》Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching, H. H. Stern《语言教学的问题与可选策略》Issues and Options in Language Teaching, H. H. Stern 《语言教学面面观》Aspects of Language Teaching, H. G. Widdowson《语言教学交际法》Teaching Language as Communication, H. G. Widdowson2、当代国外语言学与应用语言学文库第三辑22本，外语教学与研究出版社，重点阅读：《二语习得引论》Introducing Second Language Acquisition, M. Saville-Troike《语言教学中的课程设计》Curriculum Development in Language Teaching, J. C. Richards 《成人二语习得中的僵化现象》Fossilization in Adult Second Language Acquisition, Zhaohong Han《语言教学的流派》Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching (Second Edition), J. C.Richards & T. S. Rodgers3、《语言教学的技巧与原理》Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching, D.Larsen-Freeman, second edition, Oxford University Press, 20004、《二语习得重点问题研究》Major Issues in Second Language Acquisition, 文秋芳，外语教学与研究出版社，20105《第二语言习得研究》商务印书馆。
学习第二外语的教材参考
以上这两本都是作为很多大学院校德语专业学生使用的教材，所以也比较权威~！
当然推荐我使用的那本了~！每课目标重点明确~！感觉还不错~ 其实重点还是自己好好学么，啥教材差别也都不大，都是初期学习~~~就那些常用的东西嘛~
学习初期 我的建议就是 :千万别一开始就为大量的字母、单词发音而纠结，（因为书一开始都是讲字母发音，而且内容比较多 也很枯燥）读不准确是正常的，不用太费劲，否则很容易一开始就失去兴趣了~ 大概读差不多，在以后学习中不断的纠正这点很重要~~~
最好是报个有外教的韩语班吧```老师会教得很仔细的,
另外，韩语相关的自学网站，很好的入门学习，最好要看看：）~~
/
《韩国语入门》的网上自学课程：）
/Korean/main.htm
下面我介绍些学习韩语的方法，希望对你有帮助：）
韩语(korean)，韩语分初级，中级，高级，初级是基础，一般中国学生初学韩语相应的教材就是《韩国语入门》定价16元，配套磁带5盘，定价35元，书和磁带都是浅绿色的包装，购买时请注意一下！
学习韩语，首先学好发音是很重要的 另外还有就是一些礼貌用语,和一些句形结构，韩国是礼仪之邦,很注重礼仪,同样说话的时候同样的意思分开来会很不一样的，
新世纪日本语 属于二外专用的书，名气不大内容一般。
标日同样也分老版本和新版本
其中老版本是80年代出的 当时只有标日一种书籍 所以名气响 但这书籍现在看来很多语法都错的 很多单词现在已经不用了 语言不断的再更新 强烈不推荐
而新版本的标日很大程度是沾上了标日这个名字的光，所以很多初级学者会用，其内容不适合口语，比较书面化，当然比旧版标日要好很多，综合也属于一般的教材
另外，第二阶段中写的那个听写本子。再拿出来看，开始查词典。最好韩韩辞典。为什么呢！韩韩词典就是用韩语解释。刚开始会有点难。可是解释的词语应该不难的。导师给我解释的时候用很简单的词语解释，跟这个一样的道理。可是你会不明白那个解释的词语。那么再查那个生词，这样反复。不必要那么长时间，因为5000-10000的生词里会反复。查然后写，写以后念。这样你已经自然学了韩语的语法。联系了写作。联系了念书。
英语教育 经典文献
英语教育经典文献英语教育在全球范围内正逐渐成为一项重要的教育任务。
作为一门全球通用语言，英语的学习和教育已经引起了广泛的关注和研究。
许多经典文献对于英语教育的理论和实践都提供了重要的指导和启示。
本文将探讨几本经典文献，从不同的角度深入研究英语教育的重要议题。
《第二语言习得》（Second Language Acquisition）是英语教育领域的一本重要著作，作者是Stephen D. Krashen。
该书提出了“输入假说”、“关注假说”和“习得与学习之间的关系”等重要概念。
对于教师而言，理解学生获得第二语言的机制是至关重要的。
Krashen通过实证研究和理论推导，为英语教育工作者提供了深入思考和有效指导。
另一本经典文献是《英语教学法：逐步发展》（Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching），作者是Jack C. Richards和Theodore S. Rodgers。
该书概述了不同的语言教学方法，如语法翻译法、直观法、交际法等。
在教师的教学实践中，选择合适的教学方法对于促进学生英语学习的兴趣和提高教学效果至关重要。
这本书为教师提供了一个宝贵的参考框架，帮助他们在教学中灵活应用不同的教学方法。
《英语教育的社会文化理论》（Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning）是作者James P. Lantolf和Steven L. Thorne的一本著作。
该书强调了社会文化理论对于英语习得和教学的重要性。
在教师教学实践中，了解学生的社会文化背景并将其融入到教学设计中，有助于创造更具有意义和有效性的学习环境。
这本书给予了教师们重要启示，提醒他们注意学生个体差异并在教学中充分发挥社会文化因素的作用。
此外，《英语教学中的评估与测量》（Assessment and Testing in Language Education）是英语教育领域的一本经典著作，作者是Anthony Green。
第二语言习得复习资料
第二语言习得复习资料一、引言第二语言习得是一门研究人们如何学习和掌握除母语以外的语言的学科。
对于许多学习者来说，掌握一门第二语言不仅能够拓宽交流渠道，还能增加个人的文化视野和职业发展机会。
在这篇复习资料中，我们将系统地探讨第二语言习得的相关重要内容。
二、第二语言习得的理论基础（一）行为主义理论行为主义理论认为，语言学习是一种习惯的形成。
通过不断的刺激反应强化过程，学习者逐渐养成正确的语言使用习惯。
例如，反复练习某个语法结构或单词，在得到正确的反馈和强化后，就能熟练掌握。
（二）认知理论认知理论则强调学习者的内在认知过程。
认为学习者通过对语言规则的理解、归纳和推理来学习语言。
他们会主动构建语言知识体系，而不仅仅是被动地接受外界的刺激。
（三）社会文化理论社会文化理论关注语言学习所处的社会和文化环境。
认为语言学习是通过与他人的互动和参与社会文化活动实现的。
学习者在真实的交际情境中，借助他人的帮助和指导，逐渐发展语言能力。
三、第二语言习得的关键因素（一）语言输入丰富、准确、可理解的语言输入对于第二语言习得至关重要。
这包括听、读等多种形式的输入。
例如，听英语广播、阅读英语书籍等。
（二）语言输出学习者不仅要接受输入，还需要有机会进行语言输出，如说、写。
通过输出，学习者能够检验自己的语言知识，发现不足并加以改进。
（三）学习动机强烈的学习动机能够推动学习者积极投入学习。
动机可以是内在的，如对语言本身的兴趣；也可以是外在的，如为了通过考试或获得工作机会。
（四）学习策略有效的学习策略能够提高学习效率。
比如记忆策略、认知策略、元认知策略等。
学习者要学会根据自己的情况选择和运用合适的策略。
四、第二语言习得的阶段（一）初始阶段在这个阶段，学习者通常对第二语言的语音、词汇和基本语法有初步的了解和接触，但使用能力有限。
（二）中级阶段学习者能够进行简单的交流，掌握更多的语法和词汇，但在表达上可能还存在一些错误。
（三）高级阶段学习者能够较为流利和准确地运用第二语言进行交流，对语言的理解和运用达到较高水平。
《第二语言习得研究》全书概要 (知识点全)
《第二语言习得研究》全书概要第一章绪论第一节第二语言习得的一般概念第二语言习得(second language acquisition)，简称SLA，是指人们在获得母语(第一语言)的基础上习得另一种或几种语言的过程。
也叫“二语习得”。
一、母语与目的语母语指学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言，也称作“本族语”。
目的语，也叫目标语，一般指学习者正在学习的语言。
二、第一语言与第二语言第一语言指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的语言，在此后习得的语言就是第二语言。
三、习得与学习克拉申（Krashen）认为成人L2学习者有两种独立的语言获得方式，两者在获得方式、心理过程、所获得的知识类型、作用等方面都不同Krashen认为，习得的知识与学得的知识是相互独立的两种知识。
学得的知识无法转换成习得的知识。
即所谓“无接口观点”(non-interface position)。
自然习得研究的证据表明，在习得情况下并未发生学习的过程，有时候，学习者可以先学会某个规则，但是并没有习得这个规则。
也就是说学习过程并不一定导致习得过程的发生。
无接口观点的证据：Seliger（1979）的证据：他让在课堂上让学习者描述一些图片，然后分析这些学习者使用冠词a与an的情况；此外，他让这些学习者陈述关于冠词用法的相关规则。
调查分析表明，学习者的实际语言表达与其元语言知识不相关。
也就是说，“习得”与“学习”的确是彼此独立的。
第二语言习得是指学习者在目的语国家学习目的语。
外语习得指学习者所学的语言在本国不是作为整个社团的交际工具，而且学习者所学的语言主要是在课堂上学习的。
五、自然的第二语言习得与有指导的第二语言习得：前者指在自然的社会环境下以交际的方式获得第二语言；后者指在课堂教学环境中以教学指导的方式获得第二语言。
语言能力是一种反映交际双方语言知识的心理语法。
语言表达指交际双方在语言的理解与生成过程中对其内在语法的运用。
一、第二语言习得研究与语言学：语言学是一个古老的学科，第二语言习得研究则是一个年轻的学科。
《第二语言学习理论(第三版)》介绍与评价
快乐阅读ＡＩＬＥＹＵＥＤＵＫＦｅｂ． 2016 MAGAZINE 69随着语言科学的发展，二语习得已经成为一门独立的学科，其理论也被广泛接受并应用到外语教学领域当中。
最近三十年以来，研究二语习得领域的专家和学者也日益增多，因此出现了大量有关书籍，而 《第二语言学习理论（第三版）》正是其中一朵奇葩。
该书由Routledge 公司出版，它的第一版和第二版分别在1998年和2004年出版，第三版是2013的最新版本，在旧版本的基础上，第三版增加了二语习得这一领域至2013年为止的最新研究成果。
该书由英国的南浦安顿大学的应用语言学教授Rosamond Mitchell，埃塞克斯大学的二语习得教授Florence Myles 和约克大学的第二语言教育高级讲师Emma Marsden 合著。
本书收集了二语习得领域目前最活跃的主要理论研究，而且在书中以章为单位分别讨论了几大方面的理论，包括语言学、认知和社会语言学等方面的理论。
本文拟对该书进行介绍和评价。
一、内容简介作者写《第二语言学习理论（第三版）》的目的是要给读者提供目前二语习得领域最新最活跃的主要理论研究，而且该书的目标读者很广泛，包括语言学的本科生、外语教育/英语（作为外语）教育/应用语言学的研究生以及从事二语教育的教师等等。
本书共有十章，各章主要内容如下：第1章介绍了重要的概念和重要问题；第2章回顾了二语学习研究的近代史；第3章关于语言学和语言发展方面的“普遍语法论”；第4章关于二语学习的认知法：普遍的内隐学习机制；第5章关于认知法：记忆系统和有意识的学习；第6章关于二语学习的互动；第7章探讨了基于意思的二语学习方式；第8章从社会文化角度来分析二语学习；第9章从社会语言学的角度来分析二语学习；第10章是全书的总结。
作为全书的开篇，第1章介绍了“第二语言学习”（简称“二语学习”）的主要概念和相关的重要问题，使读者对该书的研究范围有一个明确的了解。
作者首先解释了“二语学习”这一核心概念，作者广泛地把它定义为任何语言作为第二语言的学习。
对外汉语学生参考书目、相关工具书、语料库和重要期刊
对外汉语专业生主要参考书目、相关工具书、语料库和重要期刊主要参考书目：1．赵金铭：《对外汉语教学概论》，商务印书馆，20042．吕必松：《对外汉语教学概论（讲义）》，国家汉办编印，19963．刘珣：《对外汉语教育学引论》，北京语言大学出版社，20004．刘珣《对外汉语教学概论》，北京语言大学出版社，20045．周小兵等：《对外汉语教学入门》，中山大学出版社，20046．盛炎：《语言教学原理》，重庆出版社，19907．李晓琪、李泉等主编：《对外汉语教学专题研究书系》（22种），商务印书馆，20068．赵贤洲《对外汉语教学通论》，外语教学与研究出版社，19969．吕文华《对外汉语教学语法探索》，语文出版社，199910．崔永华《汉语课堂教学技巧》，北京语言大学出版社，200411．周健《汉语课堂教学技巧与游戏》，北京语言大学出版社200512．杨德峰《汉语与文化交际》，北京大学出版社，200113．世界汉语教学学会、周健《商务馆实用汉语师资培训教材•汉语课堂教学技巧325例》，商务印书馆，200114．陈枫《对外汉语教学法》，中华书局，200815．陆俭明：《作为第二语言的汉语本体研究》，外语教学与研究出版社，2005 16．王魁京：《第二语言学习理论研究》，北京师范大学出版社，199817．Rod Ellis:《第二语言习得概论》，上海外语教育出版社，200018．崔永华：《词汇、文字研究与对外汉语教学》，北京语言文化大学出版社，199719．吕叔湘：《现代汉语八百词》，商务印书馆，198020．刘月华：《实用现代汉语语法》(增订本)，商务印书馆，200221．邵敬敏《现代汉语通论》，上海教育出版社，200522．葛兆光：《古代中国社会与文化十讲》，清华大学出版社，200223．程棠：《对外汉语教学目的原则方法(第2版)》，北京语言文化大学出版社，200824．齐沪扬：《对外汉语教学语法》，复旦大学出版社，200525．史根东：《教师创新行为案例与与评议》，中国科技出版社，200426．徐子亮、吴仁甫：《实用对外汉语教学法》，北京大学出版社，200627．陈宏吴勇毅：《对外汉语教学课堂教案设计》，华语教学出版社，2003 28．张普：《Learning 与对外汉语教学》，清华大学出版社，200229．张凯：《语言测验理论与实践》，北京语言大学出版社，200630．郑金洲：《案例教学指南》，华东师范大学出版社，200031．赵元任：《汉语口语语法》，商务印书馆，199732．朱川：《汉语语音学习对策》，语文出版社，199733．袁振国主编：《教育原理》，华东师范大学出版社，200134．申克著：《学习理论：教育的视角》，江苏教育出版社，200335．施良方、崔允漷主编：《教学理论：课堂教学的原理、策略与研究》，华东师范大学出版社，199936．张祖忻、朱纯等：《教学设计－基本原理与方法》，上海外语教育出版社，199237．林崇德：《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，200038．黄昌宁等《语料库语言学》，商务印书馆，200239．傅承德《自然语言理解的方法与策略》，河南人民出版社，200040．罗常培《语言与文化》，语文出版社，198941．桂诗春《实验心理语言学纲要》，湖南教育出版社，200142．王力《中国语言学史》，山西人民出版社，198143．罗常培《普通语音学纲要》，商务印书馆，200244．陆俭明《八十年代中国语法研究》，商务印书馆，199345．冯胜利《汉语韵律句法学》，上海教育出版社，200046．裘锡圭《文字学概要》，商务印书馆，198847．刘叔新《汉语描写词汇学》，商务印书馆，200048．葛本仪《现代汉语词汇学》，山东人民出版社，200149．朱德熙《语法讲义》，商务印书馆，198250．陈保亚《论语言接触与语言联盟》，语文出版社，199651．陈保亚《20世纪中国语言学方法论》，山东教育出版社，199952．程裕祯《中国文化要略》，外语教学与研究出版社，200953．符淮青：《现代汉语词汇》，北京大学出版社，200454．孔汝煌：《中华诗教与人文素养》，浙江大学出版社，200455．叶蜚声：《语言学纲要》，北京大学出版社，198156．吕叔湘：《汉语语法论文集》，商务印书馆，198457．黄伯荣：《现代汉语》（增订四版），高等教育出版社，200758．王力主编：《古代汉语》（校订重排本），中华书局，199959．于根元：《应用语言学概论》，商务印书馆，200360．[美] 拉里A 萨默瓦等，闵惠泉等译：《跨文化传播》，中国人民大学出版社，200461．索绪尔《普通语言学教程》（高名凯译，英文版可参见外语教学与研究出版社，2001），商务印书馆，198062．冯志伟《现代语言学流派》，陕西人民出版社，199463．利奇《语义学》（李瑞华等译），上海外语教育出版社，198764．冯志伟《计算语言学基础》，商务印书馆，200165．张公瑾、丁石庆主编《文化语言学教程》，教育科学出版社，200466．袁家骅《汉语方言概要》（第二版），语文出版社，200167．江新《对外汉语教学的心理学探索》，教育科学出版社，200768. 丁迪蒙《对外汉语的课堂教学技巧》，学林出版社，200669.卢华岩《对外汉语课堂教学行为的理论与实践》，北京大学出版社，201170.张和生《对外汉语课堂教学技巧研究》，商务印书馆，2006相关工具书：中国大百科全书编委会《中国大百科全书语言文字》，中国大百科全书出版社，1988孟琮等《动词用法词典》，上海辞书出版社，1987郑怀德等《汉语形容词用法词典》，商务印书馆，2003俞士汶等《现代汉语语法信息词典详解》，清华大学出版社，1998王寅《简明语义学词典》，山东人民出版社，1993陆谷孙主编《英汉大词典》，上海译文出版社，1993理查兹等《朗曼语言学词典》（刘润清等译），山西教育出版社，1992克里斯特尔《现代语言学词典》（沈家煊译），商务印书馆，2000戚雨村等《语言学百科词典》，上海辞书出版社，1993重要期刊：1．《中国语文》（社科院语言所）2．《语言文字应用》（语用所）3．《世界汉语教学》（世界汉语教学学会）4．《语言研究》（华中科技大学）5．《语文建设》（国家语委）6．《汉语学习》（延边大学）7．《语言教学与研究》（北京语言大学）8．《语言科学》（徐州师范大学）9．《当代语言学》（社科院语言所）10．《古汉语研究》（湖南师范大学）11．《汉语学报》（华中师范大学）12．《中国社会语言学》（中国社会语言学学会，澳门）13．《语言文字学》（人大复印资料）14．LANGUAGE（美国）15．《修辞学习》（复旦大学语言文学研究所）16．《云南师范大学学报》（对外汉语教学版）17．《语文学习》（上海教育出版社）18．《香港语文建设通讯》另有《中国语言学报》（中国语言学会）、《中国方言学报》（中国方言学会）、《语言学论丛》（北京大学）、《南开语言学刊》（南开大学）、《南大语言学》（南京大学）等学术辑刊。
二语习得必学书目---语言学习机制,全书重难点问题
Discussion Questions of SLAChapter 1: Learning a first language1. Think of three or four ‘telegraphic’ sentences that a young child might produce. These may be in English or another language you know well. How are these ‘little sentences’ similar to thos e in the adult language? How are they different?2. Researchers have used both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to investigate the order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes in English by young children. Describe these approaches in your own words. What are the challenges and the potential benefits of each?3. What is the ‘wug test’? What do the findings from the wug test tell us about Children’s developing language? What advantages does the wug test have over studies that observe children’s l anguage in natural settings? Can you think of some disadvantages?4. What is metalinguistic awareness? Why is it a prerequisite for being able to understand most jokes and riddles? Think of a joke or riddle you know. How is metalinguistic awareness related to your understanding of what makes this joke funny?5. What have researchers observed about the frequency with which young children engage in imitation and repetitive practice? In what way are young children’s linguistic imitation and practice patterns different from those of some foreign language classes?6. Give examples of both grammatical and lexical overgeneralization errors found in early child language. What is the general learning principle that underlies such errors?7. How do the stories of Victor and Genie (pages 19–21) support the critical period hypothesis? Do you find this evidence convincing? Why do most researchers consider that the evidence from users of American Sign Language that was collected by Newport and her colleagues (page 21) is stronger support for the CPH?8. How are Piaget’s and V ygotsky’s views of first language acquisition similar? How do they differ?9. What was unusual about Jim’s exposure to language? How does this case support an interactionist perspective on language acquisition?Chapter 2: Theoretical approaches to explaining second language learningThe behaviourist perspective10. State the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) and explain why it is often linked to the behaviourist theory. What are its limitations?11. What contribution has behaviourism made to our understanding of how languages are learned? What is the theory not able to explain?The innatist perspective12. Sum up, in your own words, the main points surrounding the debate about the nature andavailability of UG in SLA. Where do you stand?13. Name the five hypotheses that make up Krashen’s Monitor Model. According to this model, what conditions must be present for ‘acquisition’ to take place?What are the conditions for language ‘learning’?14. What ar e the limitations of Krashen’s theory? Why do you think that Krashen’s ideas have been so influential in second- and foreign-language education?The cognitive perspective15. How does information-processing model explain SLA?Interactionist position16. In what way are proponents of the interactionist position in SLA in agreement with Krashen’s monitor model? In what way do they go beyond it?17. What kinds of conversational modifications do native speakers make when they talk to non-native speakers? What similarities and differences would you expect to find between these modifications and those that are observed in child-directed speech? Why?18. Several theories for L2 learning have been proposed in this chapter. Is one of them more consistent with your own understanding of how languages are learned? If so, how have your experiences as a learner brought you to this view?Chapter 3: Factors affecting second language learning19. Why is it difficult to assess the influence that personal characteristics have on the development of L2 proficiency?Intelligence20. Language learners’ performance on IQ tests is related to certain aspects of L2 ability but not to others. Give examples to explain this statement.Aptitude21. What lessons can language teachers learn from the research on language aptitude and L2 instruction by Wesche (1981)?Learning styles22. Based on what you read in this chapter, do you think that there is an ideal way to teach/learn a language? For example, as a foreign language learner or teacher, what are your views about teaching grammar? Do you have any specific preferences for how it should be taught or when? Do you know what your students’ preferences might be for grammar teaching and do you think it would be useful to find out?Personality23. What can we learn from research about the relationship between L2 learning and• extroversion• inhibitionMotivation and attitudes24. Define instrumental and integrative motivation in your own words and give an example to illustrate each. Comment on how these types of motivation might be manifested differently in different learning environments.Learner beliefs25. How did Carlos Yorio (1986) reveal that it is important for teachers to consider the beliefs their students hold about language instruction? How might this change their approach to teaching a particular group of students?Age of acquisition26. Which language features were studied in Patkowski’s (1980) study to examine L2 development of immigrants? Does his study support the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)? How?27. Snow and Hoefnagel-Höhle carried out a comprehensive study in which they assessed language development of L2 speakers on a variety of measures. Describe the development of the child, adolescent, and adult L2 learners in relation to each other. In your own words, explain why the results may not be relevant for assessing the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH).Chapter 4: Learner LanguageLearner Language28. A language learner begins making errors with a feature of the language that was previously used correctly. What does this suggest about the way in which the feature was previously learned? Why might one be justified in concluding that the learner has actually made progress? Illustrate with examples.29. What was an important difference between the error analysis approach to understanding L2 learner language and the contrastive analysis approach?30. What phenomenon did Larry Selinker describe when he coined the term interlanguage? What does it mean to say that interlanguages are both systematic and dynamic?31. There are various kinds of errors made by learners, such as developmental errors, overgeneralization, simplification, transfer (or interference errors), and avoidance. Give an example of each to explain.Developmental Sequences32. An L2 learner, in speaking about his brother, tells you ‘he don’t eat meat’. What stage of negation would he be at: Stage 2 or Stage 3? What evidence would you need to have confidence in your assessment?33. The description of developmental stages suggests that a learner’s L1 interacts with developmental sequences in the L2 acquisition of negation, questions, relative clauses, and past tense. Give an example of each, using either the information in the text or from your knowledge of how learners from other L1 backgrounds develop these language features.34. The car that mine is similar to is over there. According to the accessibility hierarchy for relative clauses in English, which clause type is this? If we find evidence that an L2 learner is capable of producing this sentence, what other relative clause types can this learner probably also produce?35. Which of the following verbs would beginner level learners most likely mark with past tense? Which would they be least likely to use past with? Explain your response by discussing how the verbs are different from each other.need a haircutmake lasagnawin a prizelike action moviesfeel nervousbreak a glassFirst language influence36. In addition to influencing how learners pass through developmental sequences, what other ways has a learner’s knowledge of L1 been observed to influence L2 acquisition? You should be able to identify at least four ways.Chapter 5: Observing second language teaching37. Make use of the table on P93 and try to explain the characteristics of natural acquisition, traditional instruction and communicative instruction.38. When conducting classroom-based SLA studies, what might be some advantages of using observation schemes such as the COLT? What disadvantages might there be?39. Based on the classroom transcripts reproduced on pages 97–100, what do you consider to be the most important differences between structure-based and communicative L2 instruction where teacher–student interaction is concerned?40. In Lyster and Ranta’s study, what type of corrective feedback was used most frequently? Which type resulted in the most uptake? What kind(s) resulted in the least uptake? Can you speculate on some reasons for this?41. Describe the difference between display questions and referential questions. What is the difference between open and closed questions? What kinds of responses do the different question types elicit from students? How is the type of question related to the ‘wait time’ a teacher allows?42. What is scaffolding? How might display questions help teachers scaffold? Why is this useful?43. Analyze the characteristics of Transcript 1 on PP107-109 in terms of overall focus of instruction, input and feedback.44. Analyze the characteristics of Transcript 2 on PP109-110 in terms of overall focus of instruction, input and feedback.45. Analyze the characteristics of Transcript 3 on PP110-113 in terms of overall focus of instruction, input and feedback.Chapter 6: Second language learning in the classroom46. Describe and explain with examples the first proposal Get it right from the beginning. Have you experienced any of them as a student?47. Describe and explain with examples the second proposal Say what you mean and mean what you say. Have you experienced any of them as a student?48. Describe and explain with examples the third proposal Just listen…and read. Have you experienced any of them as a student?49. Describe and explain with examples the fourth proposal Teach what is teachable. Have you experienced any of them as a student?50. Describe and explain with examples the fifth proposal Get it right in the end. Have you experienced any of them as a student?51. How did the programme described in Example 8 and Study 10 respond to the challenge of teaching English as a second language in an area where there were few teachers who felt that they had adequate language proficiency or preparation for language teaching? What did the researchers conclude about the effectiveness of this programme?52. When students engage in group work in communicative and task-based language learning, they may not always have the language resources to be able to provide each other with correct language models or corrective feedback. Nevertheless, the benefits of peer interaction outweigh the limitations. What are those benefits?53. Sum up the findings of Study 12 and Study 15. Provide some possible explanations for the findings.54. Among the studies from Study 20 to Study 26, choose three and sum up the findings. Provide some possible explanations for the findings.Chapter 7: Popular ideas about language learning: Facts and opinions55. What is your position on the statement that Languages are learned mainly through imitation? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.56. What is your position on the statement that Parents usually correct young children when theymake grammatical errors? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.57. What is your position on the statement that People with high IQs are good language learners? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.58. What is your position on the statement that The most important factor in second language acquisition success is motivation? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.59. What is your position on the statement that The earlier a second language is introduced in school programs, the greater the likelihood of success in learning? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.60. What is your position on the statement that Most of the mistakes which second language learners make are due to interference from their first language? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.61. What is your position on the statement that Teachers should present grammatical rules one ata time, and learners should practice examples of each one before going on to another? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.62. What is your position on the statement that Teachers should teach simple language structures before complex ones? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.63. What is your position on the statement that Learners’ err ors should be corrected as soon as they are made in order to prevent the formation of bad habits? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.64. What is your position on the statement that Teachers should use materials that expose students only to those language structures which they have already been taught? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.65. What is your position on the statement that When learners are allowed to interact freely (for example in group or pair activities), they learn each others’ mistakes? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.66. What is your position on the statement that Students learn what they are taught? Review the information in the book that has supported, strengthened or led you to change your opinion.。
汉语国际教育专业必读书目(1-4年级)精选全文完整版
《汉语语法难点释疑》，郑懿德等，华语教学出版社，1992。
《汉外语言文化对比与对外汉语教学》，赵永新主编，北京语言文化大学出版社，1997。
《语言教学——从语法到语法技能》，[美]Diane Larsen-Freeman,北京师范大学出版社，2007。
《实用现代汉语语法》，刘月华潘文娱故韡，商务印书馆（北京），2000。工具类
《新视角汉语语法研究》，赵金铭主编，北京语言文化大学出版社，1997。
《实用汉语语法》，房玉清，北京语言学院出版社，1992。
《汉语声调语调阐要与探索》，郭锦桴，北京语言学院出版社，1993。
《语法研究入门》，吕叔湘等著，马庆株编，商务印书馆（北京），1999。
《语言研究中的统计方法》，陈小荷等译，北京语言文化大学出版社，2000。
《汉英应用对比概论》，熊文华，北京语言文化大学出版社，1997。
《语言学百问和硕博指南》，侯国金，四川来自学出版社，2009.四年级
《语言测验理论与实践》，张凯，北京语言文化大学出版社，2002。
《标准参照测验理论研究》，张凯，北京语言文化大学出版社，2002。
《语言学方法论》桂诗春、宁春岩，外语教学与研究出版社，1997.
《用语料库研究语言》，[英]托马斯（Thomas, J.）主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2001。
《对外汉语教学实用语法》，卢福波，北京语言学院出版社，1996。
《汉语功能语法研究》，张伯江方梅，江西教育出版社，1996。
《对外汉语教学设计导论》，崔永华，北京语言大学出版社，2008。
《汉语语音教程》，曹文，北京语言文化大学出版社，2002。
《汉语语法教程》，孙德金，北京语言文化大学出版社，2002。