(优选)机械专业英语课件.
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《机械类专业英语》课件
Skimming
This skill allows readers to quickly scan through the text to get a general understanding of the content It is often used to identify key information or main ideas
Learning significance and purpose
Learning significance and purpose
Learning significance: Mastering mechanical English is of great significance for enhancing personal competitiveness, broadening international perspectives, and promoting academic exchanges.
PPT courseware for Mechanical Professional English
• Introduction to Mechanical Professional English
• Mechanical English Vocabulary • Mechanical English Reading and
Outline
Skimming through the text to identify key information or ideas and creating an outline to organize them This helps readers understand the structure of the article and how different ideas are connected
This skill allows readers to quickly scan through the text to get a general understanding of the content It is often used to identify key information or main ideas
Learning significance and purpose
Learning significance and purpose
Learning significance: Mastering mechanical English is of great significance for enhancing personal competitiveness, broadening international perspectives, and promoting academic exchanges.
PPT courseware for Mechanical Professional English
• Introduction to Mechanical Professional English
• Mechanical English Vocabulary • Mechanical English Reading and
Outline
Skimming through the text to identify key information or ideas and creating an outline to organize them This helps readers understand the structure of the article and how different ideas are connected
机械类专业英语ppt课件
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14
❖ cumulative ['kjuːmjʊlətɪv]
❖ adj. 累积的
❖ cumulative error 累积误差 ; 积累误差 ; 累积差误 ❖ cumulative frequencies 累积频数 ; 累计频数 ❖ cumulative learning 累积学习
❖ dimensionless
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❖ uniaxial ❖ adj. 单轴（向）的，同轴的
念 ; 压力集中 ❖ axial stress 轴向应力 ; 轴应力 ; 多轴向应力 ❖ ; 热应力试验 ❖ stress corrosion 应力腐蚀 ; 超应力腐蚀 ; 应力腐化 ; 应 ❖ Stress ball 压力球 ; 减压球 ; 美国原装 ; 握力球 ❖ stress amplitude 应力幅 ; 应力幅值 ; 应力幅度 ; 应力振幅
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❖ quantity
❖ n. 参数，值；数量；总量
❖ physical quantity 物理量 ; 物理量 ; 实物量 ; 要的实物量 ❖ dimensionless quantity 无量纲量 ; 无因次量 ; 无因次值 ❖ average quantity 平均数量 ; 平均量 ; 均匀数量 ; 均匀数目 ❖ additional quantity 追加数量 ; 额外数量 ; 附加量 ❖ considerable quantity 大数量 ; 可观的
❖ magnitude
❖ n. 数量、数值；大小；量级
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❖ equilibrium ❖ n. 平衡；稳定；保持平衡的能力
❖ [,iːkwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]
机械专业英语课件 PPT
1.There are two kinds of gun drills, namely, the center-cut gun drill used for drilling blind holes and the trepanning drill.
深孔钻分为两种，即用于钻削盲孔的中心钻和套孔 钻。
另一方面，直柄钻被固定到钻夹中，同理， 钻夹以与锥柄钻相同的方式固定到主轴孔中。
Paragraph 5
1.Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel, although carbide-tipped drills are also available. The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in. (i.e., 0.25 up to 80 mm).
钻是利用绕轴旋转的钻头在工件上生成通孔或盲 孔的加工工艺。
2.Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of required hole.
因此，旋转轴的切削范围就等于所钻孔的半径。
2.This type of drill may have either three or four flutes and equal number of margins, which ensure superior guidance, thus resulting in high machining accuracy.这种类型的钻具有三个或四个出屑槽以及 相同数量的刃带，这些可确保准确的导向，从而获 得较高的机加工精度。
深孔钻分为两种，即用于钻削盲孔的中心钻和套孔 钻。
另一方面，直柄钻被固定到钻夹中，同理， 钻夹以与锥柄钻相同的方式固定到主轴孔中。
Paragraph 5
1.Twist drills are usually made of high-speed steel, although carbide-tipped drills are also available. The size of twist drills used in industrial range from 0.01 up to 3.25 in. (i.e., 0.25 up to 80 mm).
钻是利用绕轴旋转的钻头在工件上生成通孔或盲 孔的加工工艺。
2.Consequently, the range of cutting from that axis of rotation is equal to the radius of required hole.
因此，旋转轴的切削范围就等于所钻孔的半径。
2.This type of drill may have either three or four flutes and equal number of margins, which ensure superior guidance, thus resulting in high machining accuracy.这种类型的钻具有三个或四个出屑槽以及 相同数量的刃带，这些可确保准确的导向，从而获 得较高的机加工精度。
《机械专业英语unit》课件
Example analysis
Case Studies
Analyze real world case studies to demonstrate practical applications of mechanical writing
Compare and Contrast
Compare different writing styles and techniques to identify best practices
Standard expression: Mechanical English requires standardized and rigorous expression, in accordance with industry standards.
02
Common vocabulary and expressions in mechanical engineering English
Language accuracy
Use precision language and avoid technical errors
Clarity
Use simple language and avoid jargon to ensure the reader easily understands the content
Writing Standards
01
02
03
04
APA Style: Follow the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting and citations
APA Style: Follow the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide for formatting and citations
机械专业英语课件
Casting process is a manufacturing process in which molten metal is poured or injection and allowed to solidify in a suitably shaped mold cavity. During or after cooling, the cast part is removed from the mold and then processed for delivery （交货）. Casting processes and cast material technologies vary from simple to highly complex. Material and process selection depends on the part’s complexity and function, the product’s quality specification, and the projected cost level.
The molten material is poured into the pouring cup（浇口杯）, which is part of the gating system（浇注系统） that supplies the molten material to the mold cavity. The vertical part of the gating system connected to the pouring cup is the sprue （浇道）, and the horizontal portion is called the runner and finally to the multiple points where it is introduced to be mold cavity called the gates. Additionally there are extensions to the gating system called vents that provide the part for the built-up gases and the displaced air to vent to the atmosphere. Multi- multifunction, multidirectional, multimedia.
《机械类专业英语》课件
《机械类专业英语》PPT 课件
这是一份关于《机械类专业英语》的PPT课件，涵盖了机械类专业英语的基础 知识、技能培训、实践案例和学习资料推荐。
第一部分：机械类专业英语基础知识
机械类词汇学习
掌握机械类专业中常用的英文词汇，扩展专业词汇量。
机械类专业常用句型
学习机械类专业中常见的句型，提高英语表达能力。
机械类专业常见缩写和术语解释
了解机械类专业中常用的缩写和术语，避免词汇歧义。
第二部分：机械类专业英语技能培训
机械类专业文档英文写作 技巧
分享撰写机械类专业文档的英文 写作技巧和注意事项。
机械类专业技术文献阅读 策略
介绍阅读机械类专业技术文献的 方法和技巧。
机械类专业领域英语口语 表达技巧
分享在机械类专业领域进行英语 口语表达的技巧和经验。
第三部分：机械类专业英语实践案例
1
机械类专业项目报告英文演讲
演示机械类专业项目报告时的英文演讲技巧和范例。
2
机械类专业跨文化交流中的英语技巧
探讨在机械类专业跨文化交流中使用英语的技巧和方法。
3
机械类专业国际会议英语能力培训
培养参加机械类专业国际会议时的英语交流能力和跨文化沟通技巧。
第四部分：机械类专业英语学习资料推荐
1 机械类英语在线学习 2 机械类英语词汇学习 3 机械类英语学习书籍
网站推荐
助手推荐
推荐
介绍几个优质的机械类英 语在线学习网站，提供学 习资习助手工具，帮 助提高词汇记忆。
推荐一些经典的机械类英 语学习书籍，助力学习进 步。
总结
通过本次《机械类专业英语》PPT课件，您将了解机械类专业英语的基础知识、 技能培训、实践案例和学习资料推荐，帮助您提升在机械类专业领域中的英 语能力。
这是一份关于《机械类专业英语》的PPT课件，涵盖了机械类专业英语的基础 知识、技能培训、实践案例和学习资料推荐。
第一部分：机械类专业英语基础知识
机械类词汇学习
掌握机械类专业中常用的英文词汇，扩展专业词汇量。
机械类专业常用句型
学习机械类专业中常见的句型，提高英语表达能力。
机械类专业常见缩写和术语解释
了解机械类专业中常用的缩写和术语，避免词汇歧义。
第二部分：机械类专业英语技能培训
机械类专业文档英文写作 技巧
分享撰写机械类专业文档的英文 写作技巧和注意事项。
机械类专业技术文献阅读 策略
介绍阅读机械类专业技术文献的 方法和技巧。
机械类专业领域英语口语 表达技巧
分享在机械类专业领域进行英语 口语表达的技巧和经验。
第三部分：机械类专业英语实践案例
1
机械类专业项目报告英文演讲
演示机械类专业项目报告时的英文演讲技巧和范例。
2
机械类专业跨文化交流中的英语技巧
探讨在机械类专业跨文化交流中使用英语的技巧和方法。
3
机械类专业国际会议英语能力培训
培养参加机械类专业国际会议时的英语交流能力和跨文化沟通技巧。
第四部分：机械类专业英语学习资料推荐
1 机械类英语在线学习 2 机械类英语词汇学习 3 机械类英语学习书籍
网站推荐
助手推荐
推荐
介绍几个优质的机械类英 语在线学习网站，提供学 习资习助手工具，帮 助提高词汇记忆。
推荐一些经典的机械类英 语学习书籍，助力学习进 步。
总结
通过本次《机械类专业英语》PPT课件，您将了解机械类专业英语的基础知识、 技能培训、实践案例和学习资料推荐，帮助您提升在机械类专业领域中的英 语能力。
《机械类专业英语》课件
Summary
Mastering common sentence patterns and grammar is the key to accurately expressing concepts in the field of machinery.
Detailed description
There are some specific sentence patterns and grammatical structures in Mechanical English, such as passive voice and complex sentence patterns. Learners need to be familiar with these sentence patterns and grammar to ensure that they can accurately and fluently express their meaning in writing and speaking.
Course objectives and learning significanceCourse objective: By studying mechanical engineering English, students will be able to master professional English vocabulary, terminology, and expressions in the field of mechanical engineering, and improve their reading, writing, translation, and communication skills.Learning significance: Students with mechanical English proficiency can better adapt to international demands, enhance their competitiveness in the field of mechanical engineering, and also contribute to promoting technical exchange and cooperation in the field of mechanical engineering.
机械工程专业英语课件L
Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads.
斜齿轮使轴承承受径向力和轴向力。 When the thrust loads become high or are
objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. 当轴向力过大或由于别的原因而产生不利影响时， 那就可能需要使用人字齿轮。
A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is, a right-hand driver
goes with a right-hand driven. 一对相互啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿 向，即右旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。
EnglishforMechanicalEngineering
机械工程专业英语
机械工程专业英语
Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears
一、预备知识
齿轮机构可以用来传递空间任意两轴间的运动。
? 两平行轴间的齿轮传动：
直齿圆柱齿轮：重叠系数太小，冲击大，噪音大 斜齿圆柱齿轮：重叠系数增大，但产生轴向力
பைடு நூலகம்
The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a
left-hand helix.
两个齿轮的螺旋角相等，但一个齿轮必须右旋， 而另一个齿轮必须是左旋。
斜齿轮使轴承承受径向力和轴向力。 When the thrust loads become high or are
objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. 当轴向力过大或由于别的原因而产生不利影响时， 那就可能需要使用人字齿轮。
A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is, a right-hand driver
goes with a right-hand driven. 一对相互啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿 向，即右旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。
EnglishforMechanicalEngineering
机械工程专业英语
机械工程专业英语
Lesson 21 Helical, Worm and Bevel Gears
一、预备知识
齿轮机构可以用来传递空间任意两轴间的运动。
? 两平行轴间的齿轮传动：
直齿圆柱齿轮：重叠系数太小，冲击大，噪音大 斜齿圆柱齿轮：重叠系数增大，但产生轴向力
பைடு நூலகம்
The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a
left-hand helix.
两个齿轮的螺旋角相等，但一个齿轮必须右旋， 而另一个齿轮必须是左旋。
机械专业英语课件
口语表达
发音和语音训练 常用词汇和表达方式 情景对话模拟练习 听力理解能力提升
写作技能
掌握专业词汇和术语
学会撰写科技论文和报告
了解英语论文的写作规范 和格式
掌握科技论文的常用句型 和表达方式
05
机械专业英语应用场景
技术文献阅读与翻译
技术文献类型：包括技术报告、 研究论文、专利等
翻译技巧：保持准确性、流畅性， 注意文化差异
课件形式多样：包括文本、图片、 视频等多种形式
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
课件内容丰富：涵盖机械专业的 各个方面
注重实践应用：结合实际案例， 注重实践操作和应用能力的培养
07
学习建议与展望
学习方法建议
制定学习计 划：合理安 排时间，确 保每天有足 够的学习时 间
注重实践： 通过实验、 实践等方式 加深对理论 知识的理解
研究生及教师
从事机械行业的技术人员
对机械专业感兴趣的人士
03
机械专业基础知识
机械专业词汇
机械专业基础词汇
常用机械部件名称
机械加工工艺流程
常用工具和测量仪器
机械原理与设计
机械原理：介绍 机械的基本原理、 机构、传动系统 等基础知识
机械设计：介绍 机械设计的基本 原则、方法、步 骤以及常用的设 计软件等
机械制造工艺： 介绍机械制造的 基本工艺、加工 方法、设备等
机械工程材料： 介绍常用的机械 工程材料及其性 能特点、应用范 围等
制造工艺与设备
制造工艺：介绍机械制 造的基本流程，包括毛 坯制造、零件加工、热 处理等关键环节。
设备：介绍常用的机 械加工设备，如车床、 铣床、磨床、钻床等， 以及它们的基本原理 和操作方法。
机械专业专业英语讲义PPT课件
第16页/共192页
9. tension/compression 10.strain/microstrain 11.cross-section 12.engineering materials 13.ferrous alloy/non-ferrous alloy 14. elastic limit 15. modulus of elasticity
一、课程性质与学习任务
1 、课程性质：是一门专业特色选修课。 2 、学习任务：掌握机制专业有关的专业术 语,能够阅读、理解、并准确翻译科技
文献。
二、课程特点及重点、难点
1 、课程特点：本课程是在大学英语及所学专业 课的基础上开设的,文章的专业术语多,句子长,且 多用被动语态,理解需与专业知识相结合。
第23页/共192页
8.static/dynamic force 9.approximate/approximation Language Points: 1.It is clear that 2.It is preferable to do 3.applicable/tractable
第24页/共192页
第14页/共192页
6.A particular form of elasticity which applies to a large range of engineering materials ， at least over part of their load range ， produces deformation which are proportional to the loads producing them.
eg. Pistons that are moving up are moving at different speeds than pistons that are moving down. 2）注意固定搭配。如：convert … into,consist of等。
9. tension/compression 10.strain/microstrain 11.cross-section 12.engineering materials 13.ferrous alloy/non-ferrous alloy 14. elastic limit 15. modulus of elasticity
一、课程性质与学习任务
1 、课程性质：是一门专业特色选修课。 2 、学习任务：掌握机制专业有关的专业术 语,能够阅读、理解、并准确翻译科技
文献。
二、课程特点及重点、难点
1 、课程特点：本课程是在大学英语及所学专业 课的基础上开设的,文章的专业术语多,句子长,且 多用被动语态,理解需与专业知识相结合。
第23页/共192页
8.static/dynamic force 9.approximate/approximation Language Points: 1.It is clear that 2.It is preferable to do 3.applicable/tractable
第24页/共192页
第14页/共192页
6.A particular form of elasticity which applies to a large range of engineering materials ， at least over part of their load range ， produces deformation which are proportional to the loads producing them.
eg. Pistons that are moving up are moving at different speeds than pistons that are moving down. 2）注意固定搭配。如：convert … into,consist of等。
《机械工程专业英语》PPT课件
•
•
Mechanical Engineering English
Dialogue Two
译文
• Mr. King: How about the activities in your school? • Lily: It blooms in every corner of campus.
Associations of different varieties organized by students with the same interest develop various popular activities such as Foreign Languages Festival and Computer Science Festival.
Mechanical Engineering English
• • • • • •
interrelate [ .intə(:)ri'leit ] v. 互相关连,相关 ecology [ i(:)'kɔlədʒi ] n. 生态学 reinstate [ 'ri:in'steit ] v. 恢复; vt. 使恢复原有的职位 assurance [ ə'ʃuərəns ] n. 保证,确信,保险 thrust [ θrʌst ] n. 推力,刺,力推; v. 插入,推挤,刺 incorporate [ in'kɔ:pəreit ] a. 合并的,公司组织的,具 体化的; v. 合并,组成公司,具体表现
Mechanical Engineering English
Lesson 3
机械工程 专业英语
Mechanical Engineering Design
机械工程专业英语PPT课件
Bearing
A device that supports, guides, and reduces the friction of
motion between fixed and moving machine parts. 轴承：在机器的固定和运动部件之间起支撑、引导和减 少运动摩擦的装置。
15
2020/4/26
Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics
Terminology 术语,专有名词
[,tə:mi'nɔlədʒi]
Text tour
2020/4/26
13
《机械工程专业英语教程》
Terminology
Gear 齿轮, 传动装置
1.A toothed machine part, that meshes with another toothed part to transmit motion or to change speed or direction. 齿轮：有齿的机器零件，与另一个有齿零件相啮合，从而传 递运动或者改变运动的方向或速度。
唐一平主编：《先进制造技术》北京：机械工业出 版社，2004；
王慧莉，贾卫国编《国际学术交流英语》大连：大 连理工大学出版社，2005
主要教学内容
Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects Lesson 3 Overview of Engineering Mechanics Lesson 4 Shafts and Couplings Lesson 5 Shafts and Associated Parts Lesson 6 Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and Chains Lesson 7 Fasteners and Springs Lesson 14 Physical Properties of Materials Lesson 29 Tolerances and Surface Roughness Lesson 35 Coordinate Measuring Machine Lesson 36 Lathes
UNIT-2(机械专业英语)PPT课件
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例1：Control Center, Smoking Free.
控制中心，吸烟自由。 正确：控制中心，严禁吸烟。
例2：A dog driver stop the rotation of the wheel.
狗驾驶员使轮子停转。 正确：止动器使轮子停止旋转。
例3：The importance of computer in the use of manufacturing can not be overestimated.
翻译不是简单的或是原封不动的照搬原文的表达形式，而是有 意的选择与原文作用相等的语言手段来表达原意。
翻译的一种创造性的语言活动，是一种艺术。
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（一） 翻译的标准——信、达、雅
译文应忠于原文
例如： 1）In certain cases friction is an absolute necessity. 在一定的场合下摩擦是绝对必要的。 2）A roughing cut is usually to be followed by a finishing cut. 粗切之后通常还要精切。
忠实于原文不是照搬原文形式，应避免逐字死译，损坏原意。
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译文的语言应通顺，要符合汉语的规范。
The foundation of the machine should not be constructed at a place of conspicuous temperature change, due to direct sunshine, excessive heat or vibration, or at a place contaminated with soil or dust particles.
机械专业英语完整10ppt课件
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Recognize Lathe
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Lathes are widely used in industry to produce all kind of machined parts.
Some are general-purpose(通用的) machines, and others are used to perform highly specialized operations.
刀具安装在转塔的六个边上。每一把刀具的（伸出） 长度也可以调整，因此，所有刀具可以很方便地、准 确地转到需要的位置。
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Those cutting tools can, therefore be employed successively(依次地) without the need for dismounting the tool and mounting a new one each time, as the case with conventional engine lathe.
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Works such as motor shafts, spindles, pistons, rods, car axles, turbine shafts, and a variety of other objects can be turned using this type of lathe.
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The machining operations are done by cutting tools mounted on the turret and on the cross slide.
机械专业英语(课堂PPT)
Traditional forms of fastening include nuts, bolts, screws and rivets.
They are frequently used and most of them have been standardized with their shapes and sizes.
90。 Slotted countersunk
Slotted
Slotted
Square
round head cheese head head
Slotted Slotted Slotted Phillips Hexagon
fillister instrument head head socket
head
Figure 2.17 Applications of screwed fasteners.
.
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2.3 Keys and Pins 2.3.1 Keys Figure 2.18 Keys.
(a) Parallel keys (b) Semicircular keys (c) Tapered keys
.
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2.6 Spring
Functions of springs:
Clamp
Store elastic energy
Reduce shock.
(a) Helical compression (b) Helical extension (c) Torsion springs.
springs.
Friction material
Output
Figure 2.28 Idealized friction disc clutch or brake.
They are frequently used and most of them have been standardized with their shapes and sizes.
90。 Slotted countersunk
Slotted
Slotted
Square
round head cheese head head
Slotted Slotted Slotted Phillips Hexagon
fillister instrument head head socket
head
Figure 2.17 Applications of screwed fasteners.
.
21
2.3 Keys and Pins 2.3.1 Keys Figure 2.18 Keys.
(a) Parallel keys (b) Semicircular keys (c) Tapered keys
.
25
2.6 Spring
Functions of springs:
Clamp
Store elastic energy
Reduce shock.
(a) Helical compression (b) Helical extension (c) Torsion springs.
springs.
Friction material
Output
Figure 2.28 Idealized friction disc clutch or brake.
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Paragraph 1
Any consideration of engineering materials and engineering design of systems utilizing materials must initially deal with(涉及到) Murphy’s Law for Materials systems and the laws of materials applications:
We sometimes allude to a design cycle, but the process may contain a design cycle plus design implementation, which involves actual production based upon the design.
工程材料和应用材料的系统工程设计最初都会涉及 材料的墨菲法则和材料应用法则。
Murphy’s Law: If any material can fail, it will. Laws of materials applications (1) All materials are unstable. (2) The materials system is only as strong or
Creep deformation 蠕变变形
Creep fracture 蠕变断裂
Stress and environment can act in concert to cause failure, for example, stress corrosion cracking.
Creep-temperature effects and stresstemperature effects can contribute to the degradation of properties and components and system failure.
计算机辅助设计现在已用于设计过程，各种设计和设 计思想能被检验和仿真。
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Even in the early design cycle, it is useful to have some concept of available materials.
设计过程通常从解决方案的详细描述开始。有时我们 把设计过程说成是设计循环，但它或许是一个设计循 环外加依赖于设计而进行实际生产的设计实施过程。
The design cycle can involve the original thoughts, sketches, and knowledge that in the specification stage produce engineering drawings.
Although they are both obvious and incontrovertible(无可争辫的), we might elaborate upon these laws, especially the laws of materials applications.
All materials are indeed unstable. Even such materials as platinum can be
Creep(蠕变) is an example. Given enough time, failure(失效) can be calculated
to occur in all materials under creep stress.
在压力作用下，所有材料都会ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ变化。蠕变(creep) 是一个例子。在蠕变压力作用下，若有足够的时间， 所有材料一定会产生屈服。
压力和环境共同（in concert）作用会造成屈服，例 如，应力腐蚀裂纹。蠕变温度影响和应力—温度影响 都会导致性能降低、零件和系统失败。
The design process
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The design process usually begins with a specification of a solution.
（优选）机械专业英语课 件.
1
Lesson 7 Engineering Design and safety factors 工程设计和安全系数
重点词汇：
allude saftey factor yield strength/ultimate tensile strength requisite/requirement/require evaluation/evaluate crystal bizarre
degraded in particular environments.
虽然这些法则是显见的、不容置疑的，我们还要详细 描述这些法则，特别是材料应用法则。所有材料确实 是不牢固的。即使像白金（platinum）这样的材料在 特殊环境中也会性能减弱。
Under stress(应力， strain 应变), all materials respond to that stress.
设计循环涉及最初的构想、草图、在详细描述阶段绘 制工作图的知识。
Computer-aided design (CAD, CAM计算机辅 助制造) is now employed to implement a cycle in which various designs or design ideas may be tested or simulated.
as stable as its weakest or most unstable component.
墨菲法则：如果任何材料有可能出问题，它 （系统）终将出问题。
材料应用法则：（1）任何材料都是不牢固的； （2）材料系统的强度和牢固程度仅仅像它最 薄弱的、最不牢固的部分。
爱德华·墨菲
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