批评6.女性主义

Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• Feminist critics identify sex-related writing strategies, including matters of subject, vocabulary, syntax, style, imagery, narrative structure, characterization, and genre preference.
Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• A. 性别研究 • 有人说性别决定一切，包括语言；伊丽莎白· 阿贝 尔辩称：“性与文本性都依赖于差异化。” • 立志进行女性主义研究的男性经常是在性别研究 的总称下进行研究。在同性恋研究中，批评家通 常通过性别课题来研究这个对象。这两种人都对 男性和女性的某些特质比作者或读者的生物性别 更感兴趣。 • 女性主义批评家认同和性别有关的写作策略，包 括主题、词汇、语法、风格、意象、叙事结构、 人物和流派。
Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• A. Gender Studies
• Gender determines everything, some say, including language; as Elizabeth Abel has argued, “sexuality and textuality both depend on difference”.
二、女性主义批评的历史回顾和主 要议题
• 伊莱恩肖瓦尔特，美国领先的女性主义批 评家之一，确定了女性文学发展的三个历 史阶段：第一阶段，“女性化（feminine）” 阶段（1840至1880年），在此期间，女性 作家模仿优势传统；第二阶段，“女权主 义（feminist）”阶段（ 1880至1920年）， 在此期间，女性主张少数群体的权利并进 行抗议；第三阶段，“女性（female）” 阶段（1920至今），在此期间，反抗，即 揭示男性文本厌女症，被女性文本和女性 的重新发现所取代。
Feminist Approaches 女性主义批评方法
Ⅰ. Feminism and Feminist Literary Criticism: Definitions
• Feminism and feminist literary is absent rather than what is present. Unlike the other approaches we have, feminist literary criticism is often a political attack upon other modes of criticism and theory, and its social orientation moves beyond traditional literary criticism. In its diversity feminism is concerned with the marginalization of all women:
Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• B. Marxist Feminism • Marxist feminist criticism focuses on the relation between reading and social realities. Certainly the establishment of feminist women’s studies programs, bookstores, libraries, political action committees, film boards, and community groups attests to the crucial connection between theory and reality offered by feminism. Unlike some other intellectual strategies, feminism acts on ideas.
Ⅱ.Historical Overview and Major Themes in Feminist Criticism
• Elaine Showalter, one of the leading feminist critics in the United States, has identified three historical phases oபைடு நூலகம் women’s literary development: the “feminine” phase (1840-80), during which women writers imitated the dominant tradition; the “feminist” phase (1880-1920), during which women advocated minority rights and protested; and the “female” phase (1920-present)，during which dependency on opposition- that is, on uncovering misogyny in male texts-is being replaced by a rediscovery of women’s texts and women.
二、女性主义批评的历史回顾和主要议题
• 肖瓦尔特的精神分析模型认为性别差异为 心理的基础，以性别和艺术过程的关系为 重点。它强调女性的差异是封闭合需要之 外的意义的自由抒发。肖瓦尔特的最重要 的贡献一直是描写将女性主义关怀放在社 会背景中的文化模式，承认阶级、种族、 民族和历史差异，以及时间和空间对女性 的决定因素。
Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• Male critics who wish to pursue feminist studies often do so under the umbrella term of gender studies, and in gay studies critics often approach their subject through the topic of gender. Both of these groups are less interested in a writer’s or reader’s biological sex than in certain qualities of masculinity and femininity.
一、 定义
• 女性主义和女性主义文学并没有明确的存 在形式。和其它的批评方法不同，女性主 义文学批评通常是对其它批评和理论的政 治攻击。女性主义形式多样，关注所有女 性的边缘化问题。多数女性主义认为我们 的文化是父权文化：即以服务男性利益为 主导。女性文学批评家尝试解释在一个特 定的文化中，权力因性别失衡如何被反映 在文本中，或如何受到文本的挑战。
Ⅱ.Historical Overview and Major Themes in Feminist Criticism
• Elaine Showalter identified four models of difference: biological, linguistic, psychoanalytic, and cultural. The biological model is the most extreme; if the text somehow mirrors the body, this can reduce women merely to bodies. • Showalter’s linguistic model of difference posits women speaking men’s language as a foreign tongue; purging language of “sexism” is not going far enough.
Ⅱ.Historical Overview and Major Themes in Feminist Criticism
• Showalter’s psychoanalytic model identified gender difference as the basic of the psyche, focusing on the relation of the gender to the artistic process. It stresses feminine difference as the free play of meaning outside the need for closure. Showalter’s most important contribution has been to describe the cultural model that places feminist concerns in social contexts, acknowledging class, racial, national, and historical difference and determinants among women over time and space-a “binding force”.
Ⅲ.Four Significant Current Practices
• Karl Marx argued that all historical and social developments are determined by forms of economic production. Marxist feminists attack the prevailing capitalistic system of the West, which they view as sexually as well as economically exploitative. Marxist feminists thus combine study of class with that of gender. In Marxists emphasize historical and economic contexts of literary discourse, they often direct attention toward the conditions of production of literary texts—that is, the economics of publishing and distributing texts.
Ⅰ. Feminism and Feminist Literary Criticism: Definitions
• that is, with their being relegated to a secondary position. Most feminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture: that is, one organized in favor of the interest of men. Feminist literary critics try to explain how power imbalances due to gender in a given culture are reflect in or challenged by literary texts.
二、女性主义批评的历史回顾和主要议 题
• 伊莱恩肖瓦尔特确定了四个型号的区别： 生物，语言，精神分析和文化。生物模型 是最极端的；如果文字在某种程度上反映 了身体，这样可以将妇女降低到仅仅是 “身体”。肖瓦尔特的语言模式区别假设 女性将男性的语言作为一种外语使用；清 除语言的“性别歧视”是过犹不及。