分词与独立主格结构

分词与独立主格结构
分词的结构
现在分词：doing/being done/having done/having been done
过去分词:done
分词用途
定语
单个的分词为定语通常是前置，特别是现在分词，其中现在分词表示主动且正在进行的含义，过去分词表示被动（及物动词）或已经完成的含义（不及物动词）；对声音和表情的修饰常用过去分词；某些单个过去分词前置与后置有区别：
the given time/the time given
the wanted person/the person wanted
a concerned look/the persons concerned
an involved sentence/the persons involved
2) 分词短语为定语需要后置，相当于一个定语从句，用doing表示主动且正在进行的含义；用being done 表示被动且正在进行的含义；用done表示被动且已经完成的含义；用to be done 表示将来被动的含义，没有having done和having been done
The bridge ______(build)next year will join up the two islands.
The bridge ______(build)in 1960 is the first modern one in Chongqing.
The bridge ______(build)will be completed next week.
思考：是否所有的定语从句都可以改为分词结构吗？下列两个句子可以改为分词结构吗？The man who came this morning is his father.
Is there anyone who can drive a car?
表语
现在分词作为表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词为表语表示主语所处的状态
1). The animal and plants that they found there were (astonish)
2). I was (astonish) to learn that his long lost child had been found.
3). The news made us .(diappoint)
4). The mother went to visit Einstein. (puzzle)
5). Madame Curie found husband’s death .(shock)
6). I saw the boy very (excite)
7). Be brave. You look like a bird (frighten)
8). The fierce lion looks (frighten). Keep away from its cage or it will attack you.
9). The food served at the dinner party did not seem very (invite)
3.宾语补足语
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和look at, listen to 等短语动词，以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。

在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at 后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。

用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。

过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge 动词等后面作
宾语补足语。

4.状语
可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。

分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。

作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. 原因
Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. 条件
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 伴随（主动）
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. 伴随（被动）
Given better attention, the plants could grow better. （条件）
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.（结果）
练习：
________(not hear)from his son,the mother worried a great deal.
_____________(give)such a good chance, how coul you let it slip away?
________(see)from the top the mountain , our city looks more beautiful.
_____(see)nobody at home, I decided to come again.
现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if 等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.
If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。

这类现在分词常见的有：
generally speaking（一般地说），strictly speaking（严格地说），judging from ／by．．．（从……来判断），talking of．．．（说到……），considering．．．（考虑到……），supposing．．．（假定……）等。

如：
Generally speaking，it is not easy for a for eigner to learn Chinese well in a short time．Considering everything，it wasn't abad holiday．
独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词+其他成分（分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成，相当于状语从句，用于书面语，逻辑主语与句子主语不一致
名词/主格代词+现在分词
Time permitting, we can finish the work.
名词/主格代词+过去分词
All things considered ,her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
名词/主格代词+adj./adv.
The meeting over, the students were dismissed.
名词/主格代词+不定式
The teacher to help us，we will succeed.
名词/主格代词+介词短语
The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder.
with/without的复合结构。