句子的英译

句子的英译

句子的英译（一）：

一、汉英主语的对比 1.特征对比英语主语必须具有名词性，因为只有具有名词性的词语，才有数的概念和范畴。汉语的主语则具有很大的词类兼容性，其原因是汉语主语可以只是一个“话题”。任何事物都可以成为话题：名词性事物固然可以，动词性、形容词性、数量词性及情状事物的词语都可以成为话题。（下有举例）2. 主语类型对比英语主语只有以下四种，但功能都很强：如果没有主语，就不可能构成SV，也就不可能形成句子。 a. 施事主语（Actor Subject）We caught a young tiger. b. 受事主语（Receptor Subject）A young tiger was caught. c. 形式主语（Expletive Subject）It is never too late to learn. d. 话题主语（Topic Subject）The brain is a wonderful organ.

汉语的主语在句法结构中出现种种分布状况或形式，我们称之为“主语分布模式”（Subject Distribution Patterns，即SDP）。以名词性主语句子为例，汉语的SDP展开如下：a.施事主语我们盖了一栋房子。We built a house. b.受事主语房子盖在西院。The house was built in the western compound. c. 受事主语+施事主语房子我们已经盖了一大半了。We have finished a good part of the house. d. 施事主语+受事主语住户家俱都搬进屋了。The lodgers have moved in their furniture. e. 时间主语去年又盖了一栋房子。Another house was built last year. f. 地点主语西院盖了一栋房子。The house was built in the western compound. g. 与事主语这些材料只够盖一栋房子。These materials were enough for building only one house. h. 与事主语+施事主语这些材料我们只能够盖一栋房子。We could build only one house with these materials.

除了名词性主语词的SDP形式外，还有非名词性主语词： a.动作主语跑跑跳跳助消化。Jumping and running help your digestion. b. 修饰语主语干干净净逗人爱。Everybody loves clean things. 很诚实是一大优点。Honesty is a merit. c. 数词主语“15”是个奇数。“15”is an odd number. d. 方式主语这么快就盖好了一栋房子。The house was built at admirable speed. e. 复合主语（主要有主谓、述宾、述补、偏正四种）要有计划地办事。A good plan is necessary for doing business.(述宾) 我一个人干就可以了。Let me do it, it’s enough.(主谓) 互相学习已蔚然成风。To learn from each other has become the order of the day.(偏正) 计算得快是个好条件。The ability to do quick calculation is of course an advantage.(述补)

f. 带“的”字词组主语学得最好的有奖。The best learner will be given a reward.

g. 零位主语早走了。He was gone long ago. 二、汉英翻译中

主语的转换1.对应（或以原文主语作译文主语）（1）以名词作主语：原语以专有名词及普通名词作主语时，名词对应式的可能性很大。如P87 例1-6 a. 苏轼是位才华横溢的文学家。Su Shi was a writer with superb talent. （2）以动词或动词短语（非主谓结构或词组）作主语的句子也可以形成对应：汉语动词没有定式、非定式之分，但英语动词作名词用时，其形态必须作相应变化。 b. 作弊不算数。Playing foul doesn’t hold your score. c. 倾囊相助是一种美德。To empty one’s purse to help people in need is of course a virtue.

2.转换（重新确定主语）(1)词类转换式主语转移（凭借词类转换手段达到主语转移，即在原句中挑选一个其他的词来充当目的语的主语）如： a.我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外国学习。In natural sciences, we are rather backward and here, we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries. b.她一搬到上海就大概年轻了五岁，而她丈夫呢，却老了十年。Moving to Shanghai may have taken five years off her, but it has put ten years on her husband. (2)推导式主语转移（运用逻辑推理，通常是选出句中的行为者，形成SV搭配）如：c.中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个人幸福之上，而美国人似乎与此相反。In the Chinese national ideology, the pursuit of family happiness has been elevated over personal happiness, while for the Americans the order seems to be the reverse. d. 台上坐着主席团。The members of the Presidium are sitting on the platform. e. 从本学期开始，学生宿舍客访不得迟于晚10时，星期天不得迟于晚10时半。Starting with this semester, dorm residents won’t be able to have guests after 10 p. m. on week nights or 10:30 p. m. on weekends.

(3)反逆式主语转移汉英翻译中主语与谓语动词后的名词（可能是及物动词的宾语，也可能是表语词）有时可以实现反转。英汉反转的原因在多数情况下是个表达习惯问题，汉英语态转换就是这样。如： a.他这样悍然行事使我们非常气愤。Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his flagrant action. b. 一胎生了三个女儿。Three daughters were born at one birth. c. 吃饭得用筷子。Chopsticks are used for eating meals. 3. 补充（增补主语）（1）补充泛指性代词或名词如：a.学会数理化，走遍天下都不怕。With a knowledge of natural sciences, one can go anywhere in the world. b.春到田间耕作忙。With spring looking on, everyone has been busy plowing and plantin准的2)补充人称代词a.老跟着别人转，就不能独立行事了。If you follow somebody else all the time, you can’t be able to be your own man. b.求那种人，可谓白费劲。不如自己动手干。With that kind of man, you will

plead in vain. You had better try your hand yourself.

(3)补充逻辑推导产生的主语（推导主语在原句中是根本没有的，完全是根据语境推导出来的）如：a.最堪惜，珠光宝气败坏了她那好端端一身华服。Nothing can ruin an expensive outfit more than her outrageous jewelry. b. 那里的服务设施已有改善。可以找到够标准的旅店，吃到风味食品，坐上空调旅游车了。Service facilities have been improved. Tourists can find standard hotel rooms, local Chinese food and air-conditioned tour buses. c.只有等着瞧了。Only time can tell. Exercises: 1.人们已经把中国传统典籍或部分或全部地翻译成了外国文字。2.你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。 3.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。 4.她只要听几句恭维话就会得意忘形。 5.孩子们看到这个菜就眉开眼笑，可知他们是难得吃到这种菜的。 6.语言着东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。

1.Traditional Chinese classics have been translated into foreign languages in part or as a whole.

2.You have made good progress in teaching and researching but you should guard against complacency.

3.a. The constant changes of the Changjiang River in history helped form many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. b. Lots of lakes were formed /appeared as a result of the constant changes of the Changjiang River in history .

4.A little flattery would set him carried away.

5.The delight of the children at the sight of the dish showed that it was a rarity.

6.The mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.

句子的英译（二）：

一、汉英谓语的对比 1.英语谓语的基本特征：首先，英语谓语必须以动词为基础和核心，动词