关贸总协定,世界贸易组织的前身GATT(GeneralAgreement
GATT名词解释
GATT名词解释
1、GATT名词解释：GATT是关税及贸易总协定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)的简称。
GATT的宗旨是通过削减关税和其它贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易中的差别待遇，促进国际贸易自由化，以充分利用世界资源，扩大商品的生产与流通。
关贸总协定于1947年10月30日在日内瓦签订，并于1948年1月1日开始临时适用。
2、应当注意的是，由于未能达到关贸总协定（GATT）规定的生效条件，作为多边国际协定的GATT从未正式生效，而是一直通过《临时适用议定书》的形式产生临时适用的效力。
GATT是世界贸易组织（WTO）的前身。
大学实用翻译教程(英汉双向)第十四章 WTO英文文本的翻译
在司法和行政程序方面，各成员 均可利用本条第一款允许之例外， 包括在各成员管辖权范围内指定 服务地址或任命代理人，但此例 外应为确保遵守与本协议规定不 相符合的法律和法规所必需，且 此类行为的实施未构成对贸易的 变相限制。
二、句子冗长、结构复杂
All quantitative restrictions within bilateral agreements maintained under Article 4 or notified under Article 7 or 8 of the MFA in force on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall, within 60 days following such entry into force, be notified in detail, including the restraint levels, growth rates and flexibility provisions, by the Members maintaining such restrictions to the Textiles Monitoring Body provided for in Article 8 (referred to in this Agreement as the "TMB"). ( word count=80)
4、并列近义词与同义词
（1）由两个同义词用and连接；
terms and conditions（条款） rights and interests（权益） losses and damages（损失）
（2）由两个或两个以上词性相同、 词义相近/相对的词用or连接构成
八世贸组织中英单词对照
汉英口译分类词汇（08）--世贸组织词汇（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionable subsidy(纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程Integration process （服务贸易）境外消费Consumption abroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Cross border supply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presence(服务贸易)自然人 natural person(服务贸易)自然人流动Presence of natural person (解决争端)被诉方Defendant （解决争端）调查结果Findings(解决争端)上诉Appeal (解决争端)申诉方Complaint (利益的)丧失和减损Nullification and impairment(农产品)国内支持Domestic support（农产品）综合支持量AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施Amber Box measures（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施Green Box measures(农业)多功能性Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy(争端解决)专家组Panel （知识产权）地理标识Geographical indications 《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约)Paris Convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel Convention《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)《濒危物种国际贸易公约》Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention 《多种纤维协定》MFA (Multifibre Agreement)《纺织品与服装协议》ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)《服务贸易总协定》GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)《京都议定书》 Kyoto Protocol《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）Lisbon Agreement《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)Montreal Protocol《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG (Special Safeguard)《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peace clause《生物多样性公约》CBD(Convention onBiological Diversity)《信息技术协议》ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 采取措施后Ex post采取措施前Ex ante产品生命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) 出口补贴Export subsidy出口实绩Export performance 垂直兼并 vertical merger当地含量Local content电子商务 Electronic Commerce东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) 东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area动植物卫生检疫措施SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )反补贴税Countervailing duty 反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against…反向通知Counter-notification非配额产品 quota-freeproducts非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group) 风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)规避Circumvention国际标准化组织ISO (International Organization for Standardization)国际纺织品服装局ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际劳工组织ILO (International Labor Organization)国际贸易中心ITC (International Trade Center)国际贸易组织ITO (International Trade Organization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization)国际清算 international settlement国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions国际兽疫组织International Office of Epizootics国民待遇National treatment 国内补贴Domestic subsidy国内生产Domestic production 海关估价Customs valuation 海关完税价值Customs value 横向兼并 horizontal merger 环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)灰色区域措施Grey area measures货币留成制度Currency retention scheme货币贸易理事会CTG(Council for Trade in Goods) 基础税率Base tariff level 既定日程Built-in agenda交叉报复Cross retaliation 进口差价税Import variable duties进口附加税Import surcharge 进口环节税 import linkage tax进口渗透Import penetration 进口替代Import substitution 进口许可Import licensing进口押金Import deposits经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)垃圾融资 junk financing联合国环境署UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)联合国开发计划署UNDP (United Nations Development Program)联合国粮农组织FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 粮食安全Food security慢性萧条 chronic depression 贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Development贸易与环境委员会Committee on Trade and Environment模式Modalities 南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)南亚区域合作联盟SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)配额调整条款modulation of quota clause瓶颈制约 'bottleneck' restrictions全球配额 global quota上诉机构Appeal body申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system 生产补贴Production subsidy 实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to实质损害Material injury食品法典委员会 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission) 世界海关组织WCO (World Customs Organization)世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)世界知识产权组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access) 市场准入Market access通知义务Notification obligation同类产品Like product乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round消费膨胀 inflated consumption 协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System) 新议题New issues许可费License fee有秩序的市场安排Orderly market arrangements约束水平Bound level争端解决机构Dispute Settlement Body政府采购 Government procurement知识产权IPRs (Intellectual property rights)直接支付Direct payment诸边协议 Plurilateral agreement专门的营销机构Market boards 转基因生物GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)祖父条款 grandfather clause 最不发达国家LDCs(Least-developed countries) 最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系'）MFN（most-favored-nation) treatment最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Trea tment)WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements.GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN —Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment — The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable. Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994. Tariffsbinding, bound —see “tariff binding”electronic commerce — The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products viatelecommunications networks.free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under themost-favoured-nation principle. Harmonized System — An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA —Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000. ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding —Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Oncea rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties. tariff escalation —Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate. tariff peaks — Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.tariffs — Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government. WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties —Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.circumvention —Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping —Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs —Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of ananti-dumping duty.PSI — Preshipment inspection — the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs —Quantitative restrictions —specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin —Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up ofimports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy — There are two general types ofsubsidies: export and domestic. An exportsubsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports.A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication —Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation —Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward — When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.carry over — When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota.circumvention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG —Council for Trade in Goods —oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. integration programme —The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB —International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing —When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments. transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause —or threaten —serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 —EC’s financial reform plans for 2000–06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below). border protection —Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry. BSE —Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”.box —Category of domestic support. —Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits.— Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. —Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group — Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP — Common Agricultural Policy — The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius — FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety.distortion —When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market. deficiency payment —Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP — Export enhancement programme —programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security — Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs. internal support —Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics —Deals with international standards concerning animal health.multifunctionality —Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns. non-trade concerns — Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause — Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program —The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article20 are for continuing the reform process. SPS regulations — Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations — government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy — Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.Intellectual propertyBerne Convention —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity. compulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent —to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e.a patented product or a product made by a patented process) —without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit — Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods. exhaustion — The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports. geographical indications —Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example, “Champagne”, “Tequila” or “Roquefort”) which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that placegovernment use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing.intellectual property rights —Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.IPRs — Intellectual property rights. Lisbon Agreement —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration.Madrid Agreement —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods. mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force,these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting “exclusive marketing rights” for the products whose patent applications have been filed.)parallel imports — When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not.Paris Convention —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents,utility models, industrial designs, etc. piracy —Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials. Rome Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms. TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Washington Treaty — Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits.WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization.Investmentexport-performance measure — Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.FDI — Foreign direct investment.local-content measure — Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor’s product.product-mandating — Requirement that the investor export to certain countries or region.trade-balancing measure —Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports.TRIMS —Trade-related investment measures. Dispute settlementAppellate Body — An independentseven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports.automaticity —The “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures.DSB — Dispute Settlement Body — when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.nullification and impairment — Damage to a country’s benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another country’s change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTOobligations.panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSBto examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Servicesaccounting rate — In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephon e network operator for calls originating in another country.commercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country. GATS —The WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services.general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement. Initial commitments — Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.modes of delivery —How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons. multi-modal — Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitmentsaccepted — voluntarily or through negotiation — by WTO members.natural persons —People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations.offer —A country’s proposal for further liberalization.protocols —Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential — In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises. schedule —“Schedule of Specific Commitm ents” —A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment. specific commitments —See “schedule”. Regionalism/trade and developmentACP — African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement.Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN — Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO —Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand —often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam.Caricom — The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries. CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union — Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).EC —European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).EFTA — European Free Trade Association.free trade area —Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.G77 — Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States. GRULAC — Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.GSP — Generalized System of Preferences —programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.HLM —WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs — Least-developed countries. MERCOSUR —Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA —North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU — Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.S&D —“Special and differential treatment” provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL — United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement. UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environmentAgenda 21 —The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro. Article XX — GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules.Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA — Border tax adjustmentCITES — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. An MEA.CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST — Environmentally-sound technology. EST&P — EST and products.ex ante, ex post —Before and after a measure is applied.LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol —An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer. PPM — Process and production method.TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver —Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT （General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）世界贸易组织WTO （World Trade Organization）乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round最惠国待遇（现通常称"正常贸易关系"）MFN（most-favored-nation）treatment争端解决机构dispute settlement body《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU （Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes）《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA （North American Free Trade Agreement）东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA （Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa）反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against…非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to瓶颈制约"bottleneck" restrictions非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP （African，Caribbean and Pacific Group）（补贴协议）可诉补贴actionable subsidy上诉机构appeal body基础税率base tariff level国际收支条款BOP（Balance-of-payments）Provisions既定日程built-in agenda约束水平bound level（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy规避circumvention反补贴税countervailing duty交叉报复cross retaliation海关完税价值customs values环保型技术EST（Environmentally-sound technology）出口实绩export performance出口补贴export subsidy粮食安全food security免费搭车者（享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家）free-rider政府采购government procurement灰色区域措施grey area measuresWTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM （WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs）协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS （Harmonized Commodity and Coding System）进口许可import licensing进口渗透import penetration最初谈判权（初谈权）INRs （Initial Negotiating Rights）知识产权IPRs （Intellectual property rights）最不发达国家LDCs （Least-developed countries）当地含量local content市场准入market access专门的营销机构market boards（服务贸易）自然人national person国民待遇national treatment（利益的）丧失和减损nullification and impairment（争端解决）专家组panel（《农业协议》中关于反补贴的）和平条款peace clause诸边协议plurilateral agreement（服务贸易）自然人流动presence of natural person生产补贴production subsidy消费膨胀inflated consumption慢性萧条chronic depression进口环节税import linkage tax北美自由贸易区NAFTA （North American Free Trade Area）全球配额global quota祖父条款grandfather clause贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF （Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation）国际清算international settlement横向兼并horizontal merger垂直兼并vertical merger垃圾融资junk financing申报制度reporting system；income declaration system市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA （Administrative Aspects of Market Access）A2000 Agenda 2000年议程Abandoned Claims 被放弃的诉请Acceding Country 申请加入国Acceding Government 申请加入的政府Acceptable Level of Risk 可接受的风险水平Accession 加入Accession Country 加入国Accession Package 加入一揽子文件Accountancy Disciplines 会计准则Accounting Services 会计服务Accreditation 认可Accreditation and Approval 认可和批准Actionable Subsidy （补贴协议）可诉补贴Actual Dumping Margin 实际倾销幅度Actual Value 实际价值Actuarial Services 保险精算服务Actuarial Specialist 精算专家Ad valor tariff 从价税Ad Valorem Duty 从价税Ad Valorem Equivalent 从价等量Ad Valorem Subsidization 从价补贴Ad Valorem Tariff 从价关税Additional Commitments 额外承诺Additional Duty 额外关税Adjustment Cost 调整成本Administered Support Price 政府支持价格Administrative Action 行政行为Administrative Determinations 行政裁定Administrative Revocation 行政撤销Advance Deposit for Imports 预付进口押金Adverse Effects 不利影响Adverse Inferences 不利推断Advertising Services 广告服务Advisory Opinion 咨询性意见Affirmative 肯定裁决Affirmative Defense 积极抗辩Affirmative Determination 肯定性裁定Affirmative Finding 肯定性调查结果Afford Adequate Opportunity 提供充分机会After Sales Services 售后服务Agency Insurance Services 保险代理服务Agenda 22世纪议程Aggregate measure of support 综合支持量Aggressive Multilateralism 攻击性多边主义Aggressive Reciprocity 攻击性互惠Agreed database 各方都同意的数据库Agreed Exclusions 议定的例外Agreed Standard From 议定的标准格式Agreement on Agriculture 农业协定Agreement on Compensation 补偿协定Agricultural Integration 农业一体化Agriculture Protection Argument 农业保护论Air Transport Services 空运服务Alleged Dumping 被指控的倾销Alleged Injury 被指控的损害Alleged Subsidy 被指控的补贴Allocation of Quotas 配额分配Allowance for Waste 损耗Alternative Duty 选择税Amber Box Measures （农产品国内支持）黄箱措施Amendments to WTO Agreements 协定修改American Selling Price（ASP）美国销售价格Amicus Brief 法庭之友的书面陈述Amicus Curiae 法庭之友amount of subsidy 补贴数额AMS Disciplines 综合支持量纪律AMS Methodology 综合支持量方法Analogue Country 替代国Analytical Index 分析索引Ancillary Services 空运辅助服务Animal Welfare 动物福利Annual bound commitment 年度约束水平Anti-Circumvention 反规避Anti-Circumvention Action 反规避行动Anti-Competitive Practices 反竞争做法Anti-Dumping 反倾销Anti-Dumping Act 反倾销法Anti-Dumping Action 反倾销行动Anti-Dumping Agreement 反倾销协定Anti-Dumping Code 反倾销守则Anti-Dumping Complaint 反倾销申诉Anti-Dumping Duty 反倾销税Anti-Dumping Duty Order 反倾销税令Anti-Dumping Investigation 反倾销调查Anti-Dumping Law 反倾销法律Anti-dumping measures（AD,A-D）反倾销措施Anti-Dumping Penalty 反倾销补偿金Anti-Dumping Policy 反倾销政策Anti-Dumping Practice 反倾销实践Anti-Dumping Proceeding 反倾销程序Anti-Dumping Tribunal 反倾销调查裁决机关Anti-Globalization 反全球化Anti-Surge Clause 反激增条款Appeal （争端解决）上诉Appeals 上诉Appellate Body 上诉机构Appellate Body Report 上诉机构报告Appellate Review 上诉审查Appellations of Origin 原产地名称Appellee 被上诉方Applicant Contracting Party 申请缔约方Application Form 申请表格Application Procedures 申请程序Appraised Value 估定价值Appraisement 估价Appropriate Compensation 适当补偿Appropriate Countermeasures 适当反措施Appropriate Schedule 适当减让表Arbitration 仲裁Arbitration Award 仲裁裁决Architectural Services 建筑设计服务Archive Services 档案服务Arm’s Length Negotiations 公平谈判Arm’s Length Price 公平价格Arm’s Length Pricing 公平定价Arm’s Length Rate 公平利润率Arm’s Length Transaction 公平交易Artwork 工艺Assessment of Risk 风险评估Assessment of Tariff Offers 评估关税出价Assessment of the Origin 原产地预确定Asset Management 资产管理服务Assignment 转让Assignment Agreement 转让协议Assignor 转让人Assurance of Conformity 合格保证Asymmetrical Comparison 非对称比较At-the-Border Barriers 边境壁垒Audiovisual Service 视听服务Auditing Services 审计服务Automatic Import Licensing 自动进口许可Automatic Licensing 自动许可Autonomous Trade Regimes 自主贸易制度Average CIF Unit Value 平均到岸价Average Reference Price 平均参考价格Award 裁决A Reasonable Rate of Increase in Reserves储备增加的合理比率Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights滥用知识产权Access to Confidential Information对机密信息的获取Accident and Health Insurance services意外和健康保险服务Accounting, Auditing and Book-keeping Services会计、审计和簿记服务Acquisition or Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights知识产权的取得或维持Acts Occurring Prior to Date of Application of Agreement协议适用之日前发生的行为Actual Threat under Agreement on Textile and Clothing纺织品与服装协定中的实际威胁Ad Interim Reduction or Exemption of Customs Duties临时减少或豁免关税Ad Valorem Percentage Criterion从价百分比标准Additional Period of One Year under Multi-Fibre Agreement多种纤维安排中的延期一年Additional Written Memoranda附加书面备忘录Adequate and Enduring Technical Competence适当和持久的技术资质Administration of Trade Regulations贸易法规的实施Administrative Aspects of Market Access (AAMA)市场准入的行政管理措施Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS)（农产品）综合支持量Administrative Memorandum行政备忘录Administrative Procedures and Remedies行政程序和救济Administrative, Selling and General Costs管理、销售和一般费用Advisory and other Auxiliary Services金融咨询和其他附属服务Advisory, Intermediation Services金融咨询、中介服务Aggregate measurement of support （AMS ）（农业）综合支持量Agreement for Protection of International Investment国际投资保护协定Agreement on Textile and Clothing(ATC)纺织品与服装协定Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures(TRIMs) 与投资有关的贸易措施Agreements and Associated Legal Instruments协定及相关法律文件Agricultural Chemical Products农业化学物质产品Aircraft Repair and Maintenance Services航空器的维修和保养服务Allocation of Shares in the Quota配额中的份额分配Alternative Dispute Resolution争端解决的替代方式American Selling Price System of Valuation美国销售价格估价制度Amicus Submissions by NGOs非政府组织的法庭之友书面陈述Amount for Profit and General Expenses利润和一般费用总额Amount of a Subsidy in Terms of the Benefit to the Recipient以接受者所获利益形式的补贴金额An Inconsistency of a Serious Nature严重不符Andean Community安第斯共同体Annecy Round安纳西回合Annual and Final Bound Commitment Levels年度和最终约束承诺水平Annual Export Subsidy Commitment Levels出口补贴年度承诺水平Anti-Dumping Act of 19161916 年反倾销法Anti-Dumping Act of 19211921 年反倾销法Appellate Body Operating Fund(ABOF)上诉机构业务基金Application for Anti-Dumping Action反倾销调查申请Application of International Standards适用国际标准Application of Successive Treaties Relative to the Same Subject-Matter 后续条约的适用Applications Specialist系统应用专家Appropriate Level of Sanitary or Phytosanitary Protection卫生或植物卫生保护的适当水平Arbitrary or Fictitious Customs Values武断或虚构的海关价格Area of Low Pest or Disease Prevalence病虫害低度流行区Arrangements for Consultation and Cooperation磋商与合作安排Article 2 Exemptions第 2 条例外Article 21.5 Panel第21.5 款专家组Article 22.6 Arbitration第22.6 款仲裁Assistance for Research Activities研究活动补助Associated Foreign Direct Investment关联外国直接投资Assured Life of the Schedules减让表的有效期Attribution of Serious Damage in ATC纺织品与服装协定中严重损害的归因Audio Visual Service Negotiations in the Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合中的视听服务谈判Authoritative Interpretation of Provisions适用协定规定的权威性解释Automated System for Customs Date(ASYCUDA)海关数据自动化系统Automatic Import Licensing Procedures自动进口许可程序Auxiliary Financial Services附属金融服务B‘Bottleneck’restrictions 瓶颈制约Background and Authority 背景与主管机关Balance of payment(BOP) 国际收支Base Levels 基础水平Base Period 基期Base tariff level 基础税率Base Total AMS 基期综合支持总量Basic Agricultural Product 基本农产品Basic Telecommunications 基础电信Basket Tariff Quota 一揽子关税配额Benchmark Price 基准价格Benefit Accruing 获得的利益Benefit to the Recipient 给予受益人的利益Benefits of Trade 贸易利益Bidding Quotation 投标报价Bilateral Agreement 双边协定配额Bilateral Emergency Basis 双边应急基础Bilateral Investment 双边投资Bilateral Quota 双边配额Bilateral Tax Treaty 双边税收条约Bilateral Trade 双边贸易Bilateral Trade Agreement 双边贸易协定Bilateralism 双边主义Binding Commitments 约束承诺Binding of Duty Rates 关税税率约束Binding of Duty Treatment 关税待遇约束Blair House Accord 布莱尔宫协定Blue Box 蓝箱Blue Box measures （农业国内支持）“蓝箱措施”Blue box policies 蓝箱政策Board Tariff Reduction 广泛关税减让Bonded Factory 保税工厂BOP Provisions 国际收支条款Border Measures 边境措施Border Tax 边境税Border tax adjustments (BTA) 边境税调整Bound level 约束水平Bound MFN Rate 约束最惠国关税率Bound Schedule 约束税率表Bound tariff rates 约束税率Bounty 奖励Breach of Confidence 泄密Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Broadband Services 宽带服务Broadcasting Organization 广播组织Broking Services 经纪服务Brussels Declaration 布鲁塞尔宣言Building Block System 板块系统方法Building Codes 建筑法规Building-Cleaning Services 建筑物清洁服务Built in agenda 既定日程Built-in agenda （WTO）既定议程Built-In Swing 调用Burden of Proof 举证责任Business Exception 商业例外Business Practice 商业实践Business Support Services 商务支持服务But for Test “若非”标准Buying Commission 购买佣金Backdoor Protectionism后门保护主义Balance of Rights and Obligations under ATC纺织品与服装协定下权利和义务的平衡Balance-of-Payments Consultations国际收支磋商Balance-of-Payments Difficulties国际收支困难Balance-of-payments provisions国际收支条款Banking and Related Financial Services银行及相关金融服务Basel Convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basic Instruments and Selected Documents（BISD）（GATT）《基本文件资料选编》Basic Telecommunication Services基础电信服务Basic Telecommunications Operator基础电信运营商Belgian Family Allowances比利时家庭补助案Berne Convention《伯尔尼公约》（《保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》）Best Information Available可获得的最佳信息bilateral investment treaties (BIT)双边投资协定Bilateral Trade and Payments Agreements双边贸易与支付协定Board Tariff Cutting Formula划一削减公式Border Enforcement of IPR知识产权的边境执法Bound Free Duty约束免税待遇Branch or Representative Office分公司或代表处Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint申诉的法律根据摘要Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint诉请的法律根据摘要Brussels Definition of Value(BDV)布鲁塞尔对价值的定义Budgetary Commitment Levels预算支出承诺水平Budgetary Outlay Reduction Commitments预算支出削减承诺Burden of Proof in Non-Violation Nullification or Impairment Claims 非违反之诉的举证责任Burden Shifting Where Quantity Exported Exceeds Commitments举证责任转移Business Confidential Information商业秘密信息CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Cairns Group 凯恩斯集团Cancellation 注销Cancellation of Registration 注销注册Capital Expenditure 资本支出Capital Subsidy 资本补贴Captive Production 内部生产Cargo Handling Services 货物装卸服务Carry Forward 借用Carry Over 留用Cash Deposit 保证金Causal Factors 因果关系要素Causality 因果关系Causation 因果关系Cause Shown 陈述的理由Ceiling Tax Rate 最高税率Certificate of Origin 原产地证书Certification Systems 认证体系Challenge Procedures 质疑程序Channels of Commerce 商业渠道Charge 费用Chronic depression 慢性萧条Circumvention 规避Circumvention by Transshipment 转运规避Civil Aircraft Products 民用航空器产品Claim 权利请求Claims 诉请Claims Versus Arguments 诉请与论据Clothing 服装Collective Action 集体行动Combined tariff 混合税Commencement of Appeal 上诉的开始Commercial Considerations 商业考虑Commercial Exhibition 商业性放映Commercial Exploitation 商业性利用Commercial Level 商业水平Commercial presence （服务贸易）商业存在Commercial Rental 商业性出租Commercial Services 商业服务Commission and Brokerage 佣金和经纪费Common Agriculture Policy 共同农业政策Common Quota 共同配额Common Register 共同登记机构Communications Services 通讯服务Comparable Price 可比价格Compensation 补偿Compensation Negotiation 补偿谈判Compensation Trade 补偿贸易Compensatory Adjustment 补偿性调整Competition policy 竞争政策Compilations of Date 数据汇编Complaining Party (解决争端)申诉方Complaint 申诉Complaint Procedure 申诉程序Compliance 符合Compliance Report 执行专家组报告Comprehensive 全面报告Compulsory Licensing 强制许可Computed Value 计算价格Computed Value Method 计算价格估价方法Computer Programs 计算机程序Computer Services 计算机服务Concealed Dumping 隐蔽倾销Concession Negotiation 减让谈判Concurrence 同意意见Conditional Appeal 附条件上诉Conditions of Competition 竞争条件Conduct of Business 处事规则Confidential Information 机密信息Conflict of Interest 利益冲突Conformity Assessment 合格评定Consensus 协商一致Consensus Minus 除了……协商一致Consignment Requirements 运输条件Consolidated Notification 综合通知书Consolidated Schedules 综合减让表Constituent Territories 组成领土Constitutional Procedures 宪法程序Constructed Export Price 推定出口价格Constructed Value 推定价值Constructive Remedies 建设性救济措施Consular Transactions 领事事项Consultation 磋商Consultation Procedures 磋商程序Consulting Country 参与磋商的国家Consulting Member 参与磋商的成员方Consumer Preference 消费者偏好Consumption Abroad （服务贸易）境外消费Contracting parties （GATT）缔约方Conventional Tariff 协定关税Conversion of Duties 关税转换Converted Concessions 转换的关税减让Copyright 版权Copyright Piracy 盗版Copyright Protection 版权保护Copyright Works 版权作品Corrective Measures 纠正措施Cost Date 成本数据Costs and Charges 成本和费用Counsel 法庭律师Counter purchase 反向购买Counter trade 补偿贸易Counterclaim 反诉Counter-Complaint 反诉诉状Counterfeit Goods 假冒商品Counterfeiting 假冒Countermeasures 反措施Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing Charge 反补贴指控Countervailing Duty Action 反补贴税行动Countervailing Duty Law 反补贴税法Countervailing Duty Order 征收反补贴税令Countervailing Duty Rate 反补贴税率Countervailing duty（CVD）反补贴税Countervailing Measures 反补贴措施Country-of-Origin Marking 原产地标记Courier Services 快递服务Course of Trade 贸易过程Covered Agreements 适用协定Criminal Procedures 刑事程序Criteria for Patentability 授予专利的标准Critical Circumstances 危急情况Crop Insurance Scheme 农作物保险计划Cross border supply （服务贸易）跨境交付Cross Border Trade 跨境贸易Cross check 交叉核实Cross Licensing 交叉许可Cross retaliation 交叉报复Cross-Cutting Issues 跨领域议题Cultural exception 文化例外Cumulation 累积Cumulation of Injury 损害积累Cumulative Assessment 累积评估Cumulative Indirect Taxes 累积间接税Cumulative Injury 累积的损害Cumulative Injury Assessment 累积损害评估Cumulative Market Disruption 累积市场扰乱Cumulative Rules of Origin 累计原产地规则Cumulative Subsidies 累计补贴Currency Conversion 货币换算Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Currency Retention Schemes 货币保留方案Current Access Commitments 现行准入承诺Current Total AMS （农业）现行综合支持Customary Business Practice 传统商业惯例Customary International Law 国际习惯法Customs Act 海关法Customs Administration 海关当局Customs Area 海关境域Customs Barriers 关税壁垒Customs Bonded Warehouse 海关保税仓库Customs Border 关境Customs Cooperation 海关合作Customs Documentation 海关文件Customs Drawback 海关退税Customs Duties 海关关税Customs Duty 关税Customs Duty 关税免除Customs Enforcement 海关执法Customs Fee 海关规费Customs Frontier 关税边境Customs House 海关Customs Nomenclature 海关税则目录Customs Statistics 海关统计Customs Supervision and Control 海关监管Customs Surveillance Zone 海关监管区Customs Tariff 海关税则Customs union（CU）关税同盟Customs Valuation 海关估价Customs value 海关完税价值Customs-Free Area 关税自由区Cyclical Dumping 周期性倾销Calculation of Aggregate Measurement of Support 综合支持量的计算Calculation of Current Total AMS现行综合支持总量的计算Capable of Industrial Application工业实用性Central Government Authority中央政府当局Central Government Body中央政府机构Central Government Standardizing Body中央政府标准化机构Centrally Planned Economy中央计划经济体Centrally Planned Economy Countries中央计划经济国家Certificate of Origin Form 59A原产地证书格式59ACertificate of Origin Form A原产地证书格式AChallenges to Validity对有效性提出异议Change in Relative Shares of the Market市场相对份额的变化Change in Tariff Classification税则归类改变Change of Tariff Classification Criterion税则归类改变标准Charge on the Public Account公共账户的支出Circuit-Switched Data Transmission Services电路交换数据传输服务Circumstances of Extreme Urgency极端紧急情况Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Duty Measures对反倾销征税措施的规避Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments 规避出口补贴承诺Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies 民事和行政程序与救济Clean Report of Findings检验结果清洁报告书Code on Import Licensing Procedures进口许可程序守则Coercive Package Licensing强制的一揽子许可Collegiality Among Appellate Body Members共同决定Combination of Know Design Features已知设计特征组合Commercial Terms and Conditions商业条款和条件Commercially Traded Services商业性服务贸易Commission Agent’s Services佣金代理服务Commitments on National Treatment国民待遇承诺Commitments on Support and Protection支持和保护的承诺Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)（欧盟）共同农业政策Communications with Panel/Appellate Body与专家组或上诉机构的联系Competence of Panel to Hear a Dispute专家组审理争端案件的权限Computer Reservation System Services(CRS)计算机订座系统服务Concession Initially Negotiated最初谈判的减让Concurrence of the Contracting Parties缔约方的同意Conditional Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment有条件的最惠国待遇Conditional National Treatment附条件的国民待遇Conditions and Terms of Sale销售的条件和条款Conditions, Limitations, Exceptions and Reservations 条件、限制、例外和保留Confidential Business Information机密商业信息Confidentiality of Consultations磋商的机密性Confidentiality of Information信息机密性Conformity Assessment Procedures合格评定程序Conformity Assessment Systems合格评定体系Consequences of Treaty Termination条约终止的后果Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources保护可用尽的自然资源Consolidated Tariff Schedules综合关税减让表Consolidated Tariff Schedules Database综合关税减让表数据库Construction and Related Engineering Services 建筑及相关工程服务Consular Invoices and Certificates领事发票和证书Consulting and other Business Services咨询和其他商务服务Consumer Subsidy Equivalent （CSE ）消费者补贴等值Consumption in Governmental供政府消费使用Contact Point for Information信息咨询点Container Station and Depot Services集装箱堆场服务Contingent Trade Remedy紧急贸易救济Contingent Trade Remedy应急贸易救济机制Continuing Application of GATT Schedules继续适用关税与贸易总协定减让表Contracting Parties Primarily Concerned主要有关缔约各方Contractual Joint Venture契约式合资企业Contractual Trade Regimes契约贸易制度Control, Inspection and Approval Procedures 控制、检查和批准程序Conventional Tariff System协定税则制度Copyright and Related Rights版权与相关权利Cottage Industry Products家庭手工业产品Cotton-Producing Exporting Members产棉出口成员Counterfeit Trademark Goods假冒商标商品Countervailing Duty Determinations关于反补贴税的决定Countervailing Duty Petition反补贴税调查诉请Countervailing Duty Proceedings反补贴税调查程序Country-Specific Derogations某些国家享受的例外Criteria for Eligibility for Protection享受保护的资格标准Criterion of Manufacturing or Processing Operation 制造或加工工序标准Critical Shortages of Foodstuffs粮食的严重缺乏Cross Border Supply of Services跨境提供服务Cross Border Trade in Services跨境服务贸易Cumulative Acquisition of Origin累计取得原产地Cumulative Assessment of Dumping对倾销的累积评估Customs Clearance Services海关清关服务Customs Warehousing Procedure海关保税仓库管理制度DDamage 损害Damage Difficult to Repair 难于补救的损害Damages 损害赔偿De Facto Discrimination 事实上的歧视De Facto Specificity 事实专向性De Jure 法律上的De Jure Discrimination 法律上的歧视De Minimis 微量允许De Minimis Dumping Margins 微量倾销幅度De Minimis Effects 微量影响De Minimis Imports微量进口De Minimis Modifications 微小修改De minimis provision 最低减让条款De Minimis Safeguard Rule 保障措施的微量规则De Minimis Standard 微量标准De Minimis Subsidies 微量补贴Debt Repayment 债务偿还Deceptive Practice 欺诈行为Decision Tree 决策树Decisive Guidance 决定性的指导Deductive Method 倒扣价格法Deductive Value 倒扣价格Deep Amber 黄箱政策Defendant ( 解决争端) 被诉方Degree of Tariff Binding 关税约束水平Delaying Tactics 拖延战术Delivery of a Service 服务的提供Denial of Benefits 利益的拒绝给予Denial of Entry of Goods 拒绝货物入境Dental Services 牙医服务Depress Prices(to) 压低价格Descriptive Characteristics 描述特征Descriptive Part 陈述部分Design Work 设计Designated Products 指定产品Designated Trading 指定经营Determination 裁决Determination of Dumping 倾销的确定Determination of Injury 损害的确定Determination of Origin 原产地确定Developing Country 发展中国家Development 开发Development Box 发展箱Development Costs 开发成本Deviation 偏离Differences in Commercial 不同商业水平Differential Duties 差别关税Differential Export 差别出口税Differential Income 差别收入税Differential Measures 差别措施Diffuse Reciprocity 扩散性互惠Dillon Round 狄龙回合Direct Discussions 直接对话Direct Discussions 直接交货Direct Income Support 直接收支持Direct Insurance 直接保险Direct Investment 直接投资Direct payment 直接支付Direct Subsidy 直接补贴Dirty Tariffication 肮脏的关税化Discretionary 裁量性立法Discrimination 歧视Discriminatory Pricing 歧视性定价Discussant 引导人Disguised Trade Barriers 变相贸易壁垒Dispersed Tariff Rate 分散型关税税率Dispute Settlement 争端解决Dispute Settlement Officer 争端解决官员Dispute Settlement Procedure 争端解决程序Dispute Settlement Registrar 争端解决登记人Disruptive Effects 扰乱性影响Disruptive Imports 扰乱性进口Dissent 反对意见Distinctiveness 显著性Distribution of Trade 贸易分配Distribution Services 分销服务Diversionary Dumping 移转倾销Doctrine of Comparative 比较成本说Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程Doha Work Programme 多哈工作计划Domestic Commodities 国内商品Domestic Content 当地成分要求Domestic Industry 国内产业Domestic Law 国内法Domestic Price 国内价格Domestic production 国内生产Domestic Products 国产产品Domestic Regulation 国内规制Domestic Subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support ( 农产品) 国内支持Double Counting 重复计算Double Deflation Method 双重紧缩方法Double Evart Formula 双重偏离公式Double Taxation 双重征税Downstream Dumping 下游倾销Downstream Product 下游产品Downstream Subsidy 下游补贴Draft Standard 标准草案Drawback Scheme 退税方案Dry Cleaning Services 干洗服务Dual Pricing 双重定价Dual Tariff 加重关税Dumped Exports 倾销出口产品Dumped Prices 倾销价格Dumping 倾销Dumping Duties 倾销税Dumping Margin 倾销幅度Dutiable Value 应税价格Duty 税收Duty Deferral Programme 关税缓征方案Duty Drawback 税收返还Duty Free 免税Duty Free Goods 免税货物Duty Free Quota 免税进口配额Duty–Free Treatment 免税待遇Dyeing and Colouring Services 染色服务EEco-Dumping 生态倾销Eco-Duties 环境税Eco-Labbeling 环境标签Economic Data 经济数据Economic Integration 经济一体化Economic Needs Test 经济需求测试Economic Policies 经济政策Economic Quantities 经济数量Economies in Transition 转型经济体Eco-Packaging 环保包装Eco-Protectionism 环境贸易保护主义Eco-Standards 环境标准Educational Tariff 培育关税Elastic Duties 弹性关税Electricity Reticulation 电力网络Electronic Commerce 电子商务Emergency Action 紧急行动Emergency Measures 紧急措施Emergency Tariff 紧急关税Empire Preferences 帝国特惠制Enabling Clause 授权条款Enabling Clause 授权条款End Product Criteria 最终产品标准Enforcement Committee 执法委员会Enforcement of Monopolies 垄断的实施Enforcement Procedures 实施程序Engineering Services 工程服务Enquiry Point 咨询点Entertainment Services 娱乐服务Environmental Dumping 环境倾销Environmental Programmes 环境计划Environmental Services 环境服务Environmental Subsidy 环境补贴Equitable Treatment 公平待遇Escalated Tariff 升级关税Escape Clause 免税条款Established Quota 既定配额Estoppel 禁止翻供Evidence 证据Ex ante 采取措施前Ex Officio Action 依职权的行动Ex Parte Communications 单方面联系Ex post 采取措施后Exception Measures 例外措施Exceptions to the Agreement 协议例外Exchange Action 外汇措施Exchange Dumping 外汇倾销Exchange Dumping Duty 外汇倾销税Exchange Risk Programmes 外汇风险计划Exchange Taxes 汇兑税Excise Duty 消费税Exclusion Order 排除令Exclusive Agents 独家代理商Exclusive Economic Zone 专属经济区Exclusive Export Rights 专属出口权Exclusive Import Rights 专属进口权Exclusive Marketing Rights 独占行销权Executive Branch 执行机构Executive Committee 执行委员会Exemption Treatment 豁免待遇Ex-Factory Level 出厂价水平Exhibits 清单Existing Programs 现有计划Expiry review 到期复审Explicit Consensus 协商一致Exploitation of a Patent 专利的使用Exploitation of the Works 作品的利用Export Competition 出口竞争Export Competitiveness 出口竞争力Export Contingency 出口相倚性Export Credit 出口信贷Export Credit Guarantee 出口信贷担保Export Credit Insurance 出口信贷保险Export Credit Practice 出口信贷做法Export Duty 出口税Export Performance 出口实绩Export Prohibitions 出口禁止Export Restrictions 出口限制Export Subsidies 出口补贴Export Unit Value 出口单位价值FFabrics 织物Fact and adversarial elements 事实和对抗性要素Fact Finding 事实认定Fact Versus Law 事实与法律Facts Available 可获得的事实Factual Abstract 事实概要Factual Presentation 事实陈述Fair Comparison 公平比较False Declarations 虚假陈述Favorable Balance of Trade 贸易顺差Feasible Methods 可行性方法Fees and Formalities 规费和手续Fees or other Charges 规费和其他费用Fibre Content 纤维成分Final Anti-Dumping Duty 最终反倾销税Final Anti-Dumping Measure 最终反倾销措施Final Countervailing Duty 最终反补贴税Final Determination 最终裁定Final decision 终裁Final Duties 最终税Final Liability for Payment 最终支付责任Final Panel Report 专家组的最终报告Final Provisions 最后条款Financial Contribution 财政资助Financial Leasing Services 金融租赁服务Financial Regulations 财务条例Financial Services 金融服务Finding of Serious Injury 严重损害的认定Findings （争端解决）调查结果Findings and Conclusions 调查结果和结论Findings of Facts 事实的调查结果First Regionalism 第一次区域主义浪潮Fiscal Incentives 财政激励Flat Rate Subsidy 统一费率补贴Flat Tariff Structure 单一关税结构Flexibility Provisions 灵活条款Follow-Down Dumping 诱发性倾销Food Aid Convention 粮食援助公约Food Security 粮食安全Food Security Box 粮食安全政策Food-Importing Group 粮食进口集团Foreign Exchange Arrangements 外汇安排Foreign Tax Credit 外国税收抵免Foreign Trade 对外贸易Foreign Trade Barriers 对外贸易壁垒Foreign Trade Financing 对外贸易融资Foreign Trade Law 对外贸易法Foreign Trade Zones(FTZs) 对外贸易区Foreign-Source Income 国外来源收入Forestall the Imminent Threat 防止紧迫威胁Forfeiture 没收Format of Evidence 证据的形式Formula Tariff Reductions 公式化关税减让Forward Markets 远期市场Four Freedoms 四项自由Fragmented Industries 零散产业Framework Agreements 框架协议Franchise Tax 特许权税Franchising Services 特许经营服务Free and Fair Trade 自由和公平贸易Free Imports 自由进口货物Free Trade 自由贸易Free trade area（FTA）自由贸易区Free Trade Zone（FTZ）自由贸易园区Free-rider 免费搭车者（享受待遇而不减让成员）Freight Dumping 运费倾销Freight Forwarding Services 货代服务Full Contracting Party 正式缔约方Fully Grant Form 完全捐赠形式Function of Panels 专家组的职能Fundamental Fairness 基本公正Fundamental Research 基础研究Further Processing 进一步加工GGATT a La Carte 关贸总协定的选择性承诺General Exception 一般例外General Expenses 一般费用General Safeguard Clause 一般保障条款Geneva Round 日内瓦回合。
关于经济的一些英文缩写
1.WTO：（World Trade Organization ）世界贸易组织（简称世贸组织）是负责监督成员经济体之间各种贸易协议得到执行的一个国际组织，前身是1948年开始实施的关税及贸易总协定的秘书处。
成立于1994年4月，1995年1月1日正式开始运作，负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序，总部设在瑞士日内瓦莱蒙湖畔。
世贸组织是一个独立于联合国的永久性国际组织，具有法人地位，在调解成员争端方面具有更高的权威性。
与国际货币基金组织、世界银行一起被称为世界经济发展的三大支柱。
1999年11月15日，中国和美国签署关于中国加入世界贸易组织的双边协议。
2001年11月10日，中国被批准加入世界贸易组织。
2001年12月11日，中国正式成为其第143个成员。
截至2013.3.2世界贸易组织共有159个成员。
世界贸易组织是多边贸易体制的法律基础和组织基础，是众多贸易协定的管理者，是各成员贸易立法的监督者，是就贸易进行谈判和解决争端的场所。
是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一，其成员间的贸易额占世界贸易额的绝大多数，被称为“经济联合国”。
2.UN：（United Nations）联合国是1945年第二次世界大战后成立的国际组织，是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织，在1945年10月24日在美国加州旧金山签定生效的《联合国宪章》标志着联合国正式成立。
联合国致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权及实现世界和平方面的合作。
联合国现在共有193个成员国，总部设立在美国纽约、瑞士日内瓦、奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕等地。
联合国官方正式使用的语言只有6种，按英文字母顺序为阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语。
6种语言同等有效，代表们发言时可以任意选用其中一种。
秘书处日常使用的工作语言则是英语和法语，但实际上英语使用最为广泛。
联合国在维护世界和平，缓和国际紧张局势，解决地区冲突方面，在协调国际经济关系，促进世界各国经济、科学、文化的合作与交流方面，都发挥着积极的作用。
第七章-GATT与WTO
四）、理事会及下属委员会
1、货物贸易理事会（Council for Trade in Goods） 2、服务贸易理事会（ Council for Trade in Services） 3、与贸易有关的知识产权理事会（Council on Traderelated Aspect of Intellectual）
二、世贸组织的组织机构
部长级会议 总理事会 贸易政策审议机构 争端解决机构 争端解决专家组 上诉机构
跨部门问题 委员会
货物贸易 理事会
与贸易有关的 知识产权理事会
服务贸易 理事会
诸边贸易协议 委员会
一）、部长会议（Ministerial Conference）职责范 围以及议事
第六回合（1964年5月～1967年6月）：又被称为“肯尼迪 回合”，谈判地点在瑞士日内瓦，参加方有53个。此回 合的主要议题不但就关税减让问题而且第一次就非关税 壁垒问题进行了谈判，其结果使近60 000种商品达成关 税减让，工业品进口关税下降了35％。在这轮谈判中， 美国、英国、日本等21个缔约方第一次签署了关于实行 反倾销的协议，并决定该协议于1968年7月1日生效。此 次谈判还是发达与发展中国家之间贸易谈判中对非互惠 的概念认可的开端，首次提出发达国家应给予发展中国 家出口的产品加大市场准入的优先考虑，规定了对发展 中国家的特殊优惠待遇，这些内容后来涵盖于GATT文本 增加的第四部分。
三、总协定的演变特点和作用
一）、历次多边贸易谈判的特点 1、参加总协定的国家不断增加。20～128 2、美国在总协定中的作用举足轻重，但其作用呈下 降趋势。 3、历次多边贸易谈判中，发达国家尤其是美国、欧 共体、日本等是谈判主角，也是谈判的主要受益者。 4、多边贸易谈判的内容范围在扩大，时间越拉越长。 在关贸总协定存在的47年里，共进行了8轮多边贸易 谈判，为全球贸易自由化进程做出了巨大的贡献。 这8轮谈判分别是：
WTO与GATT的关系
世界贸易组织（WTO）与关贸总协定(GATT)的关系一、世界贸易组织（WTO）与关贸总协定(GATT)的产生1945年11月，美国美国提出一个“国际贸易与就业会议考虑方案”，计划缔结一个多边国际公约，还提出建立国际贸易组织（ITO），之后拟定了《国际贸易组织宪章草案》。
经联合国成立的筹委会多次会议讨论修改后最终通过了该草案，并定名为《国际贸易组织宪章》，即哈瓦那宪章。
但首倡者美国认为其已不符合美国利益，所以决定不再成立ITO。
但美英法等23个国家根据筹委会第二次会议的安排进行了关税减让谈判，并达成了一个123项的双边关税减让协议，经整理汇编签署后，最终于1947年10月30日制定了关贸总协定（GATT），该文本即GATT1947(为区别于GATT1994)并于1948年1月1日正式临时等效。
GATT通常也指在该协定运作过程中逐渐形成的一个事实上的国际组织。
为了减少原有缔约国之间、新加入的缔约国于原缔约国之间以及他们与国内形势外贸政策发生变化的任意缔约国之间的贸易壁垒，GATT主持的关税减让谈判先后进行了八次，最终于1992年在乌拉圭回合中解决了所有的争议，并于1994年4月15日125个国家共同签署了最后文件和《建立世界贸易组织协议》。
该协议于1955年1月1日正式生效，同时世界贸易组织宣告成立，总部设在日内瓦。
二、世界贸易组织（WTO）与关贸总协定(GATT)组织上的关系GATT是WTO的前身，WTO与GATT之间是替代关系，但WTO具有不同于GATT以及其他国际组织上的鲜明特点。
WTO成立以后GATT作为独立的组织机构已不存在，但这个实体并没有解散，而是转变成WTO 的下属机构——货物贸易理事会。
GATT（1947年）的缔约方和欧共体在WTO协议生效（1995.1.1）前接受该协议并提交关税减让表和专项承诺表的或能在WTO协议生效之后的两年内过渡完成以上条件的GATT（1947年）的缔约方都可以成为WTO的创始成员。
关于经济的一些英文缩写
1.WTO：（World Trade Organization ）世界贸易组织（简称世贸组织）是负责监督成员经济体之间各种贸易协议得到执行的一个国际组织，前身是1948年开始实施的关税及贸易总协定的秘书处。
成立于1994年4月，1995年1月1日正式开始运作，负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序，总部设在瑞士日内瓦莱蒙湖畔。
世贸组织是一个独立于联合国的永久性国际组织，具有法人地位，在调解成员争端方面具有更高的权威性。
与国际货币基金组织、世界银行一起被称为世界经济发展的三大支柱。
1999年11月15日，中国和美国签署关于中国加入世界贸易组织的双边协议。
2001年11月10日，中国被批准加入世界贸易组织。
2001年12月11日，中国正式成为其第143个成员。
截至2013.3.2世界贸易组织共有159个成员。
世界贸易组织是多边贸易体制的法律基础和组织基础，是众多贸易协定的管理者，是各成员贸易立法的监督者，是就贸易进行谈判和解决争端的场所。
是当代最重要的国际经济组织之一，其成员间的贸易额占世界贸易额的绝大多数，被称为“经济联合国”。
2.UN：（United Nations）联合国是1945年第二次世界大战后成立的国际组织，是一个由主权国家组成的国际组织，在1945年10月24日在美国加州旧金山签定生效的《联合国宪章》标志着联合国正式成立。
联合国致力于促进各国在国际法、国际安全、经济发展、社会进步、人权及实现世界和平方面的合作。
联合国现在共有193个成员国，总部设立在美国纽约、瑞士日内瓦、奥地利维也纳、肯尼亚内罗毕等地。
联合国官方正式使用的语言只有6种，按英文字母顺序为阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语、西班牙语。
6种语言同等有效，代表们发言时可以任意选用其中一种。
秘书处日常使用的工作语言则是英语和法语，但实际上英语使用最为广泛。
联合国在维护世界和平，缓和国际紧张局势，解决地区冲突方面，在协调国际经济关系，促进世界各国经济、科学、文化的合作与交流方面，都发挥着积极的作用。
WTO与关贸总协定是什么关系
WTO与关贸总协定是什么关系世界贸易组织（WTO）是1995年1月1日才建立的，但自1948年起，关税与贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffsand Trade—GATT）就已为多边贸易体制制定了规则。
第二次世界大战后，为了尽快使全球经济得到恢复，各国探讨建立一个处理国际经济的合作组织，成为“布雷顿森林体系”的第三个机构（另两个机构即现在的世界银行和国际货币基金组织）。
由50多个国家设想的完整计划是建立一个国际贸易组织（ITO），作为联合国的专门机构。
在《ITO宪章》最终得到批准前，50个参加方中的23个决定在1946年进行谈判，以削减并约束关税。
第一轮谈判产生了45000项关税减让，影响100亿美元的贸易，约占世界贸易的五分之一。
23个参加方还同意，他们应该接受《ITO宪章》草案中的部分贸易规则。
他们认为，为保护谈判达成的关税减让的价值，应当快速并“临时性”地这样做。
贸易规则和关税减让合在一起构成的一揽子内容被称为“关税与贸易总协定（GATT）”。
GATT于1948年1月生效。
当时《ITO宪章》仍在谈判之中。
这23个参加方成为GATT创始成员，正式的称谓是“缔约方”。
中国也是其中之一。
新中国成立后，国民党政府非法退出了GATT。
虽然《ITO宪章》在1948年3月最终达成协议，但未能得到某些国家立法机构的批准。
因此ITO事实上已无法建立。
尽管GATT是临时性的，但在1948年至1995年WTO建立之前，它一直是管理国际贸易的唯一多边机构，并成功地促进和保证了大部分世界贸易的自由化，仅削减关税一项，就刺激了世界贸易在50年代和60年代的高速增长，年平均增长率在8％左右。
但随着时间的推移，GATT在世界贸易的很多领域力不从心，很多因素使GATT成员相信，应尝试作出新的努力以加强和扩大多边贸易体制。
这种努力导致了乌拉圭回合、《马拉喀什宣言》和WTO的建立。
GATT有两个含义：一是指一个国际协议，其中包括从事国际贸易所应遵守的规则；一是指后来建立的用以支持该协议的国际组织。
世界贸易组织的产生
无条件最惠国待遇 最惠国待遇原则
有条件最惠国待遇
国民待遇原则
1、最惠国待遇原则 （1）含义 ——是国际经济贸易关系中常用的一项制 度，又称“无歧视待遇”。它通常指的是缔约国双方 在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予 的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或 豁免待遇。
二 、世界贸易组织宗旨
1.提高生活水平、保证充分就业，大幅度稳步地提高 实际收入和有效需求； 2.扩大货物、服务的生产和贸易； 3.坚持走可持续发展道路，促进对世界资源的最优利 用，保护环境； 4.积极努力确保发展中国家，尤其是最不发达国家在 国际贸易增长中获得与其经济发展需要相适应的份额；
5.通过实质性削减关税等措施，建立一个完整的、更 具活力的、持久的多边贸易体制；
无条件最惠国待遇指缔约国的一方现在或将来给予第三 国的一切优惠，应无条件地、无补偿地、自动地适用 于缔约国的另一方。
有条件最惠国待遇指缔约国的一方现在或将来给予第三 国的优惠，缔约国的另一方必须提供一样的补偿，才 能享受。
（2）最惠国待遇包含四个要点 • 自动性。缔约方一方给予缔约另一方的优惠超过其他缔约方
1994年4月15日，“乌拉圭回合”参加方在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建 立世贸组织马拉喀什协定》，简称《建立世贸组织协定》。
1995年1月1日世界贸易组织正式开始运作。
主要经过
国际贸易组织筹建基本过程：
在联合国贸易与就业会议期间，即1947.4月-11月， 美国、英国、中国等23个国家参加关税减让谈判， 签署了关税贸易总协定（GATT）《临时适用议定 书》 。 GATT在1948.1.1—1994.12.31运行期间，由8国— 23 国—128国，在此47年间，通过关税谈判促使缔约方 的进口关税不断下降。据统计：发达国家的平均关 税水平由45%下降到3.2%，发展中国家也下降到10% 左右。这些谈判主要举行了八个回合的多边贸易谈 判，见下表：GATT历次谈判简表
WTO
世界贸易组织一：中英全称GA TT——General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade——关税与贸易总协定WTO——World Trade Organization——世界贸易组织（95年1月1日正式成立）IMF——International Monetary Fund——国际货币基金组织IBRD——International Bank of Reconstruction and Development——国际复兴开发银行GA TT1994——《1994年关税与贸易总协定》GA TS——General Agreement on Trade in Services——《服务贸易总协定》TRIPS——Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights——《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》DSB——Dispute settlement body——WTO争端解决机制ICSID——International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes——解决投资争端国际中心（WB的争端解决机制）TPRB——Trade Policy Review Body ——贸易政策评审机构UNCTAD——United Nations Conference on Trade and Development——联合国贸易与发展会议NGOS——Non-government Organizations——非政府间组织RIAS——Regional Integration agreements——区域经济一体化FTA——Free Trade Area——自由贸易区CU——Customs Union——关税同盟CM——Common Market——共同市场MFN——Most Favored Nation Treatment——最惠国待遇原则National Treatment——国民待遇原则Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT1994——《海关估价协定》Agreement on Preshipment Inspection——《装运前检验协定》Agreement on Rules of Origin——《原产地规则协定》HS——Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System——《商品名称及编码协调制度》Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures——《进口许可证程序协定》SCM ——Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures——《补贴与反补贴措施协定》Agreements on Safeguards——《保障措施协定》TBT——Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade——《贸易技术壁垒协定》SPS——Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures——《卫生与动植物检疫措施协定》Agreement on Agriculture——《农业协定》TRIMS——Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures——《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》二：名词解释祖父条款（grandfather rights）：《临时适用议定书》中规定对GATT实质部分的内容规定，各国均享有优先适用本国业已存在的国内法的权利。
第一章WTO与GATT的历史渊源
23第一章 WTO 与GATT 的历史渊源世界贸易组织，即WTO （World Trade Organization ），成立于1995年1月1日。
它的前身是关税与贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,简称GATT ）。
关贸总协定具有双重含义：它既是一个协定（agreement ）——用来调整缔约国对外贸易政策和相互间贸易关系中的权利、义务；同时它又作为监督该协议实施的一个组织机构（organization ）发挥作用——负责召集多边贸易谈判并解决贸易争端。
关贸总协定的建立旨在消除由20世纪30年代大萧条期间盛行的贸易保护主义和双边主义，重振由于第二次世界大战而严重受挫的世界贸易。
本着这样的目标，关贸总协定创始国都表示要在它们的贸易关系中消除相互歧视，从而保证进入彼此市场的机会均等及贸易减让方面的互惠，并以此为基础创建一个稳定、透明及逐步自由化的贸易体系及贸易环境。
第一节 关贸总协定建立的历史背景20世纪30年代发生的世界性经济大萧条给当时世界各国带来了灾难性的后果。
危机过后，人们自然会上下求索，探究其发生的原因、机制并积极寻求治理良策。
当时政界、学术界曾有不少人认为，这场危机的发生，在很大程度上与各国采取的以邻为壑的保护主义政策直接相关。
就连当时经济及国力日盛的美国也未能独善其身。
1930年，美国国会通过了一项名为《斯姆特—赫利关税法》（Smoot Hawley Tariff Act ）的法律，提高了900多种进口物品的关税税率，将原来38%的平均进口税提高到60%。
此举招致其他贸易伙伴国的报复并引发了关税大战。
作为当时美国主要贸易伙伴的英国马上做出回应，在1931年通过了它在20世纪的第一项重要贸易保护立法。
面对关税不断升级的混乱局面，当时唯一的普遍性国际组织——国际联盟于同年做出积极反应，准备通过召开“关税休战大会”来平息业已成为事实的世界关税大战。
WTO的具体介绍及其与GATT区别联系
WTO的具体介绍及其与GATT区别联系WTO是世贸组织的英⽂简称。
是⼀个独⽴于联合国的永久性国际组织。
1995年1⽉1⽇正式开始运作，负责管理世界经济和贸易秩序，总部设在瑞⼠⽇内⽡莱蒙湖畔。
世贸组织是具有法⼈地位的国际组织，在调解成员争端⽅⾯具有更⾼的权威性。
世贸组织与世界银⾏、国际货币基⾦组织⼀起，并称为当今世界经济体制的“三⼤⽀柱”。
（注：世界旅游组织、华沙条约组织、世界厕所组织也简称WTO）WTO成⽴于1995年⼀⽉⼀⽇。
总部设在⽇内⽡。
1996年1⽉1⽇，它正式取代关贸总协定临时机构。
它的前⾝是1947年订⽴关税及贸易总协定（即GATT）。
与关贸总协定相⽐，世贸组织涵盖货物贸易、服务贸易以及知识产权贸易，⽽关贸总协定只适⽤于商品货物贸易。
⽬前，世贸组织的贸易量已占世界贸易的95％以上。
现任总⼲事是欧盟前贸易委员帕斯卡尔*拉⽶（法国⼈），2005年9⽉任职。
其宗旨是：促进经济和贸易发展，以提⾼⽣活⽔平、保证充分就业、保障实际收⼊和有效需求的增长；根据可持续发展的⽬标合理利⽤世界资源、扩⼤商品⽣产和服务；达成互惠互利的协议，⼤幅度削减和取消关税及其他贸易壁垒并消除国际贸易中的歧视待遇。
截⽌1999年12⽉底，该组织由成员135个，现任总⼲事是欧盟前贸易委员帕斯卡尔·拉⽶。
WTO作为正式的国际贸易组织在法律上与联合国等国际组织处于平等地位。
他的职责范围除了关贸总协定原有的组织实施多边贸易协议以及提供多边贸易谈判所和作为⼀个论坛之外，还负责定期审议其成员的贸易政策和统⼀处理成员之间产⽣的贸易争端，并负责加强同国际货币基⾦组织和世界银⾏的合作，以实现全球经济决策的⼀致性。
WTO协议的范围包括从农业到纺织品与服装，从服务业到政府采购，从原产地规则到知识产权等多项内容。
WTO的最⾼决策权⼒机构是部长会议，⾄少每两年召开⼀次会议。
下设总理事会和秘书处，负责世贸组织⽇常会议和⼯作。
总理事会设有货物贸易、⾮货物贸易（服务贸易）、知识产权三个理事会和贸易与发展、预算两个委员会。
第一章WTO与GATT的历史渊源
23第一章 WTO 与GATT 的历史渊源世界贸易组织，即WTO （World Trade Organization ），成立于1995年1月1日。
它的前身是关税与贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,简称GATT ）。
关贸总协定具有双重含义：它既是一个协定（agreement ）——用来调整缔约国对外贸易政策和相互间贸易关系中的权利、义务；同时它又作为监督该协议实施的一个组织机构（organization ）发挥作用——负责召集多边贸易谈判并解决贸易争端。
关贸总协定的建立旨在消除由20世纪30年代大萧条期间盛行的贸易保护主义和双边主义，重振由于第二次世界大战而严重受挫的世界贸易。
本着这样的目标，关贸总协定创始国都表示要在它们的贸易关系中消除相互歧视，从而保证进入彼此市场的机会均等及贸易减让方面的互惠，并以此为基础创建一个稳定、透明及逐步自由化的贸易体系及贸易环境。
第一节 关贸总协定建立的历史背景20世纪30年代发生的世界性经济大萧条给当时世界各国带来了灾难性的后果。
危机过后，人们自然会上下求索，探究其发生的原因、机制并积极寻求治理良策。
当时政界、学术界曾有不少人认为，这场危机的发生，在很大程度上与各国采取的以邻为壑的保护主义政策直接相关。
就连当时经济及国力日盛的美国也未能独善其身。
1930年，美国国会通过了一项名为《斯姆特—赫利关税法》（Smoot Hawley Tariff Act ）的法律，提高了900多种进口物品的关税税率，将原来38%的平均进口税提高到60%。
此举招致其他贸易伙伴国的报复并引发了关税大战。
作为当时美国主要贸易伙伴的英国马上做出回应，在1931年通过了它在20世纪的第一项重要贸易保护立法。
面对关税不断升级的混乱局面，当时唯一的普遍性国际组织——国际联盟于同年做出积极反应，准备通过召开“关税休战大会”来平息业已成为事实的世界关税大战。
什么是世界贸易组织(WTO)
什么是世界贸易组织（WTO）世界贸易组织简称WTO(World Trade Organization)，是致力于监督世界贸易和使世界贸易自由化的国际组织。
其前身为1947年创立的《关税及贸易总协定》(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)。
按当初的设想，关贸总协定会很快被一个称为国际贸易组织(ITO)的联合国专门机构所代替。
这一国际贸易组织从未产生，而过去50年间关贸总协定在放宽世界贸易限制方面却取得极大的成功。
不过到90年代中期，出现了许多要求建立更强有力的多边组织以控制贸易和解决争端的呼声。
中国是总协定的创始国之一。
1984年1月18日中国正式成为总协定下属的国际纺织品贸易协议的成员。
1984年11月16日总协定理事会决定同意中国列席代表理事会及下属机构的会议。
1985年4月中国开始参加发展中国家的非正式磋商活动。
1986年7月中国正式提出恢复在关贸总协定的缔约国地位的申请。
1987年2月中国向总协定理事会正式递交中国外贸制度备忘录，3月总协定理事会决定成立中国问题工作组。
中国于1988年6月向总协定缔约方发出进行关税减让谈判的邀请。
1989年2月及4月的工作组会议上，缔约国完成了对中国外贸制度的评估。
1993年2、5、9 月的工作组会议在继续审议中国经贸体制的同时开始讨论中国恢复议定书的框架。
然而到世界贸易组织1995年成立时，中国入关谈判仍没有最终完成。
1995年1月1日，世界贸易组织成立，有104个国家为其创始成员国。
它要求负责监管的成员国都应遵守执行所有原关贸总协定的协议，包括乌拉圭回合(1986--1994)最后一次会议的协议。
按这次会议的决议，关贸总协定这一组织正式结束。
世界贸易组织还负责谈判和执行新的贸易协议。
世界贸易组织总部设在瑞士日内瓦。
世界贸易组织由部长会议、总理事会和总干事负责管理。
部长会议每二年开会一次。
总理事会执行部长会议政策决议和负责日常行政事务。
国际贸易术语名词
国际贸易术语名词1. CIF（Cost, Insurance and Freight）：成本、保险和运费CIF是国际贸易中常用的术语，用于描述卖方将货物运送到买方指定的目的地，并负责保险和运费的支付。
这意味着卖方将承担货物运输中的成本、保险费用和运费，直到货物到达目的地为止。
CIF是一种常见的国际贸易方式，为买卖双方提供了一定程度上的保障。
2. FOB（Free On Board）：离岸价FOB是指卖方将货物交付给买方指定船舶上，并承担将货物装上船舶所需支付的费用。
一旦货物装上船舶并通过海关出口手续，责任就转移到了买方身上。
FOB价格通常不包括海运费用、保险和其他相关成本。
3. L/C（Letter of Credit）：信用证信用证是国际贸易中常见的支付方式之一，通过银行作为中介机构，在买卖双方之间提供了一种安全可靠的支付方式。
在信用证交易中，买方通过银行向卖方开立信用证，并要求在符合特定条件下付款。
一旦卖方提供了符合信用证规定的货物和文件，银行将按照信用证的要求向卖方支付款项。
4. WTO（World Trade Organization）：世界贸易组织世界贸易组织是一个国际组织，旨在促进全球贸易的自由化和公平化。
WTO提供了一个平台，让各个成员国就贸易进行协商和谈判，并解决可能出现的争端。
WTO通过制定规则和监督成员国的行为，促进了全球贸易的发展。
5. GATT（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）：关税与贸易总协定关税与贸易总协定是WTO前身之一，成立于1947年。
GATT通过降低关税、取消非关税壁垒等方式推动全球贸易自由化，并为各个成员国提供了一个解决争端的机制。
GATT在其存在期间进行了多轮谈判，推动了全球经济一体化。
6. INCOTERMS（International Commercial Terms）：国际商务术语INCOTERMS是由国际商会制定并于1936年首次发布的一套规则，用于明确买卖双方在货物交付、责任转移、费用承担等方面的权利和义务。
从关贸总协定到世贸组织
从关贸总协定到世贸组织自从1947年签署的关贸总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT）奠定了全球贸易规则的基础以来，国际贸易体系发展进入了全新的阶段。
1995年，关贸总协定演变为世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization, WTO），成为一个更加完善和有影响力的国际组织。
本文将从历史背景、目标和功能等方面探讨从关贸总协定到世贸组织的发展。
关贸总协定是二战后国际贸易发展的基础性文件，其目标是降低贸易壁垒、促进贸易自由化和扩大世界贸易。
在关贸总协定下，各成员国通过多轮谈判相互减少关税和非关税壁垒，实现了较为广泛的贸易自由化。
然而，随着国际贸易的日益复杂化和全球化的推进，关贸总协定逐渐显露出一些局限性和不足之处。
首先，关贸总协定的机构和决策机制相对薄弱，无法有效处理各方之间的争端和贸易纠纷。
其次，关贸总协定在服务贸易、知识产权等领域的规则和约束相对不足。
最后，关贸总协定的应对非贸易问题和可持续发展的能力较为有限。
为了应对这些挑战和缺陷，国际社会开始讨论建立一个更加完善和综合的国际贸易机构。
经过长时间的谈判和协商，世贸组织于1995年正式成立。
世贸组织继承了关贸总协定的基本原则和规则，同时加强了机构建设、规则制定和争端解决等方面的能力。
世贸组织的目标是促进全球贸易自由化、降低贸易壁垒、创造更加稳定可预测的贸易环境。
为了实现这一目标，世贸组织通过多边谈判和协商，推动各成员国减少关税、消除非关税壁垒、改进贸易便利化措施等。
世贸组织还加强了与其他国际组织和机构的合作，形成了更为广泛的全球贸易规则网络。
在功能方面，世贸组织不仅是一个贸易谈判和争端解决的平台，还成为一个全球贸易规则的制定者和监督者。
世贸组织通过定期举行的部长级会议、技术委员会和工作组等机制，推动全球贸易议程的发展和实施。
同时，世贸组织还设立了争端解决机构，负责处理成员国之间的贸易争端，确保贸易规则的有效执行和维护。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
QQuads 四方集团（指美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大）Qualification of Suppliers 供应商资格Qualification Procedures 资格审查程序Qualification System 资格审查制度Qualifications 资格Quantitative Ceiling 数量上限Quantitative Restriction 数量限制Quantity Commitment Levels 数量承诺水平Quantity trigger level 数量触发水平Quantum of International 国际贸易总量Quarantine Measures 检疫措施Quarantine Treatments 检疫处理Quasi-judicial 准司法Quota Period 配额期限Quota Price 配额价格Quota Restrictions 配额限制Quota System 配额制度quota-free products 非配额产品Quota-Hopping 配额跳过RRate of Subsidization 补贴率Reasonable Expectation 合理预期Reasonable Means 合理方法Reasonable Period of Time 合理期限Rebuttal Evidence 反驳的证据Rebuttal Submissions 书面辩驳Recidivist Dumping 习惯性倾销Recipient Country/Region 受援国/地区Reciprocal Trade 互惠贸易Reciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Recommendations of Findings 建议或裁决Recovery of Costs 成本收回Red Box 红箱Reduction Commitments 削减承诺Reference years 参考年（基期）Refund of Duties or Taxes 退税Regional trade 区域贸易Regional Trade Agreements 区域贸易协定Registration of a Trademark 商标注册Registry 登记处Regular Channels of Trade 正常贸易渠道Regulatory Duty 调节关税Regulatory Requirements 管理要求Related Persons 有关联关系的人Remedies 经济措施Remission or Drawback 减免与退税Renewal of Registration 注册续展Rental of Phonograms 录音制品出租Rental Rights 出租权Reporting system 申报制度Representations or Proposals 交涉或建议Representative Office 代表处Representative Period 代表期Request for a Waiver 请求豁免义务Request for Conciliation 请求调解Requirments of Use 使用要求Res Judicata 一事不再理Reservation Clause 保留条款Reserved Negotiations 保留谈判Residual Tariffs 剩余关税Residual Value 剩余价值Resource Rent 资源租金Responding Party 应诉方Restraint of Trade 贸易限制Restrictive Clauses 限制性条款Resumed dumping 继续倾销Retail Store Restriction 零售店限制Retailing Services 零售服务Retaliation 报复Retaliatory Measures 报复措施Retaliatory Subsidization 报复性补贴Retrospective Remedies 追溯性救济Revenue 税收Reverse Dumping 逆倾销Review 复审Review Session 审议会议Revocation 撤销Right Holder 权利持有人Right of Appeal 上诉权Right of Establishment 设立权Right of First Refusal 首次拒绝权利Right of Priority 优先权Right of Reproduction 复制权Right to Use a Trademark 商标使用权Risk assessment 风险分析Round 回合Routine Notification 例行通知Royalties 特许权费/使用费Rules of Origin 原产地规则Rules of Procedure 议事规则Rural Development 农村发展SSafeguard Agreement 保障措施协定Safeguard(SG) 保障措施Safe-Haven Agreement 安全港协定Safety Requirements 安全要求Sale for Export 出口销售Sales Tax 销售税Sanitary Inspection 卫生检查Scale of Contribution 会费分摊比例Schedular Tax 分类所得税Schedule of Commitments(GATS) 承诺减让表Schedule Price 价目表价格Schedules of Bindings 约束关税表Schedules of Concessions 减让表Schedules of concessions 减让时间表Scheduling 减让表制作Scientific Evidence 科学证据Scientific Justification 科学上的正当性Scientific Tariff 科学关税Scope of Appellate Review 上诉审查范围Screen Quota 反映限额Screen Time 反映时间Screwdriver Operations 改锥业务Secondary Dumping 二级倾销Second-Level Obligations 第二层义务Sectoral Commitments 部门承诺Sector-Specific Commitments 部门具体承诺Security 担保Security Exceptions 安全例外Security Services 证券服务Selection Procedures 选择程序Selective Safeguard 选择性保障措施Selective Safeguard Clause 严重损害Self-Certification 自我认证Self-Regulatory 自律组织Sellers’Price List 卖方价格清单Selling Price 销售价格Semi-Generic Wine Names 半通用酒名Separate Customs Territory 单独关税区Sequencing 先后顺序Serious Adverse 严重不利影响Serious injury 严重损害Serious Prejudice 严重侵害Service Address 送达地址Service Industry 服务业Service Mark 服务商标Service Market Access 服务贸易市场准入Service Regulations 服务管理Services 服务Services Supplier 服务提供者Settlement of Claims 权利请求的解决Shrimp Case 虾案Similar Goods 类似货物Singapore Agenda 新加坡议程Singapore Issues新加坡议题Single Approach 单一方式Single Tendering 单一来源采购Single Unified Market 单一统一市场Situation Complaints 情势之诉Small Economies 小经济体Social Dumping 社会倾销Social Labeling 社会标签Social Services 社会服务Social Subsidies 社会补贴Social Welfare Charges 社会福利费用Sole Agent 独家代理人Sole Concessionaire 独家受让人Sole Distributor 独家经销人Special Economic Areas 特殊经济区Special Import Measures Act 特殊进口措施法Special Safeguards（SSG）特殊保障措施Special Treatment（ST）（农业协议）特别处理Specialist 专家Specialist in Accounts 会计账目专家Specific Duty 特别关税Specific License 特种许可证Specific Measure 具体措施Specific Subsidy 专向性补贴Specific tariff 从量税Specificity 专向性Specificity Principle 专向性原则Specificity Test 专向性测试Sporadic Dumping 零星倾销Spurious Dumping 假倾销Square Brackets 方括号Staff Regulations 职员条例Staff report 工作人员报告Staff Rules 职员规则Stamp Tax 印花税Standard of Review 审查标准Standardization 标准化Standardization Activities 标准化活动Standardizing 标准化机构Standards 标准Standards Code 标准守则Standing Appellate Body 常设上诉机构Standstill Commitment 维持现状承诺Standstill Provisions 维持现状规定Stare Decisis 遵循先例Start-Up Period 投产期间Start-Up Situation 投产状态State Pricing 国家定价State Responsibility 国家责任State Trading 国营贸易State Trading Commitment 国营贸易承诺State Trading Countries 国营贸易国家State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业State-Trading Dumping 国营贸易倾销Statism 国家主义Stockpiling Exception 储存例外Strategic Duping 战略倾销Subheading 子目Subject Matter of a Patent 专利的客体Submission 递交材料Sub-National Obligation 地方政府义务Subsequent Practice 嗣后做法Subsidiaries 独资子公司Subsidiary 从属性Subsidiary Bodies 附属机构Subsidies 补贴Subsidized Goods 补贴产品Subsidizing Member 进行补贴的成员Subsidy 补贴Subsidy Practice 补贴做法Substantial Improvement 实质性改善Substantial Interest 实质利益Substantial Transformation 实质性改变Substantive Disciplines 实质性纪律Substantive Meeting 实质性会议Substitutable Products 替代品Sunset Clause 日落条款Sunset Industry 夕阳产业Sunset Review 日落复审Supplemental Information 补充信息Supplementary Criteria 补充标准Support Price 支持价格Surrogate Country 替代国Suspend concessions 暂停减让Suspension of an Investigation 中止调查Suspension of Concessions 中止减让Suspension of Release 中止放行Sustainable Development 可持续发展Swiss Formula 瑞士公式Symmetrical Comparisons 对称比较Sympathetic Consideration 积极考虑TTargeted Dumping 目标倾销Tariff Act 关税法Tariff Anomaly 关税异常Tariff Bindings 约束关税/ 关税约束承诺tariff classification 关税分类Tariff Concessions 关税减让Tariff Consolidation 关税合并Tariff Equivalent 关税等值Tariff Escalation 关税升级Tariff Increase 提高关税Tariff Item 税号Tariff Laws 关税法规Tariff Level 关税水平Tariff line 税号Tariff Line 税则号列Tariff Negotiations 关税谈判Tariff Nomenclature 税则目录Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff Policy 关税政策Tariff Preferences 关税优惠Tariff Protection 关税保护Tariff Quota 关税配额Tariff Range 关税范围Tariff Rate 关税税率Tariff rate quotas （TRQ ）关税配额Tariff Schedule 关税表Tariff Structure 关税结构Tariff Union(CU) 关税同盟Tariff valuation 关税估价Tariff War 关税战Tariff Zone 关税区Tariff-Cutting Formula 关税减让公式Tariff-Free Quota 免税配额Tariffication 关税化Tariff-Only Regime 单一关税机制Tariffs 关税Tax Credit 税收抵免Tax Subsidy 税收补贴Taxation Services 税收服务Taxed Product 国内征税产品Technical Expertise 技术专长Technical Regulation 技术法规Technical Specifications 技术规格Technical Sub-Committee 技术小组委员会Telecommunication Services 电信服务案Telecommunications 电信Telecommunications Annex 电信附件Telecommunications Services 电信服务Television Services 电视服务Tendering Documents 招标文件Tendering Procedures 招标程序Term of Patent Protection 专利保护期Terms of Reference 职权范围条款Test Methods 检验方法Test Value 测试价格Testing and Inspection 检验和检查Textile Committee 纺织品委员会Textile Designs 纺织品设计Textile Trade 纺织品贸易The Contracting Parties 缔约方全体The contraction in demand 需求萎缩Threat of Injury 损害威胁Threat of Serious Injury 严重损害威胁Threshold 最低限额Threshold Price 门槛价Threshold Value 最低限价Tied Investment 捆绑式投资Tiered Formula 分层公式Time-Limited Exceptions 有时限的例外Time-Schedules 时间表Tokyo Round 东京回合Tolerances for Contaminants 污染物允许量Top-Down Approach 自上而下的方法Torquay Round 托奎回合Total AMS 综合支持总量Total AMS Commitment 综合支持总量承诺Total Eligible Costs 可计入总成本Tourism Satellite Account 旅游卫星账户Tourist Guides Services 导游服务Trade and Environment 贸易与环境Trade Defence Measures 贸易防御措施Trade Diversion 贸易转移Trade diversion inquiry 贸易转移调查Trade Facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Trade in Services Statistics 服务贸易统计Trade Name 商号Trade or Business Association 同业公会或商会Trade Policy 贸易政策Trade Policy Review 贸易政策审议Trade preferences 贸易优先Trade Regulations 贸易法规Trade Relief 贸易补救Trade Remedies 贸易救济Trade Rules for Services 服务贸易规则Trade Secrets 商业秘密Trade Statistics 贸易统计Trade Surplus 贸易盈余Trade, Debt and Finance 贸易、债务和金融Trademark 商标Trading Rights 贸易权Traffic Rights 航空权Training Services 培训服务Transaction in Services 服务交易Transaction Value 成交价格Transfer Duties 转让税Transfer of Liabilities 债务转移Transfer of Payments 转移支付Transitional Safeguard 过渡性保障措施Translation Issues 翻译问题Transparency 透明度Transport Subsidy 运输补贴Transshipment 转运Treaty Interpretation 条约解释Trigger Clause 触发条款Trigger Level 触发水平Trigger Price 触发价格Triggering Point 触发点Turnover Tax 营业税UUnder-Invoicing 低报出口Undertaking 承诺Undisclosed Information 未披露信息Unforeseen Development 不可预见的发展Uniform Tariff 统一关税Unit Amount of a Subsidy 单位补贴额Universal Services 普遍服务Unrequited Export 无偿出口Upstream Dumping 上游倾销Upstream Subsidy 上游补贴Urban Planning Services 城市规划服务Urgent Circumstances 紧急问题Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Use in Good Faith 善意使用Use of a Trademark 商标使用User Member 用户成员VVagueness of Claims 权利请求模糊Valuation Basis 估价基础Valuation Effect 估价效果Valuation of Contracts 合同估价Valuation Option 估价选择Valuation Procedures 估价程序Valuation System 估价系统Value Added Tax System 增值税制度Value Added Tax（VAT）增值税Value-Added Telecommunications 增值电信Variable duties 差价税Variable Duty 可变税Variable Import 进口差价税Variable Levies差价税Verification 核实Vertical merger 垂直兼并Veterinary Services 兽医服务Violation Claims 违反之诉Visible Balance 有形收支余额Visible Export and Import 有形进出口Visible Trade 有形贸易Visible Trade Balance 有形贸易余额Voluntary Export Quota 自愿出口配额Voluntary Restraint of Export 自愿出口限制Voluntary Standard 自愿性标准Voluntary Undertakings 自愿承诺WWaiver （WTO 义务）豁免Water Transport Services 水运服务Welfare Services 社会福利服务Well-Known Trademark 驰名商标Wheat Flour 面粉案Wholesale Trade Services 批发服务Withdraw 撤回Withdraw concessions 撤销减让Withdraw from the Agreement 退出协定Withdrawal 退出Withdrawal of the Measures 措施撤回Withholding of Concessions 停止减让Witness statement 证词Work of Applied Art 实用艺术作品Working party 工作组Working Procedures 工作程序Wrongful Detention of Goods 错误扣押商品WTO Agreement WTO 协议WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处YYearly Updates 年度更新ZZero Binding 零关税约束Zero Duties 零关税Zero-for-Zero Approach 零对零方法Zero-for-Zero Principle 零对零原则Zero-for-Zero Proposal 零对零建议Zeroing 归零Zero-Margin Harmonization 零差别协调。
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关贸总协定,世界贸易组织的前身GATT(GeneralAgreement
国际货币基金组织简介-——中英文对比
WhatistheIMF?
Foundedin1945,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)isacooperative,intergovernment al,monetaryandfinancialinstitutionthatseekstopromoteinternationalmonetarycoop erationandcurrencyexchangestability,fostereconomicgrowthandhighlevelsofemploy ment,andtoprovidebalance-of-paymentsassistance.Itsinitialmembershipof39hasgro wnto184asoftheyear2002.
何为国际货币基金组织？
国际货币基金组织1945年成立，它是一个政府间的、合作性的货币和金融机构，目的是为了促进国际间的货币合作与汇率的稳定，鼓舞经济进展，促进高度就业，同时提供国际收支的融通。
它的创始会员国是39个，截至2002年，这一数字增加到184个。
OriginsoftheIMF
TheneedforanorganizationliketheIMFbecameevidentduringtheGreatDepressionthatra vagedtheworldeconomyinthe1930s.TheDepressionwasdevastatingtoallformsofeconomi clife.
30年代的那场大危机严峻破坏了世界经济，也使得建立像国际货币基金如此一个组织的必要性变得十分明显。
Thedevastationwasnotmerelyconfinedtothevisibleeconomy.Itwasnolessdestructiveo ftheinvisibleworldofinternationalfinanceandmonetaryexchange.Awidespreadlackof confidenceinpapermoneyledtoanexcessivedemandforgoldbeyondwhatnationaltreasuri escouldsupply.
这次大危机的破坏并非仅限于实体经济，它对国际金融和货币兑换这些无形的体系也带来了同等程度的破坏。
人们对纸币普遍缺乏信心，这导致对黄金的过度需求，而这一需求又是超出国家财政的供给能力的。
Anumberofnations,ledbytheUnitedKingdom,weresubsequentlyforcedtoabandonthegold standard,which,bydefiningthevalueofeachcurrencyintermsofagivenamountofgold,ha dforyearsgivenmoneyaknownandstablevalue.Becauseofuncertaintyaboutthevalueofmo neythatnolongerboreafixedrelationtogold,exchangingmoneybecameverydifficultbet weenthosenationsthatremainedonthegoldstandardandthosethatdidnot.Nationshoarde dgoldandmoneythatcouldbeconvertedintogold,furthercontractingtheamountandfrequ encyofmonetarytransactionsbetweennations,eliminatingjobs,andloweringlivingsta ndards.Furthermore,somegovernmentsseverelyrestrictedtheexchangeofdomesticforf
oreignmoneyandevenresortedtobarterschemesthatwouldeliminatetheuseofmoneycompl etely.Othergovernments,desperatetofindforeignbuyersfordomesticagriculturalpro ducts,madetheseproductsappearcheaperbysellingtheirnationalmoneybelowitsrealva luesoastoundercutthetradeofothernationssellingthesameproducts.Thispractice,kn ownascompetitivedevaluation,merelyevokedretaliationthroughsimilardevaluationb ytradingrivals.Therelationbetweenmoneyandthevalueofgoodsbecameconfused,asdidt herelationbetweenthevalueofonenationalcurrencyandanother.Undertheseconditions theworldeconomylanguished.Between1929and1932pricesofgoodsfellby48percentworld wide,andthevalueofinternationaltradefellby63percent.
在金本位制下，每一种货币的价值均由其所含黄金的数量来决定，如此就给了每一种货币公认而稳定的价值。
然而以英国为首的许多国家相继被迫放弃了多年来使用的金本位制，这使得货币不再与黄金保持一个固定的比价关系，从而产生了货币价值的不稳定性。
货币汇兑在仍然实行金本位制的国家与那些不实行金本位制的国家之间变得特别困难。
各个国家储藏黄金以及能够兑换成黄金的货币，进一步限制了国与国之间货币交易的数量和次数，就业减少，生活水平下降。
更有甚者，一些政府严峻地限制本币与外币的兑换，甚至求助于完全不用货币的易货贸易。
另一些政府急于为本国的农产品找到买家，因此它们便通过以低于实际价值的抛售本币的方法来降低这些产品的价格，从而削减了那些出售同类产品的国家的贸易量。
这种被称作竞争性贬值的做法只只是是引得贸易对手国通过类似的贬值方法来进行报复。
货币和商品价值之间的关系变得混乱；一国货币与另一国货币之间的价值关系亦是如此。
在如此的条件下，世界经济大大衰退。
在1929年到1932年间，世界范围内的商品价格下跌了48％，国际贸易额下降了63％。