【国际经济学专题考试试卷十五】Monopoly

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国际经济学测试题

国际经济学测试题1一、单项选择（将答案填在下面的表格内，1’×10=10’)1．重商主义者认为国际贸易( )。

A．是一种双赢行为B。

对其中的强国有利C．对其中的弱国有利 D. 是一种零和行为2．斯密的绝对优势理论假定增加某种产品的生产所放弃的另一种产品生产的代价是（)。

A．递增的B。

递减的C. 不变的D。

不确定的3．如果说一国的资本要素比较丰裕，就意味着（）。

A. 该国的资本要素总量较多B. 该国的W/R的值较大C。

该国的K/L的值较小D。

该国的生产中较多使用技术4．根据特定要素模型，国际贸易的受损者为（）.A。

进口竞争部门的特定要素所有者B. 进口竞争部门的流动要素所有者C. 出口部门的特定要素所有者D。

出口部门的流动要素所有者5．根据产品生命周期理论,发明国的新产品出口（）。

A. 在产品问世的时候即已开始B。

贯穿整个生命周期C。

是一个先增加然后逐渐减少的过程D。

以上三者都正确6. 在局部均衡分析中，与小国相比，大国征收关税的主要不同在于（）。

A. 保护效应更明显B。

消费效应更明显C。

能够改善贸易条件 D. 对政府税收没有影响7．如果一国在征收进口税时，对最终产品征收的关税低于中间产品,则可以使关税的实际保护效果（).A. 增大B. 变小C。

没有影响D。

无法判断8．购买力平价理论的基础是（）.A。

粘性价格的存在B。

货币数量理论C。

马歇尔－勒纳条件D。

一价定律9．根据吸收分析法，贬值一定会（）.A. 导致国内总收入的增加B. 改善国际收支C. 促使国内货币供求重新平衡D. 上述说法都不对10. 根据斯旺图示，用来调节外部均衡的手段是( ）.A。

支出转换政策B。

支出调整政策C。

本国的货币政策D。

本国的财政政策二、多项选择（将答案填在下面的表格内，1’×10=10’）1. 能够解释二战以后国际贸易流向新格局的理论包括（）。

A．规模经济理论B。

产业内贸易理论C．产品差异化理论D。

需求偏好相似理论E．要素禀赋理论2。

国际经济学试卷试题包括答案.docx

《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries becauseA)the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources.B)the United States is a“ Superpower. ”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything.D)the United States invests in many other countries.E)many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A)the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries.B)the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C)the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D)the U.S. may not impose export duties.E)the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii.3.International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4.International monetary analysis focuses onA)the real side of the international economy.B)the international trade side of the international economy.C)the international investment side of the international economy.D)the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks.E)the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange.5.The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the EuropeanUni on.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada.6.The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D)intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of tradebetween neighboringcountries.E)European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A)Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B)Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on governm ent promotion of trade and investment.C)Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a pro ductive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D)Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on impor ts.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economies.8.We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many other countries.A)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all large countries.B)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are smallcountri es.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9.In the present, most of the exports from Chinaare A) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10.A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11.The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade associated with the principle o f comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B)differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D)differences in resources.E)gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find itsconsump tion bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D)inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United Sta tes equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA)U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B)U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Japan's 20 units per hour.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Japan's 30 units per hour.D)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 25 units per hour.E)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 40 units per hour.14.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement“ Germanyenjoys acomparativ e advantage over France in autos relative toships ”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ship s.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15.If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageB)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D)Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E)the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can bemutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B)The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can bemutually beneficial.C)Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D)Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standar ds of qualityE) Restrictions on imports are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2.Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most o f its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in r ice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3.In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB)LandC)ClothD)FoodE)Technology4.The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ fa ctor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; two C)two; one D)three; two E)four; three5.The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equa l to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced.A)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC)-MPLF/MPLC; is constantD)-MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE)-MPLC/MPLF; is constant6.Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce clothwill be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B)the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C)the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D)the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.E)the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h.7.In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity ofla bor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of foodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that ofcloth C) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and clothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth8.A country that does not engage in trade can benefit from trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B)it employs a unique technology.C)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.D)its wage rate is below the world average.E)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9.In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobil e factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positive C)positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D)negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E)positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries willb e ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB)fewer; lower; immobileC)more; lower; immobileD)more; higher; mobileE)more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment ra te.B)the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C)those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose.D)foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differin A)tastes and preferences.B)military capabilities.C)the size of their economies.D)relative abundance of factors of production.E)labor productivities.13.If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measure d on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibil ity frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of goodY. D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E)the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital intensive) divided by the costof labor.14.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade will ________ the owners ofa country's ________ factor and will ________ the good that uses that factor intensiv ely.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC)benefit; scarce; exportD)benefit; scarce; importE)harm; scarce; export15.The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D)comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E)global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land intensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B)an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C)a global increase in the relative price of food.D)a decrease in the relative price of food in both countries.E)an increase in the relative price of food in both countries.17.Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Coun try H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA)failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.B)supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.C)supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D)failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E)proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industr ies.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of the labor-i ntensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B)all countries would be better off.C)the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will increase.C)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will decrease.D)world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E)world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of the United States.C)improve the terms of trade of all countries.D)because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of sub sidies for its exports, this mustA)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B)have no effect on its terms of trade.C)improve its terms of trade.D)harm its terms of trade.E)harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA)falls as the average firm grows larger.B)rises as the industry grows larger.C)falls as the industry grows larger.D)rises as the average firm grows larger.E)remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost when output is ________ by _______.A)reduce; increased; the industryB)reduce; increased; a firmC)increase; increased; a firmD)increase; increased; the industryE)reduce; reduce; the industry7.If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we sh ould not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C)inter-industry trade between countries.D)high levels of specialization in both countries.E)increased productivity in both countries.8.A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing returnsB)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic increasing returnsC)unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing returnsD)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic decreasing returnsE)labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than __ ______ because factors of production are generally ________.A)external economies; natural resources; mobileB)internal economies; external economies; mobileC)external economies; population; immobileD)internal economies; population; immobileE)population; external economies; immobile10.Monopolistic competition is associatedwith A) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategic impact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11.A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition will earnA)positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.B)zero economic profits because of free entryC)positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.D)negative economic profits because it has economies of scale.E)positive economic profit if it engages in international trade.12.The most common form of price discrimination in international tradeis A) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. firm purchases 18% of a forei gn firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign countr y. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ______ __.A)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; greenfieldB)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownfieldC)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brownfieldD)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenfieldE)foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA)import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B)import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.C)import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D)the same as import quotas.E)import taxes calculated based solely on the origin country.15.A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff isthat A) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of thetariff. B) the industry may never "mature."C)most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.D)the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E)the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16.In the country levying the tariff, the tariff will A)increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unchanged.17.If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fr om domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D)depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E)no longer apply.18.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) rise in only the effective tariff rat e.19.Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition ofa tariff on imports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of thetra de rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D)production distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.E)terms of trade gain.20.The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs ar e dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national econo mic welfare will increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, henceincreasin g national economic welfare.D)deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing na tional economic welfare.E)government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfar e.21.Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?A)World BankB)World Trade OrganizationC)International Monetary OrganizationD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE)The League of Nations22.Today U.S. protectionism is concentratedin A) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D)computer intensive industries.E)capital-intensive industries.23.The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact thatA)this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B)this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor.C)most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.D)this industry is a politically well organized sector in the U.S.E)the technology involved is very advanced.欢迎下载1124.The optimum tariff is most likely to applyto A) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country. C)a large tariff imposed by a small country. D) alarge tariff imposed by a large country. E) anad valorem tariff on a small country.25.The median voter modelA)works well in the area of trade policy.B)is not intuitively reasonable.C)tends to result in biased tariff rates.D)does not work well in the area of trade policy.E)is not widely practiced in the United States.欢迎下载12。

国际经济学考试试题

国际经济学考试试题一、单项选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（）A 商品B 资本C 人员D 技术2、假定闭关自守的状态下，X 商品的价格，在 A 国是 10 美元，在 B 国是 8 美元，C 国是 6 美元，并且 A 国是小国，不能通过贸易影响 B 国和 C 国的价格。

如果 A 国对从 B 国和 C 国进口的 X 商品最初征收非歧视性的 100%的从价税，那么，A 国是（）A 贸易创造国B 贸易转移国C 贸易受损国D 无法确定3、比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（）A 劳动生产率的差异B 技术水平的差异C 产品品质的差异D 价格的差异4、以下哪种贸易政策会降低本国的福利水平（）A 出口补贴B 进口关税C 进口配额D 自愿出口限制5、能反映规模经济理论本意的是（）A 规模报酬递减B 规模报酬递增C 规模报酬不变D 以上都不对6、幼稚产业保护论的提出者是（）A 亚当·斯密B 大卫·李嘉图C 汉密尔顿D 李斯特7、当一国政府对某种产品征收进口关税时，若该产品的需求弹性大于供给弹性，生产者与消费者承担关税的程度是（）A 前者大于后者B 后者大于前者C 两者相等D 不确定8、一国货币贬值对其进出口收支产生何种影响（）A 出口增加，进口减少B 出口减少，进口增加C 出口增加，进口增加D 出口减少，进口减少9、在浮动汇率制下，当一国国际收支出现逆差时，该国货币汇率会（）A 上升B 下降C 不变D 不确定10、以下哪项不是国际收支平衡表中的项目（）A 经常项目B 资本项目C 错误与遗漏项目D 国内生产总值项目11、购买力平价理论的基础是（）A 一价定律B 利率平价C 相对购买力平价D 绝对购买力平价12、国际收支调整的弹性分析法的假设前提不包括（）A 不存在国际资本流动B 汇率由货币当局决定C 马歇尔勒纳条件成立D 进出口商品的供给弹性无穷大13、下列属于直接标价法的是（）A 1 美元=68 人民币B 1 人民币=015 美元C 1 英镑=12 欧元D 1 欧元=085 英镑14、蒙代尔弗莱明模型主要分析在资本完全流动的情况下，（）政策的有效性。

国际经济学试卷试题包括答案.docx

国际经济学考试试题完美版,含答案

全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试国际经济学试题课程代码00140一、单项选择题25小题1分25分在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.从十五世纪初到十八世纪中叶AA.重商主义B.重农主义C.重金主义D.货币主义2.采取进口替代战略的国家不倾向使用的政策是DA.对进口关税设置壁垒B.对非关税设置障碍C.对外汇实行管制D.对本国货币低估对外价值3.相对技术差异论的提出者是BA.斯密B.李嘉图C.奥林D.赫克歇尔4.关税与贸易总协定进行了多轮多边贸易谈判CA.日内瓦回合B.东京回合C.乌拉圭回合D.安纳西回合5.世界贸易组织成立于CA.1993年B.1994年C.1995年D.1996年6.一般而言不属于外汇市场主要参与者的是DA.商业银行B.中央银行C.外贸公司D.居民个人7.国际收支平衡表中最重要的收支差额是DA.官方结算差额B.商品贸易差额C.基本收支差额D.经常项目差额8.国际收支调整的重要基础理论是CA.调整论B.货币论C.弹性论D.平衡论9.从总体上看产品的需求弹性的绝对值将AA.大于1B.小于1C.等于1D.不确定10.在开放经济条件下c=0.6s=0.3考虑政府的财政收入部分CA.10/9B.5/3C.5/2D.10/311.下列属于非关税壁垒的措施是DA.反倾销税B.反补贴税C.进口附加税D.国内最低限价12.最佳关税来源于BA.进口国厂商B.出口国厂商C.第三国出口厂商D.第三国进口厂商13.20世纪90年代东南亚金融危机爆发的最直接原因是AA.泰国宣布放弃盯住汇率制度B.韩国财团破产C.香港股市大跌D.日本经济大幅下滑14.特别提款权实质上是一种DA.货币B.基金C.债权D.记帐单位15.国际收入调整的货币理论中的价格—铸币流动机制提出者是CA.亚当·斯密B.保罗·克鲁格曼C.大卫·休谟D.彼得·凯恩16.在比较利益模型中CA.在两国贸易前的国内比价线之上B.在两国贸易前的国内比价线之下C.在两国贸易前的国内比价线之间D.与两国贸易前的国内比价线相同17.一A.出口方式B.直接投资方式C.发放许可证方式D.间接投资方式18.巴格瓦蒂等经济学家提出对希望移居外国的本国居民征收一部分税费AA.可使移民的移出国获得某种补偿B.可补偿移出国的商品出口C.可补偿本国劳动力收入D.可补偿公共设施的不足19.重叠需求贸易理论从需求的角度对产业内贸易加以概括和解释出了重要贡献。

国际经济学题库及答案按章节

国际经济学题库（按章节）第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础、第二章古典贸易理论一、名词解释1．重商主义2．自由贸易论3．绝对优势论4．比较优势论5．机会成本６．机会成本递增７．生产可能性边界二、判断题(在括号内填“√”，表示正确；填上“X”，表示错误)1．国际经济学研究的是全球资源的有效配置。

( )2．重商主义认为，各国在国际贸易中的利弊得失是完全相反的，你之所得就是我之所失。

( ) 3．我们墨西哥在与美国的竞争中得不到什么好处，美国工厂的生产效率太高了，它有那么多的计算机和机械工具，它的工程水平也太发达了。

我们需要关税，要么我们什么也不出口。

（）4．国际贸易产生于各国之间生产商品的技术水平的绝对差别，这是绝对差异论的基本观点。

( ) 5．在现实社会中，当经济资源或生产要素从一个部门转移到另一个部门时，机会成本可以始终保持不变。

( )6．在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时，存在着价格差异，那么各国间的国际分工仍能达到完全专业化的程度。

( )7．国际贸易形成的范围是：国际比价必须在两个参加贸易的国家贸易前的国内比价之间。

( ) 8．如果进行贸易的两个国家具有同样的生产可能性边界，即使各国不同的生活习惯，以及嗜好差异，也不会导致国际贸易。

( )9．生产可能性边界曲线上的各点切线的斜率即为机会成本。

( )10．晚期重商主义的观点又被称为“贸易差额论”。

（）11．一位美国参议员写了下面一段话：“贸易被认为是能够提高所有参与国收入的，至少亚当.斯密或大卫.李嘉图是这样教导我们的。

（）三、不定项选择题1．国际经济学作为独立的经济学分支科学，有自身的特点。

下列不属于这些特点的是( )。

A．国际经济学不同于区域经济学。

B．国际经济学理论的选择并不带有明显的民族性。

C.国际经济学建立在宏微观经济学基础之上，但它仍具有自身的理论体系。

D．国际经济学是在西方经济学理论基础之上的世界经济概论。

2．重商主义在国际贸易发展的历史上起到过非常重要的作用，但也存在明显的局限性。

【国际经济学专题考试试卷十五】Monopoly

【国际经济学专题考试试卷十五】MonopolyChapter 15MonopolyTRUE/FALSE1. Monopolists can achieve any level of profit they desire because they have unlimited market power.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive2. Even with market power, monopolists cannot achieve any level of profit they desire because they will selllower quantities at higher prices.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive3. One characteristic of a monopoly market is that the product is virtually identical to products produced by competing firms.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional4. The fundamental cause of monopolies is barriers to entry.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive5. The De Beers Diamond company advertises heavily to promote the sale of all diamonds, not just its own. This is evidence that it has a monopoly position to some degree.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive6. The De Beers Diamond company is not worried about differentiating its product from all other gemstones. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive7. The amount of power that a monopoly has depends on whether there are close substitutes for its product. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive8. If the ABC company owns the exclusive rights to mine land in Afghanistan for Lapis Lazuli, a rare stone usedin jewelry which is found only in Afghanistan, the company benefits from a barrier to entry.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Applicative9. Copyrights and patents are examples of barriers to entry that afford firms monopoly pricing powers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Patents MSC: Interpretive10. If the government deems a newly invented drug to be truly original, the pharmaceutical company is given the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the drug for 50 years.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Patents MSC: Interpretive11. A natural monopoly has economies of scale for most if not all of its range of output.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Applicative12. Declining average total cost with increased production is one of the defining characteristics of a naturalmonopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Definitional1002Chapter 15/Monopoly 1003 13. A monopolist maximizes profit by producing an output level where marginal cost equals price.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive14. A monopolist produces an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charges a pricewhere marginal cost equals average total cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Applicative15. Average revenue for a monopoly is the total revenue divided by the quantity produced.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Average revenue MSC: Definitional16. For a monopoly, marginal revenue is often greater than the price they charge for their good.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Marginal revenue MSC: Interpretive17. Like competitive firms, monopolies choose to produce a quantity in which marginal revenue equals marginalcost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive18. Like competitive firms, monopolies charge a price equal to marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive19. A monopolist produces where P > MC = MR.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive20. A monopolist produces where P = MC = MR.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive21. A monopolist does not have a supply curve beca use the firm?s decision about how much to supply isimpossible to separate from the demand curve it faces.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Interpretive22. A monopolist?s supply curve is vertical.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Applicative23. A monopolist?s supply curve is horizontal.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Applicative24. During the life of a drug patent, the monopoly pharmaceutical firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive25. The socially efficient quantity is found where the demand curve intersects the marginal cost curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive26. The deadweight loss for a monopolist equals one-half of its profits for any given level of output.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive1004 Chapter 15/Monopoly27. A monopoly creates a deadweight loss to society because it earns both short-run and long-run positiveeconomic profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive28. A monopoly creates a deadweight loss to society because it produces less output than the socially efficientlevel.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive29. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $10, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $4,000.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical30. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $10, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $2,000.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical31. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $20, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $1,500.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical32. In order for a firm to maximize profits through price discrimination, the firm must have some market power and be able to prevent arbitrage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive33. Price discrimination is prohibited by antitrust laws.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive34. A monopolist earns higher profits by charging one price than by practicing price discrimination.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive35. A monopolist that can practice perfect price discrimination will not impose a deadweight loss on society. ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Perfect price discrimination MSC: Interpretive36. By selling hardcover books to die-hard fans and paperback books to less enthusiastic readers, the publisher is able to price discriminate and raise its profits.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive37. Movie theatres charge different prices to different groups of people based on the differing marginal costs thatexist from group to group.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive Chapter 15/Monopoly 1005 38. Airlines often separate theircustomers into business travelers and personal travelers by giving a discount tothose travelers who stay over a Saturday night.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive39. University financial aid can be viewed as a type of price discrimination.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive40. By offering lower prices to customers who buy a large quantity, a monopoly is price discriminating.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive41. Goods that do not have close substitutes have downward-sloping demand curves.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Demand curve MSC: Interpretive42. If the government regulates the price a natural monopolist can charge to be equal to the firm?s average total cost, the firm has no incentive to reduce costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive43. If the government regulates the price a natural monopolist can charge to be equal to the firm?s marginal cost, the government will likely need to subsidize the firm.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive44. Antitrust laws give the Justice Department the authority to challenge potential mergers between companies in an effort to safeguard society from monopoly power.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive45. Some companies merge in order to lower costs through efficient joint production.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive46. A common solution to monopoly in European countries is public ownership.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive47. The proper level of government intervention is unclear when dealing with a monopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive48. The government may choose to do nothing to reduce monopoly inefficiency because the “fix” may be worse than the problem.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Do nothing MSC: Interpretive49. Government intervention always reduces monopoly deadweight loss.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Do nothing MSC: Interpretive50. Firms with substantial monopoly power are quite common because many goods are truly unique.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-6 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive1006 Chapter 15/MonopolySHORT ANSWER1. Describe how government is involved in creating amonopoly. Why might the government create one? Give an example.ANS:The government can create a monopoly by giving a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. Monopolies are created for many reasons. When an industry is characterized by high fixed costs, a single firm can usually supply the entire market at a lower cost than having multiple firms in the industry. Examples include most utility companies. The government also grants sole ownership of inventions through patent laws in order to help eliminate the market failure that is likely to otherwise occur in the markets for those goods. Patents encourage creativity and research and development.DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Patents | Regulation MSC: Applicative2. What is the defining characteristic of a natural monopoly? Give an example of a natural monopoly.ANS:The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly is when a firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower cost than could two or more firms. The example in the text is a bridge.DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Definitional3. In the market for "home heating" consumers typically have several options (e.g., electricity, heating fuel,natural gas, propane, etc.), yet we often think of firms in this industry as behaving like monopolists. Discuss the context in which your electricity provider is a monopolist. Is this characterization universally applicable?Explain your answer.ANS:In this case, the firms are monopolists in the short run when consumers are unable to change their "home heating" systems. In the long run, consumers can change from electric appliances to natural gas appliances and thus lessen the monopoly power of utility providers. As long as consumers are able to substitute, in the long run the monopoly pricing power is reduced.DIF: 3 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Monopoly MSC: Analytical4. There has been much discussion of deregulating electricity and natural gas delivery companies in the UnitedStates. Discuss the likely effect of deregulation on prices in these two industries.ANS:If deregulation leads to increased competition, then production and prices should move toward the competitive equilibrium. If deregulation does not lead to increased competition, then the monopoly production and price outcome is likely. The success of deregulation movements hinges on their ability to use markets to promote competitive market outcomes. If the industry is characterized by economies of scale, deregulation may worsen rather than improve the market as costs and prices could rise if more than one firm supplies output to the market. DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Analytical5. Explain how a profit-maximizing monopolist chooses its level of output and the price of its goods.ANS:A profit-maximizing monopolist produces the output levelwhere marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charges the corresponding price from the market demand curve. Note that a monopolist charges a price that exceeds marginal cost, unlike a competitive firm, for which price equals marginal cost.DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Profit maximization MSC: AnalyticalChapter 15/Monopoly 1007 6. Graphically depict the deadweight loss caused by a monopoly. How is this similar to the deadweight loss fromtaxation?ANS:A profit-maximizing monopolist will choose to produce Q0 units of output and sell at price P0. However, marginal cost is MC0. This is identical to the deadweight loss of taxation when the tax forces a wedge between market price and marginal cost.DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical7. What is the deadweight loss due to profit-maximizing monopoly pricing under the following conditions: The price charged for goods produced is $10. The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 100 units and marginal revenue is $5. The socially efficient level of production is 110 units. The demand curve is linear and downward sloping, and the marginal cost curve is constant.ANS:1/2*(110-100)*($10-$5) = $25DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Applicative8. Assume that a monopolist decides to maximize revenue rather than profit. How does this operating objective change the size of the deadweight loss? If you are a "benevolent" manager of a monopoly firm and areinterested in reducing the deadweight loss of monopoly, should you maximize profits or maximize revenue?Explain your answer.ANS:A revenue maximizer operates where MR = 0. This solution moves the monopolist closer to the socially optimal competitive outcome and reduces deadweight loss. Revenue maximization is potentially a more "socially" optimal objective for monopoly markets than profit maximization.DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: T otal revenue MSC: Analytical9. One example of price discrimination occurs in the publishing industry when a publisher initially releases anexpensive hardcover edition of a popular novel and later releases a cheaper paperback edition. Use thisexample to demonstrate the benefits and potential pitfalls of a price discrimination pricing strategy.ANS:The answer should address the three basic lessons of price discrimination. First, price discrimination is a rational strategy that can lead to higher monopoly profits. Second, price discrimination requires an ability to separate customers according to their willingness to pay. Third, price discrimination can raise economic welfare.DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Price discrimination MSC: Analytical。

国际经济学试卷及答案

国际经济学试卷及答案．第 2 页共 25 页试卷(A)国际经济学一、选择题（2x15=30，每题只有一个正确答案）1、如果dx、sx、dm和sm分别代表出口产品的需求弹性、出口产品的供给弹性、进口产品的需求弹性和进口产品的供给弹性，则马歇尔—勒纳条件用公式表示为（）A．｜dx+dm｜>1 B．｜dx+sx｜>1C．｜dm+sm｜>1 D．｜sx+sm｜>12. “贫困化增长”的一个必要条件为：（）A．国家的增长偏向于出口产业。

B．外国对该国的出口需求具有价格弹性。

C．国家的消费偏好高度偏向于出口商品。

D．贸易在国民经济中比重不大。

3、从国际贸易对生产要素收入分配的短期影响来看，自由贸易会导致（）A．生产进口竞争品部门使用的专门生产要素收入水平提高B．生产进口竞争品部门使用的共同生产要]键入文字[第 3 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 4 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 5 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 6 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 7 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 8 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 9 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 10 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 11 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 12 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 13 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 14 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 15 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 16 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 17 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 18 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 19 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 20 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 21 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 22 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 23 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 24 页共 25 页]键入文字[第 25 页共 25 页]键入文字[。

【国际经济学专题考试试卷十六】Monopolistic Competition

Chapter 16Monopolistic CompetitionTRUE/FALSE1. The "competition" in monopolistically competitive markets is most likely a result of having many sellers in themarket.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Interpretive2. The "monopoly" in monopolistically competitive markets is most likely a result of firms having some pricingpower due to product differentiation.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Interpretive3. Monopolistic competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, product differentiation, and free entry. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional4. Monopolistic competition is characterized by many buyers and sellers, product differentiation, and barriers toentry.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional5. A monopolistically competitive market is characterized by barriers to entry.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Interpretive6. Monopolistic competition is the only market structure that features many sellers.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Markets MSC: Interpretive7. Product differentiation always leads to some measure of market power.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive8. Oligopoly is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, whereas monopolistic competition ischaracterized by many sellers offering differentiated products.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional9. Monopolistic competition is characterized by a few sellers offering similar products, whereas oligopoly ischaracterized by many sellers offering differentiated products.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional10. Oligopoly and monopolistic competition are examples of a market structure called imperfect competition. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional1078Chapter 16/Monopolistic Competition 1079 11. Monopolistic competition and monopoly are examples of a market structure called imperfect competition. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional12. A markup of price over marginal cost is inconsistent with free entry and zero profit.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive13. Monopolistically competitive firms, like monopoly firms, maximize their profits by charging a price thatexceeds marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive14. A profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market charges a price equal to marginal cost. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive15. A profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market always operates on the downward-slopingportion of its marginal cost curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical16. For a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market, when price is equal to average totalcost, price must lie above marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical17. A profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market can earn positive, negative, or zero profitsin the short run.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Short-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive18. A firm in a monopolistically competitive market can earn both short-run and long-run profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Short-run equilibrium | Long-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive19. A firm in a monopolistically competitive market can earn short-run profits but not long-run profits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Short-run equilibrium | Long-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive20. In the long run, monopolistically competitive firms produce where demand equals marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Long-run equilibriumMSC: Analytical21. When a firm in a monopolistically competitive market earns zero economic profit, its product price must equalmarginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Long-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive1080 Chapter 16/Monopolistic Competition22. In the long run, monopolistically competitive firms produce where demand equals average total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Long-run equilibriumMSC: Analytical23. In a monopolistically competitive market, the number of firms adjusts until economic profits are driven tozero.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Long-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive24. When a profit-maximizing firm in a monopolistically competitive market is in long-run equilibrium, marginalcost must lie below average total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Long-run equilibriumMSC: Analytical25. In a monopolistically competitive market, the demand curves faced by incumbent firms are unaffected by theentry of new firms into the market.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Demand curve | Long-run equilibriumMSC: Interpretive26. A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is usually indifferent to an additional customer walkingthrough the door, since a sale to that customer will not increase the firm's profit.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive27. The term excess capacity refers to the fact that a firm operates on the upward-sloping portion of itsaverage-total-cost curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Excess capacityMSC: Interpretive28. The term excess capacity refers to the fact that a firm produces a lower quantity than it would if it operated atthe efficient scale.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Excess capacityMSC: Interpretive29. Excess capacity characterizes firms in monopolistically competitive markets, even in situations of long-runequilibrium.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Excess capacityMSC: Interpretive30. When a firm operates with excess capacity, it must be in a monopolistically competitive market.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Excess capacityMSC: Interpretive31. A firm that would experience higher average total cost by increasing production is operating with excesscapacity.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Excess capacityMSC: InterpretiveChapter 16/Monopolistic Competition 1081 32. When a firm operates at efficient scale, it is producing at the minimum point on its average total cost curve. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Efficient scaleMSC: Definitional33. Defenders of advertising argue that firms use advertising as a signal of quality, even if the advertising deliverslittle helpful information about the product.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Applicative34. Critics of advertising argue that advertising leads to less elastic demand for products and a larger markup ofprice over marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive35. The claim that advertising reduces the elasticity of demand is likely to be made by a defender of advertising. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive36. Critics of advertising argue that firms use advertising to manipulate consumers’ tastes.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Applicative37. When advertising is used to relay information about price, each firm is able to enhance market power.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive38. Policymakers have generally come to accept the view that advertising enhances the efficiency of markets. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive39. Economists are unanimous in their belief that advertising is socially inefficient.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Definitional40. When McDonald’s opens a store in Dhaka, Ba ngladesh, it has a strong incentive to enforce product qualityconsistent with stores in the United States.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive41. The Mikati Philippines Hard Rock Cafe has the exact same menu as the Hard Rock Cafe in New York. This isan example of a brand name enhancing market efficiency for U.S. tourists visiting the Philippines.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive42. Empirical evidence suggests that advertising usually leads to an increase in the price for advertised products. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive43. Economists who argue that advertising enhances market efficiency suggest that celebrity advertising signalsinferior product quality.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive44. Advertising during the Super Bowl is an example of information about quality contained primarily in theexistence and expense of the advertising.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive45. Brand names are rarely used to convey information about product quality.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive1082 Chapter 16/Monopolistic Competition46. The government of Italy will not allow any Hard Rock Cafe restaurants to open in Italy. Defenders of theefficiency of brand-name markets would argue that this has hindered restaurant market efficiency in Italy. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive47. The debate over whether advertising serves a valuable purpose in society is definitively answered byeconomists who study the tastes and preferences of individuals.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive48. If advertising decreases the elasticity of demand for specific brand names of hard liquor, we would expectfirms to be able to charge a larger markup over marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive49. There is general disagreement among economists about the role of advertising, but there is widespreadagreement about the role of brand names on market efficiency.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive50. The government may not be able to improve the inefficiencies of a monopolistically competitive market. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Interpretive51. Firms in monopolistically competitive markets and monopolies can earn long-run profits due to barriers toentry.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 16-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Interpretive52. Free entry eliminates long-run profits for firms in competitive and monopolistic industries.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 16-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. List five goods that are likely sold in a monopolistically competitive market.ANS:Books, CDs, movies, computer games, and piano lessons are some examples.DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Monopolistic competition MSC: Interpretive2. Why does a typical monopolistically competitive firm face a downward-sloping demand curve?ANS:Because its product is different from those offered by other firms.DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Demand curve MSC: Interpretive3. In many college towns, private independent bookstores typically locate on the periphery of the college campus.However, in some college towns, the university has used political power to restrict private bookstores near campus through community zoning laws. Use your knowledge of markets to predict the price and quality of service differences in the market for college textbooks under the two different market regimes.ANS:In monopoly markets, price will be higher and the quality of service will be lower than in monopolistically competitive markets.DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Monopolistic competition MSC: AnalyticalChapter 16/Monopolistic Competition 1083 4. Use a graph to demonstrate why a profit-maximizing monopolistically competitive firm must operate at excesscapacity. Explain why a perfectly competitive firm is not subject to the same constraint.ANS:Competitive firms do not face downward-sloping demand. The graph shows the firm choosing a level of production in which the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost occurs at an output level where average total cost is decreasing. This profit-maximizing output level is less than the efficient scale (minimum of average total cost), and therefore the firm is said to be operating with excess capacity.DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Excess capacity MSC: Analytical5. In a small college town, four microbreweries have opened in the last two years. Demonstrate the effect of newmarket entrants on demand for existing firms (microbreweries) that already served this market. Assume that the local community now places a moratorium on new liquor licenses for microbreweries. How will thismoratorium affect the long-run profitability of incumbent firms?ANS:The arrival of a new entrant should be graphically depicted by a leftward shift in the demand curves faced by all incumbent firms. If firms are able to make economic profits, these will be able to be maintained in the long run if new entrants are not allowed (which would essentially be a barrier to entry, meaning the market would no longer be characterized as monopolistically competitive).DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Long-run equilibrium MSC: Analytical1084 Chapter 16/Monopolistic Competition6. What is meant by the term "excess capacity" as it relates to monopolistically competitive firms?ANS:Monopolistically competitive firms produce a level of output lower than the efficient scale of output and are therefore said to have excess capacity.DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Excess capacity MSC: Interpretive7. Entry of firms in a monopolistically competitive industry is characterized by two externalities. List them andbriefly describe how consumers and existing firms are influenced by them.ANS:Business-stealing effect: incumbent firms are affected through the loss of sales; consumers are affected by lower price.Product-variety effect: incumbent firms face a market with more substitutes; consumers have more product variety from which to choose.DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive8. Evaluate the following statement in the context of business-stealing and product-variety externalities: "Wehave too many student apartments in this town already. Statistics show that vacancy rates average 15 percent during any given semester."ANS:Business-stealing effect: if new entrants into the market can be profitable, then average vacancy rates are likely to rise above 15 percent.Product-variety effect:if new entrants to the market are able to identify niche markets which are profitable (i.e., offer club rooms, pools, athletic facilities, etc.), then product variety will increase, and average vacancy rates are likely to rise above 15 percent.DIF: 2 REF: 16-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Externalities MSC: Interpretive9. Assume the role of a critic of advertising. Describe the characteristics of advertising that reduce theeffectiveness of markets and decrease the social welfare of society.ANS:Advertising manipulates people's tastes and is psychological rather than informational. As a result, advertising creates a desire for a product that might not otherwise exist. Advertising may also impede competition by convincing consumers that products that are identical have significant differences.DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive10. Assume the role of a defender of advertising. Describe the characteristics of advertising that enhance theeffectiveness of markets and increase the social welfare of society.ANS:Advertising provides information to consumers and thus allows consumers to make more informed (and therefore better) choices. Advertising fosters competition by making consumers more aware of prices and product characteristics in a market.DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive11. Evaluate the following statement: "Advertisements that use celebrity endorsements are devoid of any valueand do not enhance the efficient functioning of markets."ANS:Some people argue that celebrity endorsements are a signal of quality due to the high cost of the advertisement. If so, then these advertisements relay information about product quality and enhance the effective functioning of markets. DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: InterpretiveChapter 16/Monopolistic Competition 108512. Professional organizations (for example, the American Medical Association and the American Bar Association)have been active advocates for regulation to restrict the right of professionals to advertise. Describe whateconomic incentives might exist for existing professionals to restrict advertising.ANS:If advertising increases information about prices and services, then providers of professional services will berequired to compete with each other on the basis of price and service. As such, existing professionals will be subject to more competitive pressure in the markets they service, and individual profits are likely to fall.DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: Analytical13. Discuss how brand names may enhance the efficiency of markets in a less developed country.ANS:Recognizable brand names signal quality products. In the tourist- and business-services market, this signal can be critical at the early stages of development to ensure visitors have a quality experience when other information isunavailable or unreliable.DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: Interpretive14. As developing countries make a transition to market-based economies, one of the first major capitalinvestments is in "Western-quality" hotels. Explain why brand-name hotel accommodations are a critical stepin attracting foreign investment.ANS:Brand-name hotels are a critical first step to economic development because their recognized signal of qualityreduces the barriers of facilitating foreign visitors (and their money).DIF: 2 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: Analytical15. In markets where the government imposes an excise tax on unit sales, it also has a tendency to dabble withrestrictions on advertising (for example, cigarettes and hard liquor). Do potential (or actual) restrictions onadvertising in these markets serve the interest of a government that is interested in maximizing its tax revenuefrom the sale of these products? Explain your answer.ANS:In the case of the examples given, demand is quite inelastic, so restrictions on advertising are not likely to have a large impact on total sales but may have an impact on the distribution of sales across brand names. As such,government revenue is largely unaffected if the tax is on unit sales.DIF: 3 REF: 16-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopolistic competitionTOP: Advertising MSC: AnalyticalSec 00 - Monopolistic CompetitionMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which of the following is a characteristic of monopolistic competition?a.ownership of a key resource by a single firmb.free entryc.identical productd.patentsANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional1086 Chapter 16/Monopolistic Competition2. The market for novels isa.perfectly competitive.b. a monopoly.c.monopolistically competitive.d.an oligopoly.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Applicative3. Which of the following statements is not correct?a.Monopolistic competition is similar to monopoly because in each market structure the firm cancharge a price above marginal costs.b.Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect competition because both market structures arecharacterized by free entry.c.Monopolistic competition is similar to oligopoly because both market structures are characterizedby barriers to entry.d.Monopolistic competition is similar to perfect competition because both market structures arecharacterized by many sellers.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Analytical4. Which of the following statements is not correct?a.Monopolistic competition is different from monopoly because monopolistic competition ischaracterized by free entry, whereas monopoly is characterized by barriers to entry.b.Both monopolistic competition and oligopoly fall in between the more extreme market structures ofcompetition and monopoly.c.Monopolistic competition is different from oligopoly because each seller in monopolisticcompetition is small relative to the market, whereas each seller can affect the actions of othersellers in an oligopoly.d.Both monopolistic competition and perfect competition are characterized by product differentiation. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Analytical5. Monopolistic competition is a type ofa.oligopoly.b.market structure.c.price discrimination.d.advertising strategy.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: Definitional6. A monopolistically competitive market has characteristics that are similar toa. a monopoly only.b. a competitive firm only.c.both a monopoly and a competitive firm.d.neither a monopoly nor a competitive firm.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 16-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Monopolistic competitionMSC: ApplicativeChapter 16/Monopolistic Competition 1087 Sec01 - Monopolistic Competition - Between Monopoly and Perfect Competition MULTIPLE CHOICE1. A typical firm in the U. S. economy would be classified asa.perfectly competitive.b.imperfectly competitive.c. a duopolist.d.an oligopolist.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive2. The typical firm in the U. S. economya.has some degree of market power.b.sells its product for a price that is equal to the marginal cost of producing the last unit.c.is perfectly competitive.d.is a monopoly.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive3. Which of the following pairs illustrates the two extreme examples of market structures?petition and oligopolypetition and monopolyc.monopoly and monopolistic competitiond.oligopoly and monopolistic competitionANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive4. The general term for market structures that fall somewhere in-between monopoly and perfect competition isa.incomplete markets.b.imperfectly competitive markets.c.oligopoly markets.d.monopolistically competitive markets.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Definitional5. The two types of imperfectly competitive markets area.markets with differentiated products and monopoly.b.markets with differentiated products and oligopoly.c.oligopoly and monopoly.d.monopolistic competition and oligopoly.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive6. The two types of imperfectly competitive markets area.monopoly and monopolistic competition.b.monopoly and oligopoly.c.monopolistic competition and oligopoly.d.monopolistic competition and cartels.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Definitional7. In a market that is characterized by imperfect competition,a.firms are price takers.b.there are always a large number of firms.c.there are at least a few firms that compete with one another.d.the actions of one firm in the market never have any impact on the other firms' profits.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive8. Firms in industries that have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers areoperating in either a(n)a.oligopoly or perfectly competitive market.b.oligopoly or monopoly market.c.oligopoly or monopolistically competitive market.d.monopoly or monopolistically competitive market.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive9. Imperfectly competitive firms are characterized bya.horizontal demand curves.b.standardized products.c. a large number of small firms.d.price making ability.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Imperfect competitionMSC: Interpretive10. An oligopolya.has a concentration ratio of less than 50 percent.b.is a price taker.c.is a type of imperfectly competitive market.d.has many firms rather than just one firm or a few firms.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive11. An oligopoly is a market in whicha.there are only a few sellers, each offering a product similar or identical to the products offered byother firms in the market.b.firms are price takers.c.the actions of one seller in the market have no impact on the other sellers' profits.d.there are many price-taking firms, each offering a product similar or identical to the productsoffered by other firms in the market.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Definitional12. One characteristic of an oligopoly market structure is:a.firms in the industry are typically characterized by very diverse product lines.b.firms in the industry have some degree of market power.c.products typically sell at a price equal to their marginal cost of production.d.the actions of one seller have no impact on the profitability of other sellers.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 16-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopolistic competition TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive。

国际经济学选择题题库（有答案）

国际经济学选择题题库（有答案）Multiple-Choice Questions Ch.21.The Mercantilists did not advocate: aa. free tradeb. stimulating the nation's exportsc. restricting the nations' importsd. the accumulation of gold by the nation2.According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on: aa. absolute advantageb. comparative advantagec. both absolute and comparative advantaged. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3.What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage? c.a. Allb. mostc. somed. none4.The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its: da. absolute disadvantageb. absolute advantagec. comparative disadvantaged. comparative advantage5.If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established that nation dA has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nationB must have:a. an absolute advantage in commodity Yb. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Yc. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Yd. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6.If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input): ca. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Xb. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Yc. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity Xd. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6: da. Px/Py=1 in nation Ab. Px/Py=3 in nation Bc. Py/Px=1/3 in nation Bd. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y: .ba. nation A gains 2Xb. nation B gains 6Yc. nation A gains 3Yd. nation B gains 3Y9.With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial tradebetween nation A and B is: .ca. 3Y < 3X < 5Yb. 5Y < 3X < 9Yc. 3Y < 3X < 9Yd. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:d..a. there will be no trade between the two nationsb. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsc. the relative price of Y is the same in both nationsd. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of: a.a. the labor theory of valueb. the opportunity cost theoryc. the law of diminishing returnsd. all of the above12. Which of the following statements is true? d.a. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slopedb. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwisec.the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is given bytheintersection of the demand and supply of each commodity by the two nationsd. all of the above13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon adifference in: d.a. factor endowmentsb. technologyc. tastesd. all of the above14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:ba. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradeb. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradec. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedd. we cannot say15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically a.a. verifiedb. rejectedc. not testedd. tested but the results were inconclusiveMultiple-Choice Questions Ch.31. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nation incursincreasing opportunity costs in the production of:a. commodity X onlyb. commodity Y onlyc. both commoditiesd. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:a. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of Xb. the opportunity cost of Xc. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of productiond. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:a. technology differs among nationsb. factors of production are not homogeneousc. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the productionof allcommoditiesd. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are less andless suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:a. are negatively slopedb. are convex to the originc. should not crossd. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:a.amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain onthesame indifference curveb. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on thesame indifference curvec.amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higherindifference curved.amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higherindifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect tothe MRS of X for Y?a. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveb. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curvec. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curved. all of the above7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?a. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesb. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysisc. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can beovercome by the application of the compensation principled. all of the above.8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?a. It consumes inside its production frontierb. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierc. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierd. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:a. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yb. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity Xc. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity Yd. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:a. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exportsb. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/Pyc. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsd. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradea. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibriumb. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at equilibriumc. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Pyd. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:a. neither nation will specialize completely in productionb. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierc. a small nation will always gain from traded. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?a.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and thegainsfrom specializationb. gains from exchange result even without specializationc. gains from specialization result even without exchanged. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are always:a. greaterb. smallerc. equald. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:a. equal but tastes are notb. different but tastes are the samec. different and tastes are also differentd. the same and tastes are also the same.Multiple Choice Questions Ch.41. Which of the following statements is correct?a. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodityb. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityc. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the commodityd. all of the above2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriuma. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityb. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exportsc. the commodity price will falld. all of the above3. The offer curve of a nation shows:a. the supply of a nation's importsb. the demand for a nation's exportsc. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exportsd. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nation'sa. import commodityb. export commodityc. export or import commodityd. nontraded commodity5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nation:a. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionb. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesc. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumptiond. all of the above6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is false?a. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesb. it isolates for study one marketc. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but not theequilibrium quantity with traded. none of the above7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is true?a.The demand and supply curves are derived from the nation's production frontier andindifference mapb. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesc. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curvesd. all of the above8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibrium analysis?a. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with tradeb.the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quantity withtradec.the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among allmarketsin the economyd. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.9. If the terms of trade of a nation are 1.5 in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner are:a. 3/4b. 2/3c. 3/2d. 4/310. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner:a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the above11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, itsoffer curve:a. is a straight lineb. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodityc. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curved. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:a. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityb. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityc. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodityd. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:a. the nation's terms of trade remain unchangedb. the nation's terms of trade deterioratec. the partner's terms of trade deteriorated. any of the above14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:a. increasesb. declinesc. remains unchangedd. any of the above15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare to:a. deteriorateb. improvec. remain unchangedd. any of the aboveMultiple-Choice Questions ch.51. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:a. explaining the basis for comparative advantageb. examining the effect of trade on factor pricesc. both a and bd. neither a nor b2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O modela. the same technology in both nationsb. constant returns to scalec. complete specializationd. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if:a. factor prices are the sameb. tastes are the samec. production functions are the samed. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:a. more K is used in the production of Y than Xb. less L is used in the production of Y than Xc. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than Xd. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/Ka. falls in the production of both commoditiesb. rises in the production of both commoditiesc. can rise or falld. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:a. greater absolute amount of Kb. smaller absolute amount of Lc. higher L/K ratiod. lower r/w7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a difference in:a. technologyb. factor endowmentsc. tastesd. all of the above8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:a. technologyb. factor endowmentsc. economies of scaled. tastes9. According to the H-O-S model, trade reduces international differences in:a. relative but not absolute factor pricesb. absolute but not relative factor pricesc. both relative and absolute factor pricesd. neither relative nor absolute factor prices10. According to the H-O-S model, international trade will:a. reduce international differences in per capita incomesb. increases international differences in per capita incomesc. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomesd. lead to complete specialization11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:a. production in both nationsb. consumption in both nationsc. trade between the two nationsd. all of the above12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium modelbecause it deals with:a. two nationsb. two commoditiesc. two factors of productiond. all of the above13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.a. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exportsb. imports are more K-intensive than exportsc. exports are more L-intensive than importsd. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:a. must be rejectedb. must be accepted without reservationsc. can be accepted while awaiting further testingd. explains all international trade15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with:a. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factorsb. the same K/L ratioc. technologically-fixed factor proportionsd. equal elasticity of substitution of factorsMultiple-Choice Questions Ch. 6:1. Relaxing the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory rests:a. leads to rejection of the theoryb. leaves the theory unaffectedc. requires complementary trade theoriesd. any of the above.1.Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed,leavethe theory unaffected?a. Two nations, two commodities, and two factorsb. both nations use the same technologyc. the same commodity is L-intensive in both nationsd. all of the above2.Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed,require new trade theories?a. Economies of scaleb. incomplete specializationc. similar tastes in both nationsd. the existence of transportation costs3.International trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations haveidentical:a. factor endowmentsb. tastesc. technologyd. all of the above5. A great deal of international trade:a. is intra-industry tradeb. involves differentiated productsc. is based on monopolistic competitiond. all of the above6. The Heckscher-Ohlin and new trade theories explains most of the trade:a. among industrial countriesb. between developed and developing countriesc. in industrial goodsd. all of the above4.The theory that a nation exports those products for whicha large domestic market existswas advanced by:a. Linderb. Vernonc. Leontiefd. Ohlin8. Intra-industry trade takes place:a. because products are homogeneousb. in order to take advantage of economies of scalec. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationd. all of the above1.If a nation exports twice as much of a differentiated product that it imports, its intra-industry (T) index is equal to:a. 1.00b. 0.75c. 0.666d. 0.2510. Trade based on technological gaps is closely related to:a. the H-O theoryb. the product-cycle theoryc. Linder's theoryd. all of the above11. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theory?a. It depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesb. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesc. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to lessadvanced countriesd. all of the above12. Transport costs:a. increase the price in the importing countryb. reduces the price in the exporting countryc. both of the aboved. neither a nor b.13. Transport costs can be analyzed:a. with demand and supply curvesb. production frontiersc. offer curvesd. all of the above14. The share of transport costs will fall less heavily on the nation:a. with the more elastic demand and supply of the tradedcommodityb. with the less elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityc. exporting agricultural productsd. with the largest domestic market15. A footloose industry is one in which the product:a. gains weight in processingb. loses weight in processingc. both of the aboved. neither a nor b.Multiple-choice Questions Ch.81. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a.An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the tradedcommodityb. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitutiond. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityb.whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount ofthetariffd. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increased. none of the above4.The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured bythearea:a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without thetariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6. Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to the rate of effectiveprotection?a. for given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is tb. for a given value of t and ti, g is larger the greater is a ic. g exceeds, is equal to or is smaller than t, as t i is smallerthan, is equal to or islarger than td. when a i t i exceeds t, the rate of effective protection is positive7. With a i=50%, t i=0, and t=20%, g is:a. 40%b. 20%c. 80%d. 08. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers andconsumersb.reduces the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers andconsumersc. increases the relative price of the import commodity for the nation as a wholed. any of the above is possible9. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the nation's welfareb. reduces the nation's welfarec. leaves the nation's welfare unchangedd. any of the above is possible10. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the imposition of a tariff by a nation:a. increases the real return of the nation's abundant factorb. increases the real return of the nation's scarce factorc. reduces the real return of the nation's scarce factord. any of the above is possible11. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation results in:a. an increase in relative price of the nation's import commodityb. an increase in the nation's production of its importable commodityc. reduces the real return of the nation's abundant factord. all of the above12. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation can be represented by a rotation of the:a. nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparativeadvantageb.the nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of itscomparativeadvantagec.the other nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of itscomparative advantaged.the other nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of itscomparative advantage13. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation:a. increases the nation's terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. may increase or reduce the nation's welfared. all of the above14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfared. all of the above15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%c. 0d. depends on elasticitiesMultiple-choice Questions Ch. 9:1. An import quota:a. increases the domestic price of the imported commodityb. reduces domestic consumptionc. increases domestic productiond. all of the above2. An increase in the demand of the imported commodity subject to a given import quota:a. reduces the domestic quantity demanded of the commodityb. increases the domestic production of the commodityc. reduces the domestic price of the commodityd. reduces the producers' surplus3. Adjustment to any shift in the domestic demand or supply of an importable commodityoccurs:a. in domestic price with an import quotab. in the quantity of imports with a tariffc. through the market mechanism with an import tariff but not with an import quotad. all of the above4. An international cartel refers to:a. dumpingb. an organization of exportersc. an international commodity agreementd. voluntary export restraints5. The temporary sale of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price abroad in order todrive foreign producers out of business is called:a. predatory dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. continuous dumpingd. voluntary export restraints6. The type of dumping which would justify antidumping measures by the country subjectto the dumping is:a. predatory dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. continuous dumpingd. all of the above7. A fallacious argument for protection is:a. the infant industry argumentb. protection for national defensec. the scientific tariffd. to correct domestic distortions8. Which of the following is true with respect to the infant-industry argument for protection:a. it refers to temporary protection to establish a domestic industryb.to be valid, the return to the grown-up industry must be sufficiently high also torepayfor the higher prices paid by domestic consumers of thecommodity during the infancyperiodc. is inferior to an equivalent production subsidy to the infant industryd. all of the above9. Which of the following is false with respect to strategic trade policy?a. it postulates that a nation can gain by an activist trade policyb. it is practiced to some extent by most industrial nationsc. it can easily be carried outd. all of the above10. Industrial policy refers to:a.an activist policy by the government of an industrial country to stimulate thedevelopment of an industryb.the granting of a subsidy to a domestic industry to stimulate the development ofanindustryc. the granting of a subsidy to a domestic industry to counter a foreign subsidyd. all of the above11. Game theory refers to:a. a method of choosing the optimal strategy in conflict situationsb. the granting of a subsidy to correct a domestic distortionc. the theory of tariff protectiond. none of the above12. Trade protection in the United States is usually providedto:a. low-wage workersb. well-organized industries with large employmentc. industries producing consumer productsd. all of the above13. The most-favored-nation principle refers to:a. extension to all trade partners of any reciprocal tariff reduction negotiated by theU.S. with any of its trade partnersb. multilateral trade negotiationc. the General Agreement on Tariffs and Traded. the International Trade Organization14. On which of the following principles does GATT rest?a. nondiscriminationb. elimination of nontariff barriersc. consultation among nations in solving trade disputesd. all of the above15. Which of the following was not negotiated under the Uruguay Round?a. reduction of tariffs on industrial goodsb. replacement of quotas with tariffsc. reduction of subsidies on industrial products and on agricultural exportsd. liberalization in trade in most servicesMultiple-choice Questions for Ch. 131. Which of the following is false?a. A credit transaction leads to a payment from foreignersb. A debit transaction leads to a payment to foreignersc. A credit transaction is entered with a negative signd. Double-entry bookkeeping refers to each transactionentered twice.2. Which of the following is a debit?a. The export of goodsb. The export of servicesc. Unilateral transfers given to foreignersd. Capital inflows3. Capital inflows:a. refer to an increase in foreign assets in the nationb. refer to a reduction in the nation's assets abroadc. lead to a payment from foreignersd. all of the above4. When a U.S. firm imports goods to be paid in three months the U.S. credits:a. the current accountb. unilateral transfersc. capitald. official reserves5.The receipt of an interest payment on a loan made by a U.S. commercial bank to aforeignresident is entered in the U.S. balance of payments as a:a. credit in the capital accountb. credit in the current accountc. credit in official reservesd. debit in unilateral transfers6. The payment of a dividend by an American company to a foreign stockholder represents:a. a debit in the U.S. capital accountb. a credit in the U.S. capital account。

国际经济学试题及答案(题库)

国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。

2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。

3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。

4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。

5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。

6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。

7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。

第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。

3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。

7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。

选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。

2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界范围实现资源的最佳配置。

《国际经济学》期末试卷5套

《国际经济学》模拟试题及参考答案（一）一、名词解释（每小题 5 分，共 20 分）1.要素禀赋：亦即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同所导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。

赫克歇尔-俄林定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础。

2.倾销：指出口商以低于正常价值的价格向进口国销售产品，并因此给进口国产业造成损害的行为。

3.黄金输送点：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。

4.三元悖论：也称为三元冲突理论，即在开放经济条件下，货币政策的独立性、汇率的稳定性和资本的自由流动三个目标不可能同时实现，各国只能选择其中对自己有利的两个目标。

二、单项选择题2.根据相互需求原理，两国均衡的交换比例取决于（ C ）A 两国的绝对优势B 两国的比较优势C 两国的相对需求强度D 两国的要素禀赋3.在当今的国际贸易格局中，产业内贸易更容易发生于（ B ）A 发展中国家与发达国家B 发达国家与发达国家C 发展中国家与发展中国家D 发展中国家和最不发达国家4.课征关税会增加生产者剩余，减少消费者剩余，社会总福利的变化将（ B ）A 上升B 降低C 不变D 不确定5.以下选项中，哪个选项不属于国际收支统计中居民的概念？（ C ）A 外国企业B 非盈利机构C 国际经济组织D 政府7.布雷顿森林体系创立了（ B ）A 以英镑为中心的固定汇率制度B 以美元为中心的固定汇率制度C 以英镑为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度D 以美元为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度8.在下列投资方式中，属于国际间接投资的是（ D ）A 在国外设立分公司B 在国外设立独资企业C 在国外设立合资企业D 购买国外企业债券9.经济非均衡的无形传导方式不包括（ C ）A 技术转让B 信息交流C 信息回授D 示范效应10.在斯图旺表中第三象限表示（ C ）A 通货膨胀与国际收支顺差并存B 衰退与国际收支顺差并存C 衰退与国际收支逆差并存D 通货膨胀与国际收支逆差并存三、判断正误题1.亚当。

国际经济学考试题库（答案版）

国际经济学考试题库（答案版）一、试述H-O模型的主要内容并予以评价。

1、基本内容：资本丰富的国家在资本密集型产品上相对供给能力较强，劳动丰富的国家则在劳动密集型产品上相对供给能力较强。

根据比较优势原则，一国出口密集使用其丰富要素的产品，进口密集使用其稀缺要素的产品。

要素的自然禀赋—要素供给—要素的相对富饶程度—要素相对价格—生产成本差异—商品价格差异—贸易的发生2、评价：贡献：a、从一国经济资源优势解释国际贸易发生的原因；b、从实际优势出发决定贸易模式；c、从贸易对经济的影响分析贸易的作用。

局限性：a、禀赋并非贸易发生的充分条件；b、对需求因素未予以充分考虑，影响了理论对实际情况的分析；c、过分强调静态结果，排除技术进步及实际存在的情况，影响了理论的适用性。

二、结合货币市场和外汇市场，以美元为本币，请画图美联储增加货币供给后，美元对欧元的汇率将如何变动。

外汇指的是以外国货币表示的，为各国普遍接受的，可用于国际间债权债务结算的各种支付手段。

货币政策是指政府或中央银行为影响经济活动所采取的措施，尤指控制货币供给以及调控利率的各项措施。

一国货币供给的增加会使该国货币在外汇市场上贬值。

美国的货币市场决定美元的利率，美元利率则影响维持利率平价的汇率。

所以当美联储增加货币供给后，会导致美元相对欧元的贬值。

但美元供给的变动对长期利率和实际产出没有影三、什么是恶性通货膨胀，可能导致恶性通货膨胀的原因以及应对措施。

恶性通货膨胀又称“超速通货膨胀”，是三位数以上的通货膨胀。

指流通货币量的增长速度大大超过货币流通速度的增长，货币购买力急剧下降，物价水平加速上升，整体物价水平以极高速度快速上涨的现象，使民众对货币价值失去信心。

由于货币的流通量增加快速，使货币变得没有价值时，人们会急于要以货币换取实物，人心惶惶的结果只会更加速通货膨胀的恶化，整体经济濒临崩溃边缘。

恶性通货膨胀是一种不能控制的通货膨胀，在物价很快地上涨的情况下，就使货币失去价值。

国际经济学模拟试题(含答案)

一、判断题重商主义者认为每个国家应该努力实现出口等于进口的平衡贸易。

错李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上都具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。

对对于大多数消费者和国家来说，沿无差异曲线移动，其边际替代率是不变的。

错大小不相等的两个国家进行贸易时，大部分贸易收益将流向较小的国家。

对贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。

错与关税不同，配额并没有导致进口产品的国内价格上涨。

错7、国际收支是国际债务余额的另一种叫法。

错8、如果一家美国汽车销售商同意用日元支付3个月后进口的汽车款，它应该在远期市场通过卖出日元进行套期保值错。

9、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英镑升值。

错10、确定汇率的货币分析法强调的是流量而不是存量。

错二、选择题1、大卫·休谟的价格流转学说表明( d )。

d. 贸易余额及由此产生的收入流将引起国内价格上涨，使贸易余额成为暂时性的，而不是永久性的2、如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳：小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则( d )。

d. 巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势3、如果没有发生贸易，一国将通过（d）实现经济独立均衡d.在社会无差异曲线与转换曲线的切点上进行生产和消费4、林德尔需求重叠理论bb.认为制成品最初在母国生产，然后出口到与本国人均GNP相近的国家5、如果大国征收关税(大国模式)，则( d )。

d．消费者净损失可能小于贸易条件带来的收益6、关于有效关税率，即有效保护率，下列说法正确的是( c )。

c．如果进口投入品的名义关税低于工业产成品的名义关税，那么有效关税率高于名义关税率7、下面各项中，应记入美国国际收支账户贷方的是( d )。

d．日本索尼公司从美国微软公司购买计算机软件8、德国马克的美元价格下跌的原因是( a )。

国际经济学试题及答案

国际经济学试题及答案国际经济学试题一. 单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1.5分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1、从十五世纪初到十八世纪中叶，在国际贸易和国际投资理论方面占主导地位的是( A )A、重商主义B、重农主义C、重金主义D、自由放任主义2、绝对技术差异论的提出者是( A )A、斯密B、李嘉图C、奥林D、魁奈3、消费者对差异产品的追求与现代化大生产追求规模经济相互矛盾，其解决途径是( D )A、国际投资B、国际技术转让C、国际融资D、国际贸易4、世界贸易组织的基本目标是( C )A、贸易适度保护B、关税稳定C、贸易自由化D、贸易公平5、以下几种外币资产中，不是外汇的是( C )A、美元B、英镑C、港元D、越南盾6、在发展中国家利用外资的主要渠道中，不需要偿还的引资方式是( D )A、官方贷款B、发行债券C、银行贷款D、外商直接投资7、在下列投资方式中，属于国际直接投资的是（D）A.购买外国政府债券B.购买外国企业债券C.向外国企业提供商业贷款D.在国外开设合资企业8、赫克歇尔一俄林模型认为国际贸易的根本原因是（A）A.各国生产要素禀赋不同B.各国劳动生产率不同C.各国技术水平不同以D.各国产品技术含量不同9、属于非关税壁垒的措施是（D）A.反倾销税B.反补贴税C.进口附加税D.国内最低限价10、在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C)A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同11、比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是(A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异12、在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是(D )A.递增B.递减C.先递增后递减D.不变13、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有(B )A.重叠需求理论B.要素比例理论B.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论14、能反映规模经济理论本意的是(B )A.规模报酬递减B.规模报酬递增C.规模报酬不变D.规模成本递增15、下列不属于保护贸易学说的理论有(D )A.幼稚工业理论B.夕阳工业理论C.国防论D.资源禀赋论16、最佳关税水平应等于(B )A.零进口关税B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平C.禁止性关税D.禁止性关税以上17、下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易(D )A.双边套汇B.多边套汇C.套利D.套期保值18、下述几种货币中，哪一种是实行联合浮动的货币( D)A.英镑B.日元C.美元D.人民币19、劳动力在各国间的流动通常会使劳动力流入国( A)A.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高B.财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降C.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高D.财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降20、下述哪一种属于国际收支的事后项目(D )A.进出口B.利息收支C.直接投资D.特别提款权变动二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分)在每小题列出的五个选项中有二至五个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

国际经济学题库(英文版)

Part Ⅰ. Fill in the blank with suitable content.1.Seven themes recur throughout the study of international economics. These are the gains from trade , the pattern of trade , protectionism the balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination, international capital market.2. Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons : comparative advantage and economics of scale .3. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.4. Labor is the only one factor of production. LC a 、LW a and *LC a 、*LW a are the unit laborrequirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. If aLC/aLW<aLC*/aLW* ,Home has a comparative advantage in cheese. C p /W p is the relative price of cheese, when aLC/aLW< Pc/Pw<aLC*/aLW* Home and Foreign specialize in producing cheese and wine , respectively.5. Labor is the only one factor of production. LC a 、LW a and *LC a 、*LW a are the unit laborrequirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. L and L*are Home’s andForeign’s labor force. If LC a /LW a <C p /W p <*LC a /*LW a , the world relative supply of cheese equals（L/aLC ）/(L*/aLW*) . Home’s gains from indirectly producing wine can be shown as (1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)－1/aLW6. In specific factors model(Q M =Q M (K, L M ); Q F =Q F (T, L F ); L=L M +L F ), if Home produces and trades manufactured goods for food , the overall comparison of the five change rate of goods price andfactor price MP ˆ、F P ˆ、K r ˆ、T r ˆ、W ˆinside Home is T F M K r P W P r ∧∧∧∧∧〉〉〉〉 . That is, the real↑↑M .7. There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution ofincome. First, resources can ’t move immediately or costlessly form one industry to another Second Industries differ in the factors of production they demand.8. In the Heckscher-Ohlin model,Comparative advantage is influenced by the interaction betweenrelative abundance and relative intensity9.According to stolper-sammelson effect if the relative price of a good rises, the real income of the factor which intensively used in that good will rise, while the real income of the other factor will fall.10.According to 罗布津斯基效应 Rybczynski effect , at unchanged relative goods price, if the supply of a factor of production increases, the output of the good that are intensive in that factor will rise, while the output of the other good will fall.11.According to H-O 模型H-O proposition , owners of a country’s abundant factors gain from trade, but owners of a country’s scare factors lose.12.According to 要素价格均等化命题 Factor price equalization proposition , international trade produces a convergence （收敛） of relative goods prices. This convergence, in turns, causes the convergence of the relative factor prices. Trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices.（完整的要素价格均等化）13. Three assumptions （假设） crucial to the prediction of factor price equalization are in reality untrue. These assumptions are (1) 两个国家都生产两种产品 both countries produce both goods (2) 两国技术相同 technologies are the same (3) 存在贸易壁垒：天然壁垒和人为壁垒There are barriers to trade: natural barriers and artificial barriers .14.“U.S. exports were less capit al-intensive than U.S. imports” is known as 里昂惕夫悖论 Leontiefparadox .15.The Ricardian Model , the Specific Factor model and the H-O model may be viewed as special cases （特殊情况） of 标准贸易模型 standard trade models16.The standard trade model derives （派生推导） a world relative supply curve （曲线） from production possibilities and a world relative demand curve from preferences .17.To export-biased growth, if the decline （下降） of the welfare caused by the deterioration （恶化） of the terms of trade swap over （交换） the rise of the welfare caused by growth, the growth is immiserizing growth (贫困化增长).18. Some economists argued that export-biased growth by poor nations would worsen their term of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all. This situation is known as immiserizing growth (贫困化增长) .19.Immiserizing growth demands strict conditions, these conditions are economic growth is strongly export-biased , the growing country is large enough to affect the world price , RS and RD must be very steep .20.According to “ 梅茨勒悖论Metzle paradox ”, t ariffs and export subsidies （补贴） might have perverse （有害的） effects on internal price.21.In the model of “Monopolistic （垄断） Competition and Trade”, firms of an individual nation face the trade-off between economies of scale and variety of products .22. Marshall argued that there were three main reasons why a cluster of firms （企业集群）may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: specialized supplies , labor market pooling , knowledge spillovers (知识溢出)23.The pattern of intraindustry （产业内） trade itself is unpredicted, history and accident determine the details of the trade pattern. 39. When there is external economies （外部经济）, the pattern of international trade is determined by economics of scale interact with comparative advantage .24. The indexes （指标）of intrainindustry trade of a industry can be calculated by the standard formula:25. Interindustry trade and intrainindustry （产业内） trade are the sources of gains from trade . When countries are similar in their relative factor supplies 、scale economies and product differentiations are important , intrainindustry trade is the dominant source （主要来源） of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade.26.The argument of temporary （暂时的） protection of industries to enable them to gain experience is known as 幼稚产业论the infant industry argument27. If we add together the gains and losses from a tariff, We find the net effect on nationalwelfare can be separated into two parts: terms of trade gain and efficiency loss 28.Why do countries adopt trade policies such as tariff or import quota, which produce more costs than benefits?—— trade politics 29.In the political economy of trade policy （贸易政策的政治经济学） , government are assumed to （被假定为）maximize 政治成功political success rather than 国家福利 national welfare . 30.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. These arguments include the term of trade argument for a tariff and the domestic market failure argument31.According to “Specific rule (对症规则) ”, domestic market failure should be corrected by domestic policies aimed directly at the problem’s sources.32. Although market failures are probably common, the domestic market failure argument against free trade should not be applied too freely.First domestic market failure should be corrected by domestic policies aimed directly at the problems ’ sources ;Second economists cannot diagnose marketexp 1exp orts importsI orts imports -=-+failure well enough to prescribe policy.33. International trade often produces losers as well as winners. In the actual politics of trade policy, income distribution is of crucial importance. 集体行动问题The problem of collective action can explain why policies that not only seem to produce more costs than benefits but that also seem to hurt far more voters them they can help can nonetheless be adopted.34.The WTO includes four aspects content: GATT 1994,GATS,TRIPS , TRIMS35.“Nondiscriminatory” principles （非歧视性原则）include most favored nation principle and national treatment principle36.For preferential（优惠）trading agreements, such as customs union , countries must cede part of their sovereignty to supranational entity（必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体）37.Whether a customs union（关税同盟）is desirable（可取）or undesirable depends on whetherindustrialization and coping with the problems of the dual economy. Correspondingly, there are two main arguments for developing countries to pursue policy of import-substituting industrialization. The two arguments are the infant industry argument t and market failure justification for infant industry protection.40. Sophisticated proponents of the infant industry argument have identified two market failures as reasons why infant industry protection may be a good idea:The imperfect capital markets justification and The appropriability argument .PartⅡ. True or False (true and false are denoted by “T” and “F”, respectively)1. If a LW*/a L C*<a LW/a L C, Home’s relat ive productivity in cheese is higher. (T )2. According to the Ricardian model, it is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.The good for which *Li a/Li a>w/*w will be produced in Foreign. ( F )3. It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good. ( T )4.Long-run convergence(长期收敛) in productivity（生产力）produces long-run convergence inwages. ( T )5. “Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” (F )6.The proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified(不合格). That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”. ( T)7. Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition.( F )8. Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages. （F）9. Trade exploits a country and make it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in other nations. (F )10.The Ricardian Model predicts an extreme degree(预测一个极端的程度) of specialization(专业化). ( T )11.The Ricardian Model neglects(忽略) the effects on income distribution. (T )12. The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years. ( T )13. The Ricardian Model predicts that countries tend to export those goods in which their productivity is relative high. ( T )14. We can think of factor specificity as a matter of time. ( T )15.The opportunity cost of manufacture in terms of food is denoted by(表示) MPL M /MPL F. ( F )16.A equal proportional change in price have no real effects on the real wage, real income of capital owner and land owner. ( T )17. Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the import-competing sectors of each country but hurts the factor to the export sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors. ( F )18.It is possible in principle for a country’s government to use taxes and subsidies(补贴) to redistribute（重新分配）income to give each individual more of both goods. ( T )19. Although international trade has strong effects on income distribution, there are still possible in principle to make each individual better off. ( T )20. Typically, those who gain from trade in any particular product are a much more concentrated, informed, and organized group than those who lose. ( F )21. Conflicts of interest(利益冲突) within nations are usually more important in determining trade policy than conflicts of interest between nations. ( T )22. Generally, economists do not regard the income distribution effects of trade as a good reason to limit trade. ( T )23.The formulation of trade policy(贸易政策的制定) is a kind of political process(政治进程). ( T )24. “The world’s poorest countries can’t find anything to export. There is no resource that i s abundant—certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” ( F )25. Wage inequality in U.S. increased between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, economists attribute the change to the growing exports of manufactured goods from NIEs. ( T )26. If the factor-proportion theory was right, a country would always export factors for which the income share exceeded the factor share, import factors for which it was less. ( F )27.The H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade(贸易量). ( T )28.Factor trade in general turns out to be much smaller than the H-O model predicts. ( T )29. According to an influential recent paper, the H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade. Factor trade in general turn out to be t he same a s the H-O model predicts. ( F )30. Only by dropping the Heckscher-Ohlin assumption that technologies are the same across the countries can the overall pattern of international trade be well predicted by the H-O model.( T )31.If a country want to maximize its national welfare, the consumption point is where the highest isovalue line is tangent to the highest reachable indifference curve. ( T )32.A rise in the terms of trade increases a country’s welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare. ( T )33.Export-biased growth tends to improve the growing country’s terms of trade at the rest of the world’s expense.( F )34.If the two countries allocate(分配) their change in spending in the same proportions, there will not be a terms of trade effect. ( T )35. If the country receiving a transfer spends a higher proportion of an increase income on its export good than the giver, a transfer raises world relative demand for the recipient’s export good and thus improve its terms of trade. ( T )36.A transfer worsens the donor’s terms of trade if the donor has a higher mariginal propensity to spend on its export good than the recipient(受体). ( T )37.A transfer improves the donor’s terms of trade, worsens recipient’s terms of tra de. ( F )38.A transfer of income——say foreign aid——could conceivably leave the recipient worse off. ( T )39.A tariff improves Home’s terms of trade and worsens Foreign’s, while a Home export subsidy worsens Home’s terms of trade and improve Foreign’s.( T )40. Where there is economies of scale, there is imperfectly competitive market structure. ( F )41.If intraindustry trade is the dominant source of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade. ( T )42.Effect on the distribution of income within countries often weight more heavily on policy than terms of trade concerns. ( T )43.The usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is monopolistic competition. ( F )44.Today, antidumping(反倾销) may be a device of protectionism. ( T )45.Reciprocal(相互) dumping tends to increase the volume of trade in goods that are quite identical（一致）. ( F )46.It is possible that reciprocal dumping increase national welfare. ( T )47.Strong external(外部) economies te nd to “locked in” the existing patterns of interindustry trade, even if the patterns are run counter to(背道而驰) comparative advantage. ( T )48.A trading country can conceivably lose from trade is potentially justify protectionism. ( T )49.Like static external economies, dynamic external economies can lock in an initial advantage in an industry. ( T )50.The stratigic trade policy is related to the model of “Monopolistic competition, differentiate product s and intraindustry trade”. ( F )51.The model “Oligopoly, homogeneous products and intraindustry trade” is first developed by Krugman and Helpman . ( F )52.Trade in factors is very much like trade in goods, it occurs for much the same reasons and produces similar results. ( T )53.Trade in factors is an alternative(替代) to trade in goods for the allocation of resources. ( T )54.Wh en a country borrows, it’s intertemporal PPF is biased toward Q P.( F )55.The relative price of future consumption goods Q P is (1+r). ( T )56.The dynamic path of TNC s’ enter foreign market：FDI→Export→Licence. (F )57.Tariffs may have very different effects on different stages of production of a good. ( T )58.Nominal(名义)tariff reflects the effective rate of protection(有效保护率). (F)59.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only the direct gains to producers and consumers in a given market accurately measure the social gains. ( T )60.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only a dollar’s worth of benefits to each group is the same. ( T )61.A VER is exactly like an import quota which the license are assigned to foreign government. ( T )62.VER S are much more costly than tariffs. ( T )63.Local content laws have been widely used by developing countries trying to shift their manufacturing from assembly back into intermediate goods. ( T )64. A political argument for free trade reflects the fact that a political commitment to free trade may be a good idea in practice even though there may be better policies in principle. ( T )65.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. (T )66.For a sufficiently small tariff the terms of trade gain of small country must outweigh theefficiency loss.( F )67.The domestic market failure argument against free trade is intellectually impeccable but of doubtful usefulness. (F )68. “U.S. farm exports don’t just mean hi gher incomes for farmers — they mean higher income for everyone who sell goods and services to the U.S. farm sector”. This remark is a potential validargument for export subsidy. ( T )69.Most deviations from free trade are adopted not because their benefit exceed their costs but because the public fails to understand their true costs. ( T )70.If there is marginal social costs rather than marginal social benefits, domestic market failure reinforce the case for free trade. ( T )71.The electoral competition model believes political competition will drive both parties to propose tariffs close to t M, the tariff preferred by the medium voter. ( T )72.The problem of collective action can best be overcome when a group is large and/or well organized. （F ）73.Trade policy that produce more costs than benefits, hurt more consumers than producers can’t be adopted.( F )74. As a violation of the MFN(“most favored nation”) principle, the WTO forbids preferent ial trading agreements in general, but allows them if they lead to free trade between the agreeing countries. ( T )75.The infant industry argument violates (违背)the principle of comparative advantage ( T )76.Import substituting industrialization(进口替代工业化) violates the principle of comparativeadvantage.( T )77. “Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urban unemployment problem.” ( T ) 78.The East Asian Miracle proved that industrialization and development must be based on import substitution. ( F )79.It is impossible for country to make itself worse off by joining accustoms union(联盟). ( F ) PartⅢ. Choose the ONLY one collect answer in each question.1. An important insight（启示）of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other itA.is always beneficial to both countries.B.is usually beneficial to both countries.C.is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country .D.is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country.E.tends to create unemployment in both countries.2. If there are large disparities（差距）in wage levels between countries, thenA. trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.B. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.C. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.D. trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.E. trade is likely to have no effect on either country.3.Cost-benefit analysis of international trade （成本收益分析）A.is basically useless.B.is empirically intractable.C.focuses attention on conflicts of interest within countries.D.focuses attention on conflicts of interests between countries.E.None of the above.4. A primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because of differences inA.historical perspective.B.location.C.resource availabilities.D.tastes.E.incomes.5. Arguments for free trade are sometimes disregarded（忽视）by the political process becauseA.economists tend to favor highly protected domestic markets.B.economists have a universally accepteddecisive power over the political decision mechanism.C.maximizing consumer welfare may not be a chief priority（优先）for politicians. 扩大消费者福利不是最主要的D.the gains of trade are of paramount concern to typical consumers.E.None of the above.6.Proponents（支持）of free trade claim all of the following as advantages except＿＿A. relatively high wage levels for all domestic workers.B. a wider selection of products for consumersC. increased competition for world producers.D. the utilization of the most efficient production processes.E. None of the above.In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ____unit labor requirementsA.oneB.twoC.threeD fourE five7. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itD.is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.E.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.F.is producing exports using fewer labor units.G.is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.H.None of the above.8. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundle（消费约束）A.inside its production possibilities frontier.B.on its production possibilities frontier.C.outside its production possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）.D.inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E.on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.9.If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model, thenA.the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.B.the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.C.the small country will enjoy gains from trade.D.the large country will enjoy gains from trade.E.None of the above.10.If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, thenA.country H but not country F will gain from trade.B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.E.None of the above.11.If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin) )(上凸，凹面向原点), then production occurs under conditions ofA.constant opportunity costs.B.increasing opportunity costs.C.decreasing opportunity costs.D.infinite opportunity costs.E.None of the above.12.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely ifA.their supply curves are identical.B.their cost functions are identical.C.their demand conditions identical.D.their incomes are identical.E.None of the above.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA.U.S. labor productivity equaled 40units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.C.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.D.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.E.None of the above.14.International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore, international tradeA.is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.B.will tend to hurt one trading country.C.will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.D.will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.E.will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.15.If the price of the capital intensive product rises, wages willA.rise but by less than the price of the capital-intensive product.（工资刚性，变动较慢）B.rise by more than the rise in the price of the capital-intensive product.C.remain proportionally equal to the price of the capital-intensive product.D.fall, since higher prices cause less demand.E.None of the above.16.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,A.the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.B.the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.C.the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.D.the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall. 贸易知识使一国丰富要素部门得利，稀缺要素部门受损）E.the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.17.If the price of manufactures and the price of food increase by 25%, then A.the economy moves down its aggregate supply curve.B.the economy moves back along its aggregate demand curve.C.the relative quantities（相对数量）of manufactures and food remain unchanged.D.the relative quantities of products change by 25%.E.None of the above.18.If the price of manufactures rises, thenA.the price of food also rises.B.the quantity of food produced falls.C.the quantity of both manufactures and food falls.D.the purchasing power of labor in terms of food falls.E.None of the above.18.Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby(游说)the government to（贸易失利者游说政府）A.shift the direction of comparative advantage.B.abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.C.provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.D.provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.E.None of the above.19.The specific factor model argues that if land can be used both for food production and for manufacturing, then a quota that protects food production willA.clearly help landowners.B.clearly hurt landowners.C.clearly help manufacture but hurt food production.D.have an ambiguous effect on the welfare of landowners.E.None of the above.20.If, relative to its trade partners, Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less productive capital, then, following the specific factor model, we know that Gambinia has a comparative advantage inA.manufactures.B.food.C.both manufactures and food.D.neither manufactures nor food.E.None of the above.21.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would（劳动者越过国境流入）A.move the point of production along the production possibility curve.B.shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.C.shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensive product.D.shift the production possibility curve量下降，扩展了生产可能性曲线，相当于扩展了消费的总量）E.None of the above.22.The 1987 study by Bowen, Leamer and SveikauskasA.supported the validity of the Leontieff Paradox.B.supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.ed a two-country and two-product framework.D.demonstrated that in fact countries tend to use different technologies.E.proved that the U.S.'s comparative advantage relied on skilled labor.23.The Case of the Missing Trade refers toA.the 9th volume of the Hardy Boys' Mystery series.B.the fact that world exports does not equal world imports.C.the fact that factor trade is less than predicted by the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.D.the fact that the Heckscher Ohlin theory predicts much less volume of trade than actually exists.E.None of the above.24.One way in which the Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardo model of comparative advantage is by assuming that _技术相同__ is (are) identical in all countries.A.factor of production endowmentsB.scale economiesC.factor of production intensitiesD.technologyE.opportunity costs25.As opposed to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that the probability is greater that with tradeA.countries will not be fully specialized （专业化）in one product.B.countries will benefit from free international trade.C.countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.parative advantage is primarily supply related.E.None of the above.26.Suppose that there are two factors, capital and land, and that the United States is relatively land endowed while the European Union is relatively capital-endowed. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model,A.European landowners should support US-European free trade.B.European capitalists should support US-European free trade.C.all capitalists in both countries should support free trade.D.all landowners should support free trade.E.None of the above.27.According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, if the United State s is richly endowed in human-capital relative to Mexico, then as NAFTA increasingly leads to more bilateral free trade between the two countries,A.the United States will find its industrial base sucked into Mexico.B.Mexico will find its relatively highly skilled workers drawn to the United States.C.The wages of highly skilled U.S. workers will be drawn down to Mexican levels.D.The wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will rise to those in the United States.E.The wages of highly skilled Mexican workers will fall to those in the United States. （墨西哥高技术工人工资降低到美国同水平）28.If two countries were very different in their relative factor availabilities（相对要素丰。

8.monopoly

需求曲线向下倾斜
The demand curve is downward sloping. 当垄断厂商降低价格，促进销售，其从之前销售中获得的收益也会减少。 When a monopoly drops the price to sell one more unit, the revenue received from previously sold units also decreases. .
(a) A Competitive Firm’s Demand Curve
Price
Price
(b) A Monopolist’s Demand Curve
Demand
Demand
0 Quantity of Output
.
0
Quantity of Output
竞争厂商和垄断厂商的需求曲线
1.竞争厂商的需求曲线是一条水平线：价格的接受者。 2.垄断厂商的需求曲线向下倾斜原因：市场上只有一个厂商，垄断厂商的需求曲线就是整个市场的需求曲线经济学含义：垄断厂商可以通过改变销售量来控制市场价格
.
重点和难点
1.自然垄断的形成原因 2.垄断厂商的决策分析以及和竞争厂商的区别 3.垄断厂商的福利损失
.
第一节完全垄断市场 monopoly
一、完全垄断市场描述
the describe of monopoly
唯一性。垄断行业只有一个厂商。
不可替代性。垄断厂商提供的产品没有替代品。
It is the sole seller of its product.
.
垄断厂商的利润 A Monopoly’s Profit
（3）利润等于总收益减去总成本。 Profit equals total revenue minus total costs.

国际经济学试题及答案（题库）

国际经济学试题及答案（题库）国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。

2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。

3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。

4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。

5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。

6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。

7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。

2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。

3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。

7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。

【国际经济学专题考试试卷十七】Oligopoly

【国际经济学专题考试试卷⼗七】OligopolyChapter 17OligopolyTRUE/FALSE1. The essence of an oligopolistic market is that there are only a few sellers.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Definitional2. Game theory is just as necessary for understanding competitive or monopoly markets as it is for understanding oligopolistic markets.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly | Game theoryMSC: Interpretive3. In a competitive market, strategic interactions among the firms are not important.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory | Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive4. For a firm, strategic interactions with other firms in the market become more important as the number of firmsin the market becomes larger.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly | Game theoryMSC: Interpretive5. Suppose three firms form a cartel and agree to charge a specific price for their output. Each individual firmhas an incentive to maintain the agr eement because the firm’s individual profits will be the greatest under the cartel arrangement.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Collusion MSC: Interpretive6. If firms in an oligopoly agree to produce according to the monopoly outcome, they will produce the same levelof output as they would produce in a Nash equilibrium.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly | CooperationMSC: Interpretive7. Whether an oligopoly consists of 3 firms or 10 firms, the level of output likely will be the same.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive8. Cartels with a small number of firms have a greater probability of reaching the monopoly outcome than docartels with a larger number of firms.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Cartels MSC: Interpretive9. As the number of firms in an oligopoly becomes very large, the price effect disappears.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive10. If all of the firms in an oligopoly successfully collude and form a cartel, then total profit for the cartel is equalto what it would be if the market were a monopoly.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Cartels MSC: Interpretive11. As the number of firms in an oligopoly increases, the magnitude of the price effect increases.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive11531154 Chapter 17/Oligopoly12. All examples of the prisoner’s dilemma game are characterized by one and only one Nash equilibrium. ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Nash equilibrium | Prisoners' dilemmaMSC: Interpretive13. If two players engaged in a prisoner’s dilemma game are likely to repeat the game, they are more likely to cooperate than if they play the game only once.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemmaMSC: Interpretive14. The story of the prisoners' dilemma contains a general lesson that applies to any group trying to maintain cooperation among its members.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemmaMSC: Interpretive15. In the prisoners' dilemma game, one prisoner is always better off confessing, no matter what the other prisoner does.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemmaMSC: Interpretive16. In the prisoners' dilemma game, confessing is a dominant strategy for each of the two prisoners.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemma | Dominant strategyMSC: Interpretive17. The game that oligopolists play in trying to reach the oligopoly outcome is similar to the game that the two prisoners play in the prisoners' dilemma.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Interpretive18. In the case of oligopolistic markets, self-interest makes cooperation difficult and it often leads to an undesirable outcome for the firms that are involved.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Interpretive19. When prisoners' dilemma games are repeated over and over, sometimes the threat of penalty causes both parties to cooperate.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemmaMSC: Interpretive20. A tit-for-tat strategy, in a repeated game, is one in which a player starts by cooperating and then does whatever the other player did last time.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Definitional21. One way that public policy encourages cooperation among oligopolists is through antitrust law.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive22. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits competing firms from even talking about fixing prices.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890MSC: InterpretiveChapter 17/Oligopoly 1155 23. Resale price maintenance prevents retailers from competing on price.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Resale price maintenanceMSC: Interpretive24. Some business practices that appear to reduce competition, such as resale price maintenance, may have legitimate economic purposes.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Resale price maintenanceMSC: Interpretive25. In 2007 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it was not necessary illegal for manufacturers and distributors toagree on minimum retail prices.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Resale price maintenanceMSC: Definitional26. Tying can be thought of as a form of price discrimination.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Tying MSC: Interpretive27. Policymakers should be aggressive in using their powers to place limits on firm behavior, because business practices that appear to reduce competition never have any legitimate purposes.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 17-4NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of government TOP: AntitrustMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. Even when allowed to collude, firms in an oligopoly may choose to cheat on their agreements with the rest ofthe cartel. Why?ANS:Individual profits can be increased at the expense of group profits if individuals cheat on the cartel's cooperative agreement. DIF: 2 REF: 17-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Cartels MSC: Interpretive2. What effect does the number of firms in an oligopoly have on the characteristics of the market?ANS:As the number of firms increases, the equilibrium quantity of goods provided increases and price falls; the market begins to resemble a competitive one.DIF: 2 REF: 17-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Oligopoly MSC: Analytical1156 Chapter 17/Oligopoly3. Assume that demand for a product that is produced at zero marginal cost is reflected in the table below.a.What is the profit-maximizing level of production for a group of oligopolistic firms that operate as acartel?b.Assume that this market is characterized by a duopoly in which collusive agreements are illegal. Whatmarket price and quantity will be associated with a Nash equilibrium?ANS:a.Q = 1200b.Q = 1600, P = 12DIF: 3 REF: 17-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Cartels MSC: Applicative4. Describe the source of tension between cooperation and self-interest in a market characterized by oligopoly.Use an example of an actual cartel arrangement to demonstrate why this tension creates instability in cartels. ANS:The source of the tension exists because total profits are maximized when oligopolists cooperate on price and quantity by operating as a monopolist. However, individual profits can be gained by individuals cheating on their cooperative agreement. This is why cooperative agreements among members of a cartel are inherently unstable. This is evident in the problem OPEC experiences in enforcing the cooperative agreement on production and price of crude oil.DIF: 2 REF: 17-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Cartels MSC: Interpretive5. Describe the output and price effects that influence the profit-maximizing decision faced by a firm in anoligopoly market. How does this differ from output and price effects in a monopoly market?ANS:Output effect: Price > Marginal cost => increased output will add to profitPrice effect: increased quantity is sold at a lower price => lower revenue (profit?)An oligopolist must take into account how the output and price effects will be influenced by competitors' production decisions, or it must assume competitors' production will not change in response to its own actions.DIF: 3 REF: 17-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Profit maximization | Oligopoly MSC: InterpretiveChapter 17/Oligopoly 11576. Explain how the output effect and the price effect influence the production decision of the individualoligopolist.ANS:Since the individual oligopolist faces a downward-sloping demand curve, she realizes that if she increases output, all output must be sold at a lower market price. As such, the revenue from selling the additional units at the lower market price must exceed the loss in revenue from selling all previous units at the new lower price. Otherwise, profits will fall as output (production) is increased.DIF: 2REF: 17-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: OligopolyTOP: Profit maximization | Oligopoly MSC: Interpretive 7. Ford and General Motors are considering expanding into the Vietnamese automobile market. Devise a simpleprisoners' dilemma game to demonstrate the strategic considerations that are relevant to this decision.ANS:The answer should present two strategies for each company, such as ―Expand‖ and ―Don’t Expand.‖ To be a prisoner’s dilemma, each firm needs a dominant strategy, but each firm choosing its dominant strategy results in an outcome that is jointly worse than if they both chose their other strategy. A possible payoff table with payoffs (Ford, GM) isGMFord ExpandDon’t Expand DIF: 3 REF: 17-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: OligopolyTOP: Prisoners' dilemma MSC: Applicative 8. Nike and Reebok (athletic shoe companies) are considering whether or not to advertise during the Super Bowl.Devise a simple prisoners' dilemma game to demonstrate the strategic considerations that are relevant to this decision. Does the repeated game scenario differ from a single period game? Is it possible that a repeated game (without collusive agreements) could lead to an outcome that is better than a single-period game? Explain the circumstances in which this may be true.ANS:The answer should show that if both shoe companies decide to advertise they will both be worse off than if they did not. It should also show that each company has the individual incentive to advertise. The dominant strategy of both companies will be to advertise, regardless of what the other is doing. If the game is repeated more than once it is possible that the shoe companies will decide not to advertise in the hopes that the other company adequately understands the mutually beneficial gains that come from not advertising.DIF: 3REF: 17-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Prisoners' dilemma MSC: Applicative9. Outline the purpose of antitrust laws. What do they accomplish?ANS:The purpose of antitrust laws is to move markets toward a competitive equilibrium outcome. These laws are used to prevent behavior that would lead to excessive market power by any single firm.DIF: 2REF: 17-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive10. Explain the practice of resale price maintenance and discuss why it is controversial.ANS:Resale price maintenance is a requirement by producers that retailers sell their product for a price specified by the manufacturer. It is controversial because on the surface it appears to limit the ability of retailers to compete on the basis of price. However, if the manufacturer does not exercise resale price maintenance a free-rider problem may become evident among the retailers and ultimately lead to lower profits for the manufacturer.DIF: 2 REF: 17-3NAT: Analytic LOC: The role of government TOP:Resale price maintenanceMSC: Interpretive1158 Chapter 17/Oligopoly11. Explain the practice of tying and discuss why it is controversial.ANS:Tying is the practice of bundling goods for sale. It is controversial because it is perceived as a tool for expanding the market power of firms by forcing consumers to purchase additional products. However, economists are skeptical that a buyer's willingness to pay increases just because two products are bundled together. In other words, simply bundling two products together doesn't necessarily add any value. It is more accurately believed to be a form of price discrimination.DIF: 2 REF: 17-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Oligopoly TOP: Tying MSC: InterpretiveSec00 - OligopolyMULTIPLE CHOICE1. In the language of game theory, a situation in which each person must consider how others might respond to his or her own actions is called aa.quantifiable situation.b.cooperative situation.c.strategic situation.d.tactical situation.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Definitional2. In general, game theory is the study ofa.how people behave in strategic situations.b.how people behave when the possible actions of other people are irrelevant.c.oligopolistic markets.d.all types of markets, including competitive markets, monopolistic markets, and oligopolisticmarkets.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Definitional3. Which of the following statements is correct?a.Strategic situations are more likely to arise when the number of decision-makers is very large ratherthan very small.b.Strategic situations are more likely to arise in monopolistically competitive markets than inoligopolistic markets.c.Game theory is useful in understanding certain business decisions, but it is not really applicable to ordinary games such as chess or tic-tac-toe.d.Game theory is not necessary for understanding competitive or monopoly markets.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Interpretive4. In which of the following markets are strategic interactions among firms most likely to occur?a.markets to which patent and copyright laws applyb.the market for piano lessonsc.the market for tennis ballsd.the market for cornANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 17-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Oligopoly TOP: Game theory MSC: Interpretive。

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Chapter 15MonopolyTRUE/FALSE1. Monopolists can achieve any level of profit they desire because they have unlimited market power.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive2. Even with market power, monopolists cannot achieve any level of profit they desire because they will selllower quantities at higher prices.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive3. One characteristic of a monopoly market is that the product is virtually identical to products produced bycompeting firms.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional4. The fundamental cause of monopolies is barriers to entry.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive5. The De Beers Diamond company advertises heavily to promote the sale of all diamonds, not just its own. Thisis evidence that it has a monopoly position to some degree.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive6. The De Beers Diamond company is not worried about differentiating its product from all other gemstones. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive7. The amount of power that a monopoly has depends on whether there are close substitutes for its product. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive8. If the ABC company owns the exclusive rights to mine land in Afghanistan for Lapis Lazuli, a rare stone usedin jewelry which is found only in Afghanistan, the company benefits from a barrier to entry.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Applicative9. Copyrights and patents are examples of barriers to entry that afford firms monopoly pricing powers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Patents MSC: Interpretive10. If the government deems a newly invented drug to be truly original, the pharmaceutical company is given theexclusive right to manufacture and sell the drug for 50 years.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Patents MSC: Interpretive11. A natural monopoly has economies of scale for most if not all of its range of output.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Applicative12. Declining average total cost with increased production is one of the defining characteristics of a naturalmonopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Definitional1002Chapter 15/Monopoly 1003 13. A monopolist maximizes profit by producing an output level where marginal cost equals price.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive14. A monopolist produces an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charges a pricewhere marginal cost equals average total cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Applicative15. Average revenue for a monopoly is the total revenue divided by the quantity produced.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Average revenue MSC: Definitional16. For a monopoly, marginal revenue is often greater than the price they charge for their good.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Marginal revenue MSC: Interpretive17. Like competitive firms, monopolies choose to produce a quantity in which marginal revenue equals marginalcost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive18. Like competitive firms, monopolies charge a price equal to marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive19. A monopolist produces where P > MC = MR.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive20. A monopolist produces where P = MC = MR.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive21. A monopolist does not have a supply curve beca use the firm‟s decision about how much to supply isimpossible to separate from the demand curve it faces.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Interpretive22. A monopolist‟s supply curve is vertical.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Applicative23. A monopolist‟s supply curve is horizontal.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Supply curve MSC: Applicative24. During the life of a drug patent, the monopoly pharmaceutical firm maximizes profit by producing the quantityat which marginal revenue equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Profit maximization MSC: Interpretive25. The socially efficient quantity is found where the demand curve intersects the marginal cost curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive26. The deadweight loss for a monopolist equals one-half of its profits for any given level of output.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive1004 Chapter 15/Monopoly27. A monopoly creates a deadweight loss to society because it earns both short-run and long-run positiveeconomic profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive28. A monopoly creates a deadweight loss to society because it produces less output than the socially efficientlevel.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Interpretive29. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $10, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $4,000.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical30. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $10, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $2,000.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical31. Suppose a profit-maximizing monopolist faces a constant marginal cost of $20, produces an output level of100 units, and charges a price of $50. The socially efficient level of output is 200 units. Assume that the demand curve and marginal revenue curve are the typical downward-sloping straight lines. The monopoly deadweight loss equals $1,500.ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical32. In order for a firm to maximize profits through price discrimination, the firm must have some market powerand be able to prevent arbitrage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive33. Price discrimination is prohibited by antitrust laws.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive34. A monopolist earns higher profits by charging one price than by practicing price discrimination.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive35. A monopolist that can practice perfect price discrimination will not impose a deadweight loss on society. ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Perfect price discrimination MSC: Interpretive36. By selling hardcover books to die-hard fans and paperback books to less enthusiastic readers, the publisher isable to price discriminate and raise its profits.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive37. Movie theatres charge different prices to different groups of people based on the differing marginal costs thatexist from group to group.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: InterpretiveChapter 15/Monopoly 1005 38. Airlines often separate their customers into business travelers and personal travelers by giving a discount tothose travelers who stay over a Saturday night.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive39. University financial aid can be viewed as a type of price discrimination.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive40. By offering lower prices to customers who buy a large quantity, a monopoly is price discriminating.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Price discrimination MSC: Interpretive41. Goods that do not have close substitutes have downward-sloping demand curves.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-4 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Demand curve MSC: Interpretive42. If the government regulates the price a natural monopolist can charge to be equal to the firm‟s average totalcost, the firm has no incentive to reduce costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive43. If the government regulates the price a natural monopolist can charge to be equal to the firm‟s marginal cost,the government will likely need to subsidize the firm.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive44. Antitrust laws give the Justice Department the authority to challenge potential mergers between companies inan effort to safeguard society from monopoly power.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive45. Some companies merge in order to lower costs through efficient joint production.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive46. A common solution to monopoly in European countries is public ownership.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive47. The proper level of government intervention is unclear when dealing with a monopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Regulation MSC: Interpretive48. The government may choose to do nothing to reduce monopoly inefficiency because the “fix” may be worsethan the problem.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Do nothing MSC: Interpretive49. Government intervention always reduces monopoly deadweight loss.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-5 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Do nothing MSC: Interpretive50. Firms with substantial monopoly power are quite common because many goods are truly unique.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 15-6 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive1006 Chapter 15/MonopolySHORT ANSWER1. Describe how government is involved in creating a monopoly. Why might the government create one? Give anexample.ANS:The government can create a monopoly by giving a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. Monopolies are created for many reasons. When an industry is characterized by high fixed costs, a single firm can usually supply the entire market at a lower cost than having multiple firms in the industry. Examples include most utility companies. The government also grants sole ownership of inventions through patent laws in order to help eliminate the market failure that is likely to otherwise occur in the markets for those goods. Patents encourage creativity and research and development.DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Patents | Regulation MSC: Applicative2. What is the defining characteristic of a natural monopoly? Give an example of a natural monopoly.ANS:The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly is when a firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a lower cost than could two or more firms. The example in the text is a bridge.DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Natural monopoly MSC: Definitional3. In the market for "home heating" consumers typically have several options (e.g., electricity, heating fuel,natural gas, propane, etc.), yet we often think of firms in this industry as behaving like monopolists. Discuss the context in which your electricity provider is a monopolist. Is this characterization universally applicable?Explain your answer.ANS:In this case, the firms are monopolists in the short run when consumers are unable to change their "home heating" systems. In the long run, consumers can change from electric appliances to natural gas appliances and thus lessen the monopoly power of utility providers. As long as consumers are able to substitute, in the long run the monopoly pricing power is reduced.DIF: 3 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Monopoly MSC: Analytical4. There has been much discussion of deregulating electricity and natural gas delivery companies in the UnitedStates. Discuss the likely effect of deregulation on prices in these two industries.ANS:If deregulation leads to increased competition, then production and prices should move toward the competitive equilibrium. If deregulation does not lead to increased competition, then the monopoly production and price outcome is likely. The success of deregulation movements hinges on their ability to use markets to promote competitive market outcomes. If the industry is characterized by economies of scale, deregulation may worsen rather than improve the market as costs and prices could rise if more than one firm supplies output to the market. DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Regulation MSC: Analytical5. Explain how a profit-maximizing monopolist chooses its level of output and the price of its goods.ANS:A profit-maximizing monopolist produces the output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost and charges the corresponding price from the market demand curve. Note that a monopolist charges a price that exceeds marginal cost, unlike a competitive firm, for which price equals marginal cost.DIF: 2 REF: 15-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Profit maximization MSC: AnalyticalChapter 15/Monopoly 1007 6. Graphically depict the deadweight loss caused by a monopoly. How is this similar to the deadweight loss fromtaxation?ANS:A profit-maximizing monopolist will choose to produce Q0 units of output and sell at price P0. However, marginal cost is MC0. This is identical to the deadweight loss of taxation when the tax forces a wedge between market price and marginal cost.DIF: 2 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Analytical7. What is the deadweight loss due to profit-maximizing monopoly pricing under the following conditions: Theprice charged for goods produced is $10. The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 100 units and marginal revenue is $5. The socially efficient level of production is 110 units. The demand curve is linear and downward sloping, and the marginal cost curve is constant.ANS:1/2*(110-100)*($10-$5) = $25DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Deadweight loss MSC: Applicative8. Assume that a monopolist decides to maximize revenue rather than profit. How does this operating objectivechange the size of the deadweight loss? If you are a "benevolent" manager of a monopoly firm and areinterested in reducing the deadweight loss of monopoly, should you maximize profits or maximize revenue?Explain your answer.ANS:A revenue maximizer operates where MR = 0. This solution moves the monopolist closer to the socially optimal competitive outcome and reduces deadweight loss. Revenue maximization is potentially a more "socially" optimal objective for monopoly markets than profit maximization.DIF: 3 REF: 15-3 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Total revenue MSC: Analytical9. One example of price discrimination occurs in the publishing industry when a publisher initially releases anexpensive hardcover edition of a popular novel and later releases a cheaper paperback edition. Use thisexample to demonstrate the benefits and potential pitfalls of a price discrimination pricing strategy.ANS:The answer should address the three basic lessons of price discrimination. First, price discrimination is a rational strategy that can lead to higher monopoly profits. Second, price discrimination requires an ability to separate customers according to their willingness to pay. Third, price discrimination can raise economic welfare.DIF: 2 REF: 15-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Price discrimination MSC: Analytical1008 Chapter 15/Monopoly10. What are the four ways that government policymakers can respond to the problem of monopoly?ANS:First, the government can try to make monopolized industries more competitive by using the power of antitrust laws. Second, the government can regulating the behavior of monopolies, which usually occurs with natural monopolies. Third, the government can own and run a monopoly. Four, the government can do nothing.DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Government MSC: Interpretive11. Give some examples of the benefits and costs of antitrust laws.ANS:Benefits include promoting competition by preventing mergers and breaking-up companies. Costs are that they may increase cost of operating if they restrict synergy mergers.DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Antitrust MSC: Interpretive12. In many countries, the government chooses to "internalize" the monopoly by owning monopoly providers ofgoods and services. (In some cases these firms are "nationalized," and the government actually buys orconfiscates firms that operate in monopoly markets). What would be the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach to ensure that the "best interest of society" is promoted in these markets? Explain your answer. ANS:As long as the government "owner" pursues a production and pricing policy that approaches a competitive outcome, social well-being can be enhanced. In this case the government ownership would benefit society. However, in most cases, government owners operate much like private sector monopolists. The political economy of government institutions does not ensure that government owners will pursue socially optimal policy. Also, governments have no incentive to reduce costs or innovate.DIF: 3 REF: 15-5 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Government MSC: Analytical13. Why might economists prefer private ownership of monopolies over public ownership of monopolies?ANS:The private monopolist is governed by the market. Even though the market solution is sub-optimal, it may be better than outcomes generated by publicly owned monopolies. Publicly owned monopolies may restrict output to levels below the private market outcome and thus generate an even lower level of social surplus than a privateprofit-maximizing monopolist.Private owners have an incentive to minimize cost as long as they reap benefits in the form of higher profits. Government bureaucrats have no incentive to reduce costs. The losers are customers and taxpayers, whose only recourse is the political system.DIF: 2 REF: 15-5 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Monopoly MSC: Analytical14. One solution to the problems of marginal-cost pricing of a regulated natural monopolist is average cost pricing.In this model, the monopolist is allowed to price its production at average total cost. How does average-cost pricing differ from marginal-cost pricing? Does this solution maximize social well-being?ANS:Under average-cost pricing, the monopolist earns zero economic profits, but average-cost pricing does not ensure a socially optimal market solution. Under marginal-marginal cost pricing, the monopolist cannot cover its total costs, so it will earn negative economic profits. (Recall that for a natural monopoly, ATC is declining for all relevant quantities, and MC is below ATC.DIF: 3 REF: 15-5 NAT: Analytic LOC: MonopolyTOP: Regulation MSC: InterpretiveChapter 15/Monopoly 1009 Sec 00 - MonopolyMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which of the following statements is correct?a.Both a competitive firm and a monopolist are price takers.b.Both a competitive firm and a monopolist are price makers.c. A competitive firm is a price taker, whereas a monopolist is a price maker.d. A competitive firm is a price maker, whereas a monopolist is a price taker.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional2. One difference between a perfectly competitive firm and a monopoly is that a perfectly competitive firmproduces wherea.marginal cost equals price, while a monopolist produces where price exceeds marginal cost.b.marginal cost equals price, while a monopolist produces where marginal cost exceeds price.c.price exceeds marginal cost, while a monopolist produces where marginal cost equals price.d.marginal cost exceeds price, while a monopolist produces where marginal cost equals price.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive3. A monopolya.can set the price it charges for its output and earn unlimited profits.b.takes the market price as given and earns small but positive profits.c.can set the price it charges for its output but faces a downward-sloping demand curve so it cannotearn unlimited profits.d.can set the price it charges for its output but faces a horizontal demand curve so it can earnunlimited profits.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive4. A perfectly competitive marketa.may not be in the best interests of society, whereas a monopoly market promotes general economicwell-beingb.promotes general economic well-being, whereas a monopoly market may not be in the best interestsof society.c.and a monopoly market are equally likely to promote general economic well-being.d.is less likely to promote general economic well-being than a monopoly market.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive5. Because monopoly firms do not have to compete with other firms, the outcome in a market with a monopoly isoftena.not in the best interest of society.b.one that fails to maximize total economic well-being.c.inefficient.d.All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 15-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive1010 Chapter 15/MonopolySec 01 - Monopoly - Why Monopolies AriseMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a monopoly?a.barriers to entryb.one sellerc.one buyerd. a product without close substitutesANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional2. The fundamental source of monopoly power isa.barriers to entry.b.profit.c.decreasing average total cost.d. a product without close substitutes.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Applicative3. A monopoly market is characterized bya.many buyers and sellers.b.“natural” products.c.barriers to entry.d. a Nash equilibrium.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional4. A benefit of a monopoly isa.lower prices.b. a wide variety of similar products.c.decreasing long-run average total costs.d.greater creativity by authors who can copyright their novels.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive5. Which of the following are necessary characteristics of a monopoly?(i)The firm is the sole seller of its product.(ii)The firm's product does not have close substitutes.(iii)The firm generates a large economic profit.(iv)The firm is located in a small geographic market.a.(i) and (ii) onlyb.(i) and (iii) onlyc.(i), (ii), and (iii) onlyd.(i), (ii), (iii), and (iv)ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive6. The simplest way for a monopoly to arise is for a single firm toa.decrease its price below its competitors‟ prices.b.decrease production to increase demand for its product.c.make pricing decisions jointly with other firms.d.own a key resource.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: InterpretiveChapter 15/Monopoly 10117. Suppose most people regard emeralds, rubies, and sapphires as close substitutes for diamonds. Then DeBeers,a large diamond company, hasa.less incentive to advertise than it would otherwise have.b.less market power than it would otherwise have.c.more control over the price of diamonds than it would otherwise have.d.higher profits than it would otherwise have.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive8. Which of the following is not a reason for the existence of a monopoly?a.sole ownership of a key resourceb.patentsc.copyrightsd.diseconomies of scaleANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive9. Which of the following would be most likely to have monopoly power?a. a long-distance telephone service providerb. a local cable TV providerc. a large department stored. a gas stationANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Applicative10. A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes isa.perfectly competitive.b.monopolistically competitive.c.an oligopolist.d. a monopolist.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional11. Most markets are not monopolies in the real world becausea.firms usually face downward-sloping demand curves.b.supply curves slope upward.c.price is usually set equal to marginal cost by firms.d.there are reasonable substitutes for most goods.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive12. Which of the following is not an example of a barrier to entry?a.Mighty Mitch‟s Mining Company owns a unique plot of land in Tanzania, under which lies theonly large deposit of Tanzanite in the world.b. A pharmaceutical company obtains a patent for a specific high blood pressure medication.c. A musician obtains a copyright for her original song.d.An entrepreneur opens a popular new restaurant.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Barriers to entry MSC: Applicative13. Which of the following is not an example of a barrier to entry?a.Mighty Mitch‟s Mining Company owns a unique plot of land in Tanzania, under which lies theonly large deposit of Tanzanite in the world.b. A college student starts a part-time tutoring business.c. A novelist obtains a copyright for her new book.d. A taxi cab driver in New York City obtains a license to legally provide transportation in New YorkCity.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 15-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Monopoly TOP: Barriers to entry MSC: Applicative。