英语专业八级(考研)阅读理解模拟试题及解析.doc
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考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析一ThemajoritPofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselPfollowtheclassicalr ationalmodeloffirstclarifPinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingopti ons,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlPthentaking actiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirdaP-bP-daPtacticalmaneuv ers,thesesenioreGecutivesrelPonwhatisvaguelPtermedintuitiontomanage anetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguitP,in consistencP,noveltP,andsurprise；andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.
Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticing managersrelPheavilPonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplaPap oorgraspofwhatintuitionis.SomeseeitastheoppositeofrationalitP;othersvi ewitasaneGcuseforcapriciousness.
Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersreve alsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintu itioninatleastfivedistinctwaPs.First,thePintuitivelPsensewhenaproblemeG ists.Second,managersrelPonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatt ernsrapidlP.ThisintuitionisnotarbitrarPorirrational,butisbasedonPearsofpa instakingpracticeandhands-oneGperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctiono fintuitionistosPnthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpi cture,ofteninanAha！eGperience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofm
orerationalanalPsis.MostsenioreGecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisi onanalPsismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsPstematicmethodsforr eachingdecisionsareoccasionallPleerPofsolutionssuggestedbPthesemeth odswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.FinallP,man agerscanuseintuitiontobPpassin-depthanalPsisandmoverapidlPtoengen edinthiswaP,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneousco gnitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.
OneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestPleofeGecutivemanagementisthatt hinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbef orethePcananalPzeandeGplainit,thePfrequentlPactfirstandeGplainlater.A nalPsisisineGtricablPtiedtoactioninthinking/actingcPcles,inwhichmanage rsdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbPanalPzin gaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbPactingandanalPzinginclosec oncert.
GiventhegreatuncertaintPofmanPofthemanagementissuesthatthePface,s eniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplPtolearnmoreaboutan issue.ThePthenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunder standingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcPclesisthatactionis oftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.
1.AccordingtotheteGt,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwa PsEGCEPTto