2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—哲学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—历史学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—历史学Passage 8Pennsylvania’s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771,when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall istone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation’s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace--ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”.By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883, the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——.[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.[C]Pots. [D]Windows.3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .[A]eruption [B]gust[C]roar [D]dynamite4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————.[A]many workers were available in the area[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire[D]there was an abundance ofcoal5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——.[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center阅读小帮手Raw adj.未加工的legislation n.立法entrepreneur n.企业家blast n.(一阵)疾风plantation n.耕地foundation n.基础rural adj.咖乡下的versatile adj.多用途的crucial adj.至关紧要的domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入reputation n.名声assemble v.装配，组合stoven n.炉难句点津By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.[点津]该句包含一个时间状语从句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot。
英语阅读理解 philosophy
英语阅读理解philosophy摘要：I.引言- 介绍英语阅读理解的背景和重要性- 提及哲学在英语阅读理解中的地位II.哲学的定义和分类- 哲学的定义- 哲学的分类III.哲学在英语阅读理解中的应用- 提高阅读理解能力- 培养批判性思维- 拓宽知识面IV.哲学阅读材料的类型- 经典哲学著作- 当代哲学论文- 哲学评论和分析V.哲学阅读理解的方法- 深入阅读和理解文本- 思考和讨论重要观点- 批判性分析和评价观点VI.结论- 总结哲学在英语阅读理解中的重要性- 强调哲学阅读理解对个人成长和发展的贡献正文：英语阅读理解是英语学习者必须掌握的重要技能，对于拓宽知识面、提高思维能力和培养批判性思维具有重要作用。
在英语阅读理解的材料中，哲学类文本具有很高的价值和地位。
哲学是一门研究人类本质、世界观、价值观和思维方式的学科，涉及多个领域，如伦理学、政治学、心理学和美学等。
哲学的定义可以理解为对基本问题的探究，这些问题可能没有明确的答案，但通过对这些问题的思考和讨论，我们可以更深入地理解人类自身和所处的世界。
哲学在英语阅读理解中的应用体现在以下几个方面：1.提高阅读理解能力：哲学类文本往往具有较高的语言难度和抽象性，通过阅读哲学文本，学习者可以锻炼自己的阅读理解能力，提高对复杂句型和抽象概念的理解水平。
2.培养批判性思维：哲学强调对观点和论证进行批判性分析和评价，通过阅读哲学文本，学习者可以学会独立思考问题，对所读内容进行深入分析和评价，从而培养批判性思维能力。
3.拓宽知识面：哲学涉及众多领域，通过阅读哲学类文本，学习者可以拓宽自己的知识面，增加对各个领域的了解和认识。
哲学阅读材料可以分为经典哲学著作、当代哲学论文和哲学评论和分析等类型。
经典哲学著作包括亚里士多德的《伦理学》、庄子的《庄子》等，这些著作代表了各个时期哲学思考的高度成就。
当代哲学论文和评论则反映了当今哲学研究的前沿动态。
阅读哲学类文本时，可以采用以下方法：1.深入阅读和理解文本：对于哲学类文本，需要逐字逐句进行阅读，确保对文本内容有全面、深入的理解。
英语阅读理解 philosophy
英语阅读理解 philosophy
目录
1.哲学与英语阅读理解
2.哲学的基本问题
3.哲学的分支
4.哲学对英语阅读理解的影响
5.如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力
正文
英语阅读理解中，哲学是一个重要的领域。
它关乎人类的思维方式，对世界和自我的认知，以及如何看待生活和宇宙等大问题。
哲学，简单来说，就是对智慧的热爱。
在英语阅读理解中，哲学类的文章和题目常常出现，因此了解哲学的基本问题、分支以及如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力是十分必要的。
哲学的基本问题主要围绕着三个方面：存在、知识和价值。
存在问题主要探讨的是物体和世界的存在，以及它们是如何存在的。
知识问题则关注我们如何获取知识，知识的真实性、范围和限制等。
价值问题则主要讨论道德、美学和伦理等问题，关乎人类的行为准则和价值取向。
哲学有很多分支，如形而上学（探讨存在和实体的本质）、伦理学（探讨道德和行为准则）、逻辑学（探讨推理和证明的规则）、认识论（探讨知识的来源、性质和限制）等。
这些分支在英语阅读理解中都可能涉及到，因此我们需要对它们有一定的了解。
哲学对英语阅读理解的影响主要体现在两方面：一是提高阅读理解的深度，让我们能够更好地理解文章中的观点和论证；二是提高阅读理解的广度，让我们能够接触到更多的哲学概念和思想。
那么，如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力呢？首先，我们需要了解一些基本的哲学概念和思想，这样才能更好地理解文章。
其次，我们需要学会阅读和分析哲学类的文章，理解其论点和论证方式。
最后，我们需要通过大量的阅读和练习，不断提高我们的阅读理解和思维能力。
2015年考研英语阅读试题及答案
Passage In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤⾁)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips. Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc. Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门). Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history. 1. This passage mainly talks about A) the development of fast food services B) how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business C) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald D) Ray Kroc's business talent 2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except A) a drive-in B) a cinema C) a theater D) a barbecue restaurant 3. We may infer from this passage that A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in C)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants D) Ray Kroc was a good businessman 4. The passage suggests that . A) creativity is an important element of business success B) Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers C) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc D) California is the best place to go into business 5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans . A)special B)financial C )attractive D)peculiar Answer1.C2.B3.D4.A5.D。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015年英语专八真题及答案
2015年英语专八真题及答案2015英语专八听力答案Section A Mini-lecture1. parts of language2. other features3. rhythm4. having the ability5. a particular subject6. knowledge or experience7. reinterpreting8. predicting/making predictions9. types of predictions10. contentsSection B Interview1. Theresa thinks that the present government is ________.[A] doing what they have promised to schools[B] creating opportunities for leading universities[C] considering removing barriers for state school pupils[D] reducing opportunities for state school pupils2. What does Theresa see as a problem in secondary schools now?[A] Universities are not working hard to accept state school pupils.[B] The number of state pupils applying to Oxford fails to increase.[C] The government has lowered state pupils’ expectations.[D] Leading universities are rejecting state school pupils.3. In Theresa’s view, school freedom means that schools should ____.[A] be given more funding from education authorities[B] be given all the money and decide how to spend it[C] be granted greater power to run themselves[D] be given more opportunities and choices4. According to Theresa, who decides or decide money for schools at the present?[A] Local education authorities and the central government.[B] Local education authorities and secondary schools together.[C] Local education authorities only.[D] The central government only.5. Throughout the talk, the interviewer does all the following EXCEPT____.[A] asking for clarification[B] challenging the interviewee[C] supporting the interviewee[D] initiating topicsSection C News BroadcastNews Item 16. What is the main idea of the news item?[A] Fewer people watch TV once a week.[B] Smartphones and tablets have replaced TV.[C] New technology has led to more family time.[D] Bigger TV sets have attracted more people.News Item 27. How many lawmakers voted for the marijuana legalization bill?[A] 50. [B] 12.[C] 46. [D] 18.8. The passing of the bill means that marijuana can be________.[A] bought by people under 18[B] made available to drug addicts[C] provided by the government[D] bought in drug storesNews Item 39. What did the review of global data reveal?[A]Diarrhea is a common disease.[B]Good sanitation led to increase in height.[C]There were many problems of poor sanitation.[D] African children live in worse sanitary conditions.10. The purpose of Dr. Alan Dangour’s study was most likel y to ________.[A] examine links between sanitation and death from illness[B] look into factors affecting the growth of children[C] investigate how to tackle symptoms like diarrhea[D] review and compare conditions in different countries2015专八阅读理解答案PartⅡReading ComprehensionText A11. According to the author, shoppers are returning their purchases for all the following reasons EXCEPT that ____.[A] they are unsatisfied with the quality of the purchase[B]they eventually find the purchase too expensive[C] they change their mind out of uncertainty[D] they regret making the purchase without forethought12. What is the purpose of the experiment in the bookstore?[A] To see which promotion method is preferred by customers.[B]To find out the strengths and weaknesses of both methods.[C] To try to set up a new retailer-customer relationship.[D] To see the effect of an approach on customers' decisions.13. Why does the author cite the study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service?[A]To compare similar responses in different settings.[B] To provide further evidence for his own observation.[C] To offer a scientific account of the brain's functions.[D] To describe emotional responses in online shopping.14. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Real satisfaction depends on factors other than the computer.[B] Despite online shopping we still attach importance to gift buying.[C] Some people are still uncertain about the digital age.[D] Online shopping offers real satisfaction to shoppers.Text B15. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that____.[A]a person can either have a high IQ or a low EQ[B]her professor brother cares too much about IQ[C]we need examples of how to follow one's heart[D]she prefers dogs that are clever and loyal16. According to the passage, all the following are Twist's characteristics EXCEPT____.[A]resignation[B]patience[C]forgiveness[D]tenacity17. According to the context, the meaning of the word "square"is closest to____.[A]fast[B]blindly[C]straight[D]stubbornly18.ThatTwist's devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash means that____.[A]Twist is capable of looking after the girls[B]Twist and the girls have become friends[C]Twist knows how to follow the girls[D]Twist's loyalty helps the girls grow up19. What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?[A]Difficulties in raising her children.[B]Worries about what to buy for kids.[C]Gratitude to Twist for her role.[D]Concerns about schooling and religion.Text C20. That it tottered on the borders of senile decay means that the lorry was_________.[A] about to break down[B] a very old vehicle[C] unable to travel the distance[D] a dangerous vehicle21. Which of the following words in the first paragraph is used literally?[A] Flush.[B] Borders.[C] Operations.[D] Gasping.22. We learn from the first paragraph that the author regards the inadequacies of the lorry as _________.[A] inevitable and amusing[B]. dangerous and frightening[C] novel and unexpected[D] welcome and interesting23. All the following words in the last but one paragraph describe the lorry as a humanEXCEPT______ .[A] trembling[B] spouting[C] shuddering[D] crept24. We can infer from the passage that the author was ________.[A] bored by the appearance of the grasslands ahead[B] reluctant to do any walking in so hot a climate[C] unfriendly towards the local driver and boys[D] a little surprised to have to help drive the lorry25. A suitable title for the passage would be _______.[A] A journey that scared me[B] A journey to remember[C] The wild West African lorry[D] A comic journey in West AfricaText D26. According to the passage, which of the following serves as the BEST reason for the similarity in urban green space throughout the West?[A]Climate.[B]Geography.[C] Functional purposes.[D]Design principles.27. The following are all features of future urban green space EXCEPT that________ .[A]each city has its distinct style of urban green space[B]urban landscape will focus more on cultural history[C] urban green space will be designed to serve many uses[D]more green cover will be seen on city roofs and walls28. Why are some local residents opposed to "xeriscaping"?[A]It cannot reduce water requirements.[B]It has proved to be too costly.[C] It is not suited for the local area.[D]It does not have enough advantages.29. According to the passage, if planners adopt an asset-based approach, they will probably .[A]incorporate the area's natural and cultural heritage into their design[B]make careful estimation of the area's natural resources before designing[C] combine natural resources and practical functions in their design[D]envision more purposes for urban landscaping in their design30. According to the passage, future landscaping designs will rely more on .__ .[A]human assumptions[B]field work[C] scientific estimation[D]laboratory work2015英语专八人文答案2015年专八考试已于3月21日考完，新东方在线为考生们整理了2015专八人文答案，仅供参考。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学Passage 8It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease, and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting, a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's, as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens, the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple, to about 16 million, over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight, but there is progress on several fronts. Among them:MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C, both antioxidants, help stave off Alzheimer's, at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know--but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed--was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept), an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, were also given memantine (Namenda), a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone, providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.BRAIN IMAGING Finally, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now, doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died, when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique, doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned, the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's, and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also, remember the old adage "use it or lose it." Mental exercise--reading, doing crossword puzzles, playing chess or Scrabble--is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.注(1)：本文选自Time; 2/2/2004, p78-78, 2/3p, 2c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题模仿2002年text 4第1题;第2题模仿1994年真题text 2 第3题;第3模仿2002年真题text 3 第3题，第4—5题模仿2004年text 3第4，5题;1. From the first paragraph, we learn that_________.[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer’s disease[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer’s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer’s disease can be cured2. The phrase “stave off”(line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means “________”.[A] getting[B] treating[C] curing[D] preventing3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer’s[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer’s?[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] Alzhemer’s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer’s from curable memory lapses, which can be treated if found in an early phase.[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.答案：B D D A C篇章剖析本篇文章介绍了阿尔茨海默病研究领域取得的新成果。
2015考研英语真题讲解
2015考研英语真题讲解一、阅读理解In today's world of globalized business, the ability to understand and connect with people from different cultures is more important than ever. This cultural intelligence ― the ability to work effectively in culturally diverse situations ― is a key facto r in the success of individuals and organizations. In order to develop cultural intelligence, individuals need to possess certain qualities and demonstrate specific behaviors.Firstly, one of the most important qualities for developing cultural intelligence is open-mindedness. People with open minds are willing to experience and learn about new cultures without judgment or prejudice. They are curious and eager to understand different perspectives and ways of doing things.Secondly, individuals with cultural intelligence are adaptable. They are able to adjust their behavior and communication style to fit the cultural norms of the people they are interacting with. Adaptable individuals are flexible and can easily navigate unfamiliar cultural settings.Thirdly, cultural intelligence requires strong interpersonal skills. Individuals with cultural intelligence are able to establish and maintain relationships with people from different cultures. They are good listeners, empathetic, and skilled at resolving conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences.Lastly, individuals with cultural intelligence are knowledgeable about different cultures. They invest time and effort into learning about thehistory, customs, and social norms of different cultures. This knowledge allows them to understand and appreciate the values and beliefs of people from different backgrounds.In conclusion, developing cultural intelligence is essential for success in today's globalized world. Open-mindedness, adaptability, interpersonal skills, and cultural knowledge are all qualities and behaviors that contribute to cultural intelligence. By cultivating these qualities and demonstrating these behaviors, individuals can enhance their ability to connect with people from different cultures and effectively navigate culturally diverse situations.二、翻译在全球化业务的今天，理解和与来自不同文化背景的人建立联系的能力比以往任何时候都更加重要。
2015英语专八阅读理解练习题及答案
(Crime in Computer) New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer anized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes… Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates.This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer grogram.An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market.Buyers for stolen programs may range from a firm’s competitors to foreign nations. A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector.This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm.With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their recordkeeping and daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower price.Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized crime. Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on everycontinent.Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack.Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at an air force base.A university computer facility involved in national defence work suffered more than $2 million in damages as a result of a bombing. Computer vulnerability has been amply documented.One congressional study concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately protected against anized criminal syndicates have shown their willingness to work with politically motivated groups.Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics.Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating politicalleaders….Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories, and in major surgery.Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation.By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun.By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centers.Cities and nations could become hostages.Homicide could take a now form.The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century. The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international.It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences.Although criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not.Many still think in terms of traditional criminology. 1.How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage? [A]7 [B]8 [C]9 [D]10 2.What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a company’s computer? [A]His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm’s operational ability. [B]His purpose is to weaken firm’s competitive capability and get it. [C]His purpose is to buy the rival’s company at a relatively low price. [D]His purpose is to steal important data. 3.Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotage of a computer system? [A]Sabotage of a university computer. [B]Sabotage of a hospital computer. [C]Sabotage of computer at a secret training base. [D]Sabotage of a factory computer. 4.What does the author mean by “Homicide could take a new form”? [A]There is no need to use a gun in killing a person. [B]Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer. [C]The computer can replace any weapons. [D]The function of a computer is just like a gun. Vocabulary arre 奇怪的 2.vandalism 破坏，故意破坏⽂化，艺术的⾏为 3.cripple 使瘫痪，削弱 4.fence 贼市，脏品买卖处 5.neutralize 使成为⽆效 6.affluent 富裕的 7.recordkeeping 记录存贮 8.havoc 浩劫，⼤破坏 9.resort to 求助于，借助于 10.motivate 作为……的动机，激发 11.extremist 过激分⼦，极端主义分⼦ 12.sprout 萌发迅速发展 13.awesome 令⼈惊惧的，引起敬畏的 14.vulnerability 易受攻击，脆弱 15.devastation 劫持，破坏 16.hospital life-support system 医院的⽣命维持系统 17.hit man 职业凶⼿(杀⼿) 18.pool 集中(资⾦)合办，⼊股 19.criminology 犯罪学，刑事学 难句译注 anized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes… [结构简析] 句⼦很长，都是简单句，中间有分号隔开，后⾯是举例。
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题、答案及解题分析
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题、答案及解题分析阅读：It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals， for example， gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight， but at the cost of requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals， with their relatively low metabolic rates，can survive well on a sporadic food supply， but can gen- erate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered， there- fore， one might assume that smaller， more active，animals could prey on larger ones， at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis， the great equalizer.Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced， without oxygen， through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP)， the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles' wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte- brate are proportional to the size of the animal. If， for example， some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur， normally torpid， the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously， via anaerobic glycolysis， the energy of 3，000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their moreactive neighbors： the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations， however， to this compensa- tion. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good， at most， for only about two minutes at maximum effort， after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity， the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids， leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted， via oxidative metabolism， by the liver into glucose， which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resyn- thesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid，a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort， for example， the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this inter- minably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately， muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.1. What is the text mainly about?。
15年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except . A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 4. We may safely conclude that . A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Answer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C。
2015年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(骗⼦); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people. To avoid outright(彻底的)lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper. 1. The main idea of this passage is that . A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem C) college degrees can now be purchased easily D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees 2. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where . A) students attend a school only part-time B) students never attended a school they listed on their application C) students purchase false degrees from commercial films D) students attended a famous school 3. We can infer from the passage that . A) performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree B) experience is the best teacher C) past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do D) a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition 4. This passage implies that . A) buying a false degree is not moral B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools C) most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school D) society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications 5. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means . A)address B)thorough C)ultimate D)decisive Answer1.B2.C3.D4.D5.C。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)(12套)
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（哲学类）目录2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1） (2)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2） (6)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（3） (10)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（4） (15)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（5） (19)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（6） (22)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7） (27)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8） (31)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9） (36)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（10） (40)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（11） (44)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（12） (49)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（1）Hidden valley looks a lot like the dozens of other camps that dot the woods of central Maine. There's a lake， some soccer fields and horses. But the campers make the difference. They're all American parents who have adopted kids from China. They're at Hidden Valley to find bridges from their children's old worlds to the new. Diana Becker of Montville，Maine， watches her 3-year-old daughter Mika dance to a Chinese version of “Twinkle， Twinkle Little Star.”“Her soul is Chinese，” she says，“but really she's growing up American.”Hidden Valley and a handful of other “culture camps” serving families with children from overseas reflect the huge rise in the number of foreign adoptions， from 7，093 in 1990 to 15，774 last year. Most children come from Russia (4，491last year) and China (4，206) but there are also thousands of others adopted annually from South America， Asia and Eastern Europe. After cutting through what can be miles of red tape，parents often come home to find a new dilemma. “At first you think，'I need a child'，” says Sandy Lachter of Washington， D.C.， who with her husband， Steve， adopted Amelia， 5， from China in 1995. “Then you think， 'What does the child need?' ”The culture camps give families a place to find answers to those kinds of questions. Most grew out of local support groups; Hidden Valley was started last year by the Boston chapter of Families with Children fromChina， which includes 650 families. While parents address weighty issues like how to raise kids in a mixed-race family， their children just have fun riding horses， singing Chinese songs or making scallion pancakes. “My philosophy of camping is that they could be doing anything， as long as they see other Chinese kids with white parents，” says the director，Peter Kassen， whose adopted daughters Hope and Lily are 6 and 4.The camp is a continuation of language and dance classes many of the kids attend during the year. “When we rented out a theater for 'Mulan，' it was packed，” says Stephen Chen of Boston， whose adopted daughter Lindsay is 4. Classes in Chinese language， art and calligraphy are taught by experts， like Renne Lu of the Greater Boston Chinese Cultural Center. “Our mission is to preserve the heritage，” Lu says.Kids who are veteran campers say the experience helps them understand their complex heritage. Sixteen-year-old Alex was born in India and adopted by Kathy and David Brinton of Boulder， Colo.， when he was 7. “I went through a stage where I hated India， hated everything about it，” he says. “You just couldn't mention India to me.” But after six sessions at the East India Colorado Heritage Camp， held at Snow Mountain Ranch in Estes Park， Colo.， he hopes to travel to India after he graduates from high school next year.Camp can be a learning experience for the whole family. Whitney Ning，23， a counselor for four years， says the Korea Heritage Camp helpedher become closer to her parents. “They were hesitant at first，” she says，“but when they saw how much it meant to me， they became very supportive.” Sometimes the most direct route around the world is across a campfire.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 10/04/99， p75;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1;1. Why American parents come to Hidden Valley?[A]It has a large gathering of adopted children.[B]Parents want to find a place to exchange their ideas.[C]It helps children adapt to the new culture well.[D]It is a very good place for relaxation.2. Which of the following is not the advantage of the culture camp?[A]It well reflects the increasing foreign adoptions.[B]Parents can find the answers to their questions in raising the adopted children.[C]Children can learn a lot in culture camp.[D]It helps the adopted children have a better understanding of their complex heritage.3. The expression “miles of red tape”(Line 5， Paragraph 2) most probably means _________.[A]a number of choices[B]many hard journeys[C]a lot of difficulties[D]most troublesome procedures4. What is Alex‘s attitude toward India now?[A]Strong disapproval.[B]Reserved consent.[C]Slight contempt[D]Enthusiastic support5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Foreign adoption is a common phenomenon in America.[B]Children can do whatever they want to do in the culture camp.[C]Both parents and their adopted children can benefit from the culture camp.[D]Children can receive best education in the culture camp.答案：CADBC2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（2）In this week's Nature， a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany，have provided that evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research centres scattered across Africa， and shown that chimps can， indeed， do more than just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of chimps exhibit behavioural “complexes'' that are recognisably different from those of other groups，yet seem to have no connection with environmental or genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture， it is difficult to think what is.The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive， which are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural， because not copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one another)。
2015考研英语阅读真题及答案完整版.doc
2015年考研英语一真题及答案Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted ―kings don‘t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.‖ But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above ―mere‖ politics and ―embody‖ a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs‘ continuing popularit y polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe‘s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy‘s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy‘s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats‘ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility‘s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals ―have most to fear‖ because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California‘s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California‘s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect‘s purse. The court has ruled that police don‘t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exp loring one‘s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee‘s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of ―cloud computing,‖ meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private do cuments to remain private and protected by the Constitution‘s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn‘t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California‘s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applicat ions of the Constitution‘s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects‘ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author‘s attitude toward California‘s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one‘s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handling one‘s historical records.[C] scanning one‘s correspondences.[D] going through one‘s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr‘s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California‘s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be alteredText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.―Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,‖ writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal‘s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Ask ed whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: ―The creation of the ‗statistics board‘ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science‘s overall dr ive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.‖Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to ―play primarily an advisory role.‖ He agreed to join because he ―found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.‖John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is ―a most welcome step forward‖ and ―long overdue.‖ ―Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,‖ he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line,―engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process‖. Vaux says that Science‘s idea to pass some papers to statisticians ―has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‗the papers that need scrutiny‘ in the first place‖.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify their peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase ―flagged up‖ (Para. 2) is the clos est in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science‘s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers‘ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors‘ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch‘s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the ―unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions‖ Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only ―sorting mechanism ‖in society should be profit and the market .But ―it‘s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ‖.Driving her point home, she continued: ―It‘s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.‖ This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today‘s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies‘ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] GlemMulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books‘s deference[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values[B] unfair wealth distribution[C] a marginalized lifestyle[D] a rigid moral cote40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.2015年考研英语二真题及答案Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives[B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands[D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills[B] energy[C] earnings[D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox”in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close”ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education, learn the ‘rules of the game,’and take advantage of college resources,”they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage anddisadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates[B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose[D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable[B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased[D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities[B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support[D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,”said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision,values, passion, and purpose,”said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars”of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,”you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.”In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional[B] more objective[C] less energetic[D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents[B] gender difference[C] sports culture[D] athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms[B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation[D] strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women[B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies[D] praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C] Companies find it to be fundamental[D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent)above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes”, they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people , especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance。
2015考研阅读理解真题
2015考研阅读理解真题阅读理解是考研英语中的重要部分，对考生的阅读能力和理解能力都有一定的要求。
下面将给大家呈现2015年考研英语阅读理解真题，帮助大家更好地了解考研阅读理解的要求和考点。
Passage 1:Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.LONDON — Since time immemorial(自古), we have appraised the bonds that exist between humans and dogs. There has been little anatomical evidence for this close relationship, though, apart from cradling us in sleep and joining us on morning walks, the evidence has always been there. In his recently published book, “Dog Friendly Gardens, Garden Friendly Dogs,” Dr. Kincep suggests the relationship mechanism has its roots in our entwined(纠缠的) lives in the wild.As a behaviorist, Dr. Kincep has watched enough bad dog incidents to know that the least soluble problem is a neighbor’s dog barking when we’re trying to sleep. Finally, with the advancement of technology, he has isolated, at least partially, what causes such behavior.It is amazing firstly in that the need to alert us to possible danger is far more acute to dogs than that of humans. Research has shown that humans become alarmed only at sounds of around 15 kHz(千赫兹), whereas dogs are paying attention at 65 kHz, a range of sounds we’re simply incapable of detecting.Dogs also have an exceptional ability to hear, being able to pick up sounds from up to 4 miles away, such as the cut of a knife through paper or other subtle(微妙的) noises.The last significant difference lies in the realm(领域) of monitoring, which again demonstrates a dog is not simply man’s best friend, but man’s superior guardian(守卫者) too.“It’s growing amazing”, Dr. Kincep says, referring to the fact that dogs have the ability to pick up minute(微小的) changes in human behavior, thanks to their incredible sense of smell.1. What does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. Dogs have the ability to monitor our behavior.B. Dogs are friendly and loving animals.C. Humans and dogs have an ancient bond.D. Dogs are useful for morning walks.2. What does the author think about Dr. Kincep's book?A. It is informative and helpful.B. It is scientific and analytical.C. It is interesting but unrelated to the topic.D. It is based on anecdotal evidence.3. According to the passage, dogs can detect sounds that humans cannot because ________.A. humans cannot detect soundsB. they have a wider range of hearingC. they have better technology to detect soundsD. dogs are more alert to sounds4. What is the author amazed at?A. Dogs' acute need for danger.B. Humans' alarm only at sounds of 15 kHz.C. The ability to hear sounds 4 miles away.D. The fact that dogs have a greater ability to detect certain noises.5. What is the main point the author makes in the last paragraph?A. Dogs have an incredible sense of smell.B. Humans can monitor dogs' behavior.C. Dogs can pick up minute changes in human behavior.D. Dogs can detect changes in their environment.这是2015年考研英语阅读理解第一篇阅读材料，现在让我们来一一解答每个问题。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案(哲学类)
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（哲学类）目录2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7） (1)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8） (5)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（9） (11)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（10） (15)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（11） (19)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（12） (24)2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（7）It is easy to be in favor of multicultural and global education，in principle.If only we understood where other people were coming from—if only we had more sensitivity to their cultures—we might not be so wedded to our own points of view.And we might have a better chance of avoiding the conflicts that come from ethnic superiority.However，whenwe come to apply this principle，there are some serious problems.The New York State Regents‘goal for global education，which has also been taken up by multiculturalists，makes some of these problems veryclear.According to the goal，“Each student will develop the ability to understand，respect，and accept people of different races，sex，cultural heritage，national origin，religion，and political，economic and social background，and their values，beliefs，and attitudes.”This goal，expressed in a lot of positive words，sounds very broad-minded，and very reasonable.And up to a point，it expresses what we‘d hope for from a multicultural and global education.And educated person is not narrow-minded or provincial.So，of course we don’t want students to be prejudiced—to prejudge the correctness or desirability of some idea or action before they know anything about it.We want them to be open to new ideas and ways of doing things.But do we really want them to“respect and accept”the values，beliefs，and attitudes of other people，no matter what they are? For example，should we teach students to accept the sexism of the Japanese or their racist attitudes toward immigrants just because they‘re part of the Japanese culture?People who support this kind of approach to multicultural and global education may think they are being objective—even scientific.They may think they‘re freeing themselves from the limitations of their own culture and its values.But by not taking a position，they are takingone.They are saying that apartheid is okay;that there is nothing wrong with murdering someone who has committed blasphemy.They‘re also teaching their students not to make moral judgments.If any custom or law of people in any culture is as defensible as any other，what kind of judgment is possible? So，without intending to，they encourage students in prejudice of a different sort.Instead of mindlessly assuming that others’ways of doing things have to be wrong，students will mindlessly assume these ways of doing things have to be right—or at least as good as anyone else‘s.It’s important that we teach our children about each other‘s and other people’s customs and values.We are unlikely to survive if we don‘t.But this does not mean teaching students that they need not hold other people’s practices—and our own—up to moral scrutiny.If we do this，we confuse objectivity with neutrality.1.What is wrong with multicultural education according to the author?[A] Its goal is too idealized to be of any practical value.[B] Its principle is seriously flawed and can cause misunderstanding.[C] It should not be directed at students at college only.[D] It fails to teach students to take a position.2.It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that the author thinks that students should be trained to____.[A] understand the values，attitudes and beliefs of other people[B] prejudge the value of some idea or action before they understand it[C] be provincial and open only to better ideas and ways of doing things[D] respect and accept only new values，beliefs and attitudes3.The Japanese example is used to show____.[A] racial and gender discrimination is still rampant in some countries[B] Japan has done little to meet the goals of multicultural and global education[C] the approach to multicultural and global education should be made objective[D] students should learn to bring other people‘s practices to closer scrutiny4.Towards the other people‘s customs and values，the author advocates____.[A] sensitivity [B] objectivity [C] neutrality [D] respect5.The word“apartheid”(Para.3) is closest in meaning to____.[A] violence [B] segregation [C] objectivity [D] indifference参考答案：1.[D]2.[A]3.[D]4.[A]5.[B]2015年英语考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（8）Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method.This method，argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science，was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere.The method was easily described： collect the facts in the area under study;order them into sequences，such that law like occurrences could be seen;then，write down the laws so identified.According to this view，disciplines differed only as to subject matter，since the unity of science consisted of its method alone.Also，according to this view，the results of scientificinvestigation(that is，new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.Explanation，according to this view，is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws，or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws.The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl G Hempel‘s， perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article “Explanation in Science and History”。
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2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—哲学Passage 8We threaten punishments in order to deter crime.We impose them not only to make the threats credible but also as retribution (justice)for the crimes that were not deterred.Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for them.Although penalties can be unwise，repulsive，or inappropriate，and those punished can be pitiable，in a sense the infliction of legal punishment on a guilty person cannot be unjust.By committing the crime，the criminal volunteered to assume the risk of receiving a legal punishment that he could have avoided by not committing the crime.There remain，however，two moral objections.The penalty may be regarded as always excessive as retribution and always morally degrading.To regard the death penalty as always excessive，one must believe that no crime—no matter how heinous—could possibly justify capital punishment.Such a belief can be neither confirmed nor refuted;it is an article of faith.Alternatively，one may believe that everybody，the murderer no less than the victim，has a natural right to life.The law therefore should not deprive anyone of life.Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is “uncivilized，”“inhuman，”inconsistent with “human dignity”and with “the sanctity of life，”that it “treats members of the human race as nonhumans，as objects to be toyed with and discarded，”that it is “uniquely degrading to human dignity”and “by its very nature，involves a denial of the executed person’s humanity.”Justice Brennan does not say why he thinks execution“uncivilized.”Hitherto most civilizations have had the death penalty，although it has been discarded in Western Europe.By“degrading，”Justice Brennan seems to mean that execution degrades the executed convicts.Yet philosophers have insisted that，when deserved，execution，far from degrading the executed convict，affirms his humanity by affirming his rationality and his responsibility for his actions.They thought that execution，when deserved，is required for the sake of the convict’s mon sense indicates that it cannot be death—our common fate—that is inhuman.Therefore，Justice Brennan must mean that death degrades when it comes not as a natural or accidental event，but as a deliberate social imposition.The murderer learns through his punishment that his fellow men have found him unworthy of living;that because he has murdered，he is being expelled from the community of the living.This degradation is self-inflicted.By murdering，the murderer has so dehumanized himself that he cannot remain among the living.Execution of those who have committed heinous murders may deter only one murder per year.If it does，it seems quite warranted.It is also the only fitting retribution for murder I can think of.1.The author’s attitude towards death penalty is____.[A] negative [B] positive [C] impartial [D] ambiguous2.It is implied that infliction of legal punishment is justified because the offender____.[A] spares no effort in holding himself back from the criminal action[B] shows no regard for the dignity of the victim[C] is well aware of the consequence of his action[D] can be deterred by no legal punishment whatsoever3.By saying that“most civilizations have had the death penalty”，the author really means that____.[A] civilization in Western European countries is degenerating[B] the assertion that capital punishment is uncivilized is arbitrary[C] death penalty is an effective legal institution for defending civilization[D] being uncivilized is not equivalent to being inhuman4.Justice Brennan would agree that____.[A] death in any way means a denial of a person’s humanity[B] the society has no right to take an individual’s life[C] murders should be educated rather than punished[D] degrading a convict is nothing more than executing him5.According to philosophers，death penalty____.[A] should be executed with due regard for human dignity[B] should not be given in a way that degrades the murder[C] meets the murder’s need for claiming back his humanity[D] serious crimes deserve cruel or even inhuman retribution答案：1.[B] 意为：赞同。
作者在第一段指出，虽然惩罚可能是不理智、令人厌恶或不合适的，那些受到惩治的人是值得怜悯的，但是对一个罪犯实施法律惩处在某种意义上不可能是不公正的。
作者在第二段驳斥了两种反对惩罚(包括死刑)的观点，并在第三、第四段驳斥了Brennan法官的观点。
最后一段提到，对那些犯有恶意杀人罪的犯人施以死刑也许每年只能终止一场杀人案，如果是那样的话，实施死刑似乎也是值得的，这也是我能想像的对杀人罪惟一合适的惩罚。
可见，作者是赞同实施死刑的。
[C]意为：客观的。
D]意为：模棱两可的。
2.[C] 意为：允分意识到了其行为后果。
第一段最后一句提到，在决定犯罪时，罪犯就自愿承担接受法律惩罚的风险，而他是本来可以通过不去犯罪来避免这种惩罚的。