2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—哲学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—历史学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—历史学Passage 8Pennsylvania’s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771,when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall istone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation’s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace--ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”.By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883, the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——.[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.[C]Pots. [D]Windows.3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .[A]eruption [B]gust[C]roar [D]dynamite4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————.[A]many workers were available in the area[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire[D]there was an abundance ofcoal5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——.[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center阅读小帮手Raw adj.未加工的legislation n.立法entrepreneur n.企业家blast n.(一阵)疾风plantation n.耕地foundation n.基础rural adj.咖乡下的versatile adj.多用途的crucial adj.至关紧要的domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入reputation n.名声assemble v.装配，组合stoven n.炉难句点津By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.[点津]该句包含一个时间状语从句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot。
英语阅读理解 philosophy
英语阅读理解philosophy摘要：I.引言- 介绍英语阅读理解的背景和重要性- 提及哲学在英语阅读理解中的地位II.哲学的定义和分类- 哲学的定义- 哲学的分类III.哲学在英语阅读理解中的应用- 提高阅读理解能力- 培养批判性思维- 拓宽知识面IV.哲学阅读材料的类型- 经典哲学著作- 当代哲学论文- 哲学评论和分析V.哲学阅读理解的方法- 深入阅读和理解文本- 思考和讨论重要观点- 批判性分析和评价观点VI.结论- 总结哲学在英语阅读理解中的重要性- 强调哲学阅读理解对个人成长和发展的贡献正文：英语阅读理解是英语学习者必须掌握的重要技能，对于拓宽知识面、提高思维能力和培养批判性思维具有重要作用。
在英语阅读理解的材料中，哲学类文本具有很高的价值和地位。
哲学是一门研究人类本质、世界观、价值观和思维方式的学科，涉及多个领域，如伦理学、政治学、心理学和美学等。
哲学的定义可以理解为对基本问题的探究，这些问题可能没有明确的答案，但通过对这些问题的思考和讨论，我们可以更深入地理解人类自身和所处的世界。
哲学在英语阅读理解中的应用体现在以下几个方面：1.提高阅读理解能力：哲学类文本往往具有较高的语言难度和抽象性，通过阅读哲学文本，学习者可以锻炼自己的阅读理解能力，提高对复杂句型和抽象概念的理解水平。
2.培养批判性思维：哲学强调对观点和论证进行批判性分析和评价，通过阅读哲学文本，学习者可以学会独立思考问题，对所读内容进行深入分析和评价，从而培养批判性思维能力。
3.拓宽知识面：哲学涉及众多领域，通过阅读哲学类文本，学习者可以拓宽自己的知识面，增加对各个领域的了解和认识。
哲学阅读材料可以分为经典哲学著作、当代哲学论文和哲学评论和分析等类型。
经典哲学著作包括亚里士多德的《伦理学》、庄子的《庄子》等，这些著作代表了各个时期哲学思考的高度成就。
当代哲学论文和评论则反映了当今哲学研究的前沿动态。
阅读哲学类文本时，可以采用以下方法：1.深入阅读和理解文本：对于哲学类文本，需要逐字逐句进行阅读，确保对文本内容有全面、深入的理解。
英语阅读理解 philosophy
英语阅读理解 philosophy
目录
1.哲学与英语阅读理解
2.哲学的基本问题
3.哲学的分支
4.哲学对英语阅读理解的影响
5.如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力
正文
英语阅读理解中，哲学是一个重要的领域。
它关乎人类的思维方式，对世界和自我的认知，以及如何看待生活和宇宙等大问题。
哲学，简单来说，就是对智慧的热爱。
在英语阅读理解中，哲学类的文章和题目常常出现，因此了解哲学的基本问题、分支以及如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力是十分必要的。
哲学的基本问题主要围绕着三个方面：存在、知识和价值。
存在问题主要探讨的是物体和世界的存在，以及它们是如何存在的。
知识问题则关注我们如何获取知识，知识的真实性、范围和限制等。
价值问题则主要讨论道德、美学和伦理等问题，关乎人类的行为准则和价值取向。
哲学有很多分支，如形而上学（探讨存在和实体的本质）、伦理学（探讨道德和行为准则）、逻辑学（探讨推理和证明的规则）、认识论（探讨知识的来源、性质和限制）等。
这些分支在英语阅读理解中都可能涉及到，因此我们需要对它们有一定的了解。
哲学对英语阅读理解的影响主要体现在两方面：一是提高阅读理解的深度，让我们能够更好地理解文章中的观点和论证；二是提高阅读理解的广度，让我们能够接触到更多的哲学概念和思想。
那么，如何通过哲学提高英语阅读理解能力呢？首先，我们需要了解一些基本的哲学概念和思想，这样才能更好地理解文章。
其次，我们需要学会阅读和分析哲学类的文章，理解其论点和论证方式。
最后，我们需要通过大量的阅读和练习，不断提高我们的阅读理解和思维能力。
2015年考研英语阅读试题及答案
Passage In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤⾁)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips. Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc. Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门). Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history. 1. This passage mainly talks about A) the development of fast food services B) how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business C) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald D) Ray Kroc's business talent 2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except A) a drive-in B) a cinema C) a theater D) a barbecue restaurant 3. We may infer from this passage that A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in C)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants D) Ray Kroc was a good businessman 4. The passage suggests that . A) creativity is an important element of business success B) Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers C) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc D) California is the best place to go into business 5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans . A)special B)financial C )attractive D)peculiar Answer1.C2.B3.D4.A5.D。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015年英语专八真题及答案
2015年英语专八真题及答案2015英语专八听力答案Section A Mini-lecture1. parts of language2. other features3. rhythm4. having the ability5. a particular subject6. knowledge or experience7. reinterpreting8. predicting/making predictions9. types of predictions10. contentsSection B Interview1. Theresa thinks that the present government is ________.[A] doing what they have promised to schools[B] creating opportunities for leading universities[C] considering removing barriers for state school pupils[D] reducing opportunities for state school pupils2. What does Theresa see as a problem in secondary schools now?[A] Universities are not working hard to accept state school pupils.[B] The number of state pupils applying to Oxford fails to increase.[C] The government has lowered state pupils’ expectations.[D] Leading universities are rejecting state school pupils.3. In Theresa’s view, school freedom means that schools should ____.[A] be given more funding from education authorities[B] be given all the money and decide how to spend it[C] be granted greater power to run themselves[D] be given more opportunities and choices4. According to Theresa, who decides or decide money for schools at the present?[A] Local education authorities and the central government.[B] Local education authorities and secondary schools together.[C] Local education authorities only.[D] The central government only.5. Throughout the talk, the interviewer does all the following EXCEPT____.[A] asking for clarification[B] challenging the interviewee[C] supporting the interviewee[D] initiating topicsSection C News BroadcastNews Item 16. What is the main idea of the news item?[A] Fewer people watch TV once a week.[B] Smartphones and tablets have replaced TV.[C] New technology has led to more family time.[D] Bigger TV sets have attracted more people.News Item 27. How many lawmakers voted for the marijuana legalization bill?[A] 50. [B] 12.[C] 46. [D] 18.8. The passing of the bill means that marijuana can be________.[A] bought by people under 18[B] made available to drug addicts[C] provided by the government[D] bought in drug storesNews Item 39. What did the review of global data reveal?[A]Diarrhea is a common disease.[B]Good sanitation led to increase in height.[C]There were many problems of poor sanitation.[D] African children live in worse sanitary conditions.10. The purpose of Dr. Alan Dangour’s study was most likel y to ________.[A] examine links between sanitation and death from illness[B] look into factors affecting the growth of children[C] investigate how to tackle symptoms like diarrhea[D] review and compare conditions in different countries2015专八阅读理解答案PartⅡReading ComprehensionText A11. According to the author, shoppers are returning their purchases for all the following reasons EXCEPT that ____.[A] they are unsatisfied with the quality of the purchase[B]they eventually find the purchase too expensive[C] they change their mind out of uncertainty[D] they regret making the purchase without forethought12. What is the purpose of the experiment in the bookstore?[A] To see which promotion method is preferred by customers.[B]To find out the strengths and weaknesses of both methods.[C] To try to set up a new retailer-customer relationship.[D] To see the effect of an approach on customers' decisions.13. Why does the author cite the study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service?[A]To compare similar responses in different settings.[B] To provide further evidence for his own observation.[C] To offer a scientific account of the brain's functions.[D] To describe emotional responses in online shopping.14. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Real satisfaction depends on factors other than the computer.[B] Despite online shopping we still attach importance to gift buying.[C] Some people are still uncertain about the digital age.[D] Online shopping offers real satisfaction to shoppers.Text B15. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that____.[A]a person can either have a high IQ or a low EQ[B]her professor brother cares too much about IQ[C]we need examples of how to follow one's heart[D]she prefers dogs that are clever and loyal16. According to the passage, all the following are Twist's characteristics EXCEPT____.[A]resignation[B]patience[C]forgiveness[D]tenacity17. According to the context, the meaning of the word "square"is closest to____.[A]fast[B]blindly[C]straight[D]stubbornly18.ThatTwist's devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash means that____.[A]Twist is capable of looking after the girls[B]Twist and the girls have become friends[C]Twist knows how to follow the girls[D]Twist's loyalty helps the girls grow up19. What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?[A]Difficulties in raising her children.[B]Worries about what to buy for kids.[C]Gratitude to Twist for her role.[D]Concerns about schooling and religion.Text C20. That it tottered on the borders of senile decay means that the lorry was_________.[A] about to break down[B] a very old vehicle[C] unable to travel the distance[D] a dangerous vehicle21. Which of the following words in the first paragraph is used literally?[A] Flush.[B] Borders.[C] Operations.[D] Gasping.22. We learn from the first paragraph that the author regards the inadequacies of the lorry as _________.[A] inevitable and amusing[B]. dangerous and frightening[C] novel and unexpected[D] welcome and interesting23. All the following words in the last but one paragraph describe the lorry as a humanEXCEPT______ .[A] trembling[B] spouting[C] shuddering[D] crept24. We can infer from the passage that the author was ________.[A] bored by the appearance of the grasslands ahead[B] reluctant to do any walking in so hot a climate[C] unfriendly towards the local driver and boys[D] a little surprised to have to help drive the lorry25. A suitable title for the passage would be _______.[A] A journey that scared me[B] A journey to remember[C] The wild West African lorry[D] A comic journey in West AfricaText D26. According to the passage, which of the following serves as the BEST reason for the similarity in urban green space throughout the West?[A]Climate.[B]Geography.[C] Functional purposes.[D]Design principles.27. The following are all features of future urban green space EXCEPT that________ .[A]each city has its distinct style of urban green space[B]urban landscape will focus more on cultural history[C] urban green space will be designed to serve many uses[D]more green cover will be seen on city roofs and walls28. Why are some local residents opposed to "xeriscaping"?[A]It cannot reduce water requirements.[B]It has proved to be too costly.[C] It is not suited for the local area.[D]It does not have enough advantages.29. According to the passage, if planners adopt an asset-based approach, they will probably .[A]incorporate the area's natural and cultural heritage into their design[B]make careful estimation of the area's natural resources before designing[C] combine natural resources and practical functions in their design[D]envision more purposes for urban landscaping in their design30. According to the passage, future landscaping designs will rely more on .__ .[A]human assumptions[B]field work[C] scientific estimation[D]laboratory work2015英语专八人文答案2015年专八考试已于3月21日考完，新东方在线为考生们整理了2015专八人文答案，仅供参考。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—医学Passage 8It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease, and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting, a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time. There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer's, as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next. Unless something dramatic happens, the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple, to about 16 million, over the next 50 years. There's still no cure in sight, but there is progress on several fronts. Among them:MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C, both antioxidants, help stave off Alzheimer's, at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder. What they didn't know--but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed--was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses (at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C) could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease. Patients who were being treated with donepezil (sold as Aricept), an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, were also given memantine (Namenda), a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone, providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.BRAIN IMAGING Finally, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography (PET) scans to see telltale plaque deposits. Before now, doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died, when the brain could be autopsied. Using the new technique, doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease. If you or your loved ones are concerned, the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor. Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's, and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early. Also, remember the old adage "use it or lose it." Mental exercise--reading, doing crossword puzzles, playing chess or Scrabble--is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.注(1)：本文选自Time; 2/2/2004, p78-78, 2/3p, 2c;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题模仿2002年text 4第1题;第2题模仿1994年真题text 2 第3题;第3模仿2002年真题text 3 第3题，第4—5题模仿2004年text 3第4，5题;1. From the first paragraph, we learn that_________.[A] the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzhemer’s disease[B] recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims[C] the week was very important for Alzheimer’s because a documentary about it was shown on PBS[D] the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer’s disease can be cured2. The phrase “stave off”(line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means “________”.[A] getting[B] treating[C] curing[D] preventing3. The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ____________.[A] combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment[B] donepezil helps blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate[C] combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer’s[D] Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately4. Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzhemer’s?[A] Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.[B] Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.[C] Because it helps doctors see the plaque desposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.[D] Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] Alzhemer’s disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.[B] Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.[C] Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer’s from curable memory lapses, which can be treated if found in an early phase.[D] Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.答案：B D D A C篇章剖析本篇文章介绍了阿尔茨海默病研究领域取得的新成果。
2015考研英语真题讲解
2015考研英语真题讲解一、阅读理解In today's world of globalized business, the ability to understand and connect with people from different cultures is more important than ever. This cultural intelligence ― the ability to work effectively in culturally diverse situations ― is a key facto r in the success of individuals and organizations. In order to develop cultural intelligence, individuals need to possess certain qualities and demonstrate specific behaviors.Firstly, one of the most important qualities for developing cultural intelligence is open-mindedness. People with open minds are willing to experience and learn about new cultures without judgment or prejudice. They are curious and eager to understand different perspectives and ways of doing things.Secondly, individuals with cultural intelligence are adaptable. They are able to adjust their behavior and communication style to fit the cultural norms of the people they are interacting with. Adaptable individuals are flexible and can easily navigate unfamiliar cultural settings.Thirdly, cultural intelligence requires strong interpersonal skills. Individuals with cultural intelligence are able to establish and maintain relationships with people from different cultures. They are good listeners, empathetic, and skilled at resolving conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences.Lastly, individuals with cultural intelligence are knowledgeable about different cultures. They invest time and effort into learning about thehistory, customs, and social norms of different cultures. This knowledge allows them to understand and appreciate the values and beliefs of people from different backgrounds.In conclusion, developing cultural intelligence is essential for success in today's globalized world. Open-mindedness, adaptability, interpersonal skills, and cultural knowledge are all qualities and behaviors that contribute to cultural intelligence. By cultivating these qualities and demonstrating these behaviors, individuals can enhance their ability to connect with people from different cultures and effectively navigate culturally diverse situations.二、翻译在全球化业务的今天，理解和与来自不同文化背景的人建立联系的能力比以往任何时候都更加重要。
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2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—哲学Passage 8We threaten punishments in order to deter crime.We impose them not only to make the threats credible but also as retribution (justice)for the crimes that were not deterred.Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for them.Although penalties can be unwise，repulsive，or inappropriate，and those punished can be pitiable，in a sense the infliction of legal punishment on a guilty person cannot be unjust.By committing the crime，the criminal volunteered to assume the risk of receiving a legal punishment that he could have avoided by not committing the crime.There remain，however，two moral objections.The penalty may be regarded as always excessive as retribution and always morally degrading.To regard the death penalty as always excessive，one must believe that no crime—no matter how heinous—could possibly justify capital punishment.Such a belief can be neither confirmed nor refuted;it is an article of faith.Alternatively，one may believe that everybody，the murderer no less than the victim，has a natural right to life.The law therefore should not deprive anyone of life.Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is “uncivilized，”“inhuman，”inconsistent with “human dignity”and with “the sanctity of life，”that it “treats members of the human race as nonhumans，as objects to be toyed with and discarded，”that it is “uniquely degrading to human dignity”and “by its very nature，involves a denial of the executed person’s humanity.”Justice Brennan does not say why he thinks execution“uncivilized.”Hitherto most civilizations have had the death penalty，although it has been discarded in Western Europe.By“degrading，”Justice Brennan seems to mean that execution degrades the executed convicts.Yet philosophers have insisted that，when deserved，execution，far from degrading the executed convict，affirms his humanity by affirming his rationality and his responsibility for his actions.They thought that execution，when deserved，is required for the sake of the convict’s mon sense indicates that it cannot be death—our common fate—that is inhuman.Therefore，Justice Brennan must mean that death degrades when it comes not as a natural or accidental event，but as a deliberate social imposition.The murderer learns through his punishment that his fellow men have found him unworthy of living;that because he has murdered，he is being expelled from the community of the living.This degradation is self-inflicted.By murdering，the murderer has so dehumanized himself that he cannot remain among the living.Execution of those who have committed heinous murders may deter only one murder per year.If it does，it seems quite warranted.It is also the only fitting retribution for murder I can think of.1.The author’s attitude towards death penalty is____.[A] negative [B] positive [C] impartial [D] ambiguous2.It is implied that infliction of legal punishment is justified because the offender____.[A] spares no effort in holding himself back from the criminal action[B] shows no regard for the dignity of the victim[C] is well aware of the consequence of his action[D] can be deterred by no legal punishment whatsoever3.By saying that“most civilizations have had the death penalty”，the author really means that____.[A] civilization in Western European countries is degenerating[B] the assertion that capital punishment is uncivilized is arbitrary[C] death penalty is an effective legal institution for defending civilization[D] being uncivilized is not equivalent to being inhuman4.Justice Brennan would agree that____.[A] death in any way means a denial of a person’s humanity[B] the society has no right to take an individual’s life[C] murders should be educated rather than punished[D] degrading a convict is nothing more than executing him5.According to philosophers，death penalty____.[A] should be executed with due regard for human dignity[B] should not be given in a way that degrades the murder[C] meets the murder’s need for claiming back his humanity[D] serious crimes deserve cruel or even inhuman retribution答案：1.[B] 意为：赞同。
作者在第一段指出，虽然惩罚可能是不理智、令人厌恶或不合适的，那些受到惩治的人是值得怜悯的，但是对一个罪犯实施法律惩处在某种意义上不可能是不公正的。
作者在第二段驳斥了两种反对惩罚(包括死刑)的观点，并在第三、第四段驳斥了Brennan法官的观点。
最后一段提到，对那些犯有恶意杀人罪的犯人施以死刑也许每年只能终止一场杀人案，如果是那样的话，实施死刑似乎也是值得的，这也是我能想像的对杀人罪惟一合适的惩罚。
可见，作者是赞同实施死刑的。
[C]意为：客观的。
D]意为：模棱两可的。
2.[C] 意为：允分意识到了其行为后果。
第一段最后一句提到，在决定犯罪时，罪犯就自愿承担接受法律惩罚的风险，而他是本来可以通过不去犯罪来避免这种惩罚的。