中英文资料

英文参考资料
The enterprise information system is the enterprise information material base, enterprise information system construction good and the badness, regarding enhances the enterprise the economic efficiency to have the very important function. The establishment enterprise information system, carries on the management in enterprise's each level and each function domain to enterprise's management decision-making activity, is enhances the enterprise competitive ability the important way. The level each kind of enterprise information system construction, specially faces the supervisory work the management information information system construction, has become the enterprise information advancement the main part.
The enterprise information system establishment mainly is in the management information system (MIS) in the foundation, uses the computer-aided design and makes (CAD/CAM), establishes the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS). In development decision-making support program (DSS) in the foundation, and controls through the man-machine dialogue action program, from material demand plan (MRP), manufacture resources plan (MRPII) and enterprise resources plan (ERP). Also has a volume of development, the production and the material object retails to a body punctual production (JIT), unceasingly eliminates the waste the fine production (LP), supplies in the chain management the fast response and the agile manufacture (AM), non- pollution clean production and green manufacture, as well as through network coordination design and production parallel project (CE) and so on. These information society new production methods merge into one organic whole the information technology revolution and the management progress, cause the enterprise to win in the aspects the competitive advantage, these information systems applications also cause the enterprise to produce, the business data, in the enterprise policy-maker three levels in the enterprise realize the information. Under introduced several kind of main enterprises information system management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, software, the network corresponds these equipment and other office equipments carries on the information the collection, the transmission, the processing, the storage, the renewal and the maintenance achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency goal, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck control and the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendent provides the report, provides the enterprise the recent situation as well as the historic record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, for management function and so on level plan, control and decision-making serves, generally provides the data by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS will be able the actual enterprise's each kind of movement situation, and using the past historical data forecast future, embarks the assistance enterprise from the enterprise overall situation angle to carry on the decision-making, used the message control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to achieve its plan goal. The present management information system is, "Antony which design and the deduction comes according to renowned" Antony the model "model" is the modern management information system founder. In 1965, Antony (Anthony) and so on the business management studied the expert through 15 years massive practices to the European and American system modelling enterprise to observe and to confirm, established the manufacturing industry management management service flow and its the information system skeleton theory, namely renowned "Antony model", this theory thought the management management service activity, namely the business management system might
divide into the strategic plan, the tactical decision-making and the service decision-making 3 levels (1) the strategic plan level (Strategic Planning Layer, SPL): For the highest management level, is refers to such as the enterprise to organize the goal the hypothesis and the change, for realizes plan, the plan, the budget process and so on resources policy which this goal adopts. (2) tactic decision-making strata (Tactics Decision Layer, TDL): Also is called the management control level, for the middle management level, is for the realization business goal, enables the enterprise effectively to obtain and the use resources concrete application process. (3) handling of traffic level (Business Treatment Layer, BTL): Also is called the operating control level, for the lower level management level, is for determined some specific service can the entire process which effectively, highly effective carries out. Antony the management information system definition will be: "can nimbly utilize the information technology, in the systematized transmission, the memory, the exchange enterprise the exterior information, thus forms either support enterprise's management or service system". Along with the time progress, the information technology and the management science development, the business management information system function already foundation unceasingly performed in "Antony in the model" to expand and the consummation, at this point has developed for the 5th generation based on the electronic accounting machine network technology and the electronic commerce technology modern management information system. The management information can support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. These three levels are the enterprise are high, center, the low three levels administrative personnel, it has reflected regarding the enterprise in the marketing function, the manufacture function, the information service function, human resources management function each level the and so on management function, financial control function comprehensive support. The management information system is based on the information technology the challenge, the organization and the management explanation which proposed to the environment. The administrative personnel wants to face the objective environment regarding enterprise's challenge, first in under the management information technology support, must have a management information system. The management information system utilized has been advanced, the management, the information processing technology aims at the environment the challenge, it actually was along with the information technology unceasingly front then advance, changed the management information along with the environment unceasing diastrophism to be able to support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. Each level regarding management information specific request including following several aspects: (1) the information origin is different. Management, namely strategic plan level administrative personnel, not only needs the enterprise interior the information, moreover must know the external environment the information. Because must formulate the enterprise developmental strategy plan, must understand the competitor the information, the partner information, government all policies, the laws and regulations change information. But the enterprise interior operation level personnel needs the information originates mainly is the internal information. (2) the information comprehensive degree is different. High level administrative personnel comprehensive nature high, each aspect requests the information content is big. But regarding the concrete operation control personnel, only is responsible for the partial management the concrete work, the request information synthesis degree very is low. (3) the information processing method is different. Because the high level personnel involves the policy-making question many and varied, the different question needs the different processing method process information, therefore regarding the strategic plan level said the processing the method is indefinite. But said regarding the operation control level personnel that, the processing method is definite. For instance, keeps in stock the stock information which the personnel processes nothing but is: How many goods
inside the storehouse has received? How much materials sent out? How much materials has received? Then carries on correspondingly counts splits out the report form, these all are the extremely fixed processing methods. Information provides which to the different administrative personnel, whether is suitable for the different administrative personnel's need, this is a question which the management information system design needs to solve. Therefore should aim at differently needs to process the different information content, uses the different processing method to satisfy each level the request. The management information system (M I S) not only supports the underlying bed administrative personnel, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's management control, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system constitutes by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden duty and so on information transmission, processing, preservation; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the realization and the maintenance. The management information system is generally regarded as a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the first floor handling of traffic to the operating control, the management control, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse business information and the condition information constitution by the duty. The level more upward, business processes the scope is smaller, in view of also is quite special and the non- structure question. A organization's management information system decomposable is four major components: 1st, EDPS are partial, mainly completes the data the collection, the input, the database management, the inquiry, the fundamental operation, the daily report form output and so on. 2nd, the analysis part, mainly above the EDPS foundation, the logarithm according to carries on the deep processing, like utilizes each kind of management model, the quantitative analysis method, the sequenced method, the operations research method and so on carries on the analysis to organization's production operating condition. 3rd, the decision-making are partial, the MIS policy-making model is restricted in solves the structure management decision-making problem primarily, its policy-making result must provide a best policy-making plan for the high level superintendent. 4th, database partial, mainly completes function and so on data file storage, organization, backup, the database is the management information system core are partial. In addition, a organization's management information system may act according to manages the function the different division for the longitudinal subsystem. The main subsystem includes: 1st, stock management subsystem, function including to stock control, stock account management, ordering plan formulation and warehouse own management and so on. 2nd, production management subsystem, function including material demand plan formulation, productive plan arrangement, production scheduling and daily production data management analysis and so on. 3rd, the personnel management subsystem, the function including personnel's records management, the personnel checks attendance the situation management, the personnel each kind of insurance fund management and the personnel trains the plan the system to grade. 4th, the financial control subsystem, the function including a financial account item management, the production cost of operation management, the financial condition analysis and the financial plan system grades. 5th, sales management subsystem, function including sales plan formulation, sales condition analysis, customer information management and sales contract management and so on. 6th, the policy-making support subsystem, the function manages strategic including the enterprise the formulation, the enterprise resources assignment and so on. The system function subsystem division different has the difference because of enterprise's production management characteristic, the above six functions subsystems common enterprise all has, moreover the above each sub- system may carry on a thinner level
the division, here we no longer give the detailed explanation. The management information system assistance completes the enterprise daily structure information processing task, generally thought MIS the primary mission has the following several aspects: 1st, carries on the strict management to the foundation data, the request measurement tool standardization, the procedure and the method correct use, causes the information circulation channel to be smooth. Some point must be clear about when goes in is a trash, comes out also is trash ", must guarantee the information the accuracy, the uniformity. 2nd, determination information processing process standardization, unified data and report form standard form, in order to establishes a centralism unified database. 3rd, highly effective feeble-mindedly completes the daily business to process the service, the optimization assigns each kind of resources, including manpower, physical resource, financial resource and so on. 4th, the full use had the resources, including present and the historical data message and so on, utilizes each kind of management model, the logarithm according to carries on processing processing, supports the management and the policy-making work, in order to realization organization goal.
企业信息系统是企业信息化的物质基础，企业信息系统建设的好与坏，对于提高企业的经济效益有至关重要的作用。

建立企业信息系统，在企业的各个层次和各个职能领域对企业的经营决策活动进行管理，是提高企业竞争力的重要方式。

级各类企业信息系统的建设，特别是面向管理工作的管理信息信息系统建设，已成为企业信息化进程的主要部分。

企业信息系统的建立主要是在管理信息系统（MIS）的基础上，采用计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD/CAM），建立计算机集成制造系统（CIMS）。

在开发决策支持系统（DSS）的基础上，通过人机对话实施计划与控制，从物料需求计划（MRP）、制造资源计划（MRPII）和企业资源计划（ERP）。

还有集开发、生产和实物分销于一体的准时生产（JIT），不断消除浪费的精细生产（LP），供应链管理中的快速响应和敏捷制造（AM），无污染的清洁生产和绿色制造,以及通过网络协调设计与生产的并行工程（CE）等。

这些信息社会新的生产方式把信息技术革命和管理进步融为一体，使企业在方方面面赢得竞争优势，这些信息系统的应用也使得企业在企业生产、企业数据、企业决策者三个层次上实现信息化。

下面介绍几种主要的企业信息系统
管理信息系统（Management Information System，MIS），是一个以人为主导，利用计算机的硬件、软件、网络通信这些设备和其它的办公设备进行信息的收集、传输、加工、储存、更新和维护以达到企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率的目的，来支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的集成化的人机系统。

MIS为管理者提供报告，提供企业的最近的情况以及历史记录。

这一系统主要定位是针对企业内部，为管理层的计划、控制和决策等功能服务，一般由下层的业务处理系统提供数据。

MIS能够实测企业的各种运行情况，并利用过去的历史数据预测未来，从企业全局的角度出发辅助企业进行决策，利用信息控制企业的行为，帮助企业实现其规划目标。

现在的管理信息系统是根据著名的"安东尼模型"设计和演绎而来的，"安东尼模型"是现代管理信息系统的开山鼻祖。

1965年，安东尼（Anthony）等企业管理研究专家通过对欧美制造型企业长达15年的大量实践观察和验证，创立了制造业经营管理业务流程及其信息系统构架理论，即著名的"安东尼模型"，该理论认为经营管理业务活动，即企业管理系统可分为战略规划、战术决策和业务决策3个层次：
（1）战略规划层（Strategic Planning Layer，SPL）：为最高管理层，是指诸如企业组织目标的设定与变更、为实现该目标所采取的资源政策等计划、规划、预算过程。

（2）战术决策层（Tactics Decision Layer，TDL）：又叫管理控制层，为中间管理层，是
为实现企业目标，使企业能够有效地获得并利用资源的具体化过程。

（3）业务处理层（Business Treatment Layer，BTL）：又叫运行控制层，为下层管理层，是为确定某特定业务能够被有效地、高效地执行的全过程。

安东尼将管理信息系统定义为："能够灵活地运用信息技术，系统化地传送、存储、交换企业内外部的信息，从而形成或支持企业的经营活动或业务的系统"。

随着时代的进步、信息技术和管理科学的发展，企业管理信息系统功能已经在"安东尼模型"基础上不断加以扩展与完善，时至今日已发展为第5代基于电子计算机网络技术和电子商务技术的现代管理信息系统。

管理信息能够支持战略规划层、管理控制层、操作控制层三个层次。

这三个层次就是企业的高、中、低三个层次的管理人员，它反映了对于企业在营销功能、制造功能、信息服务功能、人力资源管理功能、财务管理功能等管理功能各个层次的全面支持。

管理信息系统是基于信息技术对环境提出的挑战、组织和管理的解答。

管理人员要面对客观环境对于企业的挑战，首先在管理信息技术的支持下，要有一个管理信息系统。

管理信息系统运用了先进的、管理的、信息的处理技术来针对环境的挑战，它实际是随着信息技术不断地前进而前进，随着环境不断地变化而变化的
管理信息能够支持战略规划层、管理控制层、操作控制层三个层次。

各个层次对于管理信息的具体要求包括以下几个方面：
（1）信息来源不同。

高层管理人员，即战略规划层的管理人员，不仅需要企业内部的信息，而且要知道外部环境的信息。

因为要制定企业发展战略规划，就要了解竞争对手的信息、合作伙伴的信息，政府所有的政策、法规变化的信息。

而企业内部运作层的人员所需要的信息来源主要是内部的信息。

（2）信息综合程度不同。

高层的管理人员综合性高，各个方面要求的信息量大。

而对于具体的操作控制人员，只负责局部管理的具体工作，要求的信息综合程度就很低。

（3）信息的加工方法不同。

因为高层的人员所涉及的决策问题多种多样，不同的问题就需要不同的加工方法来处理信息，所以对于战略规划层来说加工的方法不确定。

而对于操作控制层人员来说，加工方法是确定的。

比如，库存人员加工的库存信息无非就是：库里面收了多少货？发出去了多少物料？收了多少物料？然后进行相应地统计打出报表，这些都是非常固定的加工方法。

对不同的管理人员提供的信息，是否适用于不同管理人员的需要，这是管理信息系统设计需要解决的问题。

因此应针对不同的需要来加工不同的信息内容，采用不同的加工方法
来满足各个层次的要求。

管理信息系统（ＭＩＳ）不但支持低层的管理人员，而且可以支持中层人员的管理控制，为高层也能提供某些信息。

管理信息系统由四个部件构成：信息源、信息处理器、信息用户和信息管理者。

信息源是信息的产生地；信息处理器负担信息的传输、加工、保存等任务；信息用户是信息的使用者，利用信息进行决策；信息管理者负责信息系统的设计、实现和维护。

管理信息系统一般被看作一个金字塔形的结构，分为从底层的业务处理到运行控制、管理控制、最高层的战略计划。

最基层由任务巨大处理繁杂的事务信息和状态信息构成。

层次越往上，事务处理的范围越小，针对的也是比较特殊和非结构化的问题。

一个组织的管理信息系统可分解为四个基本部分：
1、EDPS部分，主要完成数据的收集、输入，数据库的管理、查询、基本运算、日常报表的输出等。

2、分析部分，主要在EDPS基础之上，对数据进行深加工，如运用各种管理模型、定量化分析手段、程序化方法、运筹学方法等对组织的生产经营情况进行分析。

3、决策部分，MIS的决策模型多限于以解决结构化的管理决策问题为主，其决策结果要为高层管理者提供一个最佳的决策方案。

4、数据库部分，主要完成数据文件的存贮、组织、备份等功能，数据库是管理信息系统的核心部分。

此外，一个组织的管理信息系统可以根据管理功能的不同划分为纵向的子系统。

主要的子系统有：
1、库存管理子系统，功能包括对库存的控制、库存台账的管理、订货计划的制定和仓库自身管理等。

2、生产管理子系统，功能包括物料需求计划的制定、生产计划的安排、生产调度和日常生产数据的管理分析等。

3、人事管理子系统，功能包括人员的档案管理、人员考勤情况管理、人员各种保险基金的管理和人员培训计划的制定等。

4、财务管理子系统，功能包括财务账目管理、生产经营成本管理、财务状况分析和财务计划的制定等。

5、销售管理子系统，功能包括销售计划的制定、销售状况分析、顾客信息的管理和销售合同的管理等。

6、决策支持子系统，功能包括企业经营战略的制定、企业资源的分配等。

系统功
能子系统的划分因企业的生产经营特点的不同而存在差异，上面的六个功能子系统一般企业都具有的，而且上面的每一个子系统可以进行更细层次的划分，这里我们不再作详细的说明。

管理信息系统辅助完成企业日常结构化的信息处理任务，一般认为MIS的主要任务有如下几方面：
1、对基础数据进行严格的管理，要求计量工具标准化、程序和方法的正确使用，使信息流通渠道顺畅。

有一点要明确当进去的是垃圾，出来的也是垃圾"，必须保证信息的准确性、一致性。

2、确定信息处理过程的标准化，统一数据和报表的标准格式，以便建立一个集中统一的数据库。

3、高效低能地完成日常事务处理业务，优化分配各种资源，包括人力、物力、财力等。

4、充分利用已有的资源，包括现在和历史的数据信息等，运用各种管理模型，对数据进行加工处理，支持管理和决策工作，以便实现组织目标。