PLC控制编程中英文翻译
plc编程编程英文词汇
plc编程编程英文词汇PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）是一种广泛应用于工业自动化领域的控制设备。
在PLC编程中，掌握一些基本的英文词汇是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常用的PLC编程英文词汇，帮助读者更好地理解和应用PLC编程。
1. PLC（Programmable Logic Controller）：可编程逻辑控制器，是一种用于控制和监控工业过程的电子设备。
2. Ladder diagram：梯形图，是一种用于表示PLC程序的图形化编程语言。
3. Input：输入，指PLC接收的信号或数据。
4. Output：输出，指PLC发送的信号或数据。
5. Timer：定时器，用于控制PLC程序中的时间延迟。
6. Counter：计数器，用于计数特定事件的发生次数。
7. Relay：继电器，用于控制电路的开关。
8. Coil：线圈，用于控制继电器的开关状态。
9. Contact：接点，用于表示输入信号或输出信号的状态。
10. NO（Normally Open）：常开接点，表示在没有输入信号时接点处于断开状态。
11. NC（Normally Closed）：常闭接点，表示在没有输入信号时接点处于闭合状态。
12. AND gate：与门，用于将多个输入信号进行逻辑与运算。
13. OR gate：或门，用于将多个输入信号进行逻辑或运算。
14. NOT gate：非门，用于对输入信号进行逻辑非运算。
15. Program scan：程序扫描，指PLC按照程序的顺序执行各个指令的过程。
16. Scan time：扫描时间，指PLC完成一次程序扫描所需的时间。
17. Memory：存储器，用于存储PLC程序和数据。
18. Bit：位，是存储器中最小的数据单元。
19. Word：字，是存储器中由多个位组成的数据单元。
20. Address：地址，用于标识存储器中的特定数据单元。
21. Input module：输入模块，用于将外部信号输入到PLC中。
plc编程常用英语单词
以下是一些在PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）编程中常用的英语单词：
•Input: 输入
•Output: 输出
•Relay: 继电器
•Timer: 定时器
•Counter: 计数器
•Contact: 触点
•Coil: 线圈
•PLC: 可编程逻辑控制器
•Program: 程序
•Ladder logic: 梯形逻辑
•Function block: 功能块
•Instruction: 指令
•Logic gate: 逻辑门
•AND gate: 与门
•OR gate: 或门
•NOT gate: 非门
•Sensor: 传感器
•Motor: 电机
•Encoder: 编码器
•Decoder: 解码器
•Analog input: 模拟输入
•Digital input: 数字输入
•Analog output: 模拟输出
•Digital output: 数字输出
•PID: 比例-积分-微分控制器
•HMI: 人机界面
•Communication: 通信
•Ethernet: 以太网
•Serial communication: 串行通信
•PROFIBUS: 过程现场总线
•Modbus: 一种通信协议
•I/O address: 输入/输出地址
•Memory: 存储器
•Register: 寄存器
这些单词是PLC 编程中常见的基本术语，对于理解和编写PLC 程序非常重要。
PLC 中英文翻译
英文资料：Motivation Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating [Moody and Morley, 1999, P110]:If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects,more than SO0/a of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs [Rockwell, 1999].In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.1.2 Objective and Significance of the ThesisThe objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.Customer-Driven ManufacturingIn modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologiesthat can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Higher Degree of Design Automation and Software QualityStudies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.System ComplexityThe software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs [Simmons et al., 1998].Design Theory DevelopmentToday, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.Application in Logical Hardware DesignFrom a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.1.3 Structure of the ThesisFigure 1.1 illustrates the outline of the following thesis. Chapter 2 clarifies the major challenges and research issues, and discourses the relevant background and terminology. It will be argued that a systematic design of PLC software can contribute to higher flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. The important issue of how to deal with complexity in engineering design with respect to designing and operating a system will be debated. The research approach applied in this thesis is introduced starting from a discussion of design theory and methodology and what can be learnt from that field.Chapter 3 covers the state-of-the-art of control technology and the current practice in designing and programming PLC software. The influences of electrical and software engineering are revealed as well as the potentially applicable methods from computer science are discussed. Pros and cons are evaluated and will lead to theconclusion that a new methodology is required that suffices the increasing complexity of PLC software design.Chapter 4 represents the main body of the thesis and captures the essential features of the design methodology. Though design theory is regarded as being in a pre- scientific stage it has advanced in mechanical, software and system engineering with respect to a number of proposed design models and their evaluation throughout real-world examples. Based on a literature review in Chapter 2 and 3 potential applicable design concepts and approaches are selected and applied to context of PLC software design. Axiomatic design is chosen as underlying design concept since it provides guidance for the designer without restriction to a particular design context. To advance the design concept to PLC software design, a formal notation based on statechart formalism is introduced. Furthermore, a design process is developed that arranges the activities needed in a sequential order and shows the related design outcomes.In Chapter 5, a number of case studies are given to demonstrate the applicability of the developed design methodology. The examples are derived from a complex reference system, a flexible assembly system. The achieved insights are evaluated in a concluding paragraph.Chapter 6 presents the developed computerized design tool for PLC software design on a conceptual level. The software is written in Visual Basic by using ActiveX controls to provide modularity and reuse in a web-based collaborative programming environment. Main components of the PLC software are modeling editors for the structural (modular) and the behavioral design, a layout specification interface and a simulation engine that can validate the developed model.Chapter 7 is concluding this thesis. It addresses the achievements with respect to the research objectives and questions. A critical evaluation is given alongside with an outlook for future research issues.中文翻译：动机可编程控制器(PLC)，计算设备的发明人理查德e.莫莉1968年已被广泛应用于工业,包括制造系统,运输系统,化工设备等,不胜枚举. 当时,临立会取代hardwiredlogic软连线逻辑或所谓梯形图(左) 编程语言和视觉类似hardwired逻辑并因而减少了配置时间从6个月至6天[24,000莫莉,1999].虽然基于PLC控制已经开始进入的地方, 基于PLC的控制仍将技术中的大部分工业应用将坚持由于其较高性能,而且价格低廉,和优越的可靠性,在恶劣的环境中. 此外,根据一项研究PLC市场的霜冻和苏利文[1995], 增加的年销售量为15万PLCs每年提供硬件价值超过8亿美元,已预言,尽管价格计算硬件正在稳步下降. 发明者的临立会,理查德e莫莉, 认为公平的PLC市场为50亿元的产业在当前时间. 虽然PLCs 被广泛应用于工业实践, 编程控制器的控制系统仍然非常依赖试错. alike软件工程,PLC的软件设计,目前正面临两难的软件危机或以类似的方式. 莫莉强调自己在这方面最有力的说明[穆迪和莫莉,1999年,第110]:如果楼房像软件项目,一个单一的啄木鸟可以摧毁文明. 尤其是, 实际问题可编程才能消除软件错误,以减少维修费用的老梯子逻辑节目. 虽然硬件成本PLCs正在不断下降, 减少扫描时间梯形图仍然是一个问题,在业,使低成本PLCs可用. 在一般情况下,生产力的PLC发电是落后于其他领域,例如VLSI设计那里有效率的计算机辅助设计工具的作法. 现有的软件工程方法,不一定适用于PLC的软件设计,因为PLC的编程需要同时考虑硬件和软件. 软件设计变得,因此,越来越多的主要成本动因. 在许多工业设计项目,用于控制系统的设计与安装,预计进行测试和调试PLC程序〔40998,1999〕. 此外, 当前PLC的控制系统是不恰当的设计,以支持日益增长的需求弹性和可重构制造系统. 另外一个问题,推动需要有一个系统的设计方法论,是不断增加的软件复杂的大型项目. 目的和意义论文的目的这一论断,是建立一个有系统的软件设计方法可编程操作自动化系统. 设计方法涉及高层次的描述基于国家转型模式处理自动化控制系统为离散事件系统, 分步设计过程,并订定设计规则提供指导和测量,以建立一个成功的设计. 有形的结果,这项研究是为了找到一个方法,以减少不确定性,在管理控制软件发展过程中,即减少编程和调试的时间,它们的变化,越来越灵活的自动化系统并使软件的重用,通过模块. 其目的是为了克服目前的规划策略,是基于经验的个人软件开发商.一个有系统的方法来设计PLC的软件可以克服的缺陷,在传统的方式编程制造控制系统, 可以产生广泛影响的几个工业应用. 自动化控制系统是模拟的正式语言或,equivalently,由国家机器. 正式交涉,提供一个高层次的描述系统的行为被控制. 国家机器可以分析评价,以查明他们是否达到预期目标. 其次, 状态机的描述提供了一种结构性的代表转达的合理要求和制约因素,如详细的安全规则. 第三, 明确界定的控制系统的设计成果,有利于代码自动生成一个有能力生产控制软件可执行商业鲜明的逻辑控制可以减少编程的筹备时间及人力成本. 特别是,论文是有关对以下几方面. 客户导向的制造业,在现代制造系统的特点是产品和工艺创新, 成为客户导向的,因而很快地回应变化的系统要求. 一个重大的挑战就是要提供有利的技术,可以在经济reconfigure自动化控制系统,以回应变动需求和新的机遇. 设计和操作知识,可以重复使用的实时性,因此,给予相当大的竞争力,工业实践. 更高程度的自动化设计和软件质量的研究显示,编程方法自动化系统尚未能赶上急速增加,使用电脑资源. 比如,编程PLCs仍依靠传统的节目风格,梯形逻辑图. 由于延误和资源规划的一大绊脚石的进步制造业. 测试和调试可能消耗超过50%的统筹分配给PLC程序设计. 标准电工60848,1999年; 国际电工委员会61131-3,1993年; IEC61499标准,1998年;ISO15745-1, [1999]已形成固定和传播国家-国际艺术设计的方法, 但他们通常不能参与推进知识有效的计划和制度设计. 有系统的方式会增加设计水平的自动化,通过重用现有软件组件, 并将提供方法,使大规模的制度设计管理. 同样的,这将提高软件的质量和可靠性,将相关的系统高安全标准特别是那些有危害的环境影响,如机场的控制,以及公共铁路. 系统复杂的软件业,被视为表现破坏者和复杂发生器. 不断缩小的硬件价格有所斩获,需要软件的表现而言,代码优化和效益. 结果是,庞大而低效率的软件代码,一方面保持收益硬件性能另一方面. 其次,软件proliferates变成复杂到无法控制的程度; 软件重新设计并维持必要的现代自动化系统变得几乎不可能. 尤其PLC程序已从几行代码是25年前为上千行代码类似数目的算点. 提高安全性,比如新政策对防火而灵活的现代自动化系统加上复杂的程序设计过程. 因此,生命周期的软件成本,是一项长期生长所需的全部费用.80-90%这些费用都进入软件维修、调试, 改造和扩建,以满足不断变化的需求[蒙斯etal. ,1998].设计理论发展的今天,首要重点大部分设计开发研究,是基于机械和电器产品. 其中的副产品,这项研究是为了提高我们的基本了解设计理论和方法扩大到该领域的工程系统设计. 一个制度设计的理论,进行大规模而复杂的制度尚未完全建立. 尤其至于如何简化复杂或复杂的设计任务,尚未解决的一个科学的方法. 此外, 建设桥梁设计理论和最新成果的认识论的正式交涉,在计算机科学和运筹学如离散事件系统建模,可以促进未来的发展,工程设计. 应用在逻辑硬件设计,从逻辑的角度来看, PLC的软件设计类似的硬件集成电路设计. 现代超大规模集成电路设计是非常复杂的数百万件,产品开发时间为3年,[云妮,1996]. 设计过程通常是分离成组件设计和系统设计阶段. 在构件设计阶段,单一功能的设计和论证. 在系统设计阶段,部件的整理和整个系统的性能和功能测试,通过模拟. 一般来说,一个完整的验证是不可能的. 因此,一个系统的方法,如对PLC的程序设计可能会影响到逻辑的硬件设计. 结构的论文图显示提纲以下论文. 第二章阐明了重大的挑战和问题进行研究,并论述了有关的背景和术语. 有人会争辩说,一个系统的设计PLC的软件能有助于更高的灵活性和可重构制造系统. 重要的问题,就是如何处理复杂的工程设计等方面的设计和营运体系将辩论. 研究方法适用于这个论断是介绍从讨论设计理论和方法是什么可以从这一领域. 第三章涵盖了美国最先进的控制技术和当前的实践在设计和PLC编程软件. 影响电气和软件工程所揭示以及可能适用的方法,由计算机科学讨论. 利弊的评价,并会导致一个结论,即一种新的方法,是需要足够的面对日趋复杂的PLC软件设计. 第四章占主体的论断,抓住了本质特征的设计方法. 虽然设计理论视为处于前科学阶段,它有先进的机械, 软件和系统工程方面的一些建议的设计模式及其评价整个真实世界的例子. 根据文献,在第2和第3潜在适用的设计理念和方式的选择和应用语境PLC的软件设计. 公理化设计选定为基本设计理念,因为它提供了指导设计师不受任何限制某一设计方面. 提前设计概念PLC的软件设计,一个正式的五线谱基于状态形式主义介绍. 此外, 设计过程中,开发整理活动需要有优先顺序,显示了相关设计成果. 在第五章,增加了一些个案研究结果充分显示了适用性的开发设计方法. 这些例子都是从一个复杂的参考系统,以及灵活的组装系统. 所取得的见解评价结论段落. 第6章介绍先进的计算机设计工具,PLC的软件设计概念层次. 该软件是在VisualBasic中使用控件提供模块化和重用Web的协作编程环境. 其主要组成部分的PLC软件建模编辑结构(单元)与行为设计版面规格接口和模拟引擎,可以验证开发的模式. 第七章是结论性的论断. 它涉及的成就方面的研究目标和问题. 一个批判的评价是一起展望未来研究的问题.。
可编程控制器外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
毕业设计中英文翻译院系专业班级姓名学号指导教师20**年 4 月Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)1、MotivationProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E. Morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days [Moody and Morley, 1999].Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan [1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLCs are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating [Moody and Morley, 1999, p. 110]:`If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC basedsoftware design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than SO0/a of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs [Rockwell, 1999].In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.PLCs (programmable logic controllers) are the control hubs for a wide variety of automated systems and processes. They contain multiple inputs and outputs that use transistors and other circuitry to simulate switches and relays to control equipment. They are programmable via software interfaced via standard computer interfaces and proprietary languages and network options.Programmable logic controllers I/O channel specifications include total number of points, number of inputs and outputs, ability to expand, and maximum number of channels. Number of points is the sum of the inputs and the outputs. PLCs may be specified by any possible combination of these values. Expandable units may be stacked or linked together to increase total control capacity. Maximum number of channels refers to the maximum total number of input and output channels in an expanded system. PLC system specifications to consider include scan time, number of instructions, data memory, and program memory. Scan time is the time required by the PLC to check the states of its inputs and outputs. Instructions are standard operations (such as math functions) available to PLC software. Data memory is the capacity for data storage. Program memory is the capacity for control software.Available inputs for programmable logic controllers include DC, AC, analog, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistor, and interrupt inputs. Outputs for PLCs include DC, AC, relay, analog, frequency or pulse, transistor, and triac. Programming options for PLCs include front panel, hand held, and computer.Programmable logic controllers use a variety of software programming languages for control. These include IEC 61131-3, sequential function chart (SFC), function block diagram (FBD), ladder diagram (LD), structured text (ST), instruction list (IL), relay ladder logic (RLL), flow chart, C, and Basic. The IEC 61131-3 programming environment provides support for five languages specified by the global standard: Sequential Function Chart,Function Block Diagram, Ladder Diagram, Structured Text, and Instruction List. This allows for multi-vendor compatibility and multi-language programming. SFC is a graphical language that provides coordination of program sequences, supporting alternative sequence selections and parallel sequences. FBD uses a broad function library to build complex procedures in a graphical format. Standard math and logic functions may be coordinated with customizable communication and interface functions. LD is a graphic language for discrete control and interlocking logic. It is completely compatible with FBD for discrete function control. ST is a text language used for complex mathematical procedures and calculations less well suited to graphical languages. IL is a low-level language similar to assembly code. It is used in relatively simple logic instructions. Relay Ladder Logic (RLL), or ladder diagrams, is the primary programming language for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Ladder logic programming is a graphical representation of the program designed to look like relay logic. Flow Chart is a graphical language that describes sequential operations in a controller sequence or application. It is used to build modular, reusable function libraries. C is a high level programming language suited to handle the most complex computation, sequential, and data logging tasks. It is typically developed and debugged on a PC. BASIC is a high level language used to handle mathematical, sequential, data capturing and interface functions.Programmable logic controllers can also be specified with a number of computer interface options, network specifications and features. PLC power options, mounting options and environmental operating conditions are all also important to consider.2、ResumeA PLC (programmable Logic Controller) is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for control.The PLC works by looking at its input and depending upon their state, turning on/off its outputs. The user enters a program, usually via software or programmer, which gives the desired results.PLC is used in many "real world" applications. If there is industry present, chance are good that there is a PLC present. If you are involved in machining, packing, material handling, automated assembly or countless other industries, you are probably already using them. If you are not, you are wasting money and time. Almost any application that needs some type of electrical control has a need for a PLC.For example, let's assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5second and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for. We can do this with a simple external timer. But what if the process included 10 switches and solenoids? We should need 10 external times. What if the process also needed to count how many times the switch individually turned on? We need a lot of external counters.As you can see the bigger the process the more of a need we have for a PLC. We can simply program the PLC to count its input and turn the solenoids on for the specified time.We will take a look at what is considered to be the "top 20" PLC instructions. It can be safely estimated that with a firm understanding of these instructions one can solve more than 80% of the applications in existence.Of course we will learn more than just these instruction to help you solve almost ALL potential PLC applications.The PLC mainly consists of a CPU, memory areas, and appropriate circuits to receive input/output data. We can actually consider the PLC to be a box full of hundreds or thousands of separate relay, counters, times and data storage locations,Do these counters,timers, etc. really exist? No,they don't "physically" exist but rather they simulated and be considered software counters, timers, etc. . These internal relays are simulated through bit locations in registers.What does each part do? Let me tell you.Input RelaysThese are connected to the outside world.They physically exsit and receive signals from switches,sensors,ect..Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.Internal Utility RelaysThese do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist.they are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays.There are also some special relays that are dedicated to performing only one task.Some are always on while some are always off.Some are on only once during power-on and are typically used for initializing data that was stored.CountersThese again do not physically exist. They are simulated counters and they can be programmed to count pulses.Typically these counters can count up,down or both up anddown.Since they are simulated,they are limited in their counting speed.Some manufacturers also include high-speed counters that are hardware based.We think of these as physically existing.Most times these counters can count up,down or up and down.TimersThese also do not physically exist.They come in many varieties and increments.The most common type is an on-delay type.Others include off-delays and both retentive and non-retentive types.Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.Output RelaysThere are connected to the outside world.They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids,lights,etc..They can be transistors,relays,or triacs depending upon the model chosen Data StorageTypically there are registers assigned to simply store data.They are usually used as temporary storage for math or data manipulation.They can also typically be used to store data when power is removed form the PLC.Upon power-up they will still have the same contents as before power was moved.Very convenient and necessary!A PLC works by continually scanning a program.We can think of this scan cycle as consisting of 3 important steps.There are typically more than 3 but we can focus on the important parts and not worry about the others,Typically the others are checking the system and updating the current internal counter and timer values,Step 1 is to check input status,First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if it is on off.In other words,is the sensor connected to the first input on?How about the third...It records this data into its memory to be used during the next step.Step 2 is to execute program.Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at a time.Maybe your program said that if the first input was on then it should turn on the first output.Since it already knows which inputs are on/off from the previous step,it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned on based on the state of the first input.It will store the execution results for use later during the next step.Step 3 is to update output status.Finally the PLC updates the status the outputs.It updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the results executing your program during the second step.Based on the example in step 2 it would now turn on the firstoutput because the first input was on and your program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.After the third step the PLC goes back to step one repeats the steps continuously.One scan time is defined as the time it takes to execute the 3 steps continuously.One scan time is defined as the time it takes to execute the 3 steps listed above.Thus a practical system is controlled to perform specified operations as desired.3、PLC StatusThe lack of keyboard, and other input-output devices is very noticeable on a PLC. On the front of the PLC there are normally limited status lights. Common lights indicate;power on - this will be on whenever the PLC has powerprogram running - this will often indicate if a program is running, or if no program is runningfault - this will indicate when the PLC has experienced a major hardware or software problemThese lights are normally used for debugging. Limited buttons will also be provided for PLC hardware. The most common will be a run/program switch that will be switched to program when maintenance is being conducted, and back to run when in production. This switch normally requires a key to keep unauthorized personnel from altering the PLC program or stopping execution. A PLC will almost never have an on-off switch or reset button on the front. This needs to be designed into the remainder of the system.The status of the PLC can be detected by ladder logic also. It is common for programs to check to see if they are being executed for the first time, as shown in Figure 1. The ’first scan’ input will be true on the very first time the ladder logic is scanned, but false on every other scan. In this case the address for ’first scan’ in a PLC-5 is ’S2:1/14’. With the logic in the example the first scan will seal on ’light’, until ’clear’ is turned on. So the light will turn on after the PLC has been turned on, but it will turn off and stay off after ’clear’ is turned on. The ’first scan’ bit is also referred to at the ’first pass’ bit.Figure 1 An program that checks for the first scan of the PLC4、Memory TypesThere are a few basic types of computer memory that are in use today.RAM (Random Access Memory) - this memory is fast, but it will lose its contents when power is lost, this is known as volatile memory. Every PLC uses this memory for the central CPU when running the PLC.ROM (Read Only Memory) - this memory is permanent and cannot be erased. It is often used for storing the operating system for the PLC.EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) - this is memory that can be programmed to behave like ROM, but it can be erased with ultraviolet light and reprogrammed.EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) – This memory can store programs like ROM. It can be programmed and erased using a voltage, so it is becoming more popular than EPROMs.All PLCs use RAM for the CPU and ROM to store the basic operating system for the PLC. When the power is on the contents of the RAM will be kept, but the issue is what happens when power to the memory is lost. Originally PLC vendors used RAM with a battery so that the memory contents would not be lost if the power was lost. This method is still in use, but is losing favor. EPROMs have also been a popular choice for programming PLCs. The EPROM is programmed out of the PLC, and then placed in the PLC. When the PLC is turned on the ladder logic program on the EPROM is loaded into the PLC and run. This method can be very reliable, but the erasing and programming technique can be time consuming. EEPROM memories are a permanent part of the PLC, and programs can be stored in them like EPROM. Memory costs continue to drop, and newer types (such as flash memory) are becoming available, and these changes will continue to impact PLCs.5、Objective and Significance of the ThesisThe objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of theautomation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspect Customer-Driven ManufacturingIn modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements.A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.Higher Degree of Design Automation and Software QualityStudies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancingthe knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.System ComplexityThe software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs [Simmons et al., 1998].Design Theory DevelopmentToday, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.Application in Logical Hardware DesignFrom a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.可编程控制器1、前言可编程序的逻辑控制器（PLC），是由Richard E.Morley 于1968年发明的，如今已经被广泛的应用于生产、运输、化学等工业中。
可编程序控制器 中英文翻译
英文资料/中文翻译Programmable Logic ControllerProgrammable controller is the first in the late 1960s in the United States, then called Plc programmable logic controller (ProgrammableLogicController) is used to replace relays. For the implementation of the logical judgement, timing, sequence number, and other control functions. The concept is presented PLC General Motors Corporation. Plc and the basic design is the computer functional improvements, flexible, generic and other advantages and relay control system simple and easy to operate, such as the advantages of cheap prices combined controller hardware is standard and overall. According to the practical application of target software in order to control the content of the user procedures memory controller, the controller and connecting the accused convenient target.In the mid-1970s, the Plc has been widely used as a central processing unit microprocessor, import export module and the external circuits are used, large-scale integrated circuits even when the Plc is no longer the only logical (IC) judgement functions also have data processing, PID conditioning and data communications functions. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards promulgated programmable controller for programmable controller draft made the following definition : programmable controller is a digital electronic computers operating system, specifically for applications in the industrial design environment. It used programmable memory, used to implement logic in their internal storage operations, sequence control, timing, counting and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, the control of various types of machinery or production processes. Programmable controller and related peripherals, and industrial control systems easily linked to form a whole, to expand its functional design. Programmable controller for the user, is a non-contact equipment, the procedures can be changed to change production processes. The programmable controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, widely popular replication. Programmable controller is user-oriented industries dedicated control computer, with many distinctive features.First, high reliability, anti-interference capability;Second,programming visual, simple;Third, adaptability good;Fourth ,functional improvements, strong functional interface.A programmable logic controller (PLC) or simply programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result..The main difference from other computers is that PLC are armored for severe condition (dust, moisture, heat, cold, etc) and have the facility for extensive input/output (I/O) arrangements. These connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. PLC read limit switches, analog process variables (such as temperature and pressure), and the positions of complex positioning systems. Some even use machine vision. On the actuator side, PLC operate electric motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays or solenoids, or analog outputs. The input/output arrangements may be built into a simple PLC, or the PLC may have external I/O modules attached to a computer network that plugs into the PLC.PLC were invented as replacements for automated systems that would use hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers. Often, a single PLC can be programmed to replace thousands of relays. Programmable controllers were initially adopted by the automotive manufacturing industry, where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed.Many of the earliest PLC expressed all decision making logic in simple ladder logic which appeared similar to electrical schematic diagrams. The electricians were quite able to trace out circuit problems with schematic diagrams using ladder logic. This program notation was chosen to reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLC used a form of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver.Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan, an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Though PLC are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of PLC based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. Alike software engineering, PLC software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. Morley himself emphasized this aspect most forcefully by indicating:If houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLC are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLC can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneousconsideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than 50% of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs.In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing systems.The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLC are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLC in certain applications.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.PLC compared with other control systemsPLC are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automationsystem is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLC contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations in ladder logic notation. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands of places.For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities.A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies and input/output hardware) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLC instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic.Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLC. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls.PLC may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller." A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example,historically PLC were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. However, as PLC have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less clear-cut.Digital and analog signalsDigital or discrete signals behave as binary switches, yielding simply an On or Off signal (1 or 0, True or False, respectively). Push buttons, limit switches, and photoelectric sensors are examples of devices providing a discrete signal. Discrete signals are sent using either voltage or current, where a specific range is designated as On and another as Off. For example, a PLC might use 24 V DC I/O, with values above 22 V DC representing On, values below 2VDC representing Off, and intermediate values undefined. Initially, PLC had only discrete I/O.Analog signals are like volume controls, with a range of values between zero and full-scale. These are typically interpreted as integer values (counts) by the PLC, with various ranges of accuracy depending on the device and the number of bits available to store the data. As PLC typically use 16-bit signed binary processors, the integer values are limited between -32,768 and +32,767. Pressure, temperature, flow, and weight are often represented by analog signals. Analog signals can use voltage or current with a magnitude proportional to the value of the process signal. For example, an analog 4-20 m or 0 - 10 V input would be converted into an integer value of 0-32767.Current inputs are less sensitive to electrical noise (i.e. from welders or electric motor starts) than voltage inputs.System scaleA small PLC will have a fixed number of connections built in for inputs and outputs. Typically, expansions are available if the base model does not have enough I/O.Modular PLC have a chassis (also called a rack) into which is placed modules with different functions. The processor and selection of I/O modules is custom for the particular application. Several racks can be administered by a single processor, and may have thousands of inputs and outputs. A special high speed serial I/O link is used so that racks can be distributed away from the processor, reducing the wiring costs for Large plants PLC used in larger I/O systems may have peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between processors. This allows separate parts of a complex process to have individual control while allowing the subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication link. These communication links are also often used for HMI (Human-Machine Interface) devices such as keypads or PC-type workstations. Some of today's PLC can communicate over a wide range of media including RS-485, Coaxial, and even Ethernet for I/O control at network speeds up to 100m.ProgrammingEarly PLC, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity. More recently, PLC programs are typically written in a special application on a personal computer, then downloaded by a direct-connection cable or over a network to the PLC. The very oldest PLC used non-volatile magnetic core memory but now the program is stored in the PLC either in battery-backed-up RAM or some other non-volatile flash memory.Early PLC were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLC were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. Modern PLC can be programmed in a variety of ways, from ladder logic to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C. Another method is State Logic, a Very High Level Programming Language designed to program PLC based on State Transition Diagrams.Recently, the International standard IEC 61131-3 has become popular. IEC 61131-3 currently defines five programming languages for programmable control systems: FBD (Function block diagram), LD (Ladder diagram), ST (Structured text, similar to the Pascal programming language), IL (Instruction list, similar to assembly language) and SFC (Sequential function chart). These techniques emphasize logical organization of operations.While the fundamental concepts of PLC programming are common to all manufacturers, differences in I/O addressing, memory organization and instruction sets mean that PLC programs are never perfectly interchangeable between different makers. Even within the same product line of a single manufacturer, different models may not be directly compatible.User interfacePLC may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control. A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. HMI' are also referred to as MMI' (Man Machine Interface) and GUI (Graphical User Interface).A simple system may use buttons and lights to interact with the user. Text displays are available as well as graphical touch screens. Most modern PLC can communicate over a network to some other system, such as a computer running a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system or web browser.CommunicationsPLC usually have built in communications ports usually 9-Pin RS232, and optionally for RS485 and Ethernet. DF1 is usually included as one of the communications protocols. Other communications protocols that may be used are listed in the List of automation protocols.HistoryThe PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive industry. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using relays, timers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as the relay systems needed to be rewired by skilled electricians. In 1968 GM Hydra (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems.The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Mod, which stood for One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner.One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service.The automotive industry is still one of the largest users of PLC, and still numbers some of its controller models such that they end with eighty-four. PLC are used in many different industries and machines such as packaging and semiconductor machines.Well known PLC brands are Toshiba, Siemens, Allen-Bradley, ABB, Mitsubishi, Omron, and General Electri.可编程序控制器可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
PLC行业常用184个专业英语中英文词汇对照
PLC行业常用184个专业英语中英文词汇对照PLC行业常用184个专业英语中英文词汇对照1. PLC 可编程逻辑控制器2. absolute 绝对位置3. absoluteoutput 绝对输出4 .actuator 执行器/作动器5. against 对比6. allocate 分配 7. alter 改变/修改8. ambient 环境周围ambient operating temperature 9. analog 模拟 analogoutput 10. analysis 分析 thecollection an and analysis of data 12. applicable 可用 the applicableCPU for the module13. assign 分配 14. back up battey 备用电池15. barcode reader/ID 条形码阅读器16. base unit 主基板17. baud 波特 18. beforehand 事先19. binary 二进制 20. buffer memory 缓冲存储器21. bus 总线22. case 外壳 do notremove the modules print board from the case23. characteristic 特征I/Ocharacterristic24. check 校验the datalink status canbe checked25. child-station 子站26. common terminal 公共端27. compatible 兼容 compatiblewith the MODBUS protocol28. compound 混合compoundsystem communication 29. condensation 结露30. condition 条件conditionsetting31. conductive 导电conductivemetal picees32. configuration 组态systemconfiguration33. configure 组态34. confirm 确认how toconfirm the operation of the module35. consumption 消耗currentconsumption36. content 目录37. control level 控制级38. convenient 方便moreconvenient and easy-to-use39. conventionaly 传统whichconventionaly has been used 40. conversion 转换Analog-Digital conversion module41. converter 转换器42. conveyor 传送conveyorline 43. corrosive 腐蚀corrosivegas 44. countermeasure 对策。
PLC技术中英文翻译可编程控制器技术(英语原文中文翻译)
l 中文翻译可编程控制器技术随着时代的发展当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象.人们在生产实践中看到自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为通过人脑与计算机协调工作以人机结合的模式为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到；而 PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题，通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。
PLC的最大特点在于：电气工程师已不再电气的硬件上花费太多的心计，只要将按钮开关或感应器的输入点连接到 PLC的输入点上就能解决问题，通过输出点连接接触器或继电器来控制大功率的启动设备，而小功率的输出设备直接连接就可以。
PLC 的内部包含了具有中央处理器的CPU，并带有外部 I/O 口扩展的 I/O 接口地址和存储器三大块组成，CPU的核心是由一个或者多个累加器组成，它们具有逻辑的数学运算能力，并能读取程序存储器的内容通过计算后去驱动相应的存储器和 I/O 接口；I/O口将内部累加器和外部的输入和输出系统连接起来，并将相关的数据存入程序存储器或者数据存储器中；存储器可以将 I/O口输入的数据存入存储器中，并在工作时调转到累加器和 I/O接口上，存储器分程序存储器 lROM 和数据存储器 RAMROM可以将数据永久的存入存储器中，而 RAM 只能作为 CPU计算时临时计算使用的缓冲空间。
PLC的抗干扰是极其优秀的，我们根本不用去关心它的使用寿命和工作场合的恶劣，这些所有的问题已不再成为我们失败的主题，而留给我们的是关心如何来利用 PLC 的内部资源为我们加强设备的控制能力，使我们的设备更加的柔性。
常用PLC编程专业英文词汇
常用PLC编程专业英文词汇（附翻译）在PLC编程中我们经常会遇到一些专业英文词汇，对于入门的学员来说过理解起来是非常困难的。
本文总结了一些PLC常用专业英文词汇，并做已翻译。
01a开头absolute 绝对位置Absolute output 绝对最大输出actuator 执行器/作动器against 对比allocate 分配alter 改变/修改ambient 环境周围ambient operating temperatureanalog 模拟analysis 分析applicable 可用assign 分配02b开头back up battey 备用电池barcode reader/ID 条形码阅读器base unit 主基板baud 波特beforehand 事先binary 二进制buffer memory 缓冲存储器bus 总线03c开头case 外壳characteristic 特征check 校验child-station 子站common terminal 公共端compatible 兼容compound 混合condensation 结露condition 条件conductive 导电configuration 组态configure 组态confirm 确认consumption 消耗content 目录control level 控制级convenient 方便conventionaly 传统conversion 转换converter 转换器conveyor 传送corrosive 腐蚀cutoff 切断countermeasure 对策04d开头debug 调试dedicated 屏蔽dedicated 专用default value 缺省值define 解释/阐明design 设计device level 现场级diagnosis 诊断digital 数字din rail 导轨diverse 不同的/各种各样的download 下载duplicate 完全一样dust 灰尘05e开头eliminate 免得enterprise level 管理级erase 清除exceed 超出execute 执行expand 扩展06f开头faulty 故障站field bus 现场总线fix 固定flexibly 灵活的flow 流量format 格式fuse 融丝07g开头graph图标坐标图曲线guaranteed 担保08h开头handle 处理hardware manual 硬件手册hint 提示humidity 湿度09i开头individual 独立的inductance 电感initiate 实施发起input 输入input point 输入点数install 安装instruction 指令insulation 隔离interface 接口interlocking 互锁internal 内部interrupt 中断invalid 无效10m开头magnetic 有磁性的main circuit 主回路/线电路malfunction 故障mandatory 强制mantenance 维护manual 手册mechanical 机械mechanical life 机械寿命module 模块/组件momentary power failure 瞬时断电monitor 监视mount 固定multiple 多样11n开头negative 负12o开头observation 观察occupy 占用occur 发生offline 离线offset gain 偏置增益oil mist 油雾optical loop 光缆回路optimum 最佳的output 输出overall 总的overview 总揽13p开头parameter 参数path 路径perform 进行performance specifations 性能规格peripheral 外围/外部设备phase 相point 要点port 接口positive 正power line 电源线power>precaution 注意事项print board 印刷电路板procedure 过程programing interface 编程接口/编程界面protocol 协议14r开头range 范围rated input voltage 额定输入电压ratio 比率refer to 参照recommend 建议reduce 减少/缩小register 数据寄存器relay 继电器remote I/O 远程网络reserved station 预留主站resistor 电阻器15l开头load bridging resistor 负载转移电阻load compensating resistor 负荷补偿电阻load shifting resistor 负载移动电阻器; 负荷转移电阻load-resistor contactor 负载电阻器接触器; 负荷电阻接触器anode load resistor 释义阳极负载电阻; 阳极负载电阻effect of load resistor 负载电阻效应16r开头resolution 分辨率Maximum resolution 最大分辨率restriction 限制retry 重试17s开头scan 扫描screw 螺丝seamless network 无缝网络sequence programme 顺控程序serial communications module 串口通信模块series 系列servo 伺服系统short 短路signal 信号sink 漏极slot 周边元件扩展插槽soures 源极specifications 特性stabilized power supply 稳压电源standby master station 备用主站start up 起动status 状态step drive 步进storage 存储store 存储witch off 切断swith 开关18t开头table 表格transfer 传送transistor 晶体管transmission speed 传输速度transmit 传送/传输triac 三端双向可控硅开关元件troubleshooting 故障处理19u开头unuseble 不可以使用upload 上传/上载utilize 利用20v开头verify 校验voltage 电压21w开头watchdog 看门狗定时器width 范围wire chips 线头。
PLC常见英语
电器控制中常用英语AAbort 中止、中断Administrator 管理员Alarm ALM 报警Analog A、ALG 模拟Automatic A、Auto 自动BBack 返回Battery 电池Basic 基本的Bus 母线、总线CCalibration 校准、校正Cancel 取消、撤销Change 改变、变化Chinese 中文Clear 清除Close 关闭，结束Code 代码、密码Command 命令、指令Complete 完成Condition Condit 条件、状态Config 配置、组态Control Ctrl 控制Current C 电流、当前的Cut 切除DDamping 阻尼Density 密度Default 默认Delete 删除Detail 细节、详情Device 设备，装置Diagnostics Diag 诊断Display 显示Down 下，向下Download 下载EEdit 编辑Empty 空的Enable ENBL 使能、允许English 英语Enter 回车，确认、输入Error ERR 故障、错误Ethernet 以太网Exit 出口、退出FFactory 工厂Fault FL 故障Finish 完成Flow F 流量Force 强制Function 功能GGas 气体HHand H 手动Hardware 硬件Height 高度Hold 保持Home 首页IInformation Info 信息Input I、IN 输入Install 安装Invalid 无效的、不正确的LLanguage 语言Length 长度Level L 液位Link 连接Liquid 液体Load 负载、负荷Log 记录日志Loop 回路Low L 低的、下MMain 主要的Manual M 手动、手册Mass 质量Maximum MAX 最大Menu 菜单Minimum MIN 最小Mode 模式Model 型号Module MOD 模块NNormal 正常、常态、标准Network 网络New 新的Next 下一个No 否Number 号码、编号、数字OOff 关Offline 离线、脱机Ok 好的、确认On 开Online 在线，联机Open 打开Operator 操作员Output O、OUT 输出Over 超过、结束PParameter 参数、参量Password 口令、密码Percent P 百分比Plant 工厂、车间Port 端口Power PWR 电源、功率Pressure P 压力Primary 主要的、基本的Process 过程Program 程序RRack R 机架Range Rnge 量程、范围Reference Ref 参考Reset 复位Review 检查Run RN 运行SSave 保存Select 选择Send 发送Sensor 传感器Service 服务Set 设置Setup 安装，设置Signal 信号Slot S 插槽Solid 固体Special 专门的、特殊的、特别的Standard 标准Start STA 启动Status 状态Steam 蒸汽Stop STO、STP 停止Supply 供应System 系统TTag 位号Tank 罐、箱Temperature T、Temp 温度Test 测试Trim 修剪、整理、切边Type 类型UUnit 单位、单元Up U 上，向上，高的Update 更新User 用户VValue 值Variable 变量Voltage V、Volt 电压WWarning 报警YYes 是、同意ZZero 零常见缩写AC —— Alternating Current 交流电AI —— Analog Input 模拟输入AO —— Analog Output 模拟输出CAD —— Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CPU —— Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CV —— Contol Valve 控制阀，调节阀Control Value 控制值Current V alue 当前值DC —— Direct Current 直流电DCS —— Distributed Control System 分布控制系统DI —— Discrete Input 离散输入Digital Input 数字输入DO —— Discrete Output 离散输出，数字输出DPT —— Difference Pressure Transmitter 差压变送器FT —— Flow Transmitter 流量变送器IO、I/O —— Input Output、Input/Output 输入输出LS —— Level Switch 料位开关，液位开关LT —— Level Transmitter 液位变送器，物位变送器M/A —— Manual/Auto 手动/自动MCC —— Motor Control Center 马达控制中心PC —— Personal Computer 个人计算机PID —— Proportional Integral Derivative 比例积分微分PLC —— Programmable Logical Controller 可编程逻辑控制器PS —— Pressure Switch 压力开关PT —— Pressure Transmitter 压力变送器PV —— Process Value 过程值，测量值Preset Value 预置值SBA —— Serial Bus Address 系列总线地址SP —— Set Point 设定值SS —— Speed Switch 速度开关SV —— Switch Valve 开关阀TS —— Temperature Switch 温度开关TT —— Temperature Transmitter 温度变送器UPS —— Uninterrupted Power Supply 不间断电源供应E&I —— Electrical & Instrument 电仪HV —— High Voltage 高压HVD —— High V oltage Distribution 高压配电柜IE —— Instrument Earthing 仪表接地IS —— Intrinsic Safety 本安LV —— Low Voltage 低压LVD —— Low Voltage Distribution 低压配电柜MCB —— Motor Circuit Breaker 电动机断路器MV —— Medium V oltage 中压MVD —— Medium V oltage Distribution 中压配电柜PE —— Protective Earthing 保护接地PFC —— Power Factor Compensation 功率因数补偿PPE —— Personal Protective Equipment 个人防护装备SCADA —— Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition 数据采集与监视控制SIL —— Safety Integrity Level 安全完整性等级SLD —— Single Line Diagram 单线图VFD —— Variable Frequency Drive 变频器。
plc洗衣机控制中英文
PLC programmable controller: PLC English full title Programmable Logic Controller, Chinese full title as the programmable logical controller, the definition is: One kind of digital operation operation's electronic system, for designs specially in the industry environment application. It uses a kind of programmable memory, uses in its internally stored program, the actuating logic operation, the sequential control, fixed time, counting and arithmetic operation and so on face user's instruction, and through digital either simulation type input/output control each type machinery or production process. PLC is based on the electronic accounting machine, and is suitable for the industry field work electric controller. It stems from following the electricity control device, but it does not look like following the electricity installs such, realizes the control through electric circuit's physical process, but mainly saves depending on the movement in the PLC memory the procedure, carries on into the information conversion to realize the control. Enters the information conversion, the reliable physics to realize, may say that is PLC realizes the control two essential points. Enters the information conversion to save depending on the movement in the PLC memory the procedure realizes. The PLC procedure both has the Manufacturer system program (not to be possible change), and has the application which the user develops voluntarily (user) the procedure. The system program provides the movement platform, simultaneously, but is also the PLC procedure reliability service and the signal and the information transformation carries on essential public processing. The user program according to controls the request design by the user. What control request, should have what user program. The reliable physics realizes mainly depending on loses the human (INPUT) and the output (OUTPUT) the electric circuit. The PLC I/O electric circuit, is designs specially. The input circuit must carry on the filter to the input signal, removes the high frequency interference. Moreover is isolates with the internal computer electric circuit on the electricity, depending on light pair part establish contact. Inside and outside the output circuit is also the electricity isolation, depending on light pair part or output relay establish contact. The output circuits must carry on the power amplification, by drives the general industrial control primary device sufficiently, like solenoid valve, contact device and so on. The I/O electric circuit is many, each entrance point either output must have one I or the O electric circuit. PLC has multi-I/O to use the spot, generally also has how many I/O to use the electric circuit. But because they are composed highly by the integrated electric circuit, therefore, accounts for the volume not to be big. The input circuit time monitors is inputting the condition, and its interim in input temporary storage device. Each entrance point has a corresponding memory its information temporary storage device.The output circuit must output latch's information transmission for the output spot. Outputs the latch and output is also 11 correspondences. Here input temporary storage device and the output latch are actually PLC the processor I/O mouth register. They with the computer memory exchange information through the computer main line, and mainly realize by the run-time system procedure. Loses the person temporary storage device's information to read PLC in the memory, calls input refurbishing. In PLC has specially the opening depositing infed information mapping area. This area's each corresponding position (bit) called it inputs the relay, or calls the soft contact. These positions become 1, indicates the contact to pass, sets 0 breaks for the contact. Because its condition is obtains by input refurbishing, therefore, it reflects is the input state.。
PLC控制指令，中英文对照版，太实用了！
PLC控制指令，中英文对照版，太实用了！指令（英文全称意思 ) ：指令含义1、LD( Load 装载 ) ：动合触点2、LDN( Load Not 不装载 ) : 动断触点3、A( And 与动合) : 用于动合触点串联4、AN( And Not 与动断 ) ：用于动断触点串联5、O( Or 或动合 ) ：用于动合触点并联6、ON( Or Not 或动断 ) : 用于动断触点并联7、=( Out 输出 ) ：用于线圈输出8、OLD( Or Lode): 块或9、ALD( And Lode): 块与10、LPS( Logic Push ) :逻辑入栈11、LRD( Logic Read ) :逻辑读栈12、LPP( Logic Pop ) :逻辑出栈13、NOT( not 并非 ) ：非14、NOP( No Operation Performed ) : 无操作15、AENO( And ENO ) :指令盒输出端ENO相与16、S( Set 放置 ) : 置117、R( Reset 重置，清零 ) ：清零18、P( Positive) ：上升沿19、N( Negative) ：下降沿20、TON( On_Delay Timer ) :接通延时定时器21、TONR( Retentive On_Delay Timer ) : 有记忆接通延时定时器22、TOF( Off_ Delay Timer ) :断开延时定时器23、CTU( Count Up ) : 增计数器24、CTD( Count Down ) : 减计数器25、CTDU( Count Up/ Count Down ) :增减计数器26、ADD( add 加 ) : 加注意//ADD_I (_ I 表示整数)ADD_DI( DI表示双字节整数)ADD-R(R 表示实数)它们都是加运算只是数的大小不同。
27、SUB( Subtract 减去，减少) ：减28、MUL( Multiply ) : 乘29、DIV( Divide ) : 除30、SQRT( Square root ) : 求平方根31、LN( Napierian Logarithm 自然对数 ) : 求自然对数32、EXP( Exponential 指数的 ) ：求指数33、INC_B( Increment 增加 ) ：增1//其中_B代表数据类型还有W（字节）、DW双字后面几个都是这样的。
西门子编程 PLC S7-300语句表 助记符 中英文全称对照
西门子编程PLC S7-200/300语句表助记符英文全称助记指令（英文全称意思) ：指令含义1 、LD ( Lode 装载 ) ：动合触点2、LDN ( Lode Not 不装载 ) : 动断触点3、A ( And 与动合) : 用于动合触点串联4、AN ( And Not 与动断 ) ：用于动断触点串联5、O ( Or 或动合 ) ：用于动合触点并联6、ON ( Or Not 或动断 ) : 用于动断触点并联7、= ( Out 输出 ) ：用于线圈输出8、OLD ( Or Lode): 块或9、ALD ( And Lode): 块与10、LPS ( Logic Push ) :逻辑入栈11、LRD ( Logic Read ) :逻辑读栈12、LPP ( Logic Pop ) :逻辑出栈13、NOT ( not 并非 ) ：非14、NOP ( No Operation Performed ) : 无操作15、AENO ( And ENO ) : 指令盒输出端ENO相与16、S ( Set 放置 ) : 置117、R ( Reset 重置，清零 ) ：清零18、P ( uP 上升) ：正跳变19、N ( dowN 下降) ：负跳变20、TON ( On_Delay Timer ) :通电延时21、TONR ( Retentive On_Delay Timer ) : 有记忆通电延时型22、TOF ( Off_ Delay Timer ) :断电延时型23、CTU ( Count Up ) : 递增计算器24、CTD ( Count Down ) : 递减计数器25、CTDU ( Count Up/ Count Down ) :增减计数器26、ADD ( add 加 ) : 加注意 //ADD_I (_ I 表示整数) ADD_DI( DI表示双字节整数)ADD-R(R 表示实数)它们都是加运算只是数的大小不同！！后面有很多这样的我就略写了！27、SUB ( Subtract 减去，减少) ：减28、MUL ( Multiply ) : 乘29、DIV ( Divide ) : 除30、SQRT ( Square root ) : 求平方根31、LN ( Napierian Logarithm 自然对数 ) : 求自然对数32、EXP ( Exponential 指数的 ) ：求指数33、INC_B ( Increment 增加 ) ：增134、DEC_B ( Decrement 减少 ) ：减135、WAND_B ( Word and 与命令 ) :逻辑与//其中_B代表数据类型还有W（字节）、DW双字后面几个都是这样的。
PLC控制编程中英文翻译
介绍可编程序逻辑控制器可编程逻辑控制器或者简易可编程控制器是一种数字化的计算机，它应用于工业自动化的生产过程中，比如工厂装配生产线中机械的控制,游乐设施或是灯具照明。
可编程逻辑控制器运用于很多行业和机器中。
不同于普通用途的计算机，可编程逻辑控制器是专为安排多输入和多输出而设计的，它拓展了工作温度范围，可抑制电气噪声，抗振动和干扰。
程序控制机器操作指令通常存储在备用电池或非易失性存储器中。
PLC要求实时系统的输出结果在一个时间范围内必须对输入条件做出响应，否则会导致意想不到的结果。
历史PLC是应美国汽车业发展的需要而产生的。
可编程逻辑控制器最初通过了在软件版本更换硬连接的控制板生产模式更改时的汽车工业。
在PLC产生之前，汽车使用继电器进行顺序控制和安全联锁逻辑，制造定时器和专用闭环控制器。
每年模型转换是非常耗时和昂贵的，这是因为电工需要单独再接电线给每个中转。
在1968年通用汽车公司发出一份为硬连线中继系统寻找一个电子替代品的建议书。
获奖的提案来自贝德福德，马萨诸塞州的贝德福德联营公司。
第一个PLC，被命名为084 ，因为它是贝德福德的第八十四个项目的结果。
贝德福德联营协会创建了一个新的公司，它致力于开发，制造，销售和服务这一新产品：莫迪康，它代表模块化数字控制器。
该项目主持者切尼莫雷，被认为是“PLC之父”。
该莫迪康品牌在1977年被古尔德电子收购，后来又被德国AEG公司收购，然后是法国施耐德电气，也是目前的所有者。
一个最早建立的084模型现在陈列在莫迪康的总部北安多佛，马萨诸塞州。
这是专门为通用汽车服务的，并且经过了近二十多年的不间断服务。
直至984的出现，莫迪康使用的084名字才在其产品范围中结束。
汽车行业仍然是最大的一个PLC用户。
发展早期的可编程控制器是设计来取代继电器逻辑系统。
这些可编程控制器的“阶梯逻辑”是与继电器逻辑示意图非常相似的。
选择此程序表示法的目的是为了减少对现在技术人员的培训需求。
PLC的中英文翻译
Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following aheap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we willadopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controller's (PLC's) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, let's list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLC's communications versatility, let's first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter "A" is transmitted, for instance, it's automatically coded as "65" by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the "65" back to the letter "A." Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.很多的情况下我们总喜欢采用串并转换芯片来进行传输，这种情况下不需要我们进行过于复杂的寄存器设置了，而直接通过数据传送指令进行数据交流，但在通信中并不是一个十分可行的办法，因为在发送数据的时候对方的PLC必须一直等待你的数据输出，它不能去做其他的工作。
PLC及变频器技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译PLC and inverter technology trends1. The development trend of the programmable controller“PLC is one kind specially for the digital operation operation electronic installation which applies under the industry environment designs. It uses may the coding memory, uses for in its internal memory operation and so on actuating logic operation, sequence operation, time, counting and arithmetic operation instructions, and can through digital or the simulation-like input and the output, controls each type the machinery or the production process. PLC and the related auxiliary equipment should according to form a whole easy with the industrial control system, easy to expand its function the principle to design.”In the 21st century, PLC will have a bigger development. Technologically speaking, computer technology's new achievement more will apply in the programmable controller's design and the manufacture, will have the operating speed to be quicker, the storage capacity to be bigger, an intelligent stronger variety to appear; Looked from the product scale that further develops to subminiature and the ultra-large direction; Looked from the product overcoatability that the product variety will be richer, the specification to be more complete, the perfect man-machine contact surface, the complete communication facility will adapt eachindustrial control situation demand well; Looked from the market that various countries will produce the multi-variety product the situation to break respectively along with the international competition aggravating, will present the minority several brand monopoly international market the aspect, will present the international general programming language; Looking from the network state of play, the programmable controller and other industrial control computer network constitution large-scale control system is the programmable controller technology development direction. Present computer collection and distribution control system DCS (Distributed Control System) had the massive programmable controller application. Is following computer network's development, the programmable controller takes the automation directed net and the international universal network important component, outside industry and industry numerous domain display more and more major function.2. Inverter technology development trendsInverter into the practical phase of more than 1 / 4 century during this period, the frequency converter technology as the basis of power electronics technology and microelectronics technology manager of a leap in the development, as the new power electronic devices and high-performance microprocessor The application of control technologyand the development of increasingly high cost performance of the inverter, more and more small size, but manufacturers are still in constant frequency converter to achieve the further miniaturization and doing new efforts. From a technical point of view, with the frequency converter to further expand the market of the future, with the converter and inverter technology will be on the development of technologies in the following areas further development:(1) large capacity and small size;(2) high-performance and multi-function;(3) enhance the ease-of-use;(4) increase in life expectancy and reliability;(5) of pollution-free.Large capacity and small size of the power semiconductor devices will be with the development of continuous development. In recent years, driven by a voltage power semiconductor devices IGBT (Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor, isolation gate bipolar transistors) has developed very rapidly and quickly into the traditional use of BJT (bipolar power transistor) and power MOSFET (FET) The various fields. In addition, the IGBT switching device for the IPM (Intelligent Power Module, IPM) and Monolithic Power IC chip will power switching devices and driving circuit,such as the protection of integrated circuits in the same package, with high performance and reliability The merits, with their high current and high pressure of the development of small and medium-sized converter will certainly be more widely used.With micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology development, for Inverter CPU and semiconductor devices and a variety of sensors of getting higher and higher. With the frequency converter technology and the development of the growing maturity of the exchange governor, modern control theory are constantly new applications. These have further improved the performance of inverter provided the conditions. In addition, with the frequency converter to further promote the use and support are also constantly made new demands, the frequency converter manufacturers to continuously improve the performance and frequency converter functions in Inverter new efforts to meet user And the need for the fierce competition in the market in an invincible position.With the frequency converter market continues to expand, how to further enhance the ease-of-use inverter, so that the technical staff and even ordinary non-technical staff can quickly master the use of frequency converter technology has become manufacturers must consider the issue. Because only easy-to-use products can continue to acquire new customersand further expand the market, so the future of the new converter will be more easy to operate.With the development of semiconductor technology and the development of power electronics technology, the frequency converter used in the various components of the life and reliability are constantly improving, they will make their own life and the frequency converter to further increase reliability.In recent years, people have attached great importance to environmental issues, and thus a "green products" name. Therefore, the inverter, must also consider its impact on the surrounding environment.Promote the use of the frequency converter in the early stages of the noise problem was once a big problem. With the low-noise converter IGBT the emergence of this issue has basically been resolved. However, with the noise problem to solve, people's looks and a converter to the surrounding environment and the impact of other continuously explore new solutions. For example, the use of a diode-voltage converter and PWM inverter circuit converter, the frequency converter itself the high harmonics will bring supply voltage and current distortion, and at the same power to affect the other equipment. However, through the use of the frequency converter Rectifier circuit PWM, we can basically solve the problem. Althoughbecause of price and control technology and other aspects of the reasons for the current PWM converter has not been promoting the inverter, but, with the frequency converter technology development and the people of the importance of environmental issues.PLC及变频器技术的发展趋势1．可编程控制器的发展趋势可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
有关PLC中英文翻译资料
PLC简介可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
以执行逻辑判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。
提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。
PLC的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。
根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控制器和被控对象连接方便。
70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。
国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。
可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。
可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。
目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。
可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。
①可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；②编程直观、简单；③适应性好；④功能完善，接口功能强。
可编程逻辑控制器（PLC ）的计算模块是由理查德.e.莫雷在1968年发明的，现在已广泛应用于工业中的制造系统，运输系统，化工过程控制，以及许多其他领域。
PLC 使用软连线逻辑或所谓的梯形图取代硬接线逻辑，采用编程语言和可视化的模拟硬接线逻辑设计，这样使的系统的配置时间从以前的6个月减少到了6天。
plc英文翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿IntroductionPLC-Programmable Logic Controllers are widely used in recent years the field of industrial control Such as metallurgy, steel, production lines, etc Its main feature is its stable performance, high control precision and easy maintenance. With PC connection, compiled in the production process according to the corresponding program will convert digital signals into analog signal input commands output instructions to control the implementation of components to achieve automatic control purposes. Currently, the main aspects of the music program-controlled fountain imported lighting console and its matching control decoder, once the failure is not easy to repair, the price is more expensive. Using PLC technology, you can use an ordinary PC to replace imported lighting control, easy maintenance, low cost PLC article on how to use music technology to analyze the problem of program-controlled fountain.PLC's programmable fountainFountain is the use of the work produced by the pump pressure, nozzle jet out from the water column, the number of pumps in accordance with a certain type, location, installation, combining different types of nozzles, can have a variety of flower. We can each pump as a working point, programming, the module through the PLC to control each point, that is, through the implementation of the loop on each pump, or gear engagement control, to control the pump The purpose of the work of the state.To demonstrate the artistic fountain, usually accompanied by a corresponding track, according to the rhythm of the selected track speed, cadence, the preparation of the appropriate pump control procedures to reflect the music's meaning. The most important aspect is the time synchronization, the music is about playing time based on rhythm and sense of music divided into several time periods, the preparation of the corresponding time period in each of the pumps, lighting control program, theprecision adjustment of track time and PLC accuracy of programming the same time, but at the same time period, water pumps and lighting same working hours as a subroutine to achieve synchronization in the visual viewing.At night with lights to enhance the fountain of viewing, optional programmable control of the LED lighting, through the RS485 interface access control, to be completed by their centralized control. According to the light color, light floral point of view, music tracks for the preparation of procedures, working hours have lights and music, pump time synchronization, the principle and the control of pumps on the same principle, will not repeat them here.Implementation stepsPump controlAccording to the model pump, flower shape and distribution of the location, the uniform numbers, and the number of points with the number-one correspondence PLC module, the pump will be the same flower formation, flower-shaped water pump for each work order, work (as a whole or separately ) for permutations and combinations, preparation of the corresponding subroutines and numbered, giving the corresponding number of working hours to control the pump working hours, working hours type of sustainable, can also be stopped, the performance of both static and dynamic form of In addition, by adding the drive to track the performance of a flower-shaped soft, add the beauty of the fountain. Between the PLC and inverter in the corresponding equivalent between the PLC's digital signal is converted to analog converter controls the pump speed signal, the dynamic work of pump status, and then flower the shape of the requirements of its permutations and combinations, preparation of subroutine and the corresponding number.Lighting controlAccording to the color of light (preferably choose red, yellow, and blue primary colors), the installation location, radiation angle, the lighting state of the permutations and combinations of work, preparation of the corresponding routines, giving the corresponding number of working hours, time and type of flower-shaped water pump , values consistent with the color can be the same, you can also reflect the dynamicinconsistency can also be a two or a superposition of three colors to produce other different colors, rich colors of light.Time synchronizationThis is the entire music program-controlled fountain control the most important and most critical part, because the music program-controlled fountain show the overall effect of the coordinated directly with the time synchronization has a very close relationship, if time synchronization is different, it will lead to music, floral and lighting are not a whole, viewing greatly reduced, so this link is the core link."Time synchronization" here includes the three levels of time. First, is the precision of music playback time and the PLC control program consistent with the precision of time, and while the relationship between the two start and stop; Second, according to the rhythm of music tracks, the momentum of the play by length of time, with the corresponding pumps, lights the continuing work of the subroutine the same length of time, that is, the pump light to flower and produce the music and change tracks, or watch when there will be music, flower-shaped and light three close enough relationship between, there is a feeling out of touch dissonant; Third, at the same time period, flower-shaped water pump and lighting the work routine time, consistent with persistent or intermittent, the time to consider the specific values of human persistence of vision time, this flower-shaped water pump and lighting will form a whole, both start and end, uniform, flower-shaped one on one program and lighting program can also be many to many, rich ornamental effect.Using Windows Media Player ActiveX provides interface can directly control the software (such as Siemens WinCC) call the player to play music, and also by the location of the current music. Has been playing music, and current information can be convenient to achieve integration through the program each time the song of the need to show a variety of fountain patterns. For example, select a time segment here, in the music section of an integer multiple of the basic length of time a small fountain on the pre-establishment of basic good action, when the late preparation of the overall pattern will be more easy to manage.Music selections, PLC establishment of control proceduresSelect the rhythm of music selections should change significantly, the momentum of the track cadence, no significant difference as far as possible not to select the rhythm, the momentum of change is not prominent in the track that would make the process of the preparation of the larger pattern of problems, but also may lead to the fountain The overall effect is not obvious.Once the music track selected, we must play by the time period, according to rhythm, musical divide, can also be divided using professional music software and recording a good time has been divided. This process is repeated scrutiny, to ensure the accuracy of division of time in order to finally be able to get better overall results. Then, according to a good time has been prepared by the procedure, the selected program when the paragraph with the performance of music content, momentum and emotional harmony, fully embodies the results. Subroutine approach taken here to complete the whole effect of the first song of the flower, in the preparation of the whole pattern when the first song is just the basic movements in a predetermined arrangement on the basis of, modify, track corresponding action spectrum more efficiently. Thus, in the beginning of each time section, only this time with the music turned the basic pattern of routine action (including pumps and lighting program), so relatively easy to do music, fountains, lighting, closely.DebuggingProgramming is completed, the work of making work PLC interface (with remote performance of the current state of the fountain), you can see the entire piece of music in all of the programs of all time period and at the same time period, the pumps on and off and the light action spectrum and demonstrate the implementation of the various components of each moment of the execution state, so you can see results in the field by viewing, recording the feelings of others asked to record the part that needs to be adjusted, modified action spectrum of the corresponding program content, change the order of the corresponding subroutine call, so that the fountains and lights and music with the better.Sound outputDirectly to the computer's sound card to output the audio signal mixer access and power amplifier, equalizer, Compression and other audio equipment in series, the last speaker output from the music scene.PLC configurationControl points can be determined according to PLC hardware configuration.Fountain water pump station according to the overall number, 1 pump contactor control module on the PLC corresponding to a digital output point, an inverter controlled pump module on the PLC corresponding to an analog output point, a separate control group LED lights corresponding to a digital output point, according to their total number to configure the PLC's hardware. Such as PLC use 32 point digital output modules, by calculating the type of module will be able to get the required amount.According to the specific work environment, and may need to select the appropriate lightning protection equipment, to complete the system protection.译文引言PLC-Programmable Logic Controllers(可编程逻辑控制器)近年来被广泛应用于工业控制领域,如冶金、钢铁、生产线等等,其主要特点就是其性能稳定、控制精度高、维护方便。
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介绍可编程序逻辑控制器
可编程逻辑控制器或者简易可编程控制器是一种数字化的计算机，它应用于工业自动化的生产过程中，比如工厂装配生产线中机械的控制,游乐设施或是灯具照明。
可编程逻辑控制器运用于很多行业和机器中。
不同于普通用途的计算机，可编程逻辑控制器是专为安排多输入和多输出而设计的，它拓展了工作温度范围，可抑制电气噪声，抗振动和干扰。
程序控制机器操作指令通常存储在备用电池或非易失性存储器中。
PLC要求实时系统的输出结果在一个时间范围内必须对输入条件做出响应，否则会导致意想不到的结果。
历史
PLC是应美国汽车业发展的需要而产生的。
可编程逻辑控制器最初通过了在软件版本更换硬连接的控制板生产模式更改时的汽车工业。
在PLC产生之前，汽车使用继电器进行顺序控制和安全联锁逻辑，制造定时器和专用闭环控制器。
每年模型转换是非常耗时和昂贵的，这是因为电工需要单独再接电线给每个中转。
在1968年通用汽车公司发出一份为硬连线中继系统寻找一个电子替代品的建议书。
获奖的提案来自贝德福德，马萨诸塞州的贝德福德联营公司。
第一个PLC，被命名为084 ，因为它是贝德福德的第八十四个项目的结果。
贝德福德联营协会创建了一个新的公司，它致力于开发，制造，销售和服务这一新产品：莫迪康，它代表模块化数字控制器。
该项目主持者切尼莫雷，被认为是“PLC之父”。
该莫迪康品牌在1977年被古尔德电子收购，后来又被德国AEG公司收购，然后是法国施耐德电气，也是目前的所有者。
一个最早建立的084模型现在陈列在莫迪康的总部北安多佛，马萨诸塞州。
这是专门为通用汽车服务的，并且经过了近二十多年的不间断服务。
直至984的出现，莫迪康使用的084名字才在其产品范围中结束。
汽车行业仍然是最大的一个PLC用户。
发展
早期的可编程控制器是设计来取代继电器逻辑系统。
这些可编程控制器的“阶
梯逻辑”是与继电器逻辑示意图非常相似的。
选择此程序表示法的目的是为了减少对现在技术人员的培训需求。
其他早期的可编程控制器使用指令列表编程，基于一个堆栈编程逻辑求解器进行求解。
现代可编程控制器在各种各样的方式被编程，在梯形逻辑语言到更加传统的编程语言如BASIC和C语言。
另一个方法是状态逻辑，被设计的一种非常高级的编程语言根据状态转换图的可编程控制器编程。
很多早期可编程控制器没有可编程终端的逻辑图形表示法，逻辑反而被描绘成一系列在一些版本的布尔格式的逻辑表达法，类似布尔代数。
随着编程码的发展，由于上述原因它变成更加常见的梯形逻辑语言。
更新的格式如国家逻辑和功能块（这是类似逻辑描述使用数学逻辑集成电路时的方式）的存在，但它们仍然没有梯形逻辑语言流行。
一个主要的原因是可编程控制器解决问题用一个可预测和重复的序列的逻辑，并且梯形逻辑语言可以用其他格式让程序员（写逻辑）的人看到逻辑的时间，所有问题更加容易地程序化。
编程
早期的PLC，到80年代中期，都是用专有的编程版或专用编程终端，往往有专门的功能键，代表各种PLC程序逻辑元件。
程序存储在盒式磁带上。
由于缺少的内存容量很少用于打印设备。
最古老的可编程控制器使用的是非易失性磁核心内存。
最早期PLC在个人计算机上使用应用软件编程。
计算机连接到PLC通过以太网RS-232，RS-485，RS-422缆线连接。
编程软件允许输入梯形逻辑编程。
通常，软件提供了用于调试和故障排除的功能，例如在操作过程中或通过仿真的逻辑部分PLC软件突出显示当心状态。
该软件将上传和下载PLC程序以便备份和恢复。
在某些型号的PLC中虽然程序写入一个可移动的芯片，如EEPROM 或EPROM,该方案还是的从个人电脑输到PLC编程版。
功能
PLC的功能经过多年的发展，包括连续的继电器控制，运动控制，过程控制，分布式控制系统和网络。
一些现代PLC的数据处理，，存储，处理能力和通信能力相当于台式电脑。
PLC编程结合远程I/O硬件，一台通用台式计算机允许
在某些应用中重叠使用某一可编程控制器。
在重工业中PLC被认为没有这些桌面计算机为主的逻辑控制器的实际性强，因为PLC在台式计算机系统中运行不是很稳定，并且，因为台式计算机硬件没有被设计成耐温度，湿气，振动和耐用作为可编程控制器的处理器。
除桌面基于逻辑的硬件局限之外，例如Windows 操作系统不适合自己的确定性路基的执行，结果是PLC逻辑不可能总是对规定逻辑变化的输入状态与极端性预计的时间一致。
尽管如此，这样桌面逻辑被应用在较不重要的情况，像实验室自动化和小型设施中使用该应用车型的要求不高，因为他们的价格一般都远远低于昂贵的PLC。
在最近的数年，小产品称为PLR（可编程控制继电器），并且他们的名字相似，变得更常见并被接受。
这些像PLC已经应用于轻工业，它只有一部分的输入/输出参与，低成本，很理想。
这些小设备尺寸和形状比较普通地几位制造商制作，并且由更大的PLC制作商来填满他们低端产品规格。
俗名包括PICO控制器，纳米PLC和其他的小控制器。
多数这些控制器有在8到12数字输入，4到8数字输出，多达2个模拟输入。
尺寸通常是4英寸宽，3英寸高，3英寸深。
大多数这样的设备有一个小邮票大小的液晶屏幕来观看简化梯子逻辑的输入/输出点（只有一小部分程序被可见于给定的时间）和状况，并且这些屏幕由一个电磁四通摇臂按钮操纵加上四个不同的用于浏览和编辑的逻辑电钮，类似于录像机遥控按钮。
控制器大多数有一个小插座为通过连接RS-232或RS-485到个人计算机，以便程序员可能为编程使用简单的窗口应用而不是被迫使用微小的LCD和电钮。
不像普通PLC，通常是模块化，大大扩展，控制器通常不会取模块化并且不是可扩展的，但是他们提供稳健设计的稳定性和执行逻辑的价值比PLC少。