english vocabulary
IGCSE-English-vocabulary
IINCREASE ((verrb)) NCREASE ve b increase by (percent): Last year, the number of burglaries increased by 15 percent. go up: Last month unemployment went up from 1.6 million to just over 1.7 million. grow: The volume of traffic on our roads continues to grow. double/triple/quadruple: Since 1950, the number of people dying from cancer has almost doubled.
BEAUTIIFUL ((peoplle)) BEAUT FUL peop e attractive good-looking gorgeous striking stunning VERY HOT // COLD VERY HOT COLD freezing boiling
(More vocabulary on page 2)
VERY MUCH // NOT VERY MUCH VERY MUCH NOT VERY MUCH dramatically: Your life changes dramatically at university. significantly slightly: She's slightly taller than her sister.
USEFUL VOCABULARY FOR THE IIGCSE EXAM (ESL) USEFUL VOCABULARY FOR THE GCSE EXAM (ESL) CAUSE ((verrb)) EFFECT ((noun)) CERTAIIN CAUSE ve b EFFECT noun CERTA N lead to: The research could lead to a cure for many serious illnesses. result in: The fire resulted in damage to their property. be responsible for: He was responsible for the accident. impact on: His work has had an enormous impact on the study of genetics. influence on: In his book, he examines the influence of the media on our society. affect: (v) The disease affects women more than men. influence: (v) She has influenced him a lot. DECREASE ((verrb)) DECREASE ve b decrease by (percent): The average rainfall has decreased by around 30 percent. go down: The percentage of fat in our diets has gone down. fall: The number of tigers in the wild has fallen to just over 10,000. drop: At night, the temperature drops to minus 20 degrees. have no doubt: I have no doubt that a cure for the disease will one day be found. there is no doubt: There is no doubt that violence on our TV screens does influence children.
english vocabulary in use的词汇量
english vocabulary in use的词汇量
English Vocabulary in Use是一套以词汇为主题的英语教材系列，分为初级、中级和高级三个等级。
每个等级的教材涵盖了大量的词汇，并提供了相关的例句和练习，帮助学习者扩大词汇量并提高词汇运用的能力。
根据Cambridge University Press的官方介绍，初级级别的English Vocabulary in Use涵盖了1,200个常用英语词汇，中级
级别的涵盖了2,500个词汇，高级级别则涵盖了2,500以上的
高级词汇和短语。
因此，根据词汇量的等级划分，学习使用English Vocabulary
in Use的词汇量可能从1,200个开始，并逐步增加到2,500个
或更多。
学习者可以根据自身水平和需要选择适合的教材等级，循序渐进地扩展词汇量。
English Vocabulary 11.13
6.Sink [sɪŋk] 下沉
Extension：sink= S + ink 墨水
7.Mark [mɑːk] 标记、符号 Sink mark 缩水
Extension： remark [rɪ‘mɑːk] 注释、备注
Sentence practice
1.Could you please tell me the process of DOE? 你能告诉我DOE的流程么
Apply for passport/ID 申请护照、身份证
5.Update [ʌp‘deɪt]更新
Update your report 更新的的报告
6. Inspect [ɪn‘spekt] 检查 Inspect data 检查数据
reception [rɪ'sepʃ(ə)n] 接收、接待
question ['kwestʃ(ə)n] 问题
Filt [‘fɪlt] 过滤 Extension：Fill [fɪl] 装满、充满
1.Could you please tell me where is PD room / EE room / Rel lab room / Smoking area / Can teen / Washing room?
Important Vocabulary
1.Tear [tɪə] 眼泪、撕 联想记忆：撕耳朵流了眼泪
Tear off 撕掉 protective film
Extension: Tear= T + ear [ɪə] 耳朵
2.Release [rɪ‘liːs] 释放、发布 Release paper 离型纸 Tear off release paper Extension: Release= Re + lease [liːs] 出租、租约
英语词汇的构成(课件)13-15构成名词的常见后缀
Phonological changes
Over time, the pronunciation of words can change, leading to the creation of new words or changes in the meaning of existing words. These phonological changes can result in the development of new dialects or varieties of English.
English vocabulary is fundamental for academic success: a rich vocabulary is crucial for success in education and academic pursuits, as it enables individuals to understand complex concepts, express their ideas clearly, and engage in critical thinking.
The ways in which English vocabulary is formed
Borrowing words from other lEangnligshuhaas gboerroswed words
from over 30 languages, including French, Latin, Greek, German, and Scandinavian languages. These borrowings have contributed significantly to the richness and diversity of the English vocabulary.
英语词汇学
Portuguese: caste and pagoda German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel and zinc Dutch: dock, freight and keel Russian: vodka, troika, ruble and tsar
四、Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary现代英语词汇量的增长
How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?
成员：马超 郑小静
nglish vocabulary
• 一、 Old English (450-1150) 古英语 • Anglo-Saxon was regarded as Old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 盎格鲁-撒克逊语被称为古英语。古英语约 有 50000 至 60000 词汇。而且也和现代德 语一样是一门典型的屈折语。
• Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 旧词新义是指赋 予旧词新的含义以满足新的需要。这一方式 不增加词得数量，但却创造了词的许多新用 法，以丰富词汇。
English test vocabulary
Lesson one1.Paradox2.Acquisition 获得；兼并3.In the aggregate (=in total 合计)4.Infrastructure (foundation) 基础设施5.Reminder Thing which reminds sb of a fact or person6.Invite 引起7.Somatic 身体8.Recapitulate To repeat in concise form; sum up 扼要重述用简洁的形式重复Let me just recapitulate on what we've agreed so far.9.Fertilize (enrich)parable to (akin to) 与……相似11.Mastery (Possession of consummate skill)12.Eminent (famous)13.Marcel 奇异的食物Niagara Falls is one of the great marvels in the world.14.In store (Forth coming) 即将来临15.Rigorous (Rigid strict 严谨的)16.Cling to 粘附，贴住cling to an idea17.Speculation （guess 推测）18.Constellation 星座19.Spectrum 集合（光谱）20.Augment （improve enhance）增长（augment原始基础上较增高增长increase较差）21.Chaos (disorder confusion) 混乱22.Perplexing (puzzling bewildering confusing)23.Pervade (teem abound)充满遍布于24.Contend 提出并赞同某观点25.A host of (a large group of )26.Abbreviate (shorten)减少mensurate (comparable)cunae (blank) lacuna单数空白29.Confront (to present or face ) 出现在……面前30.Dispel (eliminate banish) 驱散31.Paradigm (pattern范例）32.Shed (a small hut, an outbuilding with a single story)Words and expression in Lesson OneAcquisition, a vast body of knowledge, assume, continually, the corpus of knowledge, reminder, numerous, invite, recapitulate, successive, resemble, progress, essentially, signify, eminent, have…in store, underlying, refinement, cling to the notion, attain, immensely, conclude, echo, encompass, yearn, constellation, spectrum, augment, chaos, pervade, torment, contend, lack, recent and ongoing, demonstrably, arise/arouse/rise/raise, the host of, abbreviated, commensurate, unforeseen, disclose, dispel, worthwhile/worthy/worth, secure, illustrate, illumination, Sentence structuresin the aggregate, in the popular view,be comparable to,implicit in this view is an assumption that…,come under our notice,make a similar statement,remain a possibility to, on the contrary,it’s no exaggeration to say that…,with a high degree of certainty,in one way or another,somewhat to the embarrassment of…,be inconsistent with…,come to the attention of,lay the foundation of…,create uncertainty about…,in an attempt to,expose new lacunae in…,confront…with…,observe that,there’s no danger that…,it has been generally recognized that…,be fully/well informed on…reach a judgement that…,to carry this analysis another step,it must be recognized that…,result in/ be the result of/ be the product of/ give rise to,Lesson 21.Modular (model)2.Monopolize 独占垄断3.Preoccupy 被先占的；一心一意的4.Haunt 萦绕于5.Possess 感情或想法迷住6.Quaint 奇怪的7.Antiquate 陈旧的8.Weird 怪异的9.Eerie 怪诞的10.Clutter 杂乱11.Fall into12.Fraction 小部分13.Maintain14.Disposal 处理布置15.Entangle 卷入使混乱get involved in16.Plug in/into 接通，与……连接17.Tap into 利用开发发掘18.Liability 责任19.Entail 使时间成为必须20.Overstep (transgress infringe transend) to go beyond a limit of what is wise or proper21.Tacit 沉默的；不言而喻的22.Flow from (result from) 产源。
English Vocabulary
English V ocabulary四级词Aabandon/ ə’bændən/ vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃n. 狂热；放任aboard/ ə’bɔ:d/ ad.在船(车)上；上船absolute/ ‘æbsəlu:t/ a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely/ ‘æbsəlu:tli/ ad.完全地；绝对地absolutel y not绝对不行；绝对不是；掌心向外；拒绝再玩absorb/ əb’sɔ:b/ vt.吸收；使专心承受；理解；使…全神贯注absorb energy吸收能量abstract/ ’æbstrækt/ n. . 摘要；抽象；抽象的概念adj. 抽象的；深奥的v t. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化v t. 摘要；提取；使……抽象化比较级more abs tract 最高级most abs tract abstract s y mbol抽象符号；摘录符号Abstract Art抽象艺术；抽象派；象艺术；抽象主义abundant/ ə’bΛndənt/ a.丰富的；大量的abundant gratification充分的满足；充分的谦足abundant acc omplishment丰硕的成果abuse/ ə’bju:z, ə’bju:s/ vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用child abuse虐待儿童；儿童虐待；儿童受虐症；童受虐事件academic/ ækə’demik/ a.学院的；学术的accelerate/ æk’seləreit/ vt.(使)加快；促进v i. 加速；促进；增加acceler ate deli v er y 快递accelerate key加速键或快捷键access/ ‘ækses/ n.接近；通道，入口v t. 使用；存取；接近access time[计]存取时间；访问时间；[计]选取时间；[计]取数时间Access Point[计]接入点；[计]入口处；出入通道处；基地台access code存取代码；存取码；存取密码；接入码accidental/ æksi’dentl/ a.偶然的；非本质的n. 次要方面；非主要的特性；临时记号accidental operation误操作；误动作acci dental loading偶然荷载；偶然负荷acci dental damage[劳经]意外损失；[劳经]意外的损害；意外事故险；意外的损害意外事故险accommodat e/ ə’kɔmədeit/ vt.容纳；供应，供给调解v i. 适应；调解accommodate s th适应某物accommodate with 借accommodation/ ə,kɔmə’deiʃən/ n.招待设备；预定铺位n. 住处，膳宿；调节；和解；预订铺位accompany/ ə’kΛmpəni/ vt·.陪伴，陪同；伴随accompany with同……一道accompany another搭伴to accompany陪同下；伴奏；随行accomplish/ ə’kɔmpliʃ/ vt.达到(目的)；完成accomplish wonders创造奇迹to accomplish达成accomplish nothing一事无成；没有出路accordance/ ə’kɔr:dəns/ n.一致；和谐；授予accordanc e circuit符合电路accordingly/ ə’kɔr:diŋli/ ad.因此，所以；照着account/ ə’kaunt/ n.记述；解释；帐目v i. 解释；导致；报帐v t. 认为；把…视为Account Infor mation帐号信息；帐户信息account pay able应付帐；应付帐款；应付账款；应付款chec k ing acc ount支票帐户；存款支票户；支票账户；存款帐户accumulat e/ ə’kju:mjuleit/ vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy/ ‘ækjurəsi/ n.准确(性)；准确度accurate/ ‘ækjurit/ a.准确的，正确无误的accustomed/ ə’kΛstəmd/ a.惯常的；习惯的acid/ ‘æsid/ n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance/ ə’kweintəns/ n.认识；了解；熟人acquaintanc e for m病人登记表acquire / ə’kwaiə/ vt.取得；获得；学到to acquire兼并acquire experienc e获得经验acquire scientific ally科学地获得acre/ ‘eikə/ n.英亩(=6.07亩)adapt/ ə’dæpt/ vt.使适应；改编v i. 适应adapt to适应；适合；改编；使适应adapt for调整；以适应目标或需要ADAPT CHANGE适应变化的能力adapt from由adapt as把addition/ ə’diʃən/ n.加，加法；附加物in addition除…之外；此外；也；而且binar yadditi on二进制加法；二进加法additional/ ə’diʃənl/ a.附加的，追加的additional mov e附加动作address / ə’dres/ n.地址；演说；谈吐adequat e/ ‘ædikwit/ a.足够的；可以胜任的adequate demand充分需求adequatev entilati on足够通风adequate management适当管理adjust/ ə’dʒΛst/ vt.调整，调节；校正administration / ədminis’treiʃən/ n.管理；管理部门admission/ əd’miʃən/ n.允许进入；承认Admission offic e住院处；入院处；招生办公室；招生办admit/ əd’mit/ vt.承认；准许…进入Admit It认了吧admit chart导纳图advance/ əd’va:ns/ vi.前进；提高n.进展adj. 预先的；先行的adv ance work s前期工程；早期工程；房屋地政adv ance charge预付费用；预付款advanced/ əd’va:nst/ a.先进的；高级的Advanc ed Search高级检索；高级搜索；进阶检索；进阶搜寻adventure/ əd’ventʃə/ n.冒险；惊险活动v t. 冒险；大胆说出v i. 冒险Adventurelearning探险学习法；探险学习；探索学习adv entur e film惊险片；冒险片advisable/ əd’vaizəbl/ n.明智的；可取的adv isable for对……适宜affair/ ə’f eə/ n.事情，事件；事务civ ilaffair民政affect/ ə’fekt/ vt.影响；感动v i. 倾向；喜欢affect price影响价格affection/ ə’f ekʃən/ n.慈爱，爱；爱慕aff ord/ ə’fɔr:d/ vt.担负得起…；提供af terward/ ‘a:f təwəd(z)/ ad.后来，以后age/ eidʒ/ vt.变老aggressive/ ə’gresiv/ a.侵略的；好斗的有进取心的；有闯劲的aircraf t/ ‘eəkra:f t/ n.飞机，飞行器alarm/ ə’la:m/ n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol/ ‘ælkəhɔl/ n.酒精，乙醇alike/ ə’laik/ a.同样的，相同的alloy/ ‘ælɔi, ə’lɔi/ n.合金；(金属的)成色alphabet/ ‘ælfəbit/ n.字母表，字母系统alter/ ‘ɔ:ltə/ vt.改变，变更；改做alternative/ ɔ:l’tə:nətiv/ n.替换物；取舍，抉择altitude/ ‘æltitju:d/ n.高，高度；高处aluminium/ ælju’minjəm/ n.铝amaze/ ə’meiz/ vt.使惊奇，使惊愕amaze s b让某人感到惊讶ambulance/ ‘æmbjuləns/ n.救护车；野战医院amongst/ ə’mΛŋst/ prep在…之中(=among)amuse/ ə’mju:z/ vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse/ ‘ænəlaiz/ vt.分析，分解，解析analysis/ ə’næləsis/ n.分析，分解，解析ancestor/ ‘ænsistə/ n.祖宗，祖先anchor/ ‘æŋkə/ n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊v t. 抛锚；使固定；主持节目ancient/ ‘einʃənt/ a.古代的，古老的ankle/ ‘æŋkl/ n.踝，踝节部announce/ ə’nauns/ vt.宣布，宣告，发表annoy/ ə’nɔi/ vt.使恼怒；打搅annoydisturb搅扰annoy at因而感到不快annual/ ‘ænjuəl/ a.每年的n.年报anticipate/ æn’tisipeit/ vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety/ æŋg’zaiəti/ n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious/ ‘æŋkʃəs/ a.忧虑的；渴望的apart/ ə’pa:t/ ad.相隔；分开；除去apart from除……之外tear apart把；使……分裂jok ing apart言归正传tell apart区分；分辨；辨别；区别apologize/ ə’pɔlədʒaiz/ vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apparatus/ ,æpə’reitəs/ n.器械，仪器；器官appeal/ ə’pi:l/ vi.&n.呼吁；申述appetite/ ‘æpitait/ n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance/ ə’plaiəns/ n.用具，器具，器械applicable/ ‘æplikəbl/ a.能应用的；适当的application/ æpli’keiʃən/ n.请求，申请；施用appɔint/ ə’pɔint/ vt.任命，委任；约定appreciate/ ə’pri:ʃieit/ vt.欣赏；领会；感谢highly appreciate充分肯定approval/ ə’pru:vəl/ n.赞成，同意；批准approve/ ə’pru:v/ vt.赞成，称许；批准approximate/ ə’prɔksimit/ a.近似的vt.近似arbitrary/ ‘a:bitrəri/ a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture/ ‘a:kitektʃə/ n.建筑学；建筑式样argue/ ‘a:gju:/ vi.争论，争辩，辩论argument/ ‘a:gju:mənt/ n.争论，辩论；理由arise/ ə’raiz/ vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic/ ə’riθmətik/ n.算术，四则运算arouse/ ə’rauz/ vt.引起，唤起；唤醒article/ ‘a:tikl/ n.条款；物品arti f icial/ a:ti’f iʃəl/ a.人工的；娇揉造作的artistic/ a:’tistik/ a.艺术的；艺术家的ash/ æʃ/ n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed/ ə’ʃeimd/ a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的)aspect/ ‘æspekt/ n.方面；样子，外表assemble/ ə’sembl/ vt.集合，召集；装配assembly/ ə’sembli/ n.集合；集会；装配assess/ ə’ses/ vt.对(财产等)估价assign/ ə’sain/ vt.指派；分配；指定assist/ ə’sist/ vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistance/ ə’sistəns/ n. 协助,援助associate/ ə’səuʃieit/ vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association/ əsəusi’eiʃən/ n.协会，团体；联合assume/ ə’sju:m/ vt.假定；承担；呈现assure/ ə’ʃuə/ vt.使确信；向…保证astonish/ əs’tɔniʃ/ vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut/ ‘æstʃəunɔ:t/ n.宇宙航行员，宇航员ætlantic/ ət’læntik/ a.大西洋的n.大西洋atom/ ‘ætəm/ n.原子；微粒；微量atomic/ ə’tɔmik/ a.原子的；原子能的attach/ ə’tætʃ/ vt.缚，系，贴；附加v t. 使依附；贴上；系上；使依恋attain/ə'tein/ vt.达到，获得，完成attempt/ ə’tempt/ vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend/ ə’tend/ vt.出席；照顾，护理attribute/ ‘ætribju:t/ vt.把…归因于n.属性audience/ ‘ɔ:djəns/ n.听众，观众，读者authority/ ɔ:’θɔriti/ n.当局，官方；权力automatic/ ɔ:tə’mætik/ a.自动的；机械的automobile/ ‘ɔ:təməbi:l/ n.汽车，机动车auxiliary/ ɔ:g’ziljəri/ a.辅助的；附属的available/ ə’veiləbl/ a.可利用的；通用的avenue/ ‘ævinju:/ n.林荫道，道路；大街await/ ə’weit/ vt.等候，期待awake/ ə’weik/ a.醒着的vt.唤醒award/ ə’wɔ:d/ n.奖，奖品；判定aware/ ə’weə/ a.知道的，意识到的awf ul/ ‘ɔ:f ul/ a.令人不愉快的awkward/ ‘ɔ:kwəd/ a.笨拙的；尴尬的棘手的；不合适的ax/ æks/ n.斧子BBBbaby/ ‘beibi/ n.婴儿；孩子气的人back/ bæk/ ad.在后；回原处；回background/ ‘bækgraund/ n.背景，后景，经历backward/ ‘bækwəd/ a.向后的；倒的ad.倒bacteri a/ bæk’tiəriə/ n.细菌bad/ bæd/ a.坏的，恶的；严重的badly/ ‘bædli/ ad.坏，差；严重地bag/ bæg/ n.袋，包，钱包，背包baggage/ ‘bægidʒ/ n.行李bake/ beik/ vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance/ ‘bæləns/ vt.使平衡；称n.天平ball/ bɔ:l/ n.球，球状物；舞会balloon/ bə’lu:n/ n.气球，玩具气球banana/ bə’na:nə/ n.香蕉；芭蕉属植物band/ bænd/ n.乐队；带；波段bang/ bæŋ/ n.巨响，枪声；猛击bank/ bæŋk/ n.银行；库；岩，堤bar/ ba:/ n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber/ ‘ba:bə/ n.理发师bare/ beə/ a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain/ ‘ba:gin/ n.交易vi.议价；成交barrel/ ‘bærəl/ n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier/ ‘bæriə/ n.栅栏，屏障；障碍base/ beis/ n.基础，底层；基地basic/ ‘beisik/ a.基本的，基础的basically/ ‘beisikəli/ ad.基本上basin/ ‘beisn/ n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis/ ‘beisis/ n.基础，根据basket/ ‘ba:skit/ n.篮，篓，筐basketball/ ‘ba:skitbɔ:l/ n.篮球；篮球运动bath/ ba:θ/ n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe/ beið/ vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom/ ‘ba:θrum/ n.浴室；盥洗室battery/ ‘bætəri/ n.电池；一套，一组battle/ ‘bætl/ n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay/ bei/ n.湾；山脉中的凹处be/ bi:/ aux.v.&vi.是，在，做beach/ bi:tʃ/ n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam/ bi:m/ n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean/ bi:n/ n.豆，蚕豆bear/ beə/ n.熊；粗鲁的人bear/ beə/ vt.容忍；负担；生育beard/ biəd/ n.胡须，络腮胡子beast/ bi:st/ n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat/ bi:t/ vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beauti f ul/ ‘bju:tif ul/ a.美的，美丽的beauty/ ‘bju:ti/ n.美，美丽；美人b ecause/ bi’kɔz/ conj.由于，因为become/ bi’kΛm/ vi.变成；成为，变得bed/ bed/ n.床，床位；圃；河床bee/ bi:/ n.蜂，密蜂；忙碌的人beef/ bi:f/ n.牛肉；菜牛beer/ biə/ n.啤酒bef ore/ bi’fɔ:/ prep.在…以前；向…beg/ beg/ vt.&vi.乞求；请求beg for乞求；请求；恳求begin/ bi’gin/ vi.开始vt.开始beginning/ bi’giniŋ/ n.开始，开端；起源behal f/ bi’ha:f/ n.利益，维护，支持behave/ bi’heiv/ vi.表现，举止；运转behavior/ bi’heivjə/ n.行为，举止，态度behind/ bi’haind/ prep.在…后面being/ ‘bi:iŋ/ n.存在；生物；生命belief/ b i’li:f/ n.信任，相信；信念believe/ bi’li:v/ vt.相信；认为bell/ bel/ n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong/ bi’lɔŋ/ vi.属于，附属below/ bi’ləu/ prep.在…下面(以下)belt/ belt/ n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench/ bentʃ/ n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend/ bend/ vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath/ bi’ni:θ/ prep.在…下方benef ici al/ beni’f iʃəl/ a.有利的，有益的benef it/ ‘benif it/ n.利益；恩惠；津贴beside/ bi’said/ prep.在…旁边besides/ bi’saidz/ ad.而且prep.除…之外best/ best/ a.最好的；最大的bet/ bet/ vt.&vi.&n.打赌better/ ‘betə/ a.较好的ad.更好地between/ bi’twi:n/ prep.在…中间beyond/ bi’jɔnd/ prep.在…的那边Bible/ ‘baibl/ n.基督教《圣经》bicycle/ ‘baisikl/ n.自行车，脚踏车big/ big/ a.大的，巨大的bike/ baik/ n.自行车vi.骑自行车bill/ bil/ n.账单；招贴；票据billion/ ‘biljən/ num.万亿(英)bind/ baind/ vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology/ bai’ɔlədʒi/ n.生物学；生态学bird/ bə:d/ n.鸟，禽birth/ bə:θ/ n.分娩，出生；出身birthday/ ‘bə:θdi/ n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit/ ‘biskit/ n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bit/ bit/ n.一点，一些，小片bite/ bait/ vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter/ ‘bitə/ a.痛苦的；严寒的black/ blæk/ a.黑色的；黑暗的blackboard/ ‘blækbɔ:d/ n.黑板blade/ bleid/ n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame/ bleim/ vt.责备，把…归咎于blame for因……责备；为而责怪；责备；责怪apportioni ng blame找人问责blank/ blæŋk/ a.空白的n.空白blanket/ ‘blæŋkit/ n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast/ bla:st/ n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸bleed/ bli:d/ vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend/ blend/ vt.&vi.&n.混和blind/ blaind/ a.瞎的；盲目的block/ blɔk/ n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻blood/ blΛd/ n.血，血液；血统bloom/ blu:m/ n.花；开花，开花期blow/ bləu/ vi.吹，吹动；吹响blue/ blu:/ a.蓝色的n.蓝色board/ bɔ:d/ n.板vt.上(船、车等)boast/ bəust/ vi.自夸vt.吹嘘boat/ bəut/ n.小船，艇；渔船body/ ‘bɔdi/ n.身体；主体；尸体b o il/ bɔil/ vi.沸腾；汽化vt.煮沸bold/ bəuld/ a.大胆的；冒失的bolt/ bəult/ n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb/ bɔm/ n.炸弹vt.轰炸bond/ bɔnd/ n.联结，联系；公债bone/ bəun/ n.骨，骨骼book/ buk/ n.书，书籍vt.预定boot/ bu:t/ n.靴子，长统靴border/ ‘bɔ:də/ n.边，边缘；边界bore/ bɔ:/ vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born/ bɔ:n/ a.天生的；出生的borrow/ ‘bɔrəu/ vt.借，借用，借人boss/ bɔs/ n.老板，上司vt.指挥both/ bəuθ/ pron.两者(都)bother/ ‘bɔðə/ vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bottle/ ‘bɔtl/ n.瓶，酒瓶；一瓶bottom/ ‘bɔtəm/ n.底，底部，根基bounce/ bauns/ vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound/ baund/ a.一定的；有义务的v t. 束缚；使跳跃n. 范围；跳跃boundary/ ‘baundəri/ n.分界线，办界bow/ bau/ n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl/ bəul/ n.碗，钵；碗状物box/ bɔks/ n.箱，盒；包箱box/ bɔks/ vi. 拳击，打拳boy/ bɔi/ n.男孩，少年；家伙brain/ brein/ n.脑，脑髓；脑力brake/ breik/ n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch/ bra:ntʃ/ n.树枝；分部；分科brand/ brænd/ n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brass/ bra:s/ n.黄铜；黄铜器brave/ breiv/ a.勇敢的，华丽的bread/ bred/ n.面包；食物，粮食breadth/ bredð/ n.宽度，幅度；幅面break/ breik/ vt.打破；损坏；破坏breakfast/ ‘brekfəst/ n.早饭，早餐breast/ brest/ n.乳房；胸脯，胸膛breath/ breθ/ n.气息，呼吸；气味breathe/ bri:ð/ vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed/ bri:d/ n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze/ bri:z/ n.微风，和风brick/ brik/ n.砖，砖块；砖状物bride/ braid/ n. 新娘bridge/ bridʒ/ n.桥，桥梁；桥牌brief/ bri:f/ a.简短的；短暂的bright/ brait/ a.明亮的；聪明的brilliant/ ‘briljənt/ a.光辉的；卓越的bring/ briŋ/ vt.带来；引出；促使British/ ‘britiʃ/ a.不列颠的，英联邦的broad/ brɔ:d/ a.宽的，阔的；广泛的broadcast/ ‘brɔ:dka:st/ n.广播，播音brother/ ‘brΛðə/ n.兄弟；同事，同胞brow/ brau/ n.额；眉，眉毛brown/ braun/ n.褐色，棕色brush/ brΛʃ/ n.刷子，毛刷；画笔bubble/ ‘bΛbl/ n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾b ucket/ ‘bΛkit/ n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗build/ bild/ vt.建筑；建立；创立building/ ‘bildiŋ/ n.建筑物，大楼；建筑bulb/ bΛlb/ n.电灯泡；球状物bulk/ bΛlk/ n.物体，容积，大批bullet/ ‘bulit/ n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bundle/ ‘bΛndl/ n.捆，包，束；包袱b urden/ ‘bə:dn/ n.担子，重担；装载量v t. 使负担；烦扰；装货于bureau/ ‘bjuərəu/ n.局，司，处；社，所burn/ bə:n/ vi.烧，燃烧n.烧伤burst/ bə:st/ vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury/ ‘beri/ vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏bus/ bΛs/ n.公共汽车bush/ buʃ/ n.灌木，灌木丛，矮树business/ ‘biznis/ n.商业，生意；事务busy/ ‘bizi/ a.忙的，繁忙的but/ bΛt/ conj.但是，可是butter/ ‘bΛtə/ n.黄油；奶油button/ ‘bΛtn/ n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧buy/ bai/ vt.买，购买vi.买by/ bai/ prep.在…旁；被，由CCCCCCCCCCcabbage/ ‘kæbidʒ/ n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin/ ‘kæbin/ n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet/ ‘kæbinit/ n.橱，柜；内阁cable/ ‘keibl/ n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafe/ ‘kæf ei, kə’f ei/ n.咖啡馆；小餐厅cage/ keidʒ/ n.笼；鸟笼，囚笼cake/ keik/ n.饼，糕，蛋糕calculat e/ ‘kælkjuleit/ vt.计算；估计；计划calculator/ ‘kælkjuleitə/ n.计算器，计算者calendar/ ‘kælində/ n. 日历，历书；历法call/ kɔ:l/ vt.把…叫做；叫，喊calm/ ka:m/ a.静的，平静的camel/ ‘kæməl/ n.骆驼camera/ ‘kæmərə/ n.照相机，摄影机camp/ kæmp/ n.野营，营地，兵营campaign/ kæm’pein/ n.战役；运动campus/ ‘kæmpəs/ n.校园，学校场地can/ kæn/ aux.v.能，会，可能can/ kæn/ n.罐头，听头；容器Canadian/ kə’neidjən/ a.加拿大的canal/ kə’næl/ n.运河；沟渠；管cancel/ ‘kænsəl/ vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer/ ‘kænsə/ n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate/ ‘kændidit/ n.候选人；投考者c andle/ ‘kændl/ n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光cap/ kæp/ n.帽子，便帽；帽状物capabl e/ ‘keipəbl/ a.有能力的，有才能的capacity/ kə’pæsiti/ n.容量；能力；能量capital/ ‘kæpitl/ n.资本，资金；首都captain/ ‘kæptin/ n.陆军上尉；队长capture/ ‘kæptʃə/ vt.捕获，俘获；夺得car/ ka:/ n.汽车，小汽车，轿车carbon/ ‘ka:bən/ n.碳card/ ka:d/ n.卡，卡片，名片care/ keə/ vi.关心，介意n.小心career/ kə’riə/ n.生涯，职业，经历caref ul/ ‘keəf ul/ a.仔细的；细致的careless/ ‘keəlis/ a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo/ ‘ka:gəu/ n.船货，货物carpenter/ ‘ka:pintə/ n.木工，木匠carpet/ ‘ka:pit/ n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage/ ‘kæridʒ/ n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier/ ‘kæriə/ n.运输工具；运载工具carry/ ‘kæri/ vt.携带；运载；传送cart/ ka:t/ n.二轮运货马车case/ keis/ n.情况；事实；病例case/ keis/ n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash/ kæʃ/ n.现金，现款cassette/ ka:’set/ n.盒式录音带；盒子cast/ ka:st/ vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle/ ‘ka:sl/ n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual/ ‘kæʒjuəl/ a.偶然的；随便的cat/ kæt/ n.猫，猫科，猫皮catalog/ ‘kætəlɔg/ n.目录，目录册catch/ kætʃ/ vt.捉住；赶上；领会cattle/ ‘kætl/ n.牛；牲口，家畜cause/ kɔ:z/ n.原因，理由；事业cave/ keiv/ n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease/ si:s/ vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling/ ‘si:liŋ/ n. 天花板，顶蓬celebrate/ ‘selibreit/ vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell/ sel/ n.细胞；小房间cement/ si’ment/ n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结cent/ sent/ n.分；分币；百centimetre/ ‘sentimi:tə/ n.公分，厘米central/ ‘sentrəl/ a.中心的；主要的centre/ ‘sentə/ n.中心；中枢vt.集中century/ ‘sentʃuri/ n.世纪，百年ceremony/ ‘seriməni/ n.典礼，仪式；礼节certain/ ‘sə:tən/ a.确实的；肯定的a certai n degree 到某种程度certainly/ ‘sə:tənli/ ad.一定，必定；当然certi f icate/ sə’tif ikit/ n.证书，证件，执照chain/ tʃein/ n.链，链条，项圈chair/ tʃeə/ n.椅子；主席chairman/ ‘tʃeəmən/ n.主席；议长，会长chalk/ tʃɔ:k/ n.白垩；粉笔challenge/ ‘tʃæləndʒ/ n.挑战；要求，需要chamber/ ‘tʃeimbə/ n.会议室；房间；腔champion/ ‘tʃæmpjən/ n.冠军，得胜者chance/ tʃa:ns/ n.机会，机遇；可能性change/ tʃeindʒ/ n.改变，变化；零钱channel/ ‘tʃænl/ n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter/ ‘tʃæptə/ n.章，回，篇character/ ‘kæriktə/ n.性格；特性；角色characteristic/ kæriktə’ristik/ a.特有的n.特性charge/ tʃa:dʒ/ vt.索价；控告n.费用chart/ tʃa:t/ n.图，图表；海图chase/ tʃeis/ n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap/ tʃi:p/ a.廉价的；劣质的cheat/ tʃi:t/ vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check/ tʃek/ vt.检查；制止n.检查double chec k复查；复核；仔细的检查；双重检查cheek/ tʃi:k/ n.面颊，脸蛋cheer/ tʃiə/ vt.使振作；欢呼cheerf ul/ ‘tʃiəf ul/ a.快乐的，愉快的cheese/ tʃi:z/ n.乳酪，干酪chemical/ ‘kemikl/ a.化学的n.化学制品chemist/ ‘kemist/ n.化学家；药剂师chemistry/ ‘kemistri/ n.化学cheque/ tʃek/ n.支票chess/ tʃes/ n.棋；国际象棋chest/ tʃest/ n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew/ tʃu:/ vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken/ ‘tʃikin/ n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief/ tʃi:f/ a.主要的；首席的child/ tʃaild/ n.小孩，儿童；儿子childhood/ ‘tʃaildhud/ n.童年，幼年；早期chill/ tʃil/ vt.使变冷n.寒冷adj. 寒冷的；冷漠的；扫兴的v i. 冷藏；变冷c hill test 冷硬试验；激冷试验chimney/ ‘tʃimni/ n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin/ tʃin/ n.颏，下巴China/ ‘tʃainə/ n.中国china/ ‘tʃainə/ n.瓷器，瓷料Chinese/ ‘tʃai’ni:z/ a.中国的n.中国人chocolate/ ‘tʃɔkəlit/ n.巧克力；巧克力糖ch o ice/ tʃɔis/ n.选择，抉择choke/ tʃəuk/ vt.使窒息；塞满v i. 窒息；阻塞；说不出话来choose/ tʃu:z/ vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop/ tʃɔp/ vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian/ ‘kristiən/ n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas/ ‘krisməs/ n.圣诞节church/ tʃə:tʃ/ n.教堂，礼拜堂；教会cigarette/ sigə’ret/ n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema/ ‘sinimə/ n.电影院；电影，影片circle/ ‘sə:kl/ n.圆，圆周；圈子circuit/ ‘sə:kit/ n.电路；环行；巡行circular/ ‘sə:kjulə/ a.圆的；循环的circulate/ ‘sə:kjuleit/ vt.使循环vi.循环circum ference/ sə’kΛm fərəns/ n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance/ ‘sə:kəmstəns/ n.情况，条件；境遇citizen/ ‘sitizn/ n.公民；市民，居民city/ ‘siti/ n.城市，都市civil/ ‘sivl/ a.公民的；文职的civilization/ sivilai’zeiʃən/ n.文明，文化；开化civilize/ ‘sivilaiz/ vt.使文明；教育claim/ kleim/ vt.声称，主张；索取clap/ klæp/ vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clari f y/ ‘klærif ai/ vt.澄清，阐明v i. 得到澄清；变得明晰；得到净化class/ kla:s/ n.班，班级；阶级classical/ ‘klæsikəl/ a.古典的；经典的classi f ication/ klæsif i’keiʃən/ n.分类；分级；分类法classi f y/ ‘klæsif ai/ vt.把…分类classmate/ ‘kla:smeit/ n.同班同学classroom/ ‘kla:srum/ n.教室，课堂claw/ klɔ:/ n.爪，脚爪，螯clay/ klei/ n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean/ kli:n/ a.清洁的；纯洁的clear/ kliə/ a.清晰的vt.清除clerk/ kla:k, klə:k/ n.店员；办事员，职员clever/ ‘klevə/ a.聪明的；机敏的cliff/ kli f/ n.悬崖，峭壁climate/ ‘klaimit/ n.气候；风土，地带climb/ klaim/ vi.攀登，爬vt.爬clock/ klɔk/ n.钟，仪表close/ kləuz, kləus/ vt.关，闭；结束cloth/ klɔ:θ/ n.布；衣料；桌布clothe/ kləuð/ vt.给…穿衣服clothes/ kləuðz/ n.衣服，服装；被褥clothing/ ‘kləuðiŋ/ n.衣服，被褥cloud/ klaud/ n.云；云状物；阴影cloudy/ klaudi/ a.多云的；云一般的club/ klΛb/ n.俱乐部，夜总会clue/ klu:/ n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy/ ‘klΛmzi/ a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach/ kəutʃ/ n.长途公共汽车v t.训练；指导v i. 作指导；接受辅导；坐马车旅行n. 教练；旅客车厢；长途公车coal/ kəul/ n.煤，煤块coarse/ kɔ:s/ a.粗的，粗糙的coast/ kəust/ n.海岸，海滨(地区)coat/ kəut/ n.外套，上衣；表皮cock/ kɔk/ n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code/ kəud/ n.准则；法典；代码coffee/ ‘kɔf i/ n.咖啡，咖啡茶c o il/ kɔil/ n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷c o in/ kɔin/ n.硬币；铸造(硬币)cold/ kəuld/ a.冷的；冷淡的n.冷collapse/ kə’læps/ vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar/ ‘kɔlə/ n.衣领，项圈colleague/ ‘kɔli:g/ n.同事，同僚collect/ kə’lekt/ vt.收集vi.收款collection/ kə’lekʃən/ n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective/ kə’lektiv/ a.集体的；集合性的college/ ‘kɔlidʒ/ n.学院；大学collision/ kə’liʒ(ə)n/ n.碰撞；冲突colony/ ‘kɔləni/ n.殖民地；侨居地color/ ‘kΛlə/ n.颜色，彩色；颜料column/ ‘kɔləm/ n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb/ kəum/ n.梳子vt.梳理combination/ kɔmbi’neiʃən/ n.结合，联合；化合combine/ kəm’bain/ vt.使结合；兼有come/ kΛm/ vi.来，来到；出现com f ort/ ‘kΛmfət/ n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰com f ortable/ ‘kΛmfətəbl/ a.舒适的，安慰的command/ kə’ma:nd/ vt.命令，指挥；控制commander/ kə’ma:ndə/ n.司令官，指挥员comment/ ‘kɔment/ n.评论，意见；注释c ommerce/ ‘kɔmə(:)s/ n.商业，贸易；社交commercial/ kə’mə:ʃəl/ a.商业的；商品化的commission/ kə’miʃən/ n.委任状；委员会commit/ kə’mit/ vt.犯(错误);干(坏事)committee/ kə’miti/ n.委员会；全体委员common/ ‘kɔmən/ a.普通的；共同的communicate/ kə’mju:nikeit/ vi.通讯；传达；传播communication/ kə’mju:nikeiʃən/ n.通讯；传达；交通communism/ ‘kɔmjunizəm/ n.共产主义communist/ ‘kɔmjunist/ n.共产党员community/ kə’mju:niti/ n.社区；社会；公社companion/ kəm’pæniən/ n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company/ ‘kΛmpəni/ n.公司，商号；同伴comparative/ kəm’pærətiv/ a.比较的，相对的compare to与……相比；把…比作为；比较；把compare/ kəm’peə/ vt.比较，对照；比作comparison/ kəm’pærisn/ n.比较，对照；比似compass/ ‘kΛmpəs/ n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel/ kəm’pel/ vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete/ kəm’pi:t/ vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent/ ‘kɔmpitənt/ a.有能力的；应该做的competition/ kɔmpə’tiʃən/ n.竞争，比赛complain/ kəm’plein/ vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint/ kəm’pleint/ n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete/ kəm’pli:t/ a.完整的；完成的complex/ ‘kɔmpleks/ a.结合的；复杂的complicated/ ‘kɔmplikeitid/ a.复杂的，难懂的component/ kəm’pəunənt/ n.组成部分；分；组件compose/ kəm’pəuz/ vt.组成，构成；创作composition/ kɔmpə’ziʃən/ n.构成；作品；写作compound/ ‘kɔmpaund,kəm’paund/ n.化合物；复合词comprehension/ kɔmpri’henʃən/ n.理解，理解力；领悟comprehensive/ kɔmpri’hensiv/ a.广泛的；理解的compress/ kəm’pres/ vt.压紧，压缩comprise/ kəm’praiz/ vt.包含，包括；构成compromise/ ‘kɔmprəmaiz/ n.妥协，和解compute/ kəm’pju:t/ vt.计算，估计，估算computer/ kəm’pju:tə/ n.计算机，电脑conceal/ kən’si:l/ vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate/ ‘kɔnsəntreit/ vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration/ kɔnsən’treiʃən/ n.集中；专注；浓缩concept/ ‘kɔnsept/ n.概念，观念，设想concern/ kən’sə:n/ n.关心，挂念；关系concerning/ kən’sə:niŋ/ prep.关于concert/ ‘kɔnsət/ n.音乐会，演奏会conclude/ kən’klu:d/ vt.推断出；结束conclusion/ kən’klu:ʒən/ n.结论，推论；结尾concrete/ ‘kɔnkri:t/ n.混凝土；具体物condemn/ kən’dem/ vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense/ kən’dens/ vt.压缩，使缩短condition/ kən’diʃən/ n.状况，状态；环境conduct/ ‘kɔndəkt, kən’dΛkt/ n.举止，行为；指导conductor/ kən’dΛktə/ n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conf erence/ ‘kɔnfərəns/ n.会议，讨论会conf ess/ kən’fes/ vt.供认，承认；坦白conf idence/ ‘kɔnf idəns/ n.信任；信赖；信心conf ident/ ‘kɔnf idənt/ n.确信的，自信的conf ine/ kən’fain/ vt.限制；禁闭n. 界限，边界conf irm/ kən’fə:m/ vt.证实，肯定；批准conf lict/ ‘kɔnf likt, kən’f likt/ n.争论；冲突；斗争conf use/ kən’f ju:z/ vt.使混乱，混淆congratulate/ kən’grætjuleit/ vt.祝贺，向…道喜congress/ ‘kɔŋgres/ n.大会；国会，议会conjunction/ kən’dʒΛŋkʃən/ n.接合，连接；连接词connect/ kə’nekt/ vt.连接，连结；联系connection/ kə’nekʃən/ n.连接，联系；连贯性conquer/ ‘kɔŋkə/ vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest/ ‘kɔŋkwest/ n.攻取，征服；克服conscience/ ‘kɔnʃəns/ n.良心，道德心conscious/ ‘kɔnʃəs/ a.意识到的；有意的consciousness/ ‘kɔnʃəsnis/ n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent/ kən’sent/ n.同意，赞成vi.同意Consent Form同意书；知情同意书consequence/ ‘kɔnsikwəns/ n.结果，后果consequently/ ‘kɔnsikwəntli/ ad.因此，因而，所以conservation/ kɔnsə(:)’veiʃən/ n.保存，保护；守恒conservative/ kən’sə:vətiv/ a.保守的n.保守的人consider/ kən’sidə/ vt.认为；考虑；关心considerabl e/ kən’sidərəbl/ a.相当大的；重要的considerat e/ kən’sidərit/ a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration/ kənsidə’reiʃən/ n.考虑，思考；体贴consist/ kən’sist/ vi.由…组成；在于consistent/ kən’sistənt/ a.坚持的，一贯的constant/ ‘kɔnstənt/ a.经常的；永恒的constitute/ ‘kɔnstitju:t/ vt. 构成,组成,任命constitution/ kɔnsti’tju:ʃən/ n.章程；体质；构造construct/ kən’strΛkt/ vt.建造；建设；构筑construction/ kən’strΛkʃən/ n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult/ kən’sΛlt/ vt.请教，查阅consume/ kən’sju:m/ vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption/ kən’sΛmpʃən/ n.消耗量；消耗contact/ ‘kɔntækt, kən’tækt/ vt.使接触；与…联系contain/ kən’tein/ vt.包含，容纳；等于container/ kən’teinə/ n.容器；集装箱contemporary/ kən’tempərəri/ a.当代的，同时代的contempt/ kən’tempt/ n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content/ ‘kɔntent, kən’tent/ n.内容，目录；容量content/ ‘kɔntent, kən’tent/ a.满意的，满足的contest/ kən’test, ‘kɔntest/ vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent/ ‘kɔntinənt/ n.大陆；陆地；洲continual/ kən’tinjuəl/ a.不断的；连续的continue/ kən’tinju(:)/ vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous/ kən’tinjuəs/ a.连续不断的，持续的contract/ ‘kɔntrækt, kən’trækt/ n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction/ kɔntrə’dikʃən/ n.矛盾，不一致；否认in contradicti on to 同…相矛盾in contradiction with 与…相抵触；与…矛盾着contradiction between 矛盾，不一致contrary/ ‘kɔntrəri/ a.相反的n.相反contrast/ ‘kɔntræst, kən’træst/ n.对比，对照，悬殊by contrast相比之下；比较起来；对比之下；与之相反in contrast相反；成对比；相比之下；大不相同contrast with 与…形成对比；和…相对照in contrast with 与…形成对比；与…相比contribute/ kən’tribju(:)t/ vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control/ kən’trəul/ vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience/ kən’vi:njəns/ n.便利，方便；厕所convenient/ kən’vi:njənt/ a.便利的；近便的convention/ kən’venʃən/ n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional/ kən’venʃənl/ a.普通的；习惯的conversation/ kɔnvə’seiʃən/ n.会话，非正式会谈conversely/ ‘kɔnvə:sli/ ad.相反地conversion/ kən’və:ʃən/ n.转变，转化；改变convert/ kən’və:t, ‘kɔnvə:t/ vt.使转变；使改变convey/ kən’vei/ vt.传送；运送；传播convince/ kən’vins/ vt.使确信，使信服cook/ kuk/ vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cool/ ku:l/ a.凉的，冷静的cooperate/ kəu’ɔpəreit/ vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate/ kəu’ɔdinit/ vt.使协调，调节adj. 并列的；同等的coordinate with 使协调；配合cope/ kəup/ vi.对付，应付copper/ ‘kɔpə/ n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy/ ‘kɔpi/ n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord/ kɔ:d/ n.细绳，粗线，索core/ kɔ:/ n.果实的心，核心corn/ kɔ:n/ n.谷物；(英)小麦corner/ ‘kɔ:nə/ n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation/ kɔ:pə’reiʃən/ n.公司，企业；社团correct/ kə’rekt/ a.正确的vt.纠正correspond/ kɔris’pɔnd/ vi.相符合；相当correspond with相符合；符合；一致；与…一致corresponding/ kɔris’pɔndiŋ/ a.相应的；符合的corridor/ ‘kɔridɔ:/ n.走廊，回廊，通路cost/ kɔst/ n.价格，代价；成本costly/ ‘kɔstli/ a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage/ ‘kɔtidʒ/ n.村舍，小屋cotton/ ‘kɔtn/ n.棉；棉线；棉布cough/ kɔf/ vi.咳，咳嗽n.咳嗽could/ kud, kəd/ aux.v.(can的过去式)council/ ‘kaunsil/ n.理事会，委员会count/ kaunt/ vt.计算vi.数，计数counter/ ‘kauntə/ n.柜台；计数器country/ ‘kΛntri/ n.国家，国土；农村countryside/ ‘kΛntrisaid/ n.乡下，农村county/ ‘kaunti/ n.英国的郡，美国的县couple/ ‘kΛpl/ n.夫妇；(一)对；几个courage/ ‘kΛridʒ/ n.勇气，胆量，胆识course/ kɔ:s/ n.课程；过程；一道菜court/ kɔ:t/ n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin/ ‘kΛzn/ n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹)cover/ ‘kΛvə/ vt.盖，包括n.盖子cow/ kau/ n.母牛，奶牛；母兽crack/ kræk/ n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craf t/ kra:f t/ n.工艺；手艺，行业crane/ krein/ n.起重机，摄影升降机crash/ kræʃ/ vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl/ krɔ:l/ vi.爬，爬行crazy/ ‘kreizi/ a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream/ kri:m/ n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create/ kri(:)’eit/ vt.创造；引起，产生c reative/ kri(:)’eitiv/ a.创造性的，创作的creature/ ‘kri:tʃə/ n.生物，动物，家畜credit/ ‘kredit/ n.信用贷款；信用creep/ kri:p/ vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew/ kru:/ n.全体船员crime/ kraim/ n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal/ ‘kriminl/ n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯crisis/ ‘kraisis/ n.危机；存亡之际critic/ ‘kritik/ n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical/ ‘kritikəl/ a.决定性的；批评的criticism/ ‘kritisizəm/ n.批评；批判；评论criticize/ ‘kritisaiz/ vt.批评；评论；非难crop/ krɔp/ n.农作物，庄稼；一熟cross/ krɔs/ vt.穿过；使交叉crowd/ kraud/ n.群；大众；一伙人crown/ kraun/ n.王冠，冕；花冠crude/ kru:d/ a.简陋的；天然的cruel/ ‘kruəl/ a.残忍的，残酷的crush/ krΛʃ/ vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust/ krΛst/ n.面包皮；硬外皮cry/ krai/ vi.哭，哭泣；叫喊crystal/ ‘kristl/ n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube/ kju:b/ n.立方形；立方cubic/ ‘kju:bik/ a.立方形的；立方的cultivate/ ‘kΛltiveit/ vt.耕；种植；培养culture/ ‘kΛltʃə/ n.文化，文明；教养cup/ kΛp/ n.杯子；(一)杯；奖杯cupboard/ ‘kΛbəd/ n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure/ kjuə/ vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity/ kjuəri’ositi/ n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious/ ‘kjuəriəs/ a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的current/ ‘kΛrənt/ a.当前的；通用的curse/ kə:s/ n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain/ ‘kə:tn/ n.帘，窗帘；幕(布)curve/ kə:v/ n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion/ ‘kuʃən/ n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫custom/ ‘kΛstəm/ n.习惯，风俗；海关customer/ ‘kΛstəmə/ n.顾客，主顾cut/ kΛt/ vt.切，割，剪；减少cycle/ ‘saikl/ n自行车，循环DDDDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEEeach/ i:tʃ/ pron.各，各自a.各eager/ ‘i:gə/ a.渴望的，热切的eagle/ ‘i:gl/ n.鹰ear/ iə/ n.耳朵；听力，听觉early/ ‘ə:li/ ad.早 a.早的，早期的earn/ ə:n/ vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest/ ‘ə:nist/ a.认真的，诚恳的earth/ ə:θ/ n.地球；陆地，地面earthquake/ ‘ə:θkweik/ n.地震；大震荡ease/ i:z/ n.容易，舒适vt.缓和east/ i:st/ n.东；东部ad.在东方eastern/ ‘i:stən/ a.东方的；朝东的easy/ ‘i:zi/ a.容易的；安逸的eat/ i:t/ vt.吃，喝vi.吃饭echo/ ‘ekəu/ n.回声，反响vi.重复econɔmic/ i:kə’nɔmik/ a.经济的，经济学的economical/ i:kə’nɔmikəl/ a.节约的；经济学的economy/ i(:)’kɔnəmi/ n.经济；节约，节省edge/ edʒ/ n.边缘，边；刀口edition/ i’diʃən/ n.版，版本，版次editor/ ‘editə/ n.编辑，编者，校订者educat e/ ‘edju(:)keit/ vt.教育；培养；训练education/ edju:’keiʃən/ n.教育；训导；教育学effect/ i’f ekt/ n.结果；效果，效力effective/ i’f ektiv/ a.有效的；有影响的eff ici ency/ i’f iʃənsi/ n.效率；功效，效能eff ici ent/ i’f iʃənt/ a.效率高的，有能力的eff ort/ ‘efət/ n.努力；努力的成果egg/ eg/ n.蛋，鸡蛋，卵eight/ eit/ num.八，八个，第八eighteen/ ‘ei’ti:n/ num.十八，十八个eighth/ eitθ/ num.第八n.八分之一eighty/ ‘eiti/ num.八十，八十个either/ ‘aiðə, ‘i:ðə/ pron.(两者)任何一个elaborat e/ i’læbərit/ a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic/ i’læstik/ n.松紧带 a.有弹性的elder/ ‘eldə/ a.年龄较大的n.长者elect/ i’lekt/ vt.选举，推选；选择election/ i’lekʃən/ n.选举，选择权；当选electric/ i’lektrik/ a.电的，电动的electrical/ i’lektrikəl/ a.电的，电气科学的electricity/ ilek’trisiti/ n.电，电学；电流electron/ i’lektrɔn/ n.电子electronic/ ilek’trɔnik/ a.电子的element/ ‘elimənt/ n.成分；要素；元素elementary/ eli’mentəri/ a.基本的；初级的elephant/ ‘elifənt/ n.象elevator/ ‘eliveitə/ n.电梯；升降机eleven/ i’levn/ num.十一，十一个eliminate/ i’limineit/ vt.消灭，消除，排除else/ els/ ad.其它，另外 a.别的elsewhere/ els’weə/ ad.在别处，向别处embarrass/ im’bærəs/ vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace/ im’breis/ vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge/ i’mə:dʒ/ vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency/ i’mə:dʒənsi/ n.紧急情况，突然事件emit/ i’mit/ vt.散发；发射；发表emotion/ i’məuʃən/ n.情感，感情；激动emotional/ i’məuʃənl/ a.感情的，情绪的emperor/ ‘empərə/ n.皇帝emphasi s/ ‘emfəsis/ n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize/ ‘emfəsaiz/ vt.强调，着重empire/ ‘empaiə/ n.帝国employ/ im’plɔi/ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee/ emplɔi’i:/ n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer/ im’plɔiə/ n.雇佣者，雇主employment/ im’plɔimənt/ n.工业；雇用；使用empty/ ‘empti/ a.空的；空洞的enable/ i’neibl/ vt.使能够，使可能enclose/ in’kləuz/ vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter/ in’kauntə/ vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage/ in’kΛridʒ/ vt.鼓励，支持，助长end/ end/ n.末端；目标vt.结束ending/ ‘endiŋ/ n.结尾，结局；死亡endless/ ‘endlis/ a.无止境的endure/ in’djuə/ vt.忍受；容忍enemy/ ‘enimi/ n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵energy/ ‘enədʒi/ n.活力；精力；能enf orce/ in’fɔ:s/ vt.实施，执行；强制engage/ in’geidʒ/ vt.使从事于；聘用engine/ ‘endʒin/ n. 发动机，引擎；机车engineer/ endʒi’niə/ n.工程师，技师engineering/ endʒi’niəriŋ/ n.工程，工程学enlarge/ in’la:dʒ/ vt.扩大，扩展；放大enormous/ i’nɔ:məs/ a.巨大的，庞大的enough/ i’nΛf/ a.足够的ad.足够地enquire/ in’kwaiə/ vi.vt. 询问enquiry/ / n. 询问ensure/ in’ʃuə/ vt.保证；保护；赋予entertain/ entə’tein/ vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm/ in’θju:ziæzəm/ n.热情，热心，热忱entitle/ in’tait l/ vt.给…权利(或资格)entry/ ‘entri/ n.入口处；登记；进入environment/ in’vaiərənmənt/ n.环境，外界；围绕envy/ ‘envi/ vt.&n.妒忌；羡慕equal/ ‘i:kwəl/ a.相等的；平等的equality/ i(:)’kwɔliti/ n.等同，平等；相等equation/ i’kweiʃən/ n.方程(式)；等式equip/ i’kwip/ vt.装备，配备equip ment/ i’kwipmənt/ n.装备，设备，配备equivalent/ i’kwivələnt/ a.相等的；等量的era/ ‘iərə/ n.时代，年代；纪元erect/ i’rekt/ vt.建造；使竖立error/ ‘erə/ n.错误，谬误；差错escape/ is’keip/ vi.逃跑；逸出n.逃跑。
English Vocabulary Word List(澳门大学入学考试)
English V ocabulary Word ListOgden's Basic English Word List (850 Words)aableabout accountacidacrossactaddition adjustment advertisement afteragain against agreement airallalmost among amount amusement andangleangry animal answerantany apparatus apple approval arch argument armarmyartasatattack attempt attention attraction authorityautomaticawakebabybackbadbagbalanceballbandbasebasinbasketbathbebeautifulbecausebedbeebeforebehaviourbeliefbellbentberrybetweenbirdbirthbitbitebitterblackbladebloodblowblueboardboatbodyboilingbonebookbootbottleboxboybrainbrakebranchbrassbreadbreathbrickbridgebrightbrokenbrotherbrownbrushbucketbuildingbulbburnburstbusinessbutbutterbuttonbycakecameracanvascardcarecarriagecartcatcausecertainchainchalkchancechangecheapcheesechemicalchestchiefchinchurchcirclecleanclearclockclothcloudcoalcoatcoldcollarcolourcombcomecomfortcommitteecommoncompanycomparisoncompetitioncompletecomplexconditionconnectionconsciouscontrolcookcoppercopycordcorkcottoncoughcountrycovercowcrack credit crimecruelcrushcrycupcup current curtain curve cushion damage danger dark daughter daydeaddeardeathdebt decision deep degree delicate dependent design desire destruction detail development different digestion direction dirty discovery discussion disease disgust distance distribution division dodogdoordoubtdowndraindrawerdressdrinkdrivingdropdrydustearearlyeartheastedgeeducationeffecteggelasticelectricendengineenoughequalerroreveneventevereveryexampleexchangeexistenceexpansionexperienceexperteyefacefactfallfalsefamilyfarfarmfatfatherfearfeatherfeeblefeelingfemalefertilefictionfieldfightfingerfirefirstfishfixedflagflameflatflightfloorflowerflyfoldfoodfoolishfootforforceforkformforwardfowlframefreefrequentfriendfromfrontfruitfullfuturegardengeneralgetgirlgiveglassglovegogoatgoldgoodgovernmentgraingrassgreatgreengreygripgroupgrowthguidegunhairhammerhandhanginghappyharbourhardharmonyhathatehaveheheadhealthyhearhearingheartheathelphighhistoryholehollow hook hope horn horse hospital hour house how humourIiceideaifill important impulsein increase industry ink insect instrument insurance interest invention iron island jelly jeweljoin journey judge jump keep kettlekeykickkindkissknee knife knot knowledge landlanguagelastlatelaughlawleadleaflearningleatherleftlegletletterlevellibraryliftlightlikelimitlinelinenlipliquidlistlittlelivinglocklonglooklooselossloudlovelowmachinemakemalemanmanagermapmarkmarketmarriedmassmatchmaterialmaymealmeasuremeatmedicalmeetingmemorymetalmiddlemilitarymilkmindmineminutemistmixedmoneymonkeymonthmoonmorningmothermotionmountainmouthmovemuchmusclemusicnailnamenarrownationnaturalnearnecessaryneckneedneedlenervenetnewnewsnightnonoisenormalnorthnosenotnotenownumbernutobservationofoffofferofficeoiloldononlyopenoperationopinionoppositeororangeorderorganizationornamentotheroutovenoverownerpagepainpaintpaperparallelparcelpartpastpaste payment peace pen pencil person physical picture pigpin pipe place plane plant plate play please pleasure plough pocket point poison polish political poor porter position possible pot potato powder power present price print prison private probable process produce profit property prose protest publicpullpumppunishmentpurposepushputqualityquestionquickquietquiterailrainrangeratraterayreactionreadingreadyreasonreceiptrecordredregretregularrelationreligionrepresentativerequestrespectresponsiblerestrewardrhythmricerightringriverroadrodrollroofroomrootroughroundrubrulerunsadsafesailsaltsamesandsayscaleschoolsciencescissorsscrewseaseatsecondsecretsecretaryseeseedseemselectionselfsendsenseseparateseriousservantsexshadeshakeshamesharpsheepshelfshipshirtshockshoeshortshutsidesignsilksilversimplesistersizeskinskirtskysleepslipslopeslowsmallsmashsmellsmilesmokesmoothsnakesneezesnowsosoapsocietysocksoftsolidsomesonsongsortsoundsoupsouthspacespadespecialspongespoonspring square stage stamp starstart statement station steam steel stemstepstick sticky stiffstill stitch stocking stomach stone stop store story straight strange street stretch strong structure substance such sudden sugar suggestion summer sun support surprise sweet swim systemtabletailtaketalktalltastetaxteachingtendencytestthanthatthethentheorytherethickthinthingthisthoughtthreadthroatthroughthroughthumbthundertickettighttilltimetintiredtotoetogethertomorrowtonguetoothtoptouchtowntradetraintransporttraytreetricktroubletrouserstrueturntwistumbrellaunderunitupusevalueverseveryvesselviewviolentvoicewaitingwalkwallwarwarmwashwastewatchwaterwavewaxwayweatherweekweightwellwestwetwheelwhenwherewhilewhipwhistlewhitewhowhywidewillwindwindowwinewingwinterwirewisewithwomanwoodwoolwordworkwormwoundwritingwrongyearyellowyesyesterdayyouyoungWords from a simplified language by Charles K. Ogden (1930)OGDEN's BASIC ENGLISHWord List - in His OrderOPERATIONS - 100 wordscome, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take, be, do, have, say, see, send, may, will, about, across, after, against, among, at, before, between, by, down, from, in, off, on, over, through, to, under, up, with,as, for, of, till, than,a , the, all, any, every, little, much, no, other, some, such, that, this, I , he, you, who,and, because, but, or, if, though, while, how, when, where, why,again, ever, far, forward, here, near, now, out, still, then, there, together, well,almost, enough, even, not, only, quite, so, very, tomorrow, yesterday,north, south, east, west, please, yes .THINGS - 400 General wordsaccount, act, addition, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, air, amount, amusement, animal, answer, apparatus, approval, argument, art, attack, attempt, attention, attraction, authority, back, balance, base, behavior, belief, birth, bit, bite, blood, blow, body, brass, bread, breath, brother, building, burn, burst, business, butter, canvas, care, cause, chalk, chance, change, cloth, coal, color, comfort, committee, company, comparison, competition, condition, connection, control, cook, copper, copy, cork, cotton, cough, country, cover, crack, credit, crime, crush, cry ,current, curve, damage, danger, daughter, day, death, debt, decision, degree, design, desire, destruction, detail, development, digestion, direction, discovery, discussion, disease, disgust, distance, distribution, division, doubt, drink, driving, dust, earth, edge, education, effect, end, error, event, example, exchange, existence, expansion, experience, expert, fact, fall, family, father, fear, feeling, fiction, field, fight, fire, flame, flight, flower, fold, food, force, form, friend, front, fruit, glass, gold, government, grain, grass, grip, group, growth, guide, harbor, harmony, hate, hearing, heat, help, history, hole, hope, hour, humor, ice, idea, impulse, increase, industry, ink, insect, instrument, insurance, interest, invention, iron, jelly, join, journey, judge, jump, kick, kiss, knowledge, land, language, laugh, law, lead, learning, leather, letter, level, lift, light, limit, linen, liquid, list, look, loss, love, machine, man, manager, mark, market, mass, meal, measure, meat, meeting, memory, metal, middle, milk, mind, mine, minute, mist, money, month, morning ,mother, motion, mountain, move, music, name, nation, need, news, night, noise, note, number, observation, offer, oil, operation, opinion, order, organization, ornament, owner, page, pain, paint, paper, part, paste, payment, peace, person, place, plant, play, pleasure, point, poison, polish, porter, position, powder, power, price, print, process, produce, profit, property, prose, protest, pull, punishment, purpose, push, quality, question, rain, range, rate, ray, reaction, reading, reason, record, regret, relation, religion, representative, request, respect, rest, reward, rhythm, rice, river, road, roll, room, rub, rule, run, salt, sand, scale, science, sea, seat, secretary, selection, self, sense, servant, sex, shade, shake, shame, shock, side, sign, silk, silver, sister, size, sky, sleep, slip, slope, smash, smell, smile, smoke, sneeze, snow, soap, society, son, song, sort, sound, soup, space, stage, start, statement, steam, steel, step, stitch, stone, stop, story, stretch, structure, substance, sugar, suggestion, summer,support, surprise, swim, system, talk, taste, tax, teaching, tendency, test, theory, thing, thought, thunder, time, tin, top, touch, trade, transport, trick, trouble, turn, twist, unit, use, value, verse, vessel, view, voice, walk, war, wash, waste, water, wave, wax, way, weather, week, weight, wind, wine, winter, woman, wood, wool, word, work, wound, writing , year .THINGS - 200 Picturable words - picture listangle, ant, apple, arch, arm, army, baby, bag, ball, band, basin, basket, bath, bed, bee, bell, berry, bird, blade, board, boat, bone, book, boot, bottle, box, boy, brain, brake, branch, brick, bridge, brush, bucket, bulb, button, cake, camera, card, cart, carriage, cat, chain, cheese, chest, chin, church, circle, clock, cloud, coat, collar, comb, cord, cow, cup, curtain, cushion, dog, door, drain, drawer, dress, drop, ear, egg, engine, eye, face, farm, feather, finger, fish, flag, floor, fly, foot, fork, fowl, frame, garden, girl, glove, goat, gun, hair, hammer, hand, hat, head, heart, hook, horn, horse, hospital, house, island, jewel, kettle, key, knee, knife, knot, leaf, leg, library, line, lip, lock, map, match, monkey, moon, mouth, muscle, nail, neck, needle, nerve, net, nose, nut, office, orange, oven, parcel, pen, pencil, picture, pig, pin, pipe, plane, plate, plough/plow, pocket, pot, potato, prison, pump, rail, rat, receipt, ring, rod, roof, root, sail, school, scissors, screw, seed, sheep, shelf, ship, shirt, shoe, skin, skirt, snake, sock, spade, sponge, spoon, spring, square, stamp, star, station, stem, stick, stocking, stomach, store, street, sun, table, tail, thread, throat, thumb, ticket, toe, tongue, tooth, town, train, tray, tree, trousers, umbrella, wall, watch, wheel, whip, whistle, window, wing, wire, worm .QUALITIES - 100 Generalable, acid, angry, automatic, beautiful, black, boiling, bright, broken, brown, cheap, chemical, chief, clean, clear, common, complex, conscious, cut, deep, dependent, early, elastic, electric, equal, fat, fertile, first, fixed, flat, free, frequent, full, general, good, great, grey/gray, hanging, happy, hard, healthy, high, hollow, important, kind, like, living, long, male, married, material, medical, military, natural, necessary, new, normal, open, parallel, past, physical, political, poor, possible, present, private, probable, quick, quiet, ready, red, regular, responsible, right, round, same, second, separate, serious, sharp, smooth, sticky, stiff, straight, strong, sudden, sweet, tall, thick, tight, tired, true, violent, waiting, warm, wet, wide, wise, yellow, young .QUALITIES - 50 Oppositesawake, bad, bent, bitter, blue, certain, cold, complete, cruel, dark, dead, dear, delicate, different, dirty, dry, false, feeble, female, foolish, future, green, ill, last, late, left, loose, loud, low, mixed, narrow, old, opposite, public, rough, sad, safe, secret, short, shut, simple, slow, small, soft, solid, special, strange, thin, white, wrong .Grammar:Prep.&prep.fond ofkeen oninterested ingood atfascinated byterrified ofannoyed withafraid ofshy withdifferent fromHere are some further examples:accustomed to accused of acquainted with addicted to annoyed about/with/at allergic toamazed at/by anxious about appreciated for ashamed of associated with astonished at/by aware ofangry withafraid ofattached tobad atbased onbeneficial to boastful forbored withbrilliant atbusy withcapable ofcareful with/about/of certain about characteristic of clever at connected with conscious of content withcrazy about crowded with curious about dissatisfied with delighted at/aboutderived fromdifferent fromdisappointed witheager foreligible forenthusiastic aboutexcellent in/atexcited aboutexperienced inexposed toenvious offaithful tofamiliar withfamous forfed up withfree of/fromfrightened offriendly withfond offurious aboutfurnished withfull ofgenerous with/aboutguilty of/aboutgentle withgood atgrateful tohappy abouthopeful of/aboutidentical with/toimmune toimpressed withinferior toindifferent toinnocent ofinterested ininvolved withincapable ofjealous ofkind tokeen onlate forlimited tolucky atnervous of/aboutnotorious foropposed topatient withpessimistic aboutpleased withpolite topopular withpresented withproud ofpunished forpuzzled by/aboutready forrelated torelevant torespectful forresponsible forrid ofsad aboutsafe fromsatisfied withscared ofsensitive toserious aboutsick ofsimilar to shocked by skilful at slow atsorry for/about successful in suitable for sure of/about superior tosurprised atsuspicious ofterrible atterrified oftired ofthankful to/fortrilled withtroubled withtypical ofunaware ofupset aboutused towrong with/aboutworried about。
English Vocabulary Learning
– It is believed that the average person is able to recognize between 15 and 20 thousand words. Shakespeare used 35,000 words in his plays and sonnets, thus making him the ultimate communicator in history.
– An average child has acquired around 9,000 root words by the end of elementary school
– An American university student has about 25,000 words.
Vocabulary Pyramid
and metacomprehension, peninsula, isotope, lathe, etc.
Tier Three
Tier Two
Tier One
High-Frequency Words
Research has suggested:
– EFL learners should focus on learning the most frequent words first and then move on to acquiring the vocabulary related to their interests and needs.
ro( ). – The nu( )was helping the doctor in the operating
room. – Since he is unskilled, he earns low wa( ). – This year long sk( ) are fashionable again. – Laws are based on the principle of jus( ) – He is walking on the ti( ) of his toes. – The mechanic had to replace the mo( ) of the car. – There is a co( ) of the original report in the file.
The development of English vocabulary (词汇学)
录像磁带
磁带录像机
The old words constantly get new idea
赋旧词以新义既省事，又易记（根本原因）
例如：input原指对一项工程所进行的人，财， 物的投入。计算机应用后，资料，程序等 的“输入”直接借用input. Storage本意为“仓库”“储藏”，现被借来 指计算机上的“存储器”，信息的“存储” 等。
• 英语吸收自拉丁语，德语，法语的词汇数 量之大毋庸赘言，仅就吸收的日语，汉语 的数量就相当之大。
• • • • • • • • • •
来自日语的词： pyiama kmono hiroshima tatami 来自汉语的词： Mao Tai ping-pang Kang Taoism
睡衣 和服 广岛 榻榻米
C: the development of society
• • • • • • • • • • • surrogate mother(替身母亲) flash mob (快闪族) dinky(无子女双职工家庭) prenup (婚前协议) empty- nester(空巢家长) gaymarriage(同性婚姻) white- collar(白领) pink- collar(职业妇女阶层) downshifting (为生活减速) staycat ion(家中度假) chick lit(鸡仔文学)
The tend of the development of English vocabulary
• The vocabulary widened rapidly
• The old words constantly get new idea • Foreign words increase
Business English Vocabulary
Business English VocabularyUnit 1 The working dayTitles in working places:1.Managing Director 总裁/总经理2.Assistant Managing Director总经理助理3.Sales Director 销售部总监4.Finance Director 财物总监5.Marketing Director 市场总监6.Research and Development (R & D)Manager研发经理7.Human Resources (HR) Manager人力资源部经理8.Production Manager 生产经理9.Accountant 会计10.Personal Assistant (PA) 私人助理/秘书Vocabulary:1. manic 忙乱的，狂热的2. hectic 忙碌的，繁忙的3. meticulous 细心的，小心翼翼的做事谨慎的4. springboard跳水或体操中的跳板；有助于开展某事的基础，出发点5. reality show 真人秀6. triumph 胜利，成功Phrases:1.Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官2.low-end 低端3.to the company’s required standards达到公司要求的标准4.demanding quality 高要求5.in terms of 在…方面6.carried out 实施Unit 2 Corporate cultureCorporate culture: the values, beliefs and traditions in a company which influence the behavior of its staff. It is important for job-seekers to know about the culture of an organization before accepting a job.Phrases:1.pay a attention to 注意2.aim to do 以…为目标petitive prices and high level ofcustomer care具有竞争力的价格和高度的客户关怀4.rely on 依靠e up with solutions 想出解决方案6.pool one’s ideas 汇聚想法7.reach one’s full potential 充分发挥潜质8.have access to 可以获得或使用9.at all levels 所有程度10.pride oneself on sth. 在…引以为豪11.put forward new proposal 提出新提议12.in short 言而言之，总之13.call a meeting 召集会议14.call off a meeting 取消会议Vocabulary:1.challenging 富有挑战性的2.rewarding 值得的，有益的 e.g. offer people challenging and rewarding work3.casual 随便的e.g. dress casually4.atmosphere 气氛，氛围 e.g. create a friendly atmosphere5.maintain 保持，维持 e.g. developing and maintaining close partnership with our customers6.appreciate 感激，欣赏 e.g. our customers appreciate that we offer high quality products7.external 外部的 e.g. external customers8.interaction 相互作用，互动 e.g. this interaction creates many opportunitiesUnit 3 Company historyVocabulary:1.nephew 侄子/外甥2.inherit 继承3.expand 扩大，扩展4.poster 海报5.billboard 大幅广告 commercial 电视广告underette 投币式自助洗衣店8.founding 成立9.literally 字面上10.symbol 象征，符号11.affection 喜爱12.association 协会；联想13.underwear 内衣munist official 共产党官员15.lecturer 讲师16.privatized 私有化17.ambition 抱负/雄心/野心18.confectionery 糖果/甜食19.crisp 酥脆的20.mint 薄荷糖21.philanthropist 慈善家22.charitable trust 慈善信托Phrases:1.set up a business 成立企业2.go into partnership 成为合作伙伴3.carry on the business 继续事业4. a brief decline 短期衰退5.run a strong advertising campaign 发起一场强大的广告运动6.take over the presidency 接管总裁职务7.state-owned collective企业集团/集体企业8.appeal to 对…有吸引力9.expand overseas market 扩大海外市场Unit 4 The Internet Vocabulary:1.tip 建议/贴示2.navigate 导航petitor 竞争者bel 标签5.graphic 图样/图案6.irritating 恼人的7.cluttered 杂乱的/凌乱的/挤满的8.home page 首页9.gimmick 花招/噱头/把戏yer 层（次）11.backfire 产生事与愿违的后果12.version 版本13.sensitive 敏感的14.regular 定期的，有规律的15.chain store 连锁店Phrases:1.click of mouse 点击鼠标2.post sth on the website 将…发布在网上3.splash page 飞溅页4.be likely to 可能5.be worth doing 值得做…6.with regard to 关于7.exchange rate 汇率8.handling charge 手续费9.search engine 搜索引擎10.time-consuming 耗时的11.keep…up to date 不断更新12.in the middle of winter 隆冬时节13.sb. is booked up 某人有预约Unit 5 Describing equipment Vocabulary:1.paper clip 回形针/曲别针2.shredder 碎纸机3.staple 钉书机4.rectangular 长方形的5.lifespan 寿命6.upgrade 升级7.purchase 采购8.lease 租赁9.rent 租金；租用10.split v.分11.manufacturing 制造12.agricultural 农业13.machinery (总称)机器Phrases:1.solution to the problem 问题的解决方案2.meet one’s needs 满足某人的需求3. a piece of equipment 一件设备4.leasing company 租赁公司5.on one’s promises 在屋内/店内/公司内(企业的)房屋建筑及附属场地st for 持续7.an increasing number of 越来越多的8.depend on 取决于9.at a low rate 低价Unit 6 Processes and procedures Vocabulary:1.solvent 溶剂2.evaporate 蒸发3.jasmine 茉莉花4.outsource 外包5.offshore 离岸外包/境外生产6.outfit 全套服装/装束7.teenager 青少年8.section 部分，部门；地区plicated 复杂的10.excellent 优秀的，卓越的11.garment 服饰/衣服Phrases:1.in-house 企业内部的bor cost 劳动力成本3.raise productivity 提高生产力4.close down 停业/停产5.bring…down 把…降下来6.claim travel expenses 申请报销旅费7.transport 交通Unit 7 Distribution and delivery Vocabulary:1.distributor 经销商2.postage 邮资3.assume 假设，臆断4.packaging 包装5.paperwork 文书工作6.specialist 专家7.patent 专利8.trademark 商标9.operator 接线员10.extension 分机Phrases:1.carry out research 开展研究调查2.at trade fair 商品展销会3.sales agent 销售代理商4.written contract 书面合同5.take responsibility for 负责6.customs procedure 海关手续7.freight forwarding 货物发运/货运代理8.intellectual property right 知识产权9.country of origin 原产国10.ring up 打电话11.ring off 挂断12.ring back 回电13.put sb. through14.get through 接通/打通15.place an order 下订单/订购16.look after 负责17.get back to sb. 回（电话等）18.sort out problem 妥善处理Unit 8 Advertising and marketing Vocabulary:1.technique 技巧2.previous 先前的3.visual 视觉的4.campaign 运动5.airline 航空公司6.domestic 国内的，家用的7.stewardess/air hostess 空姐8.illustrate 说明，阐明9.hospitality 好客，友好10.carrier （经营空运的）运输公司11.innovation 创新12.detergent 洗涤剂/洗衣粉Phrases:1.take one’s time 慢慢来做某事2.switch off 关闭3.remind sb. of …提醒某人…4.market share 市场份额5.pop-up ad 弹出式广告6.banner ad 标题广告7.emphasize on 强调8.stand out from 脱颖而出9.research and development 研发10.cabin crew 全体乘务员/机舱工作人员11.passenger fare12.celebrity endorsement名人代言/名人效应13.glamour appeal 魅力吸引力14.pester power 儿童消费力15.take it in turns 轮流Unit 9 Marketing arrangements Vocabulary:1.stylish 时髦的pact 小巧易携带的/紧凑的3.voicemail 语音信箱4.representative 代表，代理人5.demonstration 表明6.available 可得到的/可会见的7.branch 分支；分店8.confirm 确认，证实9.delay 耽搁，延迟10.revise 修改11.cancel 取消12.forecast 预言，预报13.predict 预测，预计14.mike 扩音器/麦克风Phrases:1.fix a time to meet 订时间见面2.phone in sick 打电话请病假3.merchant bank 商业银行Unit 10 TransportVocabulary：1.boarding card/pass 登机卡（证）2.check-in desk 登机手续办理台/旅客登机柜台3.departure lounge 候机室4.duty free shop 免税店5.hand luggage 手提行李rmation desk 信息服务台7.passport control （出入境）护照检查处8.loudspeaker 扬声器/喇叭9.aisle 走道/过道10.tunnel 地道/隧道11.scheme 计划/方案12.propose 提议/建议13.impeccable 无错误/瑕疵的14.buoyant （价格、商业活动等）看涨的，乐观的15.signing fee 签约费/加入费16.petrol 汽油17.specify 具体说明/详述18.magnetic 磁性的Phrases：1.board the plane 登机2.flight attendant 乘务员/空服员3.seat belt 安全带4.overhead locker 过头寄物柜5.emergency exit 紧急出口/安全门6.window seat 靠窗座位7.years to come 未来的几年8.onboard computer 车载电脑9.glove compartment （汽车前排座位前放小物件的）杂物箱10.swipe card 磁卡/刷卡11.PIN (personal identification number)个人身份识别码12.budget number 低价航空公司13.all the more reason or doing/to do sth.更有理由（做某事）Unit 11 Business accommodation Vocabulary:1.audiovisual equipment 视听设备2.flipchart 活动挂图3.conference 会议4.videoconferencing 视频会议5.gym 健身房6.minibar (旅馆房间里放有饮料的)小冰箱7.satellite TV 卫星电视8.whirlpool 涡轮浴缸9.safe 保险柜10.IDD phone 国际直拨电话（International Direct Dial）11.accommodate 容纳12.delegate 代表13.seminar 座谈会/研讨会14.convert 转变15.stunning 了不起的/出色的16.extensive 广泛的，大量的17.luxury n. 奢侈/奢华18.courier 转递/快递19.reservation 预定20.reception 接待处/服务台21.deposit 存放22.belongings 财物/动产23.bathrobe 浴袍24.slippers 室内便鞋/拖鞋25.mattress 床垫26.pillow 枕头27.quilt 被子28.ceiling 天花板29.razor 剃须刀30.sauna 桑拿31.socializing 交往/交际32.snore 打鼾33.earplug 塞子34.eyeshade 眼罩Phrases:1.state-of-the-art 最先进的2.event room 活动室3.with a total capacity of …people共可容纳…人4.one meter by one meter by two meter5.vending machine 投币式自动售货机6.be bound to 一定会7.fizzy drink 碳酸饮料Unit 12 Out of the office Vocabulary:1.backlog 积压未办之事/积压的工作2.rumor 传闻/谣传3.approach 方式/方法4.diverse 多样的5.autonomy 自治（权）/自主（权）6.team-building 团队建设7.jumper 针织套衫8.suspect 怀疑9.Arctic Circle 北极圈10.Copenhagen 哥本哈根（丹）11.negotiate 协商/磋商12.swimming costume 游泳衣13.questionnaire 调查问卷14.souvenir 纪念品Phrases:1.on holiday2.offsite meeting 异地会议3.concentrate on 专心于，思想集中于4.office politics 办公室体制/哲学/争斗5.think outside the box 跳出固有的框框/思维模式/框外思维6.apart from 除…外7.acquire a company 收购一家公司8.smart Hyatt Hotel 高档的凯悦酒店9.be based on 基于st but not least 最后但同样重要的一点最后一项要点11.conference proceedings 会议议项/会议记录12.hand sb. over to…（尤指打电话或在新闻广播中）让某人听另一个人讲话或同其谈话Unit 13 Developing contacts Vocabulary:working 人际关系网2.hive 蜂房/蜂箱；忙碌的场所3.insolvency n. 无力偿还/破产4.referral n. 转送，送交，转送（到能够提供专门帮助的人或地方那里）5.slip 小纸条6.telemarketing 电话销售/电话推销7.mailshot 邮寄广告8.word-of-mouth 口口相传/口碑9.found 成立10.Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚11.badge 徽章，证章pel （西装、夹克的）翻领13.pin 大头针，别针pel pin 襟针15.motto 座右铭，格言16.ovation 热烈鼓掌17.floristry 花艺/花卉栽培技术18.turnover 营业额19.ethos （某团体或社会的）道德思想，风气，气质Phrases:1.speak for itself 不言而喻2.have access to 可以获得或使用3.in return 作为报答4.prize draw 抽奖5.week in week out 一周又一周/每周6.put success down to …把成功的主要原因归结于Unit 14 Cultural issues Vocabulary:1.cultural awareness 文化认同2.pharmaceutical company 制药公司3.giant 巨人，巨头4.harmony 和谐sting 持久的，恒久的6.conflict 冲突，斗争，抵触7.possession n. (possess v.) 拥有，持有8.particular 特定的，某一的9.pronounce 发音，读10.memorable 值得纪念的，难忘的bination 结合，组合12.funeral 葬礼13.envelope 信封14.stripe (与底色不同的)条纹15.talking point 论据16.impatient 不耐烦的17.negotiation 协商，谈判18.pastime 消遣，娱乐Phrases:1.date back to 追溯到2.appeal to 对…有吸引力ck of 缺乏4.be aware of 知道，意识到5.to the point 直截了当，简明恰当Unit 15 T eamworkVocabulary:1.team building 团队建设2.decorate 装饰3.messy 混乱的，不整洁的，肮脏的4.gift-wrapped box 礼品包装盒5.ultimate 最后的，最终的6.blindfolded 蒙住眼睛的7.instruction 指示，指导；使用说明书8.obstacle 障碍物9.treasure hunt 寻宝10.orienteering 定向越野赛11.chest （木）箱子，胸部12.representative 代表13.orchestra 管弦乐队14.recommend 推荐15.token 代币，专用辅币，代价券16.kaizen 经营法的改善，持续改进17.cutting edge 尖端，最前沿18.maintenance staff 维修人员19.implement 贯彻，执行20.in-tray 收件盘，待处理文件盒21.economic boom 经济的繁荣（突飞猛进）Phrases:1.be split into groups 分成小组2.be bound to 一定会，必定3.break down/ remove barriers 打破壁垒，消除障碍4.be/have to do with sth./sb. 与…有关5.work in pairs 两人一组合作6.knock over 碰翻，打倒7.reach one’s full potential 充分发挥潜力8.block booking 团体预定e up with suggestions 提出建议10.stay ahead of…领先于……Unit 16 Entertaining clients Vocabulary:1.OHT= Overhead Projector Transparency投影机2.diagram 简图，图解3.chart 图表4.psychological 心理的5.theory 理论6.typical 典型的7.golf course 高尔夫球场8.practical 实际的，实践的9.stroke 击球（的动作）10.bunker （高尔夫球场上的）沙坑11.etiquette 礼节，礼仪12.souvenir 纪念品13.outing （集体）外出游玩（或学习等），远足Phrases:1.in due course 在适当的时候2.make/leave …(adj.) impression 留下…的印象3.as well as 也，和4.close a deal 完成一项交易，成交5.set oneself targets 为自己设定目标Unit 17 Describing statisticsVocabulary:1.pie chart 饼图2.line graph 线图3.bar chart 条形图，柱状图Unit 18 Company finances Vocabulary:1.creditor 债权人，贷方2.revenue 收入，收益，财政收入3.overheads 经常性开支，营运费用4.debtor 债务人，借方 profit 净利润6.overspend 超支7.gross profit 毛利润8.operating profit 经营利润，营业收益9.expenditure 花费，开支10.deduct 扣除，减去11.turnover 营业额，成交量12.installment（分期付款的）一期付款13.supplier 供应商ponent part零件，部件15.assembly 集会，集合；装配，组装16.legislation 立法17.pre-tax return 税前收益18.capital employed动用资本19.convert 转变，转化20.cash flow 现金流21.deficit 赤字，逆差，亏损22.return on sales销售收益率23.acquisition 收购= takeover24.subsidiary 附属公司，子公司Phrases:1.go bankrupt 破产= go into liquidation（清算）2.break even收支平衡，不赔不赚= to covercosts3.pay off a debt 偿清债务4.write off a debt 勾销债务5.specialize in 精通，专攻，以…为专业6.in one’s interest 为了sb.的利益，有利于某人7.What does the future hold for sb.? 未来将会怎样Unit 19 Investments Vocabulary:1.stock market 股市2.shares 股份3.shareholder 股东，股票持有人4.dividend 红利，股息5.dividend yield 股息收益率6.stock exchange 证券交易所7.broker 经纪人，掮客mission 手续费，佣金9.register 注册10.float v.（公司或企业）发行（股票）上市, 名词floatation11.stake 股本，股份modity price 物价13.bond 债券，公债14.equities（公司的）普通股=stock15.bull market牛市16.bear market熊市17.portfolio文件夹，公事包；投资组合，有价证券组合18.outperform超过，做得比…好，胜过19.downturn（经济）低迷，衰退20.volatile易变的，无定性的，可能急剧波动的，不稳定的；（物质）易挥发的21.sector部门，区域，扇区Phrases:1.by contrary相反，相比之下2.be inclined to有…倾向，很可能Unit 20 Starting upVocabulary:1.venture capital company 风险投资公司2.smoothie drink冰沙，果昔，思木西3.preservative 防腐剂4.defrost融化，解冻5.bottling plant装瓶厂，灌瓶厂6.enclose随函附上7.data format数据格式8.relocation搬迁9.merger（企业等的）合并10.spot看出，注意到11.initial最初的，开始的Phrases:1.secure a loan为贷款担保2.in comparison相比之下，比较起来3.pump money into向…注资4.tap into a market打入市场，发掘市场5.concentrate on专心于，集中心思在…6.money pour down the drain钱付诸流水Unit 21 Job applications Vocabulary:1.CV/resume简历，履历2.outline大纲，轮廓，概要3.heading标题4.highlight加亮，强调5.previous之前的，先前的6.qualification资格，资质7.leisure空闲，闲暇8.profile侧面，人物素描；概要，人物简介9.modest谦虚的，适度的，羞怯的10.reference参考，参照；推荐函，推荐人11.—oriented以…为导向的，以…为目的的12.sound除声音外还有“印象，感觉”的意思13.fulfilling让人感觉有意义的，令人满足的14.shortlist n.入围名单v.把…列入入围名单Phrases:1.divide into分成2.start with 从…开始3.turn down拒绝Unit 22 Recruitment Vocabulary:1.recruit v.招聘recruitment n.2.thorough 彻底的3.intelligent聪明的，有才智的4.arrogant傲慢的，自负的5.receptionist接待员，前台接待6.resign辞职7.workforce劳动力，职工总数8.redundant多余的，冗长的；因人员过剩而被解雇的9.fire/sack/dismiss v.解雇10.miserable可悲的，悲惨的11.asset资产12.deny否认，否定13.start-up n.创业者Phrases:1.attend an interview 参加面试2.refresh memory刷新记忆，更新/重新整理记忆3.it goes without saying that…不言而喻，不用说，理所当然4.be out of breath上气不接下气，喘不过气来5.note down把…记下来6.dismiss sb./make sb. redundant/lay sb. off裁员7.hand in one’s notice提交辞呈8.as of now此刻，眼下Unit23 Staff developmentVocabulary:1.workshop专题研讨会，讲习班2.correspondence来往信件，通信3.identify识别，鉴定4.off-site现场外的，厂区外的5.refresher course进修课程，补习课程6.financial statement财务报表7.financial institution金融机构ponent成分，组成部分9.balance sheet资产负债表10.intermediate中间的，中级的，中等程度的11.technique技巧，技能12.credibility可信性，可靠性13.motivation动力，干劲，积极性14.transparent透明的15.league table积分排名表，联赛排行榜16.expertise专门知识或技能17.analogy类比，比拟promise妥协，折中方法，和解19.stalemate（争执的）僵持，僵局Phrases:1.team up组队2.take advantage of利用3.in response to对…做出反应4.kick off开球，开始5.sb. is on the ball看球看得准，做事有准备，有把握6.touch base with sb.把某一件事的情况告诉有关的人，与…联系7.race against time与时间赛跑，争分夺秒Unit24 Staff facts and figures Vocabulary:1.overload过量，超负荷，负担过重2.indicate指示，指出，表明，示意3.folder文件夹4.wording用词，措辞5.absentee缺席者，缺勤者6.absenteeism n.旷工，旷课7.genuine真的，确确实实的8.investigate调查,侦查9.medical test体检，医疗检验10.counsel建议，劝告，提供专业咨询11.aggressive好斗的，挑衅的，侵略性的；有进取心的12.voucher凭证，代金券，代币券13.gimmick花招，噱头Phrases:1.on average平均2.take a day off sick请病假3.absent from work/school旷工/课4.call/telephone in sick打电话请病假5.take further step to do…采取进一步措施做6.make attempt to do…尝试做某事。
考研英英解释单词汇书乱序版正序版全英文Englishvocabulary
——重新定义背单词
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为什么要学习英文解释单词书？
答：培养纯英文思维，提高做题速度及准 确率 《泰坦尼克号》中一句经典台词如是说： “ I love waking up in the morning and not knowing what’s going to happen, or who I’m going to meet, here I’m going to wind up.” 读这段美文时，问问自己？ ——我需不需要翻译成中文去理解？ 如果回答是——yes 的话，那我的阅读速 度、准确性是受到这种中式思维限制的，这种 中式思维也会导致我做阅读理解时的速度减 慢，并且在口语以及听力上难以按照正常的速 度进步。 中文解释好比是学习英语的“拐棍”，当你 刚刚开始学习走路的时候，你需要这根“拐棍” 来帮助你行走，但是当你要加速行走或者要奔 跑时，你就必须要抛弃这根“拐棍”来学习英 语，也就是用英文解释来学习英语单词，用英 语的方式来学习英语，提高英语考试成绩。 对于要参加英文考试的我们来说，常常面 临近义词辨析，可是很多单词的中文解释是一 样，于是很多的中文解释单词书就会在单词旁 边注明二者的区别： devour 强调狼吞虎咽地吃,引申指吞 灭或毁灭; swallow 指不经过充分咀嚼就囫囵吞 入肚中,强调匆忙。 对于这样的解释，你不仅需要记忆二者的意 思，同样还要背诵他们的区别。 我要多长时间才能够背住这个区别? 区别记住了，还要多久时间能够将区别和 单词对应起来？ 就算记住了，我能记住几天？ 记住了，我会不会使用？ 难道我学英语就只能为了应付一场考试？ 可是，如果学习他的英文解释呢？ swallow: If you swallow, you make a movement in your throat as if you are swallowing something, often because you are nervous or frightened.
英语词汇学教程学习指南第四版
英语词汇学教程学习指南第四版Guide to Learning English Vocabulary: A Fourth Edition.Embarking on the journey of learning English vocabulary can be both exciting and challenging. The fourth edition of the "English Vocabulary Course" aims to provide a comprehensive and structured approach to vocabulary acquisition. This guide will assist you in navigating through the course, maximizing your learning potential, and ultimately, enriching your vocabulary repertoire.1. Understand the Course Objectives.Before delving into the course, it is crucial to understand its objectives. The English Vocabulary Course is designed to:Introduce you to a wide range of vocabulary items, covering different topics and domains.Enhance your ability to use vocabulary effectively in different contexts.Foster your understanding of word origins, meanings, and relationships.Cultivate your interest in language and vocabulary learning.By keeping these objectives in mind, you can stay focused on the end goal of the course and measure your progress accordingly.2. Embrace a Regular Learning Routine.Consistency is key in vocabulary learning. Commit to a regular learning routine, whether it's daily, weekly, orbi-weekly. Set aside a dedicated time for vocabulary practice and stick to it. This regularity will help you retain new words better and gradually expand your vocabulary.3. Utilize Multiple Learning Strategies.Vocabulary learning is not one-size-fits-all. Experiment with different learning strategies to find what works best for you. Some effective strategies include:Contextual Learning: Place new words in sentences or short paragraphs to understand their meaning and usage better.Mnemonic Devices: Use memory techniques like acronyms, rhymes, or stories to help you remember new vocabulary.Visual aids: Leverage visual aids like flashcards, charts, or infographics to enhance your understanding.Interactive Learning: Engage in discussions, debates, or writing exercises to practice using new vocabulary in real-life scenarios.4. Make Use of Supplementary Resources.The course textbook is a great starting point, butdon't limit yourself to it. Explore supplementary resources like dictionaries, online vocabulary games, or language exchange platforms to further enhance your vocabulary learning experience. These resources can provide additional context, examples, and practice opportunities.5. Reflect and Revise.Regularly reflecting on your learning progress and revising what you've learned is crucial for long-term retention. Take time to review the vocabulary you've covered, assess your understanding, and identify areas where you need to improve. Revisiting previously learned words periodically will help巩固 your knowledge and prevent forgetting.6. Practice in Real-Life Contexts.The ultimate goal of vocabulary learning is to use the words effectively in real-life contexts. Therefore, make it a point to practice using the new vocabulary in your dailylife. Whether it's through speaking, writing, or reading, actively using the words will help you internalize them and increase your confidence in their use.7. Embrace Challenges and Celebrate Successes.Vocabulary learning can come with its challenges, especially when dealing with complex words or concepts. Don't be afraid to embrace these challenges and view them as opportunities for growth. Celebrate your successes, whether it's mastering a new word or improving your vocabulary usage in a conversation. This positive reinforcement will keep you motivated and excited about continuing your vocabulary learning journey.In conclusion, the fourth edition of the English Vocabulary Course is a comprehensive resource for enhancing your vocabulary skills. By understanding the course objectives, embracing a regular learning routine, utilizing multiple learning strategies, making use of supplementary resources, reflecting and revising, practicing in real-life contexts, and embracing challenges and celebratingsuccesses, you can maximize your learning potential and enjoy the rich rewards of vocabulary mastery.。
自考英语词汇学 第二章课件
In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事实上，现代英语词汇 中有 25%以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的 （WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在现代英语中，除了少数几个 词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已 从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言 。
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- The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印欧 语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数 语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。
2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英语 Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还 是日耳曼语。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从 1250 年 到 1500 年的 250 年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇 进入到英语中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英 语的词尾已去了一半
Business English Vocabulary 常用商务英语词汇 例句及解释
Business English Vocabularyadvertising - show your products to customers through radio, television or newspapers "What is the best way for us to advertise our product?"afford - able to buy, have enough money to buy"Television is the best advertising, but the most expensive. Can we afford it?"agenda - a detailed plan for a meeting."The first item on our agenda is advertising."booming - business is growing very fast"This year business is booming, so we can start thinking about increasing our investments."borrow - getting money from someone else, or from a bank, which we must pay back later "We need to borrow $100,000 to expand our business."brand - the name of a well-known product (McDonald's, Coca Cola, Volkswagen, etc.)"We'll need to borrow money for advertising, then we'll build our brand awareness."break even - when our spending equals the amount we receive from sales"The company didn't make money nor lose money during the last quarter. They just broke even."bribe - secretly paying money to get special favors from a company or government official "She was sent to prison for 30 years for trying to bribe a high official."budget - a detailed plan for spending money"The second item on our agenda is the budget. We need to pay special attention to advertising, marketing and building our sales staff. Oh, and we need to significantly increase our budget for English teachers!"calculate - to count, add, subtract, multiply, divide numbers"It's not hard to calculate - if we keep spending more money than we take in, we'll have to sell more!"cancel - to decide NOT to buy something that you had agreed to before"Before they cancel the order, find out what the problem is and fix it!"capital - money"If we had more capital to invest, we would build a new factory."charge for - ask money for payment"We never charge for repairs. Making sure our products work is included in the purchase price."CEO - the top officer in a company, the chief executive officer"How can we find a good CEO who knows how to run a business in today's business environment?"CFO - the top financial officer in a company"The CFO will be attending today's meeting to talk about fundamental accounting principles."commission - a percentage of each sale that goes directly to the salesperson"Our salespeople get 10% for each item sold, but that increases as he or she sells more."competition - other companies that make the same product as yours"We face tough competition, but our product has some important advantages."consumption - the total amount of product bought in a market"Although prices have fallen, overall consumption is higher, so we can still make money."credit - when you buy first, but pay later"You can buy this product on credit. The payment will be due in 90 days."currency - the money of one country"If you exhange currency in the airport, you'll pay a large commission. Go to a bank instead."deadline - the time by which some project must be finished"We have to finish this by Friday. That's the final deadline."demand - the wish of customers to buy a product"Until demand increases, we won't sell many of our most expensive products."discount - a lower price"If you buy more than 100 of these, we will give you a 10% discount".distribution - getting the product to the final consumer, or customer"Our distribution system needs to be improved if we are to meet increased demand."diversify - start many new businesses instead of doing just one"If we diversify, we can make more money, but sales of our main product may go down."economics - the study of finance and money"If you want to succeed in business, you should study economics."employee - a worker"Employees today need to learn so much to be able to move up in the company."employer - the person who finds and pays workers"My employer told me I have to work overtime or I'll lose my job!"estimate - a guess about how much something will cost"We estimate the new factory will cost less than 20 million euros."export - to send goods out of a country"As the local currency drops in value, our exports to that country also drop."extend - to give more, especially a loan of money"The bank said they cannot extend the deadline. We have to pay by Friday or face the consequences."finance - the study of money and how to use money well"After you study finance, you will know how to increase profits and limit losses."fund - to provide money in general."The CFO said the company plans to fund 50% of the project. The rest will come from the government."gross - amount of money received from sales"We took in more than $100 million in gross sales last year.import - to bring goods into a country"When our currency is strong, we can import more goods into our own country."incentive - a special price to get customers to buy"By offering a 15% discount as an incentive, we'll attract many new customers."income tax - money paid to the government, based on total money received"I thought I made enough money last year, but after paying 25% income tax, I didn't have enough to buy that new house."inflation - rising prices"Rising energy prices have caused many other prices to increase. The rate of inflation has increased to 7%."install - to put in and prepare for use, as with a machine"If you buy now, we'll install this machine for free."interest - extra money needed to pay back borrowed money3"When you pay back the 100,000 euros, you must also pay 10% interest, so the total will be 110,000 euros."inventory - unsold items that you keep so that you can sell them in the future"Our inventory is very low right now. We have to increase build up our inventory to meet demand in the coming year.invest - spending money so that we can make more in the future"If we invest so much money in a new factory, we won't have any money in our budget for new advertising."invoice - a paper which explains what was sold and at what prices"Look at the invoice. You charged us for repairs that you said were free!"leadership - the skill of managing people"He has natural leadership skills, so he will surely be successful."lend - giving money to someone else, which they will pay back to us later"When did you lend him the money? I lent it to him two months ago."loss - when we spend more money than we receive from selling our product"We took a loss last year, but this year we are spending less and selling more."lucrative - the possibility of making a great amount of money"This could be a very lucrative contract! Well make money for each sale as well as for each installation!"maintain - keep a machine in good condition"If you maintain this product, it will last for years."management - the study of how to run a business and lead people"I plan to study management before I open my own business."memo - a paper with a message, sent to other people in the same company"The CFO read the CEO's memo at the meeting, to remind the employees of the company's strategic goals."monopoly - when only one company controls a whole market"With this new product, we can break our competitor's monopoly."negotiate - try to get a better price or make a better arrangement"We negotiated for hours before they finally gave us a 20% discount."net - the amount of money received from sales, after expenses are subtracted"Our gross sales were very good, but we need to cut expenses to add to our net sales."principal - the main part of a loan, before interest is added"We can pay back the pincipal in 10 years, then we will only have to repay the interest."process (verb) - get something ready."Please process his employement application, then send him to the accounting office."profit - the money left over after all expenses are paid"Our profits are lower this year, but at least we're not losing money!"quarter - three months of the year, the usual time for planning and reporting financial reports"Last quarter was our best ever, and I am confident next quarter will be even better."recruit - search for and choose workers"We'll need to recruit new employees before the factory starts operation."refund - giving money back to the customer if there is a problem with the item you sell"We cannot give you a refund after 90 days. Sorry!"resign - quit a job suddenly"Nobody knows why the CFO quit, but some people say he didn't get along with the CEO."retail - selling to the final customer"The retail price is 150 euros, but you can buy it for less if you bargain."retire - finish work after a long career (at age 65 in the U.S., 60 in Japan, 55 in China...)"I've saved enough money for my retirement, but if I want to retire to Hawaii, I have to save even more!"sales tax - money paid to the government, based on sales made"In most states in the U.S., sales tax is added on after the sale. It varies from state to state."salary - a monthly or yearly pay to managers of important workers"We will have a salary increase of 7% this year, just enough to keep up with inflation."saturated - too many companies producing the same product"The market for product A is already saturated. We need to diversify if we wish to increase our profits."sluggish - when business is slow (opposite of "booming")5"In this sluggish economy, the best we can hope for is to break even."supply - the total amount of a product available in a market"The supply of computer parts is too high, so the price is falling fast."target - the amount that you plan to sell in a month (also "quota")"The salesman reached his target by the 24th. He'll get a larger commission on any sales after that."tariff - a tax on imports from another country"If the government puts a tariff on electronic products, sales will fall."terms - the details of an agreement or contract"The terms of this contract are quite good. I think we have a deal!"trend - movement in one direction, especially about product becoming more and more popular"The trend towards more colorful fashion is getting stronger. We need to develop new products."unit cost - the average amount needed to produce a product"If we can produce more of these, our unit price will fall, and we'll be able to make a better profit."warranty - a promise that the things you sell will be of good quality"This product has a one-year warranty, but if you pay a small fee, we can extend it to five years."wholesale - selling to a salesman who will then sell to the final customer"The wholesale price is generally 50% of the retail price."。
english words
Chapter 4The Changing English V ocabulary1. Why are neologisms products of the constant change in the English language?2. What is a new word according to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words published in 1998?3. What is a new word according to The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Neuu Words published in 2003?4. Describe the definition of neologisms according to the author of this book?5. There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary ,what are they?6. In which years did the following new words appear in the English vocabulary?1) upload2) webcam3) webcast4) read-only memory ( ROM)5) search engine6) spam '7) space walk8) mad cow disease9) AIDS (an abbreviation of )10) SARS (an abbreviation of )11) SIDS (an abbreviation of )12) euro13) nuclear winter14) peace symbol15) spokespeople16) women's studies17) B-school18) homeschool19) electronica20) kung fu21) e-book22) e-commerce23) A T M (an abbreviation of )24) DVD (an abbreviation of )25) light pollution7. Do you know which test every student should take before the graduation of high school in the United States?8. When did the new expression whole language appear?9. Translate the following new words or new expressions into Chinese.1) hypermedia2) fax modem3) telemarketing4) telemedic ine5) information superhighway6) A TM7) digital camera8) disco9) Eurocurrency10) Eurodollar11) home page12) bullet train13) cell phone14) videophone15) picturephone16) sports medicine17) slimnastics18) power walk19) kung fu20) game ball21) autocross22) aerobics23) CAI24) sexism25) B-school26) electronic publishing27) grade point average28) womanism29) women's studies30) spokesperson31) newsperson32) communication gap33) credibility gap34) culture gap35) peace sign36) peace symbol37) teach-in38) peacenik39) call-in40) ableism41) Third Worlder42) freedom-rider43) Interpol44) green revolution45) cybercafe46) cybercitizen47) cybersurfer48) webcam49) webcast50) war on terrorism51) anti-Bush enthusiasm52) prisoner abuse scandal53) phase down54) global village55) first strike56) ECU57) domino theory58) V-chip10. Point out where the following words came from?1) earthrise2) e-commerce3) picturephone4) moonquake5) househusband6) G-mail7) fourth world8) airtel9) air bag10) apolune11. What are obsolete words?12. Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. Give examples for illustration.13. Why are changes in vocabulary much faster than changes in pronunciation and grammar?14. There are four tendencies in semantic changes. What are they?15. Give some examples of widening of meaning.16. Point out some examples of narrowing of meaning.17. Which words belong to elevation of meaning?18. Which words belong to degradation of meaning?19. What is a metaphor?20. How does a metaphor differ from a simile?21. There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character. What are they?22. Which words can be used as metaphors? Give some examples for illustration.23. What is metonymy?24. Underline the following words or phrases belonging to metonymy.1) Shakespeare (Shakespeare's plays)2) with open arms3) It never entered his head to help me.4) This fine picture is the pride of my collection.5) The kettle is boiling.6) He has ￡20 in notes and ￡5 in silver.7) He drank a cup.8) She is a great beauty.25. What is synecdoche?26. Synecdoche has two kinds according to meaning: one is the part for the whole, the other is the whole for the part. Give some examples for each kind.27. What is euphemism?28. Why do we often use euphemism in daily life? Give some examples.29. Give the definition of middle terms.30. Give some examples illustrated by a diachronic development of words.31. Correct the errors in the following statements:1) The word rubbish in the Early Modern English period meant 'rubble,' but soon developed the meaning of a waste thing, anything worthless. So this is an example of narrowing of meaning.2) The word matter originally means 'timber. ' Now it has a lot of abstract meanings. For instance, The world is made of matter. This is a matter I know little about. I don't discuss private matter with my colleagues, etc. Therefore, the word matter is an example of elevation of meaning.3) The word hospital once meant 'a place for shelter or entertainment of travelers,' now it means 'a place where people are treated for illness or injuries. ' So the word hospital belongs to an example of widening of meaning.4) The word disease once meant 'discomfort,' now it refers to an illness. This is an example of widening of meaning.5) The word fond originally meant 'foolish,' now it refers to 'loving in a kind, gentle or tender way. ' Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of degradation of meaning.6) The word minister originally meant 'servant. ' Now it has come to mean 'a person at the head ofa department of the government. 'Chapter 4The Changing English V ocabulary1. When a new product is made, a new conception comes into man's thought, and a new name must be found, that is, a new word appears in the language. Therefore, neologisms are products of the constant change in the English language.2. According to The Oxford Dictionary of New Words edited by Elizabeth Knowles with Julia Elliott, published in 1998, "A new word is any word, phrase, or sense that came into popular use or enjoyed a vogue in the given period. "3. According to The Ox ford Essential Dictionary of New Words edited by Erin Mickean, published in July 2003, "A new word is novel arrangement of letters with a meaning not quite duplicated by any other arrangement of letters. This is the ideal form of a new word. Like most ideals, this is rarer than we'd like. Real-world new words are messier. For one thing, new 'words' are often made up of more than one word—they're multiword lexical units, to be technical. Often, 'new' words are merely new senses of an existing word. .. A new word must earn its place in the dictionary by showing that people are using it—lots of people, in lots of places. .. This is great for proving that the new word is a solid citizen of the English language. "4. When we define neologisms or new words, two aspects should be considered. The first aspect is what new words are. The second aspect is when they appear and enter into the dictionary.The criterion of time concerning the birth and use of new wordsis very important, within the given period of time the newly coined words and words adding new meanings are called new words. Beyond the period they will become existing words, notnew words.From the above-mentioned aspects the definition of new words may be described asfollows; Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meanings to fit new situations and new needs because of the social, economic, political, cultural, especially scientific and technical changes in the given period in human society. Considering that we live and work in the first years of the 21st century, the time about the appearance and use of new wordsshould be restricted among forty years from the sixties to the late nineties last century, especially within twenty years from the eighties to the late nineties last century.This is the criterion to distinguish neologisms or new words from existing words.In short, neologisms are new words and expressions used in the given period.5. There are two main sources of new words in the English vocabulary. The first source is the rapid development of modern science and technology. Modern science and technology bring about the addition of new words without numbers. They are the most important source of new words. Computing is a newly developing and widely used area in our modern society. Every day people including adults and children use computers to learn and know a lot of happenings in the world. So a great number of new words concerning computers appear constantly inModern English. A few new words are given below. The new word netizen is the blend of net and citizen, which appeared in 1994. It means 'an active participant in the online community of the internet. ' The new word cybercitizen means 'netizen'. It appeared also in 1994. The new word extranet was coined in 1995. It denotes 'a network (as of a company) similar to an intranet that also allows access by certain others (as customers or suppliers). ' The word intranet is also a new word created in 1995. It means ' a network operating like the world wide web but having access restricted to a limited group of authorized users (as employers of a company). 'The second source of new words is political, economic, and social changes. Political, economic, and social changes are another important source of new words. Their influence on the English vocabulary is as great as that of science and technology. So we shouldn't neglect the importance of this source. The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993. It refers to 'commerce conducted via the internet. ' The new expressions digital versatile disc (1995) and digitalvideo disc (1993) are derived from the new word DVD (1993) , meaning 'a high-capacity optical disk format; an optical using such a format and containing especially a video recording (as a movie) or computer data. ' The new word SARS is an abbreviation of severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in 2003. It is also known as atypical pneumonia used in China in 2003. 6. 1) The new word upload used as a verb appeared in 1983.2) The new word webcam appeared in 1995.3) The new word webcast was coined in 1995.4) The new expression read-only memory (ROM) appeared in1966.) The new expression search engine appeared in 1984.6) The new word spam was created in 1994.7) The new expression space walk appeared in 1965.8) The new expression mad cow disease appeared in 1988.9) The new word AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) appeared in 1982.10) The new word SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) appeared in 2003.11) The new word SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) appeared in 1970.12) The new word euro was coined in 1981.13) The new expression nuclear winter appeared in 1983.14) The new expression peace symbol appeared in 1970.15) The new word spokespeople appeared in 1972.16) The new expression women's studies appeared in 1972.17) The new word B-school was coined in 1967.18) The new word homeschool was coined in 1980.19) The new word electronica was coined in 1994.20) The new word kung fu was created in 1966.21) The new word e-book appeared in 1988.22) The new word e-commerce appeared in 1993.23) The new word A TM (automatic teller machine) appeared in 1976.24) The new word DVD (digital versatile disc) appeared in 1995.25) The new expression light pollution appeared in 1971.7. Before the graduation of high school in the United States, every student should take a test, called the Scholastic Assessment Test. The short form is SA T. The SA T is a four-hour test with a perfect score of 1, 600. The top score is 800 on both the verbal and math sections.8. The new expression -whole language appeared in 1984.9. 1) hypermedia 大型传媒装置2) fax modem 传真调制解调器3) telemarketing 电话销售4) telemedic ine 远距离医学5) information superhighway 信息高速公路6) A TM 自动出纳机7) digital camera 数码相机8) disco 迪斯科9) Eurocurrency 欧洲货币10) Eurodollar 欧洲美元11) home page 网页12) bullet train 高速客车，高速列车13) cell phone (1984) 手机14) videophone (1950) 可视电话15) picturephone (1956) 可视电话16) sports medicine 体育医学，运动医学17) slimnastics 减肥操，健美操18) power walk 负重疾步行走19) kung fu 功夫，拳术20) game ball 庆功球，决定胜负的关键球21) autocross 汽车竞技运动会，越野赛车22) aerobics 气健术，增氧健身法23) CAI 计箅机辅助教学24) sexism 性别歧视，性别偏见25) B-school 商业管理学院26) electronic publishing电子〈电脑）出版27) grade point average 平均积分点28) womanism 争取女权主义29) women's studies 妇女问题研究30) spokesperson 发言人，代言人31) newsperson 记者32) communication gap 交际沟33) credibility gap 信誉沟34) culture gap 文化沟35) peace sign V字形和平手势36) peace symbol 和平标志37) teach-in 宣讲会38) peacenik 反战示威者，反战积极分子39) call-in (：电台）来电直播节目40) ableism 体格健全至上主义41) Third Worlder 第三世界的人42) freedom-rider 自由之行示威者43) Interpol 国际刑瞀组织44) green revolution 绿色革命，农业革命45) Cybercafe 网上咖啡店46) cybercitizen 网民47) cybersurfer 网上冲浪48) webcam 网上摄像49) webcast 网上广播50) war on terrorism 反恐战51) anti-Bush enthusiasi 反布什情绪52) prisoner abuse scanc 虐俘丑闻53) phase down 逐步缩减，分阶段减少54) global village 全球村55) first strike 使用第一次核打击武器的先发制人56) ECU欧洲货币单位A MANUAL ON EXERCISES AND REFERENCES57) domino theory 多米诺骨牌理论58) VchipV芯片10.1) The word earthrise came from sunrise.2) The word e-commerce came from e-mail.3) The word picture phone came from videophone.4) The word moonquake came from earthquake.5) The word househusband came from house-wife.6) The new word G-mail came from e-mail.7) The phrase fourth -world came from third -world.8) The word airtel came from hotel.9) The phrase air bag came from handbag.10) The word apolune came from aphelion.11.Obsolete words are called archaisms, which are not used now except for special purposes.12. Obsolete words may be still used at the present time. The English proverb Many a little makesa mickle is a good example for illustrating this point. Here mickle, an obsolete word, means 'large amount. ' The proverb is still in common use.13. From the sociolinguistic point of view we know that vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly. Changes in pronunciation and grammar are much slower, but changes in vocabulary are much faster. When people have met with new objects and new ideas, they have need of new words to express them. In the course of the development of language old words die out, new words is added and existing words change their meanings. It is obvious that the gradual change of meaning in words is a universal feature of human language.14. Sense development of English words can be divided into four groups according to the range of their usage and the altitude towards their uses. Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result in the extension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning. Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation of meaning and the degradation of meaning.15. The extension of meaning, or widening of meaning, refers to the extension of the range of the lexical meaning. Extension of meaning is one of the most common features in the history of English words. The example of widening is the word rubbish, which in the Early Modern English period meant 'rubble,' but which soon developed the wider meaning of a waste thing, anything worthless. There is one more example. The word catalyst is not only a technical term used in chemistry meaning 'a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemical activity to quicken,' but also a common word, when used figuratively, e. g. The workers' demand for higher wages was a catalyst in a difficult state of affairs, and led to important social changes.16. An example of narrowing of meaning is the verb to starve. The word originally meant simply 'to die.' In Middle English it was specialized to mean 'to die of cold,' but in the sixteenth century it meant 'to die of hunger. '17. Words often rise from a humble beginning to a positions of greater importance because of social changes. Elevation of meaning is also a special kind of narrowing of meaning. The word success has changed its meaning from ' result' to 'good result.' The word comrade is derived from Spanish for 'roommate,' but now it means 'fellow member of a political party, etc. '18. Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. The word -wench once meant ' a young woman, or girl, especially in the country,' now it means 'a lewd woman, prostitute. ' The word disease once meant 'discomfort,' now it refers to an illness.19. A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. Here, a stage is a metaphor.20. "He and his brother are as like as t-wo peas. " is a comparison between two unlike elements,that is, human beings and peas. So as like as t-wo peas is a simile. The simile may be expressed by the use of the connecting words-like, as, as. .. as, sometimes by the use of than, as if, or as though. In a metaphor the connecting words are not used, e. g. Imperialism is a paper tiger. Here paper tiger is a metaphor.21.There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character. They are:1) anthropomorphic metaphors, such as: the hand of a clock.2) animal metaphors, such as: a black sheep.3) synaesthetic metaphors, such as; a golden opportunity.22. Some nouns and their adjectives or verbs can be used as metaphors. Take a few sentences for example; Although he's less talented, he won by sheer dogged persis tence. Here dogged is an adjective, meaning 'determined; not giving up easily. ' On the whole, the students seemed serious and hard-working, but they confined themselves to parroting textbooks. Here parrot is a verb, meaning 'to repeat without thinking or understanding.23. Metonymy is an important factor in the shift of meaning that involves substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.24.1) Shakespeare2) arms3) head4) pride5) kettle6) silver7) cup8) beauty25. Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part.26. Synecdoche may be classified into two kinds according to meaning:1) the part for the whole:We are no longer short of hands. Here hand means ' worker, helper. '2) the whole for the part; The doctor cut him open and took out the appendix and stitchedhim up again. Here him refers to a part of his body.27. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation. In short, an euphemism is a false word substituted for the true word in order to soften the shock of reality.28. Euphemism is often used in speaking of things that are painful and distressing to think about. Death is one of these things and the English language is full of euphemism like;to pass away (for formal use)to decease (for legal use)to kick the bucket (a slang)to go west (dated slang)An economic crisis is another subject for euphemism. The prewar word slump was soon replaced by the word depression, then the word depression was replaced by the word recession. Now the word recession is replaced by the word downturn. Nowadays people often say downtown instead of saying ' economic crisis. '29. Middle terms in English belong to a specific kind of ameliorative and pejorative developments. Middle terms are words which are neutral in meaning and take on favorable or unfavorable significance according to their different contents. The word fortune, for instance, is a middle term, because it may be either good or bad, but the adjective fortunate was a positive value. Take one sentence for example, He's fortunate enough to enjoy good health.30. Changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideas, etc. change in the course of time, the name is retained, the meaningchanges because the object which it describes has changed. The word car, for instance, is a good example. The word car was borrowed through the Anglo-French word carre and directly from the Latin word carra in 1301, plural of carrus, meaning 'two-wheeled vehicle for carrying foods.' The word car was first applied to the automobile in 1895, that is to say, it means 'a usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation. '31.1) ... So this is an example of widening of meaning.2) ... Therefore, the word matter is an example of widening of meaning.3) ... So the word hospital belongs to an example of narrowing of meaning.4) ... This is an example of narrowing of meaning.5) ... Therefore we may say that the word fond is an example of elevation of meaning.6) No mistake.。
VOA Special English Vocabulary(6)
VOA Special English Vocabulary（6)VOASpecialEnglishVocabulary(6)Wwages-n.moneyreceivedforworkdonewait-v.todelayacting;topostponewalk-v.tomovebyputtingonefootinfrontoftheotherwall-n.thesideofaroomorbuildingformedbywood，stoneorothermaterial;astructuresometimesusedtoseparateareasofland want-v.todesire;towishfor;toneedwar-n.fightingbetweennations，orgroupsinanation，usingweapons warm-ad.almosthot;havingorfeelingsomeheatwarn-v.totellofpossibledanger;toadviseorinformaboutsomethingbadthatma yhappenwash-v.tomakeclean，usuallywithwaterwaste-v.tospendorusewithoutneedorcare;tomakebaduseof;n.aspendingofmon ey，timeoreffortwithnovaluegainedorreturned;somethingthrownawayashavingno value;theliquidandsolidsubstancesthatresultfrombodyprocessesandarepas sedoutofthebodywatch-v.tolookat;toobserveclosely;tolookandwaitforwater-n.theliquidthatfallsfromtheskyasrainorisfoundinlakes，riversandoceanswave-v.tomoveorcausetomoveonewayandtheother，asaflaginthewind;tosignalbymovingthehandonewayandtheother;n.alargemas sofwaterthatformsandmovesonthesurfaceofalakeoroceanway-n.apathonlandorseaorintheair;howsomethingisdone;methodwe-pro.twoormorepeople，includingthespeakerorwriter("HeandIwillgotogether，andwewillreturntogether.")weak-ad.havinglittlepower;easilybroken，damagedordestroyed;oppositestrongwealth-n.alargeamountofpossessions，moneyorotherthingsofvalue weapon-n.anythingusedtocauseinjuryortokillduringanattack，fightorwarwear-v.tohaveonthebody，asclothesweather-n.theconditionoftheatmosphereresultingfromsun，wind，rain，heatorcoldweek-n.aperiodoftimeequaltosevendaysweigh-v.tomeasurehowheavysomeoneorsomethingiswelcome-v.toexpresshappinessorpleasurewhensomeonearrivesorsomethingde velopswell-ad.inawaythatisgoodorpleasing;ingoodhealth;n.aholeinthegroundwhe rewater，gasoroilcanbefoundwest-n.thedirectioninwhichthesungoesdownwet-ad.coveredwithwaterorotherliquid;notdryedtoaskaboutsomethingortoaskforinformationaboutsomething(" Whatisthis?");ad.whichorwhichkind("Hewantstoknowwhatyouwouldliketodri nk.")wheat-n.agrainusedtomakebread;theplantthatproducesthegrainwheel-n.aroundstructurethatturnsaroundacenterwhen-ad.atwhattime;atanytime("Whenwillshecomehome?");conj.duringoratt hetime("IstudiedhardwhenIwasinschool.")where-ad.，conj.at，toorinwhatplace("Whereishishouse?""Thehousewherehelivesisintheoldpart ofthecity.")edtoaskaboutwhatoneorwhatonesofagroupofthingsorpeople("Wh ichprogramdoyoulikebest?""Whichstudentswilltakethetest?")while-n.aspaceoftime("Pleasecometomyhouseforawhile.");conj.atorduring thesametime("Itmaynotbeagoodideatoeatwhileyouarerunning.")white-ad.havingthecolorlikethatofmilkorsnowwho-pro.whatorwhichpersonorpersonsthat("Whowantstogo?");thepersonorpe rsons("Theyaretheoneswhowanttogo.")whole-ad.thecompleteamount;alltogether;notdivided;notcutintopieceswhy-ad.forwhatcauseorreason("Whydidshedoit?");conj.thereasonforwhich( "Idonotknowwhyshedidit.")wide-ad.havingagreatdistancefromonesidetotheother;notlimitedwife-n.awomanwhoismarriedwild-ad.livingandgrowinginnaturalconditionsandnotorganizedorsupervise dbyhumans;angry;uncontrolledwill-v.awordusedwithactionwordstoshowfutureaction("Theywillholdtalkst omorrow.")willing-ad.beingreadyorhavingadesireto("Theyarewillingtotalkaboutthep roblem.")win-v.togainavictory;todefeatanotherorothersinacompetition，electionorbattlewind-n.astrongmovementofairwindow-n.anopeninginawalltoletinlightandair，usuallyfilledwithglasswinter-n.thecoldesttimeofyear，betweenautumnandspringwire-n.along，thinpieceofmetalusedtohangobjectsortocarryelectricityorelectroniccomm unicationsfromoneplacetoanotherwise-ad.havingmuchknowledgeandunderstanding;abletouseknowledgeandunde rstandingtomakegoodorcorrectdecisionswish-v.towant;toexpressadesireforwith-prep.alongorbythesideof;together;using("Hefixeditwithatool.");ha ving("thehousewiththereddoor")withdraw-v.totakeormoveout，awayorback;toremovewithout-prep.withno;nothavingorusing;freefrom;notdoingwoman-n.anadultfemalehumanwonder-v.toaskoneself;toquestion("Shewondersifitistrue.");n.afeelingo fsurprisewonderful-ad.causingwonder;especiallygoodwood-n.thesolidmaterialofwhichtreesaremadeword-n.oneormoreconnectedsoundsthatformasinglepartofalanguagework-v.tousephysicalormentalefforttomakeordosomething;n.theeffortused tomakeortodosomething;thatwhichneedseffort;thejobonedoestoearnmoney world-n.theearth;thepeoplewholiveontheearthworry-v.tobeconcerned;tocontinuethinkingthatsomething，possiblybad，canhappenworse-ad.morebadthanworth-n.valuemeasuredinmoneywound-v.toinjure;tohurt;tocausephysicaldamagetoapersonoranimal;n.anin jurytothebodyofahumanoranimalinwhichtheskinisusuallycutorbrokenwreck-v.todamagegreatly;todestroy;n.anythingthathasbeenbadlydamagedor brokenwreckage-n.whatremainsofsomethingseverelydamagedordestroyedwrite-v.touseaninstrumenttomakewordsappearonasurface，suchaspaper wrong-ad.notcorrect;bad;notlegal;oppositerightYyear-n.aperiodoftimeequaltotwelvemonthsyellow-ad.havingthecolorlikethatofgoldorthesunedtoexpressagreementortopermityesterday-n.thedaybeforetodayyet-ad.atsometimebeforenow("Havetheyarrivedyet?");now;atthistime("Ica nnottellyouaboutityet.");conj.however("Thesunwasshining，yetitwascold.")you-pro.thepersonorpersonsbeingspokentoyoung-ad.intheearlyyearsoflife;notoldZzero-n.thenumbermeaningnoneornothingzoo-n.aplacewhereanimalsarekeptforthepublictolookatandstudy。
英语词汇复习十(ye)
03
Key vocabulary analysis and example senses
High frequency vocabulary
Positions At, in, on, under, over, above, below, by, near, beside
Example: "She is sitting * at * the table."
High frequency vocabulary
Conjunctions And, but, or, so, because, if, when
Example: "I want to go out, * but * it's training."
High frequency vocabulary
Positions and connections
Positions
express relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sense, indicating direction, location, or time (e.g., "in," "on," "before")
The practical application of vocabulary in senses
01
Using vocabulary in context
02
"The * beautiful * sunshine made everyone stop and start."
03
04
"After a long day at work, she just wants to * relax * and watch TV."
如何掌握英语词汇英语作文
How to Master English VocabularyMastering English vocabulary is a crucial aspect of enhancing one's language proficiency. It serves as the foundation for fluent communication, comprehension, and expression in the English language. However, the task of accumulating and retaining a vast array of words can often be daunting. This essay aims to provide practicalstrategies and tips for effectively mastering English vocabulary.Firstly, regular exposure to English language materials is essential. Reading books, newspapers, and onlinearticles in English regularly will introduce you to new vocabulary and help you understand how words are used in context. Watching English movies, TV shows, and listening to English music can also enhance your vocabulary by providing auditory exposure to the language. Additionally, engaging in conversation with native English speakers or other English learners can provide opportunities topractice using new vocabulary in real-life situations.Secondly, making use of mnemonic devices can be highly beneficial. Mnemonics are techniques that help you rememberinformation by associating it with something memorable. For instance, you can create rhymes, acronyms, or mental images to aid in remembering new vocabulary. For example, the acronym "ROY G. BIV" can be used to remember the colors of the rainbow: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.Thirdly, utilizing technology and online resources can greatly enhance your vocabulary learning. There are numerous apps, websites, and online courses designed specifically for vocabulary building. These tools often include flashcard systems, quizzes, and games that make learning vocabulary more engaging and interactive. Additionally, many of these resources provide definitions, examples, and pronunciations, which can be extremelyhelpful for comprehension and retention.Fourthly, maintaining a vocabulary notebook or journal is a valuable habit. Keep a record of new words you encounter, along with their definitions, examples, and context. Reviewing this notebook regularly will help consolidate your learning and reinforce your memory. Youcan also categorize words by topic or theme to make retrieval easier.Lastly, practice makes perfect. Incorporate new vocabulary into your daily conversations and writing. Try to use the words in different contexts and sentences to deepen your understanding of their meanings and usages. Writing essays, stories, or even simple sentences can help you internalize new vocabulary and improve your writing skills.In conclusion, mastering English vocabulary requires dedication, consistency, and a strategic approach. By regularly exposing yourself to English language materials, utilizing mnemonic devices, leveraging technology and online resources, maintaining a vocabulary notebook, and practicing actively, you can significantly enhance your vocabulary and improve your overall proficiency in English. **如何掌握英语词汇**掌握英语词汇是提高语言能力的关键所在。
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uncivili sed ( civilise d) uncomfor table ( comforta ble) uncommon ( common) uncondit ional ( conditio nal ) undeniab le ( deniable ) undesira ble ( desirabl e) undiscip lined ( discipli ned ) undoubte dly ( doubt ) uneasy unemploy ed unfair unethica l synonyms ( immoral ) unfavour able ( favourab le ) ungratef ul ( grateful ) unhealth y unimagin able ( imaginab le )
(8) un-
unable ( able ) unaccept able (accepta ble ) unavaila ble ( availabl e) unavoida ble(avoi dable) unbearab le ( bearable ) unbeliev able (believa ble)
4) . ag (+g)
aggressi ve ( progress ive ) aggregat e( segregat e) aggrieve ( grieve )
5) . Al+ (l )
allure ( lure ) allocate ( locate ) allergic
synonymous antonymous
unworth ( unworth )
2. de , di , dis , se = away , aside 表 示“ 离 开，出 去”等 涵义
（1）. Dedecaffei nate ( coffee ) decentra lise decompos e( compose ) decontam inate ( contamin ate ) decompre ss ( compress ) deduce ( duce ) dehumani se ( humanise ) dehydrat e( hydrate ) demystif y( mystify ) devolve dewater ( water ) detached
4. aero = air 表示 “ 天空 ” 的涵义
aerobic aerocame ra aerodyna mics ( dynamics )
aeromedi cine ( medicine ) aeronaut ( naut= sail ) aerophob ia ( phobia ) aerophys ics ( physics ) aerospac e( space )
6). As + (s
associat e assist assure assign assent assimila te
7). At + (t)
attest testify certify attract ( tract ) attach (tache) attend ( tend ) attendan ce attain ( tain ) attempt ( tempt ) lure
invincib le (vincibl e) invisibl e( visible )
(4) im ( +b/m/p 开头的） —
imbalanc e (balance ) immature ( mature ) immoral ( moral ) immoral behaviou r threaten s our life . immorali ty ( morality ) imperfec t( perfect ) immortal ( mortal ) synonyms : eternal everlast ing immateri al ( material )
5. after , post , re retro = backward , after , again 表示 “ 向后， 在后 ” 的涵义
（1). After -
aftercar e aftersho ck (shock ) aftertas te (taste ) afterlig ht ( light) afterlif e ( life )
unjustif iable ( justifia ble ) unlawful ( lawful ) unlikely ( likely ) unorgani sed ( organise d) unprejud iced ( prejudic ed ) unquesti onable ( question able ) unrealis tic ( realisti c) unreason able ( reasonab le ) unrestri cted ( restrict ) unsanita ry ( sanitary ) unsociab le ( sociable ) unsystem atic ( systemat ic ) unusual ( usual ) unwed ( unwed ) wed
(7) non-
nonelast ic ( elastic )
nonexist ence (existen ce) nonhuman (human) noninter ference ( interfer ence) nonperfo rmance ( performa nce) nonprodu ctive(pr oductive ) nonsense ( sense) nonviole nt (violent )
4). Se-
secede cede seclude ( clude ) segregat ed separate select seduce
3. ad ( ac , af , ag , al , an , ap , ar , as , at ) = to / on 表示“ 到 ，向 ， 附加 ” 等涵 义。
(2). Di-
divert ( divert ) divert one's interest diversit y diversif y divest ( vest )
(3). Dis-
distract ( tract ) distract ed distribu te (distrib ute) distribu tion dispel pel displace disrupt ( rupt )
1. a / an , dis , in , im , il, ir , non , un = no , not 表示否定 意义的词 首。
(1) a-
atheist asymmetr y irregula rity atypical anarchy (archy ( chief / 政府 ） + y) anonymou s( onym = name , ous ( 形 容词性词 尾）匿 名的
（2） dis-
disabled disadvan tage ( advantag e) disarm ( arm ) disconte nted ( contente d) discover (oover ) discredi t disease
disengag e( engage = 占用 ） disgrace dishones t disinter ested 反义词 ： selfish ; egocentr ic ; selfcentreed dishonou r dislocat e dismiss disobedi ent ( obedient ) 反义 词： submissi ve disposal dispose dissatis fied dissimil ar ( diverse various ) distaste ful
immodera te ( moderate ) imperson al impossib le improper ( proper ) impurity ( pu头 的）-
illegal （ legal ) illogica l( logical) illegibl e( legible ) illitera te ( literate ) illitera cy ( literacy ) illiquid ( liquid ) illibera l( liberal ) illimita ble ( limitabl e)
(6) ir (+ r 开 头的 ）-
irregula r irresist ible irresolu te irresolu tion irration al irreleva nt irremedi able (remedia ble) irrespec tive( respecti ve) irreplac eable(re placeabl e) irrespon sible(re sponsibl e) irrevers ible(rev ersible) irrevoca ble(revo cable) ( aging , like death is an irrevers ible process )
ac ( + c ）
accessib le accompan y( company )
accounta ble ( countabl e) accustom ( custom ) accelera te ( accelera te )
af ( + f )
affirm affix affect affectio n affectio nate affluent ( fluent )