自考国际商务英语lesson12
国际商务英语Chapter 12 E-commerce
buying and selling products and information on the Internet and other on-line services.
• e-business
Business models applied to electronic marketing to consumers
• Direct marketing versus indirect marketing
Direct marketing means that manufacturers advertise and distribute their own products to customers via the Internet-base electronic store (or other telemarketing media) without intervention of any intermediaries. On the other hand, indirect marketing means the products are distributed through third-party intermediaries such as emails.
• Consumer-to-business (C2B): This category includes individuals
who sell products or services to organizations, as well as individuals who seek sellers, interact with them, and conclude a transaction.
国际商务英语笔记1-12课
Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commoditythan it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。
In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案
2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】We take the liberty____writing to you with a hope to get your best offers for Chinese bicycles.A.toB. inC.ofD.with2.【单选题】The letter we sent last week is an enquiry _______ color TV sets.A.aboutB. forC.ofD.as3.【单选题】Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit ______ you.A.getsesC.arrivesD. reaches4.【单选题】We agree to the amendments to the contract _____requested in your letter of May5.A.asB.likeC. to beD. when5.【单选题】Our bank offers minimum interest ______ for seller financing and for loans of cash.A.levelsB.ratesC.basesD.percentage6.【单选题】We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking____the safe arrival of all your orders in the future.A.insureB. assureC.sureD.ensure7.【单选题】On receipt of your instruction, we shall carry out this order ______.A.in returnB.without least delayC.with least delayD.without delays8.【单选题】The importer will go to the wharf and____delivery of the goods.A.makeB.effectC.fulfillD.take9.【单选题】After unpacking the case we found the goods did not____with the original sample.pareB. matchC.agreeD.measure10.【单选题】____shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment.A.RegardingB.CoveringC.ConcerningD. Referring11.【单选题】We cannot accept any fresh orders _______ heavy commitments.A.due toB.owing toC.becauseD.on account of12.【单选题】Because there is no direct steamer from here to your port, we suggest that you____trans-shipment at Hong Kong.A.may acceptB.acceptC.must acceptD. can accept13.【单选题】Many international companies produce a large number of products, often divided into product________.A.categoriesB.mixC.brandsD.lines14.【单选题】We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A.openingB.opportunityC. stepD.advantage15.【单选题】We have received your enquiry of October 15_____we learn that you are interested in our Sewing Machines.A.from whichB.in whichC. whichD.at which16.【单选题】______our catalogues for your reference.A.EnclosingB. Please find encloseC.Enclosed please findD.Enclosure17.【单选题】No discount will be allowed ____ you could place an order for more than 5,000pcs.A.untilB. exceptC.besidesD.unless18.【单选题】The credit of letter will be confirmed by the Bank of China, Shanghai, that will _______your draft on the documents at sight for the amount of your invoice.A. acceptB.pay forC. receiveD.obtain19.【单选题】To comply with your request, we are quoting you _____.A.as followingB.as followC. as followsD.follow20.【单选题】As we are ____ the market for Table cloth, we should be glad if you would send us your best quotation。
自考高级英语下Lesson 12 The Everlasting Witness
retroactive
• descriptive of any event or stimulus or process that has an effect on the effects of events or stimuli or process that occurred previously对以前的人或事有作用的
Lesson Twelve
The Everlasting Witness
felicitous
well-chosen and suitable OPP infelicitous
– Her choice of music is felicitous. 她选择的音 乐很适当.
serene
• very calm or peaceful
for that matter
• used to say that what you are saying about one thing is also true about something else同样地
– Ben never touched beer, or any kind of alcohol for that matter.
– My knee’s been playing me up this week.
• play up to somebody: to behave in a very polite or kind way to someone because you want something from them企图博得 ... 的好感； 讨好
grimace
• to twist your face in an ugly way because you do not like something, because you are feeling pain, or because you are trying to be funny扮鬼脸，作 怪相，装鬼脸，作苦相
国际商务英语第12章.ppt
XXX
8 Sentences for Doing English-Chinese and Chinese-English
Translating Practices:
1. I am 22 years of age, make a good appearance and get along exceedingly well with people.
I am a boy of 22 years old and shall be graduated from Shanghai XX University next year. My major is International Trade. The courses which I have taken in my University are International Marketing, International Business Law, Foreign Trade English, Negotiation Technique, English Interpreting and etc. and my marks in all these courses examinations have all been excellent. Last year I got an opportunity to work as a parttime English interpreter in a foreign trade company and got some favorable experiences in doing this work which has greatly increased not only my interest, but also my self-confidence in selecting this job as my lifework. During your Spring Fair I happen to have some spare time, the period of which is suitable for your Fair. So I send you my application for this provisional work. If necessary, I would like to visit you at your appointed time. My telephone number is XXXXXX.
自考国际商务英语05844重点7-22
E: EXW F: FCA, FAS, FOB C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDP
What are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000? In Incoterms 2000, the terms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).
The settling of a contract合同的构成 The title The contract proper
The name and address of the buyer and the seller The details of the commodity transaction The terms and conditions mutually agreed
The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms
Spread of customs-free zones无关税区的发
展 Changes in transportation practices运输方式 的变化 Increased use of electronic communication 电子通讯使用的增加
Lesson 9 modes of trade
商务英语Unit-12-参考答案
Unit 12 StrategyPart I Business V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.1 Your order is packed in cartons lined with ___C____________ material.A water-tightB water-provedC water-proofD water-proven2You may rest assured that the ______B_______ will be seaworthy.A packageB packingC packD packaging3We require the bicycles to be packed in a wooden case __C____ with soft materials.A fullB supportedC paddedD surrounded4 There is always a lot of ______B______ to attend to on a Monday morning.A lettersB correspondenceC communicationsD information5 We will pack the goods according to our usual practice if we do not hear from you __ B the contrary.A onB toC inD as6 The mass production C lower cost.A result fromB result onC results inD resulted with7 The overall D _____ of the case are 100cm×80cm×60cm.A volumeB weightC capacityD dimensions8 Please have the goods packed in strong packing, so as to prevent the case_____D____ damage.A inB out ofC outD from9 The notice given by the shipper after the shipment of the goods is called shippingC .A noticeB instructionC adviceD documents10 We hope that your customers will not object to A the goods in wooden case.A packingB packC wrapD wrapping11 Your body __C___ usually gives other people information about how you really feel.A looksB impressionC languageD relationship12 John and Jackson are business _____C________ and have arranged to meet at thesales conference.A representativesB customersC associatesD officers13 I’ve given the latest sales _____B_______ to our General Manager but he hasn’thad a chance to look at them yet.A amountsB figuresC volumeD facts14 Make sure that the addressee’s job ____A__________ is correct.A titleB styleC nameD type15 A well written letter always gives a good ______C________.A ideaB responseC impressionD point16 If you are __D___________ in attending, please let me know as soon as possible.A concernedB pleasedC wantedD interested17 You must _____A_______ your application by the end of the week.A submitB subdueC subscribeD subcontract18 We should ___B__ staff to maintain the no-smoking policy throughout thebuilding.A suggestB encourageC manageD discourage19 We are writing to _____D______ the arrangements we made with you.A conductB makeC confineD confirm20 I’ll put you _______C________ to the Sales Department.A overB offC throughD inPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 董事会board of directors2 工会代表union representatives3 合资企业Joint venture4 电影发行Film distribution5 经济运动an economy drive6 成本削减Cost cutting7 宗旨说明mission statements8 研究型公司a research-based company9 公司合并Company merger10 公司战略company strategy11 管理空缺Management opening12 管理团队Management team13 经销渠道Distribution channel14 并购acquisition15 商业伙伴Business partner16 发展态势development trend17 股东年度大会annual general meeting18 收购出价a takeover bid19 公司标志Company logo20 特许经营体制Franchising systemPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.The takeover is the biggest made by a western pharmaceuticals producers in eastEurope.该收购是西方制药生产商在东欧的最大的一次收购。
2023年10月自考05844国际商务英语试题及答案含评分标准
㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀绝密 考试结束前2023年10月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语试题课程代码:05844㊀㊀1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上㊂㊀㊀2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)1.customs invoice2.trade terms3.idle funds4.hyperinflation5.inventory6.face value7.value chain8.affiliate 9.premium 10.balance of payments Ⅱ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11.贸易惯例12.债务人13.报价14.贴现15.货号16.有价证券17.关税配额18.特许经营19.反向购买20.缔约方浙05844#国际商务英语试题第1页(共3页)Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)21.discrepancy22.turnkey contract23.integration24.liability25.revenuemercial intercourse27.remedy28.devaluation29.drawee30.drawer a.the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currenciesb.method of putting right something that is wrong.c.the person who issues a draft,usually the exporterd.business dealings between individuals or firmse.one in which one of the parties agrees to supply,at the contract price,a complete product ready for use,such as a new home, factory,etc.bining into a wholeg.the total annual income of a stateh.what one is responsible for according to lawi.the person to whom a draft is drawnj.difference;absence of agreementⅣ.Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)31.anti-dumping32.absolute advantage33.buyback34.documents against acceptance35.PPPⅤ.Answer the following questions in English.(本大题共4小题,每小题5分,共20分)36.How does WTO differ from GATT?37.What are the factors that have changed the transportation industry?38.What are the two types of business negotiations?39.Please describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese.(本大题共2小题,第40小题7分,第41小题8分,共15分)40.The bulk of international trade is done in the general mode of buying and selling of goods and services by means of money and the market.Under specific conditions,however,special modes of transactions may be adopted to better realize one s business purposes.浙05844#国际商务英语试题第2页(共3页)41. Letter of credit is often shortened as L/C,and is sometimes referred to as banker s credit , or commercial credit .Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the19th century and had great development after the First World War.The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Ⅶ.Translate the following into English.(本大题共5小题,每小题5分,共25分)42.外汇汇率有三种形式,即:买进汇率㊁售出汇率和两者的平均值 中间汇率㊂43.国外直接投资主要有三种形式:建立新企业㊁购买现有设备和建立合资公司㊂44.国家从事的贸易种类是多样的㊁复杂的,往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合㊂45.许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处,但同时也有强烈的反对声音㊂46.如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人,那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证㊂浙05844#国际商务英语试题第3页(共3页)绝密 启用前2023年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试国际商务英语试题答案及评分参考(课程代码㊀05844)Ⅰ.Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)1.海关发票2.贸易术语3.游资4.极度通货膨胀5.库存6.面值7.价值链8.分支机构9.保险费10.国际收支ʌ评分标准ɔ译文正确或基本正确得1分,否则不得分㊂Ⅱ.Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11.trading practices12.debtor13.quotation14.discount15.article number16.securities17.tariff quota18.franchising19.counter purchase20.contracting partyʌ评分标准ɔ译文正确或基本正确得1分,否则不得分㊂Ⅲ.Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right.(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)21.j22.e23.f24.h25.g26.d27.b28.a29.i30.cʌ评分标准ɔ信息匹配正确得1分,否则不得分㊂国际商务英语试题答案及评分参考第1页(共3页)Ⅳ.Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.(本大题共5小题,每小题2分,共10分)31.anti-dumping:One form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industriesfrom unfair competition(1分)by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured.(1分)32.absolute advantage:The theory of absolute advantage holds that a commodity will beproduced(1分)in the country where it costs least in terms of resources.(1分) 33.buyback:An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment(1分)to take back in thefuture part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.(1分) 34.documents against acceptance:Documents are handed over to the importer upon hisacceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter.(1分)Payment will not be made until a later date.(1分)35.PPP:purchasing power parity(2分)ʌ评分标准ɔ(1)释义正确且无语言错误者得2分㊂(2)释义基本正确,但有一些语言错误者得1分㊂(3)释义错误或不答题者不得分㊂Ⅴ.Answer the following questions in English.(本大题共4小题,每小题5分,共20分) 36.Firstly,the GATT is only an agreement rather than an organizational entity while the WTOis a permanent organization.(2分)Secondly,the WTO has a much broader mandate.(1分)Thirdly,the WTO has far greater enforcement power and it has a clearly defined dispute settlement mechanism.(2分)37.Four factors:transportation deregulation;(1分)just-in-time inventory systems;(1分)competition based on high levels of customer service;(2分)globalization of business.(1分) 38.Two types of business negotiation:Oral negotiation refers to direct discussions conducted attrade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers.(2.5分) Written negotiation often begins with enquiries made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered.(2.5分)39.The characteristics of MNEs are given as follows:1)MNEs are generally enormous in size;(1.5分)2)Wide geographical spread is also characteristic of MNEs;(1.5分)3)Another general characteristic of MNEs is their longevity and rapid growth.(2分)ʌ评分标准ɔ(1)回答正确,语言准确或有个别小错误,得5分㊂(2)回答正确,但有少量语言错误,得4分㊂(3)回答基本正确,但有一些语言错误,得3分㊂(4)回答基本正确,但有一些严重语言错误,得1-2分㊂(5)回答错误或不答则为0分㊂国际商务英语试题答案及评分参考第2页(共3页)Ⅵ.Translate the following into Chinese.(本大题共2小题,第40小题7分,第41小题8分,共15分)40.大部分国际贸易都是通过货币和市场,(2分)以买卖商品和服务的形式进行的㊂(2分)然而在某些特定情况下,(1分)也会采取一些特殊贸易方式以更好地实现自己的商业目的㊂(2分)41.信用证经常简写为L/C,(1分)有时被称为 银行信用证 或者 商业信用证 ㊂(1分)现代信用证出现于19世纪后半叶,(1分)第一次世界大战后得到了较大发展㊂(1分)信用证是银行在进口商的要求下所签发的信函,(2分)在此函中,银行承诺在卖方提交有关单据后付款㊂(2分)ʌ评分标准ɔ(1)意思正确,语言准确,仅有个别小错,得满分7或8分㊂(2)意思正确,但有少量语言错误,得6-7分㊂(3)意思基本正确,但有少量语言错误,得4-5分㊂(4)意思基本正确,但有一些严重语言错误,得1-3分㊂(5)意思不正确或不答题则为0分㊂Ⅶ.Translate the following into English.(本大题共5小题,每小题5分,共25分) 42.There are three types of foreign exchange price,(2分)namely:the buying rate,(1分)the selling rate(1分)and the average of the previous two the medial rate.(1分) 43.FDI is mainly practiced in three forms:(2分)building new enterprises,(1分)purchasing existing facilities(1分)and forming joint ventures.(1分)44.The kinds of trade nations engage in(2分)are varied and complex,(1分)often amixture of visible and invisible trade.(2分)45.While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization,(3分)there are also loud voices of opposition.(2分)46.If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties,(3分)it isa transferable credit.(2分)ʌ评分标准ɔ(1)翻译正确,无语言错误,得5分㊂(2)翻译基本正确,但有个别小的语言错误,得4分㊂(3)翻译基本正确,但有语言错误,其中一些为严重错误,得2-3分㊂(4)翻译与原意出入较大,且语言严重错误,得1分㊂(5)翻译错误或不答则为0分㊂国际商务英语试题答案及评分参考第3页(共3页)。
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(词汇部分 )
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
自考英语二第十二单元讲义
Unit12 Text AImportance重要性urgency n.紧急，催促urgent a.紧急的，急迫的clarificatin n.澄清，阐明 clarify v.澄清，讲清楚，阐明proximate a.最近的，近似的trivia n.琐事，不重要的事 trivial a.微不足道的，没有价值的excessive a.过多的，过度的，极端的anticipate vt.预期, 期望, 过早使用, 先人一着, 占先v.预订, 预见, 可以预料enlarge v.扩大，增大shrink v.收缩, (使)皱缩, 缩短deception n.欺骗, 诡计illusion n.幻想，幻影，错觉recreational a.消遣的，娱乐的re-creation n.再创造valuable a.有很大价值的，贵重的，很有用的deterioration n.变坏, 退化, 堕落differentiate v.区别, 区分positive a.积极的，肯定的，建设性的identify v.确认，识别act on 对···起作用，影响e.g. Antibiotics act on the bacteria that cause the disease.fall into 可分作The agreement falls on two distinct sections.objective n.目标, 目的, [语法]宾格adj.客观的, [语法]宾格的e.g.The main objective of this policy is to reduce unemployment.prevent v.防止, 预防prevent sb. (sth.) from doing sth ，from在主动句中可省略，在被动句中一般不省。
focus n.(兴趣活动等的)中心, 焦点, 焦距vi.聚焦, 注视vt.使集中在焦点上, 定焦点, 调焦, 集中focus on e’s eye on 凝视e.g. Modern medicine has tended to focus too much on developing highly complicated surgical techniques.identify vt.识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样v.确定e.g. It’s a mistake to identify art with life.abundance n.丰富, 充裕, 丰富充裕Many important things that contribute to our overall objectives and give meaning to life don't tend to act upon us or press us．很多重要事情有助于实现我们的总目标，使生活有意义，但是它们不作用于我们. They're not ''urgent"，but they are the things that we must act upon．它们并不紧迫，但它们却是我们必须做的事情。
自考英语(二)上册 第十二课
It is widely believed that every word has a correct meaning, that we learn these meanings mainly from teachers and grammarians, and that dictionaries and grammars are the supreme authority in matters of meaning and usage. Few people ask by what authority the writers of dictionaries and grammars say what they say. I once got into a dispute with an English woman over the pronunciation of a word and offered to look it up in the dictionary.or? I am English. I was born and brought up in England, The way I speak is English.” Such self-assurance about one’s own language is fairly common among the English. In the United States, however, anyone who is willing to quarrel with the dictionary is regarded as either eccentric or mad.
让我们看看词典是怎样编写和编辑们怎样得出词的定义的。下面所说的内容只适用于那些进行第一手创造性研究的词典编辑室，不适用于那些单纯抄袭现有词典的编辑室。词典的编写是从阅读拟编词典要涵盖的时期或主题的大量文献开始的，编辑们一边阅读，一边在卡片上记下每个引起兴趣的词或不常见的词，常用词的不寻常的或特殊的出现情况，大量的常用词的通常用法以及每个词出现的句子。
国际商务英语课文电子版lesson (12)
Letters of credit fall under several categories depending on their function, form and mechanism. Here are the major types of credit:1. Clean credit and documentary credit: Credits that only require clean draft, i.e. draft not accompanied with shipping documents, for payment are clean credit. They are generally used in non-trade settlement（非贸易结算）or in payment in advance by means of the L/C. Most of the credits used in international trade aredocumentary credits, i.e. credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.2.Revocable credit and irrevocable credit: This classification is based on the certainty确信of the commitment承诺to pay on the part of the applicant and the issuing bank. The credit is a revocable one if such commitments can be altered （改变）or even canceled（取消）without consulting with the beneficiary. It is quite obvious that the exporter has little assurance保证to get payment,and therefore this type of credits are rarely used. Irrevocable credits are those that cannot be amended （revised修改）or revoked（取消）without the consent（同意）of all the parties concerned. Safe and reliable, this type is extensively（widely）used in world trade. It must be noted that if there is no specific indication whether a credit is revocable or irrevocable, it should be regarded as irrevocable.3. Confirmed credit and unconfirmed credit: If a credit is confirmed by abank other than（除…之外）the issuing bank, it becomes a confirmed credit. The confirmation is undertaken 承担either by the advising bank or by another leading bank. Under a confirmed credit, the beneficiary is given double assurance of payment 双重付款担保since the confirming bank has added its own undertaking承诺to that承担of the opening bank. If the credit is not confirmed by another bank, it is an unconfirmed letter of credit. Though a confirmed credit isconsidered to be able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves additional cost as a result of the confirmation. Therefore if the establishing bank is a reliable prime bank, confirmation may not be necessary.4. Sight credit and usance credit: A sight credit is one by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank. It gives the beneficiary better security and helps him speed up his capitalturnover. 资金周转Most of China’s export contracts stipulate for sight credit in payment terms. Obviously, a sight credit calls for a sight draft.It is also clear that this type of credit requires a usance draft. If the beneficiary wishes to get payment before the maturity到期of the draft, he can ask the bank to discount贴现the acceptance, and immediately pay him the net proceeds净收益（netposition 实际头寸）, i. e. the face value 面值of the draft minus减去the discount charges收费.5. Transferable credit and non-transferable credit: If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary. It is usually used when the first beneficiary is a middleman and does not supply thegoods himself. A credit can be transferred only once. But transferring a credit to more than one party at the same time is allowed provided partial shipments are permitted. If a credit does not specify whether it is transferable, it should be regarded as a non-transferable document according to the credit stipulation.6. Non-draft credit: There is a modern tendency for payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality ofdrawing and presenting a draft. Such credits are non-draft credit. They mainly include payment credit and deferred payment credit which are respectively similar to sight credit and usance credit with the difference that no draft is drawn and presented in the case of non-draft credit.7. Revolving credit: If a credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed更新or reinstated恢复without specific amendment to the credit being made, it is then a revolving credit. It is particularlyuseful when the buyer and seller have regular trading relationship and deal in a specific quantity of goods each month or any particular period of time.It has already been mentioned that the letter of credit has greatly facilitated便利and promoted international trade. However, like any other methods (mode) of payment, it is not perfect. It cannot provide absolute security for the contracting parties. The seller may sustain losses 蒙受because of thebuyer’s delay even failure in the establishment of credit开立信用证. The buyer may suffer losses as a result of the documents presented by the seller which do not truly represent the goods shipped. And it is not absolutely avoidable that the bank may become insolvent破产的or bankrupt. Besides, it is more expensive to use the letter of credit than remittance or collection as the bank will charge 收费its client for all the services it provides. So the letter of credit may not be the mostideal（best）method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.。
2016年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit12
Unit 12 A Break from LifeI. New words and expressions New words1. cranky adj. 脾气坏的2. laundry n. 要（或正在）洗的衣物；刚洗好的衣物3. resemble v. 看起来像；显得像；像resemble: take afterresemblance4. throb n. （强烈有规律的）跳动；阵阵的疼痛5. subside v. 趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退6. ache v. 疼痛；隐痛7. joint n. 关节8. shuffle v. 拖着脚走9. wiggle v. （使）扭动，摆动，摇动10. sniffle n. 抽鼻子（声）11. tissue n. (尤指用作手帕的)纸巾，手巾纸12. pillow n. 枕头13. crack v. 找到解决（难题等的）方法14. contagious adj. 患接触性传染病的15. germ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌精选文库16. resourceful adj. 机敏的；足智多谋的；随机应变的17. scrounge v. 觅取；搜寻18. nurture v. 养育；养护；培养19. chore n. 令人厌烦的任务、乏味无聊的工作20. respite n. 暂停；暂缓21. manufacture v. 编造；捏造22. symptom n. 症状23. pamper v. 细心照顾；精心护理；娇惯；纵容24. hermit n. 隐土；隐修者；遁世者25. gel n. 凝胶，冻胶（尤指用于头发或护肤的产品）26. hearty adj. 大的；丰盛的27. chamomile n. 苹果菊；春黄菊；甘菊28. vanilla-scented adj. 香草味的29. gingerly adv. 谨慎地；小心翼翼地；轻手轻脚地30. grateful adj. 感激的；表示感谢的be grateful to sb. for sth.ungrateful比较：gracefuldisgraceful31. spa n. 水疗32. tub n. 浴缸；浴盆33. drain n. 下水道；排水管34. refresh v. 使恢复精力；使凉爽35. emotionally adv. 感情上地；情感上地emotionemotional36. empower v. 增加（某人的）自主权；使控制局势37. permission n. 准许；许可；批准permit38. justify v. 对…作出解释；为…辩解（或辩护）39. awareness n. 知道；认识；意识Phrases and Expressions1. pile up 堆积；积压2. come down with患，得，染上（小病）3. slip away 消失；消亡；死去4. respond to 作出反馈；响应5. care for 照顾，照料（病、老、幼者等）6. tend to 照料；照管；护理II. Text LearningFeeling Free①I woke up feeling cranky. I didn't want to do housework, though the laundry was piling up. I didn't want to read the work I brought home from the office. I didn't want to do anything that resembled responsible behavior. It was that kind of day.（承上总结句）②As I drank my morning tea, I thought I felt a headache coming on. Yes, there it was, a dull throb just behind my eyes. Maybe I should go back to bed until it subsided. As I put the dishes in the sink, it seemed that my muscles were beginning to ache. Or was the ache in my joints? That could mean I was coming down with the flu. （承上启下句）Everyone I knew had the flu this year. Why should I be the one to escape it? I absolutely should be in bed.③I shuffled back to bed, wiggled under the covers and shut my eyes. (1)Another couple of hours of sleep would be so nice, but I was already completely awake. I ought to get up. But no, there was that headache and the beginning of a sniffle. Better get the tissues.本部分重点及难点：1. Another couple of hours of sleep would be so nice, but I was already completely awake.be completely / wide awakebe fast / sound asleep④On my way back from the bathroom with a family-sized（适合全家用的）tissue box,I stopped to grab that big new novel I had bought but had no time to read. I opened the book and settled against the pillows.⑤The morning was moving along and so was my reading. Another twenty pages and I was stretching. I should try to crack（找到解决办法）the report I was working on. I should at least get up and do the wash. What if I was contagious? I certainly didn't wantto spread any germs. The wash could wait. (2)My family was resourceful enough toscrounge clothing for the next day.⑥Maybe I wasn't actually getting the flu. I didn't really want to be sick. To be truthful, all I wanted was a little time off. (3)I needed to nurture myself away from people, chores, career and the outside world. Did I have to wait to be sick to do that? As a child, the only respite from school or family chores was illness. But I wasn't a child any more.(4)Did I have to manufacture symptoms to provide myself with an excuse? No, I decided,I didn't.本部分重点及难点：2. My family was resourceful enough to scrounge clothing for the next day.家人足够有能力找到第二天能穿的衣服。
自考国际商务英语考试必备,自己整理
2020年10月全国自考国际商务英语真题及答案
2020年10月全国自考国际商务英语真题及答案词组英译汉1.conference【正确答案】(正式)会议(尤指年会)2.multinational corporation【正确答案】跨国公司petitive devaluation【正确答案】竞争性贬值4.start from scratch【正确答案】白手起家／从零开始5.hinterland【正确答案】内地6.financial resources【正确答案】资金7.standing committee【正确答案】常务委员会8.action program【正确答案】行动纲领9.bankrupt【正确答案】破产的10.idle funds【正确答案】游资／闲散资金词组汉译英11.货运收据【正确答案】cargo receipt12.清洁浮动【正确答案】clean float13.管理合同【正确答案】management contract14.租赁贸易【正确答案】leasing trade15.经济全球化【正确答案】economic globalization16.目的地【正确答案】destination17.成本经济【正确答案】cost economies/economy18.大额存单【正确答案】certificate of deposit19.(汇率)直接标价【正确答案】direct quote20.股票交易所【正确答案】stock exchange配对题a. business dealings between individuals or firmsb. ed paper money issuedby a bank, usu. the country's central bank c. irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.) d. equal in value, on the same level e. becoming due f. fail to carry out an obligation g. benefits from combining different business es, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers h. a multinational compa ny whose national identity has been blurred i. the stock of gold coin and bul lion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard j. an account of probable fut ure income and expenditure during a stated period, usu. a year used as a gu ide in making financial arrangements【正确答案】21.maturity【正确答案】e22.budget【正确答案】j23.banknote【正确答案】b24.par【正确答案】d25.default【正确答案】i26.synergy【正确答案】g27.gold reserves【正确答案】fmercial intercourse【正确答案】a29.world company【正确答案】h30.fluctuation【正确答案】c名词解释32.deposit【正确答案】Deposit refers to money paid as part payment that is owed.33.barriertotrade【正确答案】Barrier to trade refers to any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.34.consignee【正确答案】Consignee is the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped.35.affiliate【正确答案】Affiliate refers to a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in par t by another concern.36.CFR【正确答案】CFR: cost and freight简答题37.What major challenges does China still face despite all its achievements?【正确答案】China still faces the following big challenges: the protectionist measures in s ome countries, competition from the banking and insurance industries, and challenges from agriculture.38.What is a tariff?【正确答案】A tariff is a tax imposed on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.39.How does the letter of credit offer security to the buyer and the seller? 【正确答案】The seller has the security to get paid provided he presents impeccable doc uments while the buyer has the security to get the goods required through the documents he stipulates in the credit.40.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively.【正确答案】GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the prop erty and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP refers to the ma rket value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.句子英译汉41.A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the re levant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his c ontractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation. 【正确答案】合同是对有关当事人规定了约束性责任的一种协定。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
(2) The limitations of the letter of credit A. Inability to provide absolute security B. Being more expensive than other forms of payment
Trade Terms
• The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contraction parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.
International Business English Lesson 12 The Letter of Credit (II)
Business Knowledge
(1) Major types of credits and their functions, forms and mechanism A. Clean credit and documentary credit B. Revocable credit and irrevocable credit C. Confirmed credit and unconfirmed credit D. Sight credit and usance credit E. Transferable credit and non-transferable credit F. Non-draft credit G. Revolving credit
•
• •
• • •
7. Confirmed credit 保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank 8. Leading bank (Prime bank, First rate bank) 主要银行 9. Sight credit 即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank. ance credit (Term credit, Time credit) 远期信用证 :The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight. 11.Capital turnover 资金周转 12.Face value 面值
17. Deferred payment 延期付款 18. Revolving credit 循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made. 19. Insolvent 无支付能力的 20. The documentary credit 跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft. 21. A particular transaction 一笔特定的交易
• Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form and mechanism.
• Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while the documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade.
•
• •
13. Transferable credit 可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties. 14. Non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证: The credit can not be transferred. 15. Non-draft credit 无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft. 16. Discount 折扣
• A little of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party (or parties) the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.
• • • 1. Clean credit 光票信用证: The credits only require clean draft. 2. Non-trade settlement 非贸易结算 3. Revocable credit 可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary. 4. Irrevocable credit 不可撤消信用证: The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned. 5. Maturity 到期，满期 6. Nationalize 国有化
• In theபைடு நூலகம்case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable documents.
• A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60, to as long as 180 days.