2011年公共管理硕士英语词汇练习题及答案

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考研英语真题单词-2011(英一)

2011（一）完形 - 笑与情绪 Part1 单词1、impair v.损害；削弱2、sacrifice n.牺牲3、determine v.查明，主语（⼈人或调查）决定，主语（某原因）4、manageable a.可操纵的；可处理理的5、renewable a.可再⽣生的；可延⻓长有效期的6、decrease v.降低increase v.增⻓长7、varnish n.清漆8、apparently ad.似乎（显然地）9、tone n.[僻]肌⾁肉结实10、asthma n.哮喘11、subconscious a.潜意识的12、internal a.体内的，内⼼心的13、exhaust v.筋疲⼒力力尽（+⼈人）（+物，耗尽）14、suppress v.抑制15、jockey n.⻢马骑师16、contract v.[僻]收缩（使动）Part2 短语1、despite sth. to the contrary 尽管有...与此相反claim / evidence / idea / advice statement2、the way = as 引导⽅方式状语从句句eg. the way walking does 就像散步⼀一样3、in turn 轮流：强调顺序相应地：强调因果关系eg. Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.利利率下降，相应地，股票就上涨了了。

4、die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息5、draw nearer the point of ... 近乎(做某事)6、up to 胜任，取决于，多达7、as for ⾄至于，关于= as to8、not + v. +because 否定转移9、turn to 求助于；使⽤用新东⻄西eg. Many people here are turning to solar power.这的⼈人都开始使⽤用太阳能。

2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1①The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been thetalk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.②For themost part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. ③“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic.①One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. ②Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, callshim “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”③As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.①For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. ②To be sure, heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery FisherHall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. ③All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.①Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing thepoint. ②For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. ③There recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live perf ormances; moreover, they canbe “consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. ④The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.①One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yetavailable on record. ②Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-musiccritic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmon ic into “a markedly different, morevibrant organization.”③But what will be the nature of that difference? ④Merely expanding the orchestra’srepertoire will not be enough. ⑤If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change therelatio nship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .[A]incurred criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]received acclaim[D]aroused curiosity22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is .[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers .[A]ignore the expenses of live performances[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances[D]overestimate the value of live performances24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels .[A]doubtful802011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B]enthusiastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText 2①When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. ②Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and saidhe was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”③Broadcasting his ambition was “very much mydecision,”McGee says. ④Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.①McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company hewanted to run. ②It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. ③And McGee isn’talone. ④In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that theywere looking for a CEO post. ⑤As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. ⑥A turbulent business environment also hassenior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.①As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a net. ②In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuckwith the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. ③As the economy picks up, opportunities willabound for aspiring leaders.①The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. ②For years executivesand headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must bepoached. ③Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting C EOs first.”①Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. ②Ellen Marram quitas chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. ③It was a year before she became head ofa tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. ④Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to bea CEO. ⑤He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.①Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. ②The financial crisis has made itmore acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ③“The traditional rule was it’s saferto stay whereyou are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter. ④“The people who’ve been hurt theworst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being .[A]arrogant[B]frank[C]self-centered[D]impulsive27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by .[A]their expectation of better financial status[B]their need to reflect on their private life[C]their strained relations with the boards[D]their pursuit of new career goals28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means .[A]approved of[B]attended to[C]hunted for[D]guarded against29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A]top performers used to cling to their posts[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated812011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[C]top performers care more about reputations*D+it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3①The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. ②No longer.③Whiletraditional “paid” media —such as television commercials and print advertisements —still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. ④Consumers passionate about a product maycreate “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned media” bysending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. ⑤The way consumersnow approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broadrange of factors beyond conventional paid media.①Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. ②For earned media ,such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. ③But in some cases, one marketer’s owned mediabecome another marketer’s paid media —for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. ④We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place theircontent or e-commerce engines within that environment. ⑤This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.⑥Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. ⑦Besides generating income, the presence ofother marketersmakes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.①The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions inquicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. ②Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negativeallegations about a brand or product. ③Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they canhijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.①If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting thereputation of the target company at risk.②In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quickor thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. ③Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of thedamage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-mediaresponse campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and thesocial-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are .[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature .[A] a safe business environment[B] random competition[C] strong user traffic[D] flexibility in organization33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media .[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers822011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition[D] deserve all the negative comments about them34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of .[A] responding effectively to hijacked media[B] persuading customers into boycotting products[C] cooperating with supportive consumers[D] taking advantage of hijacked media35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4①It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children,I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing isanything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. ②Rather than concluding that childrenmake parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of itas something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition. ③Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writesthat “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification anddelight.”①The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. ②There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newlysingle –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news. ③Practically everyweek features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.①In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? ②It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare theregrets of parents to the regrets of the children. ③Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the singlemost important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holesin their lives.①Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present ishugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. ②According to several studiesconcluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happyof all. ③Noshock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.①It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese andAngelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. ②But it’s interestingto wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that asmall part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring .[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that .[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip832011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining[D]having children is highly valued by the public38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks .[A]are constantly exposed to criticism[B]are largely ignored by the media[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is .[A]soothing[B]ambiguous[C]compensatory[D]misleading40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required toreorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into thenumbered boxes. Paraphrases F and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can,Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time ittakes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral studentsin English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These aredisciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business comparedwith only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. Butmost find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”—they form a sort of social glue. [C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduateschool. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in1970—1971 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade ofthesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not beentrained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence bytop American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taughtin different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvardundergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialistliberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell byhalf as researchtook its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successfulacademic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind842011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializationare transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “theproducers of knowl edge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. “Academic inquiry, at leastin some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and mo re holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr.Menand does not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They maythen decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points).With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, thebook As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share —that because we are not robots wetherefore control our thoughts —and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind isseparate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one wayand act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the consciousmind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, inreality we are continually faced with a qu estion: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allenconcluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a personembody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind andmatter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they revealhim.” (48) This seems a jus tification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of thesuperiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out thebest in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escapefrom our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often thegreatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition exceptourselves. (50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before wewere experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “Li Ming” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)852011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”。

考研英语真题单词-2011(英二)

2011（二）完形 - 提供⽹网络安全保障的措施 Part1 单词1、anonymity n.匿匿名，名字不不公开2、blessing n.好事，有益之事3、explosion 【僻】n.激增4、cyber-crime n.⽹网络犯罪cyber-czar n.⽹网络总管5、preserve v.保护，维护6、voluntary a.资源的，⾃自动的7、registered a.注册的，登记过的8、navigate v.(在互联⽹网或⽹网站上)导航9、infrastructure n.基础建设10、administration n.(尤指美国)政府11、applaud v.称赞，赞许12、initiative n.倡议，新⽅方案13、compulsory a.(因法律律或规则⽽而)必须做的，强制的14、mentality n.⼼心态，思想状况15、envision v.展望，想象Part2 短语1、population explosion ⼈人⼝口急剧增⻓长;explosion of interest 兴趣的陡增2、the International Tennis Federation 国际网球联合会3、a United Nations peace initiative 联合国的和平倡议a government initiative to combat unemployment政府应付失业问题的新⽅方案4、compulsory subject / education 必修科目/义务教育;Text 1 - 外部董事Part1 单词1、compensation n.报酬，薪⽔水2、biased a.有偏⻅见的，结果偏倚的3、weather v.平安渡过(难关)，挨过，经受住4、proxy n.代表权，委托书5、departure n.离开，离去6、subsequently ad.其后，随后，接着7、blow n.打击，意外的灾害，摧毁8、incentive n.动机，⿎鼓励，刺刺激Part2 短语1、under fire 受到攻击和批评2、bonus payouts 奖⾦金金⽀支出3、outside director 外部董事4、for the rest of 余下的...... 间5、by the end of 2009 到2009 年年末6、be biased against 对......存偏⻅见7、to weather the recession 挺过萧条期8、a firm’s board 公司董事会9、make one ’ s wealth and reputation成就功名10、a proxy for 是......的代表11、be suggestive of sth 暗示......的12、proxy statement 股东委托书13、deport a board 从董事会离职14、a surprise departure 突然离职15、restate earnings 重申盈利利16、federal class-action lawsuit 联邦集体诉讼17、a correlation between ... and ... ......与......之间的联系18、jump off a sinking ship 跳离沉船19、a blow reputations 有损名誉20、be on the board 在董事会任职21、follow the example of 效仿22、on campus 在校园Text 2 - 挣扎求⽣生的美国报业Part1 单词1、recession n.经济衰退，不不景⽓气;后退，撤退2、chronicle v.将(某事物)载⼊入编年年史;记录3、commission n.委员会，委员4、subsidize v.以津贴补助;以⾦金金钱收买;向......发放奖⾦金金5、inhabit v.居住;在......出现;填满6、routine n.常规，通常情况7、afloat ad.漂流着的，漂浮不不定8、overboard ad.越过船边坠⼊入⽔水中9、revenues n.(复数)总收⼊入10、reliance n.依靠，依赖11、proportion n.⽐比，⽐比率，⽐比例例12、stable a.稳定的13、whirlwind n.旋⻛风;猛烈烈的势⼒力力;破坏性的⼒力力量量或事物14、distinctive a.有特⾊色的，与众不不同的;区别的，有鉴别性的15、bureau n.局;(提供某⽅方⾯面信息的)办事处16、savagely ad.野蛮的;残忍的;粗野的17、virtue n.美德;德⾏行行;价值;⻓长处Part2 短语1、launch into sth 开始、着⼿手做某事2、flee to the internet 转向互联⽹网3、launch a round of talks 发起⼀一轮讨论4、shrug off 耸肩表示蔑视;抖去;摆脱5、sign of crisis 危机迹象6、return to profit 恢复赢利利7、profit margins 利利润空间8、all the same 虽......，仍然9、have the nerve 好意思做某事，有胆量量做某事10、desperate measures 孤注⼀一掷的措施11、in proportion (⼤大⼩小、数量量、程度)按⽐比例例地out of proportion 不不成⽐比例例12、a healthier mix of revenues 更加健康的收益比例13、in reliance on sth 对......依赖14、not surprisingly 毫⽆无疑问15、restate earnings 重申盈利利16、the Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局17、by / in virtue of 因为，由于;make a virtue of 将(不不乐意的事)变成有利利的18、sweep through 掠过，扫过19、film reviewers 电影评论员Text 3 - 简约设计⻛风Part1 单词1、prosperity n.繁荣，兴旺，昌盛2、restraint n.抑制，控制，限制，约束3、stylish a.时髦的，流⾏行行的，⼊入时的4、stimulus n.刺刺激物，刺刺激因素5、architect n.建筑师，设计师6、signature n.签名,署名;识别标志，鲜明特征7、laminated a.由薄⽚片叠成的,分层的,迭⽚片的8、sophisticated a.复杂的，精致的9、elegant a.优美的，漂亮的，简练的，简洁的10、equivalent n.对等物11、modest a.适度的，适中的，端庄的12、commission v.委任，授予13、aesthetic a.美学的，审美的14、forthright a.直率的，直接的，(观点)明确的15、mechanic n.技⼯工，机修⼯工16、acquire v.获得，取得17、desirable a.令⼈人满意的,值得拥有的,可取的18、inevitable a.不不可避免的;必然发⽣生的Part2 短语1、by the millions 数以百万计2、line up 排队3、marriage bureau 婚姻登记处4、when it comes to sth 在某个⽅方⾯面，说到某事5、common sense 常识6、live with 忍受，容忍7、take up posts 就职8、architecture school 建筑学院9、derive from 由......起源;取⾃自10、signature phrase ⼝口头禅11、take granted for 认为......理理所当然12、mask the fact 掩盖事实13、rather than ⽽而⾮非14、Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive 芝加哥湖滨大道Gold Coast ⻩黄⾦金金海海岸15、equivalent of 对应物16、abstract art 抽象艺术17、to delay the inevitable 缓兵之计18、acquire sth as a skill or habit 获得(技能);养成(习惯)Text 4 - 欧盟的危机 Part1 单词1、cheerleader n.啦啦队⻓长;(强有⼒力力的)⽀支持者2、acute a.尖锐的，严重的3、converge v.(线条、运动的物体等)会于⼀一点;使聚集4、devaluation n.(货币)贬值5、disintegration n.瓦解，崩溃6、stuck a.动不不了了的，被卡住的，被难住的7、harmonization n.和谐，协调，相称8、quasi-automatic a.准⾃自动的9、sanction n.制裁，处罚10、mega-project n.特⼤大型项⽬目11、suspension n.暂停，悬挂12、ministerial a.内阁的，部⻓长的，⾏行行政(上)的13、rigour n.严苛，严酷14、intervene v.介于......之间15、fiscal a.(美)财政上的16、murmur v.咕哝，发牢骚，私下抱怨17、curb v.制⽌止，束缚;限制，抑制18、remarkable ad.引⼈人注⽬目的，明显的，⾮非常的19、liberal a.开明的，⾃自由的20、blunt v.使迟钝21、benign a.温和的，仁慈的，善良的Part2 短语1、a leading cheerleader for 主要⽀支持者2、converge on a place 汇集于⼀一处3、chronic problems ⻓长期性棘⼿手问题4、an acute crisis ⼀一场迫在眉睫的危机5、quick fix 应急措施，权宜之计6、save from 使...... 免遭7、dominate powers 主导⼒力力量量8、agree on 对......取得⼀一致性意⻅见9、sanction against sth 为制⽌止某事⽽而实施的制裁10、with the full rigour of the law 严格依法办理理11、backed by 依靠，在......的⽀支持下12、a small majority 微弱多数13、headed by 由...... 带领的，以......为⾸首的14、intervene in 介⼊入，⼲干预15、fiscal transfers 财政转移16、corporate-tax rates 企业税率17、labour costs 劳动⼒力力成本18、write off 毁掉，结束掉;认定......不重要(或无用);忽视19、trading block 贸易易集团，贸易易区块20、blunt an edge 使边⻆角变钝，磨光新题型 - 名医呼吁打压垃圾⻝⾷食品 Part1 单词1、figure n.⼈人物2、outlet n.经销店;廉价经销店3、restrict v.限制，限定，约束4、sponsorship n.赞助者的地位; 赞助⾏行行为，资助⾏行行为5、halt v.使停⽌止;使中断; 阻⽌止6、spiral v.盘旋上升(或下降)，(物价等)不不断急剧的上升(或下降)7、diabetes n.<医>糖尿尿病;多尿尿症8、Paediatrics n.⼉儿科学，⼩小⼉儿科9、inconceivable a.不不能想象的，不不可思议的，难以置信的10、courageous a.勇敢的，⽆无畏的，有胆量量的11、alarm v. 警告12、campaigner n.竞选者，集会者，社会运动⼈人⼠士13、centerpiece n.中⼼心装饰品14、bold a.勇敢的，⽆无畏的，莽撞的15、inducement n.诱导，诱惑，诱因16、lure v.吸引，引诱17、takeaway n.外卖⻝⾷食品，外卖店18、tactics n.战术，策略略，⼿手段19、deploy v.展开，施展，部署Part2 短语1、in respect of 关于，涉及2、product placement 产品植入;植入式广告;置入性行销翻译 - 绿⾊色IT的神话Part1 单词1、volume n.量量2、emission n.排放，排放物，散发物(尤指⽓气体)Part2 短语1、take a toll on 造成损失(或危害、伤亡)作⽂文1 - 建议信Dear Bob，I' m exceedingly delighted to hear the news that you have just been enrolled by Stanford University. Congratulations! And I am writing to give you several suggestions on preparation for college life.First, compared with high school, there will be more freedom and spare time in Ivory Tower. Accordingly, it is advisable to read extensively in library. It is reading that enables you to build up knowledge and ability. Second, college life is best characterized by a rich variety of activities, which will bring opportunities to show your talents, help you to make more friends and arouse your enthusiasm for life; therefore, it is essential to participate in them.Please consider my sincere advice and make your plan, and I am convinced that your college life will be fruitful and meaningful.Your truly,Zhang Wei译：亲爱的鲍勃：听到你刚被斯坦福⼤大学录取的消息，我⾮非常⾼高兴。

2011年考研英语核心词汇真题语境详解上

Aabandon★构词a不+ban禁止+don给予→不禁止给出去→放弃vt. 1.give up completely放弃2.forsake，desert 遗弃, 丢弃3.yield completely to 放肆, 放纵; 沉湎于n. freedom from worry or inhibitions放肆; 放纵; 尽情; 任意真题连线2001 Passage 5Abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move int o “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.放弃“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲学，转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。

absolute★构词ab不+solute松开→决不松开→绝对的plete; total绝对的; 完全的, 纯粹的,确实的2.unrestricted; unlimited; unqualified无条件的, 不受限制的3.having unlimited power 专制的, 独断的4.certain; undoubted 确实的, 肯定的真题连线2001 Passage 5My experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excus e into an absolute reality. 我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验，却使我老掉牙的借口变成了绝对的现实。

absorb★构词ab表强调+sorb吸→吸引vt.1.to take sth in through 吸收2.include sth/sb as part of; merge with 并吞3.hold the interest of sb fully使(精神)贯注习惯用语be absorbed by 被…吞并, 为…所吸收be absorbed in 全神贯注在…, 一心从事, 热衷于absorb sb.’s attention 吸引某人注意真题连线2007 Part CSharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.通过并运用法律来提高判断能力是一名新闻记者为其职业生涯做好知识准备的一个重要组成部分。

2011年在职公共管理硕士(MPA)英语知识解析

2011年在职公共管理硕士(MPA)英语知识解析1.The latter may commit crimes _lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are subject to criticism.[A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with解析：for 可以作为前置词，表示原因。

lack of adequate parental control(缺乏父母管教)与前文 commit crimes 存在原因关系，故选[C]。

2.The antiwar movement in the 1960s, the _ Rights Movement that emerged strongly in the 1950s, and the antiabortion movement of the 1980s are all examples of social movement in America that have involved both legal and illegal activities to achieve their goals.[A] Civil[B] Liberty[C] Humanity[D] privacy解析：civil 有“公民的，国内的”之义，the civil rights movement 即人权运动，符合文意。

[B] liberty“自由”;[C] humanity“人类，人性”;[D] privacy“隐私”。

3.Around the world young people are spending unbelievable sums of money to listen to rock music. Forbes magazine claims that at least fifty rock stars have ________of between two million and six million dollars per year.[A] revenues[B] salaries[C] wages[D] incomes解析：income“收入”。

2011年考研英语真题答案及解析

2011年考研英语真题答案及解析2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。

文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。

第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。

第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。

第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。

二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。

第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。

2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。

所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。

四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。

2011年全国硕士研究生考试英语试题(一)及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生考试英语（一）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would producea(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed intop positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for thetext?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid”media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers willvoice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raisinga child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed bycelebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” shouldlook like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes MrMenand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence ofthoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年全国硕士研究生考试英语（一）答案：Section I Use of English1. C2.D3.B4.B5.A6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。

2011年考研英语答案及解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)参考答案Section I Use of English1．C 2．D 3．B 4．B 5．A 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.B31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.C 38.D 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.FPart C Translation46. 艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设——我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维——并且指出了这个假设是错误的。

47. 虽然仅通过显意识就能能够保持控制的错觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，那就是“为什么我不能设法完成这样或那样的事情。

48. 这似乎可能为必要时的忽视而正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于低层人们的劣势感。

49. 环境似乎是为了挑选出我们的强者，如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。

50. 正面意义在于我们了解任何事情都取决于我们自己，之前我们受到一系列的限制，而现在我们成了权威。

Section III Writing51．小作文参考范文小作文范文一：Dear friend,I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favorite movies, Forest Gump, with you, which is not only conducive to your study, but also beneficial to your life.For one thing, the beautiful language in this original English movie may contribute to your study of English in listening, speaking, reading and writing. For another thing, the profound cultural elements implicit in the scene will equip you with foreign cultural background and, above all, enrich your daily life.W ould you like to see this movie after my recommendation? Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am looking forward to your early reply.Y ours,Li Ming小作文范文二：Dear friend,Recently, a lot of new movies are on show, among which I love If Y ou Are The One most. Now I am recommending this movie to you for the reasons listed below.First of all, it has powerful cast which appeals to my attention. In addition, the classic and thought-provoking language makes it irresistible to all fans. Above all, the deep revelation of love touches my soul opens my mind.I am convinced that you are willing to see this movie after my enthusiastic recommendation. Remember to write and tell me how you feel. I am looking forward to your early reply.Y ours sincerely,Li Ming52．大作文参考范文The terrible scene depicted in the cartoon shows that some people in our life still lack the awareness of environmental protection. The picture illustrates that two tourists are chatting and eating happily on a boat and casually throwing their rubbish into the lake which is full of litter and waste. The drawing sets us thinking too much due to its far-reaching influence.Nowadays, though the awareness of protecting environment is being accepted bymore and more people, we can still see many unpleasant scenes especially in scenic spots. Why does this phenomenon arise? Many factors are accounting for it. First and foremost, to some people, the consciousness of protecting environment is still not so strong. They may not think it is a big deal to thro w rubbish everywhere. In addition, the environmental management system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in some places there’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom performed actually.From what has been discussed above, it is urgent to take some effective and relative measures. In the first place, we should continue to conduct more propaganda in communities and schools so as to let people realize the importance of protecting environment. In the second, more rules should be made and carried out by the ** to restrain the conduction of destroying environment. People should work together to create clean and beautiful surroundings.本文从法硕联盟论坛转载原文链接：/thread-107120-1-1.html2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek phil osopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparentlyaccomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New Y ork Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit A very Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. Thererecordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has b een widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orches tra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment ha s[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at A von and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get th e nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t t hink of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers法硕联盟论坛下载转载原文链接：/thread-107119-1-1.html Text 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companie s concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, otherstakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a ca se, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoke d to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are theleast happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Y ou can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But mos t find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degr ees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind profession alisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Y et quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justificat ion for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationY our should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2。

2011年—2021年真题单词

2011年真题完型填空部分precious a.宝贵的，珍贵的claim n.声明；宣称；断言to the contrary 与此相反（的）fitness n.健康blood vessel 血管oxygen n.氧气consumption n.消耗量，消费量jogging n.慢跑strain v.用力拉，拉紧；拉伤build v.发展，构成apparently ad.看来，似乎，好像date back to 自……存在至今，追溯到……年代tone n.（肌肉）结实、强壮【僻义】die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息conceivably ad.可想象地，可信地feedback n.反馈state n.状况，状态muscular a.肌肉的artificial a.人为的；非自然的enthusiastically ad.热心地；满腔热情地contract v.（使某物）紧缩或收缩【僻义】frown n.皱眉the other way around 相反地、倒过来、以相反方式阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】Philharmonic n.爱乐乐团favorable a.称赞的sober-sided a.持重的，严肃的comparatively ad.比较上，相对地unpretentious a.不爱炫耀的air n.感觉；印象；神态formidable a.可怕的；令人敬畏的conductor n.指挥家orchestra n.管弦乐队hitherto ad.迄今composition n.音乐作品devoted a.挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的concertgoer n.音乐会常客substitute n.代替者；代替物instrumentalist n.乐器演奏家troupe n.演出团，剧团，歌舞团institution n.由来已久的习惯，制度markedly ad.显著地，明显地repertoire n.（剧团、表演者的）全部曲目/节目【词汇搭配】the talk of 讨论的话题to say the least 至少可以说with no air of 没有……的架子strike...as...给某人以……印象for one's part 就某人来说a variety of 各种各样的orchestral music 交响乐boot up 装入操作系统，启动计算机公众号：八爪丸子live/recorded performance 现场/录音演奏of one's choosing 自主选择bring about 引起，导致be capable of 具备能力expand the orchestra's repertoire 增加表演节目Text 2【词汇注释】straight a.坦率的，直截了当的cloak v.遮盖；掩盖vague a.含糊的，不明确的broadcast v.公开宣布（信息等）board n.董事会impulsive a.冲动造成的aspiration n.渴望，抱负，志向executive n.高管scrutinize v.仔细查看；认真检查succession n.继承，继任，继承权turbulent a.动荡的；动乱的cautious a.小心的；谨慎的pronouncement n.声明，公告，宣告cloud v.使模糊；给……蒙上阴影turnover n.人事变更率；人员调整率abound v.大量存在headhunter n.猎头instruct v.指示；命令sitting a.现任的recruiter n.招聘人员disgrace n.丢脸，耻辱【词汇搭配】depart as 辞去……职务come out 公开表明（同意或不同意）reflect on 认真思考succession plans 继任计划，接班人的培训计划get the nod 得到点头认可take hold 开始完全控制，变得十分强大deputy chiefs 副总裁，二把手pick up 恢复，改善adhere to 坚持，墨守，遵从attend to 处理；对付；照料；关怀Text 3【词汇注释】exploit v.运用，利用alternative a.可供替代的；其他的promote v.宣传（某物）以促进销售leverage v.利用alert n.警报，文中引申为“提醒”approach v.着手处理（事务、难题等）act v.充当；起作用initiator n.创始人，发起人define v.阐明；明确；界定traffic n.流量appeal n.吸引力voice v.表露，表达（感情或意见）hijack v.劫持asset n.财产，资产hostage n.人质，本文衍生为“劫持物”公众号：八爪丸子stakeholder n.利益相关者activist n.激进分子allegation n.说法，指控boycott v.抵制steep a.（上升或下降）突然的；急剧的alleviate v.减轻engage v.与……建立密切关系；尽力理解dominance n.支配，控制【词汇搭配】print advertisement 平面广告promote sth.to sb.将某物推荐给某人stem from 是……的结果，起源于be obsessed with 牵挂、着迷或痴迷于act as 充当，担任define...as...将……定义为……in one's infancy 处于萌芽状态，幼年期go further 走得更远，有更大发展the presence of ……的出现/存在user traffic 用户访问量dramatic technological changes 重大技术变革voice one's opinions 发表意见the opposite of ……的反面become hostage to 成为……的人质make negative allegations 发表负面评论apply pressure on 向……施加压力put sb./sth.at risk 使……处于危机中racall crisis 召回危机well-orchestrated 精心策划的engage with sb.与……接洽，交流Text 4【词汇注释】insightful a.富有洞察力的fulfilling a.让人感觉有意义的；令人满足的miserable a.不幸的，可怜的dampen v.使扫兴，使沮丧newsstand n.报摊pregnant a.怀孕的feature v.以……为特色persistently ad.持续不断地celebrate v.颂扬procreation n.生育provoke v.煽动，激励gape v.张开；裂开；豁开dumb a.愚钝的glamorous a.富有魅力的，诱人的happiness-enhancing a.提升幸福感的【词汇搭配】child rearing 育儿anything less than 绝不是moment-to-moment joy 即时即地的快乐day-to-day experience 日复一日的经历dampen one's moods 使人心情沮丧as well as 既……又……；此外mom-to-be 准妈妈be equivalent to 等同于公众号：八爪丸子be bothered with 受……困扰lean on 依赖，依靠on one's own 独自round-the-clock 日夜不停，夜以继日的a piece of cake 小菜一碟in a small way 以细微的方式contribute to 增加、增进新题型部分【词汇注释】professionalism n.专业化enthusiasm n.热切，热情humanities n.［复数］人文学科concern n.忧虑，担心，关切discipline n.知识领域，学科leading a.最重要的，首要的grounding n.基础训练canon n.原则，准则，标准glue n.胶，粘合剂professorship n.教授的级别（或职位等）post n.职务，岗位award v.授予（奖项、学位等）variety n.种类，类型non-specialist n.非专业人员qualification n.专业资格professionalise v.使专业化grant n.（政府、机构的）拨款faculty n.（大学的）系或院，全体教员acquisition n.（知识、技能等的）获得prerequisite n.先决条件，前提specialisation n.专业transmissible a.可传递的transferable a.可转用的，行得通的academic n.大学教师detach v.挣脱，脱离society n.［作可数名词时］社会（指有共同的法律、组织、习俗等的某个群体）inquiry n.调查，探索exclusionary a.排外的holistic a.整体的，全面的quite ad.完全地，真正地subtle a.微妙的，精致的intelligent a.睿智的，聪明的resistance n.抵抗，抵制capture v.捕捉；（准确地）表达、描述【经典搭配】seize on 突然大为关注，抓住drop out 退学；辍学go out of style 过时major in 主修，专攻have/get a grounding in sth.在某方面有基础educated person 受到良好教育的人end up with 以……结束；最终成为graduate school 研究生院，研究所cut across 抄近路穿过，径直穿过，与……相抵触liberal-arts education 文科教育embark on/upon sth.着手，开始（新的或艰难的事情）公众号：八爪丸子rise/increase fourfold 增加至四倍，增长了三倍take its toll (on sb./sth.)产生恶果；造成重大损失turn sb./sth.into sth.使某人或某物变成翻译部分【词汇注释】weaver n.织布工，编织者in-depth a.彻底的，深入详尽的assumption n.假定，假设erroneous a.错误的sustain v.使保持，使稳定持续illusion n.错觉presence n.出席，存在embody v.具体表现contention n.看法，观点justification n.正当理由rationalization n.合理化，理性化exploitation n.剥削，榨取superiority n.优越inferiority n.低等，卑微knee-jerk a.本能反应的prospect n.成功的机会，前途biographer n.传记作家sobering a.使人警醒的，使人清醒的upside n.（糟糕局面的）好的一面，正面array n.一系列，大量【经典搭配】be faced with 面临across with 符合，一致be designed to 被设计用于bring out 激发，激起be up to 取决于……的，须由……决定的【亮点表达】we are continually faced with 我们不断面对……be damaged by the presenceof 因……的出现而受到损害写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】inspirational a.给予启迪的self-discovery 自我发现aspirant a.有抱负的undergo v.经历"ugly duckling-swan"phase 丑小鸭变天鹅历程be true to oneself 忠于本心the glamour of fashion industry 时尚界的光鲜魅力【活用外刊】strike a chord with...引起……的共鸣add appeal to...为……增加吸引力大作文部分公众号：八爪丸子【必备表达】recklessly ad.不在意地scenery n.景色be littered with...充满……的spoil v.毁坏；破坏poignant criticism 尖锐犀利的批评uncivil conduct 不文明行为scenic spot 景点casually ad.不经意地no big deal 没什么了不起的passer-by 过客swallow up 吞没for one thing...for another...一方面……另一方面……relevant authorities 相关部门supervise v.监督law breaker 违法者shared efforts 共同的努力landscape n.风景magnificent a.壮丽的ancient monument 古迹tourism industry 旅游产业scenery/scenicspot/touristattraction 景区household garbage 生活垃圾the deterioration of our environment at tourist spots 景区环境退化【活用外刊】clutter v.乱堆放/n.杂乱的东西a clutter of 形容放置混乱的物品assume responsibility for...接受……的责任2012年真题完型填空部分ethical a.伦理的，道德的justice n.法官legitimacy n.合法，合理，正当guardian n.保护者；守卫者the rule of law 法治impartial a.公正的，中立的code n.道德准则judiciary n.司法部，司法系统framer n.制定者envision v.展望；想象apart from 远离，脱离开permanent a.永久的，永恒的constitutional a.宪法的，立宪的fundamental a.基本的，根本的inescapably ad.不可避免地ideological a.意识形态的阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】whisper v.小声说，耳语contend v.主张，坚决认为recipient n.接受者state-sponsored a.州政府资助的perceptive a.敏锐的，有洞察力的critique n.批评，评论lameness n.缺陷，不足之处spot-on a.准确的公众号：八爪丸子mobilize v.调动，动员glaring a.明显的probe v.探索，探究subtle a.不易察觉的，微妙的bureaucrat n.官员、官僚steer n.引导virtuous a.有道德的tactic n.方法，策略engineer v.策划，设计【僻义】【经典搭配】whispered message 耳语peer pressure 同侪压力lead to no good 带不来什么好事social cure 社会治疗group dynamics 群体互动in action 进行中的，正在发挥作用的set out to do sth.开始做某事HIV-prevention initiative 预防艾滋病毒的倡议dare to do sth.敢于做某事desire nothing more than...最渴望……fit in 融入，合群take a page from sb.向某人学习general effectiveness 整体效果a glaring flaw 明显的缺陷lasting changes 持久的变化exert influence on sth.对某事产生影响positive/negative health habits 积极/消极健康习惯break up 拆开the back row 后排pair A with B 将A 和B 配对insist on doing sth.坚持做某事Text 2【词汇注释】involve v.包含，牵连supplier n.供应者，供应商justified a.合理的；无可厚非的outrage n.义愤，愤怒longstanding a.长时间的constitutionality n.合宪性desperate a.不顾一切的，孤注一掷的surface v.（隐藏或掩盖一段时间后）浮出水面，显露reactor n.反应堆approval n.赞成，批准，认可operate v.工作，运转subject a.取决于；视……而定legislature n.立法机关foresee v.预见，预知partial a.部分的，不完全的collapse n.突然倒下；倒塌；坍塌leakage n.渗漏；泄漏invalid a.无效的regulatory a.管理的，控制的obscure a.不分明的，费解的precedent-setting a.开创先例的patchwork n.拼缝物，补丁pledge v.保证给予、正式承诺review v.复审，重新考虑公众号：八爪丸子defy v.藐视，蔑视，违抗withdraw v.撤回【经典搭配】energy supplier 能源供应商renege on 背信弃义，食言alongstandingcommitmentto 对……的一项长期承诺abide by 遵守challenge the constitutionality of 质疑……的合宪性federal court 联邦法院a desperate effort 拼死努力as a condition of 作为……的条件seek permission from 获取……的许可extension of the license 许可证延期be subject to 服从，受……支配，取决于live by 按照某种信念或原则生活、做事；遵守a string of 一连串raise questions about...引起对……的质疑keep one's words 遵守承诺beside the point 与讨论的问题无关，无关紧要go to war with 与……开战pledge to do 保证，发誓keep in mind 牢记Text 3【词汇注释】idealize v.（使）理想化context n.背景，环境subsequent a.随后的，后来的misinterpretation n.误解self-deception n.自欺deceptiveness n.欺骗protoscience n.源科学stake v.用桩支撑，标桩mining n.采矿scrutiny n.仔细而彻底的检查credibility n.可信，可靠inspection n.检查，审查intellectual a.智力的interaction n.相互作用，相互影响paradox n.悖论，自相矛盾的话duplication n.重复，复制modification n.修改，修饰refutation n.辩驳，反驳novelty n.新奇的事物physiologist n.生理学家inspire v.激发想法、启发、启迪correspond v.相一致、符合revise v.校订，修正conception n.理解；概念【经典搭配】idealized version 理想方式carry out one's work 开展工作follow a...route 沿着……路径prior knowledge 先验知识opportunities for...……的可能性stake (out)a claim 公开声明对……拥有所有权公众号：八爪丸子full of potential 充满潜能transform...into 将……转变为……take control of 掌控act as 担任……角色work one's way through 排除困难朝特定方向前进be viewed as 被视为not surprisingly 毫不奇怪地appear to be 貌似……open to challenge 面对挑战happen to 突然降临到……身上correspond to 相当于Text 4【词汇注释】represent v.为……代言，维护……的利益prime n.全盛时期unionized a.加入到工会的bright a.聪明的dominate v.支配，控制，影响fearsome a.可怕的，害怕的budget n.预算patrol v.巡查，巡逻backload v.回程装载modest a.些许的，不太大（或太贵等）generous a.大量的，丰富的secure v.（尤指经过努力）获得augment v.增加，增大oppose v.反对，反抗notoriously ad.出名地academy n.私立中学，学院，学会variable n.可变的事物，可变的量hardline a.强硬的，不妥协的norm n.标准，规范【经典搭配】civil servants 公务员be in one's prime 正值鼎盛时期public sector 公共部门private sector 私有部门left-of-centre politics 中左政治go back a long way 由来已久Labor Party 工党as its name implies 顾名思义at the...level 在……层面/范围state's budget 州政府预算keep an eye on 密切留意work practices 工作惯例、体制pay deals 工资协定charter schools 特许学校merit pay 绩效工资get rid of 摆脱clamp down 镇压rally against 召集人群以反对……norms of culture 文化标准civil services 行政部门stay out 保持不变high achievers 成功人士fat pay packets 丰厚工资attract much criticism 饱受指摘新题型部分【词汇注释】公众号：八爪丸子fleeting a.短暂的，飞逝的laptop n.笔记本电脑，便携式电脑brown-paper a.牛皮纸的envelope n.信封，封皮marvel n.奇迹inheritor n.（生活或思想的）继承人entrepreneur n.企业家visionary n.梦想家，有远见的人labour v.辛勤工作，努力studio n.录音室，播音室；工作室distribution n.分配，分发reception n.接收；接待celebrate v.赞美，称颂upload v.（信息、计算机程序等）上传beaver n.海狸superfluous a.多余的，不必要的sculpture n.雕刻，雕塑architecture n.建筑stuck a.不能动；不能继续做某事advent n.出现，到来pyramid n.金字塔modify v.修改，更改tap n.水龙头（文中为比喻用法）flow v.流动stickiness n.粘性；吸引人adhere v.粘着，依附，追随precisely ad.恰好，正是strip v.除去，剥夺constituent n.成分，构成humanity n.人性millennium n.千禧年embed v.使嵌入access v.到达，进入，使用spark v.引起，导致shape v.对……有影响mount v.发起，施加bear v.具有，带有，显示persistence n.持续、持久性reverse v.颠倒，彻底改变【经典搭配】a dream come true 梦想成真printing press 印刷机the mail carrier 邮差act with caution 步步小心，言行谨慎commercial agenda 商业模式at work 在起作用，在运作中move through 穿过，通过（movethrough the world 在文中比喻“动物在世上生存”）turn around 反过来，扭转过来strip sb.of sth.剥夺（头衔、财产或权力）（A 项）翻译部分【词汇注释】characterize v.以……特征enterprise n.（尤指艰巨而重大的）事业commonality n.普遍性，共性explicatory a.解释的unification n.统一generative a.生成的equation n.等式，公式simplification n.简化公众号：八爪丸子dimension n.范围universe n.领域entail v.牵涉，使（某事物）必要justification n.证明为正当，辩护trace v.追溯，追查constrained a.受限制的，受约束的bewildering a.令人眼花缭乱的courtship n.求爱ritual n.仪式cognitive a.认知的comparative a.比较的trait n.特性consider v.讨论universality n.普遍性initiate v.发起，创始innate a.天生的acquisition n.（语言）习得dictate v.命令，支配unfold v.展现，充分表现empirical a.经验主义的identify v.确定，辨认constraint n.限制，束缚track v.穿过，通过predict v.预言，预测lineage n.宗族，谱系【经典搭配】filter out...from...过滤courtship rituals 示爱仪式in terms of 在某一方面，从某方面来说in the light of 根据，按照result from 由……造成family tree 谱系bear out 证实【亮点表达】bind...into...束缚，约束take sth.to extreme 把某事物推向极端itseemsreasonabletosupposethat 似乎有理由认为put sth.to the test 使受考验、检验be independent of 不相关的，不受影响的strong co-dependencies between...紧密互依性、相互依赖写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】facilitate v.使便利，促进overcome language barriers 克服语言障碍practice diligently 勤练it is advisable to...建议……boast v.有，以拥有……而自豪fulfilling a.有意义的，实现自我的【活用外刊】culture shock 文化冲击get acquainted with （使某人或自己）开始了解、熟悉某事be familiar with 熟悉、精通……大作文部分公众号：八爪丸子【必备表达】get tipped over 被打翻在地spill v.泼洒，使溅出gloomy a.沮丧的，情绪低落的wear a ...look 面带……之色lament v.悲叹agreeably ad.愉悦地reach out 伸手去拿confront v.（问题或困境）降临于spell v.（通常是坏事）招致，意味着spur v.鞭策，激励self-evident a.不言而喻的，明显的adversity n.逆境strike v.打击a comprehensive perspective 辩证全面的眼光keep forging ahead 快速前进，不断进步optimistic a.乐观的optimist n.乐观者positive a.积极的bright a.光明的promising a.有前途的sanguine a.乐观的pessimistic a.悲观的pessimist n.悲观者negative a.消极的grim a.（前景）暗淡的despair v./n.绝望【活用外刊】curse one's luck 骂自己运气不好look for a silver lining 在困境中寻找一线光明2013年真题完型填空部分unbiased a.公正的，无偏见的speculate v.推测，猜测sentence v.宣判，判决defendant n.被告turn to 改用，开始转向（新的方法、新的对象等）admission n.允许进入，录用scale n.等级，级别in conjunction with sb./sth.与某人/某物一起candidate n.应试者，投考者otherwise ad.用别的方法，在另外的情况下阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】version n.版本descend v.下降；下去bargin n.便宜货doubtless ad.无疑地；确定地feverish a.发热的；焦躁不安的indictment n.起诉书；控告label n.标签；商标anticipate v.预期，期望公众号：八爪丸子turnaround n.转变；转向inventory n.存货，存货清单disposable a.可任意处理的wash n.洗涤，洗一水dirt-cheap a.非常便宜的hijack v.抢劫victim n.受害人；牺牲品knit n.编织衣物strain v.滥用non-durable a.不耐用的roughly ad.概略地craft n.工艺；手艺curb v.控制exhibit v.表现出；显示idealism n.理想主义sustainability n.持续性；永续性vanity n.虚荣心constant n.恒量【经典搭配】played by 由……饰演scold sb.for sth.因……斥责某人descend from...to...由……降至……over the years 这些年来，多年来fashion show 时装秀，时装展out of date 过时at odds with 与……相矛盾react to 对……做出反应anticipate demand 预测需求style-conscious consumers 有时尚意识的消费者last only a wash or two 只禁得住洗一两次on-trend items 正流行的物品at dirt-cheap price 以极低的价格long accustomed to 长久以来习惯于……be limited to 仅限于……rely on 依赖，依靠order in volumes 大量下订单massive amount of 大量的fill a hunger and need 满足食欲和需求nomatterhowmuch/how many/when/how...无论多少/什么时候/如何……towards the end of 在……即将结束之时assb.isthefirst tonote/mention/write 正如被……首次注意到/提到/写到的一样it takes sb ...to do sth.花费……做某事knock off 迅速而轻松地完成make efforts to do sth.努力做某事curb one's impact on 控制……对……的影响collection line 某一时装系列effect lasting change 生成持久的变化common to 常见于某一群体之中shop sustainably 可持续性购买，绿色购物Text 2【词汇注释】公众号：八爪丸子fraction n.部分behavioural a.行为的illustrate v.阐明，举例说明fine-grained a.精准的assume v.假定track v.追踪explicit a.明确的；清楚的permission n.允许，许可browser n.浏览器alliance n.联盟，联合default n.系统默认值horrify v.使恐惧；惊骇setting n.设置preference n.偏爱，倾向oblige v.迫使；强制comply v.遵守；顺从guarantee n.保证favourably ad.有利地blog v.发博客【经典搭配】An old saying has it that...常言道……The trouble is...问题是……advertising budget 广告预算in the internet age 在互联网时代at least in theory 至少在理论上search for 搜索click on 点击aim sth.at sb.使某物针对某人most likely to do sth.最有可能做某事in the past couple of weeks 在过去的几周里fine-grained information 精准信息explicit permission 明确许可Federal Trade Commission FTC ，美国联邦贸易委员会internet browser 互联网浏览器due to do sth.预定做某事get crack on 加快做某事的速度respond to 对……做出反应set off the row 挑起争论human nature being what it is 人性使然stick with 坚持chief executive 最高层管理者worse off 恶化，情况更坏better off 情况好转oblige sb.to do sth.迫使某人做某事object to 反对press on 坚定地继续go it alone 单独行动，独自干comply with 顺从，遵从work out 想出，得出huge selling point 大卖点compare...favourably with...将……与……进行有利对比on that count 在那一方面Text 3【词汇注释】vision n.美景；幻象uniformly ad.一致地glowingly ad.白热地；灼热地ill n.不幸；困难公众号：八爪丸子fulfilment n.实现，完成utopia n.乌托邦（理想中最美好的社会）unfashionable a.过时的；不时髦的appreciation n.认识；理解asteroid n.小行星epidemic a.流行的；传染性的tempt v.诱惑gloominess n.悲观；沮丧misplace v.放错地方endure v.持续Homo sapiens 智人（现代人的学名）adaptable a.能适应的flagship n.旗舰mechanical a.机械的wilfully ad.任性固执地dazzlingly ad.耀眼地fiction n.小说；虚构futurologist n.未来学家envisage v.想象publication n.出版物considerable a.相当大的assurance n.保证descendant n.后裔；子孙pessimistic a.悲观的fad n.时尚；一时流行的狂热rosy a.美好的knowledgeable a.知识渊博的【经典搭配】by no means 绝不glowingly positive 极为乐观cure ills 治疗疾病，解决问题lead to 通往，引入gain an appreciation of...获得对……的认识face a threat 面临威胁asteroid strike 小行星撞击be tempted to 禁不住……look forward to 展望，期盼fossil record 化石记录have an excellent chance 大有希望look up 查阅threatened species 濒危物种result in 导致，致使population decline 种群衰落，人口下降flagship project 旗舰项目mark time 计时thousands of years hence此后数千年immediate/near future 近期未来，不久的将来social consequence 社会影响it's best to do sth.最好做某事launch a publication 发行一本刊物dedicated to 致力于take a ...view 采取……的视角a surprising amount 惊人的数量identify a pattern 识别出一种模式shape the history of...塑造……的历史make forecast 作出预测long perspective 长远视角pessimistic view 悲观看法a passing fad 一时的风尚to be sure 的确，诚然reduce risk 减少风险公众号：八爪丸子threaten the existence of...威胁……的生存improve the lot of 改善……命运Text 4【词汇注释】Constitution n.宪法defeat n.失败overturn v.推翻，倾覆contest v.质疑，提出异议provision n.规定，条款fashion v.使成形，做成parallel a.平行的deliberately ad.谨慎地，慎重地intrude v.闯入，侵入privileged a.享有特权的verify v.核实；查证enforcement n.执行conflict v.冲突statute n.法规；法令robust a.强有力的assertion n.声明invalidate v.使无效legitimate a.合法的exclusively ad.唯一地；专有地administration n.管理；行政rightly ad.合适地；恰当地remarkable a.值得注意的；惊人的【经典搭配】knock out 破坏、使无效on the matter of 在……的问题上upset the balance of powerbetween...打破两者间力量的平衡（使情况向有利自身的方向发展）have sb.do sth.使某人做某事run parallel to 与……平行contested provision 受质疑条款intrude on 侵犯，违背privileged powers 特权come in contact with 接触到law enforcement 执法agree with 同意conflict with 与……相抵触、冲突go back to 追溯到turn on 以……为中心、取决于comply with 遵守；符合to the letter 丝毫不差；不折不扣in effect 实际上，事实上in essence 实际上，其实carry out 执行、贯彻、完成、实现新题型部分【词汇注释】flouring a.繁荣的academia n.学术界swell v.增加，上涨enormous a.庞大的，巨大的sustainable a.可持续的agro-technological a.农业技术的eradicate v.根除artificial a.人造的fertilizer n.肥料paraphrase v.（用更容易理解的文字）解释公众号：八爪丸子destruction n.破坏，毁灭disciplinary a.学科的internal a.内部的external a.外部的tackle v.处理accumulation n.积聚，累积trick n.窍门，技巧direct v.控制，管理specifically ad.专门地，特意地collaborative a.合作的，协作的endeavor n.努力integrate v.使……完整；使……成整体demographic a.人口统计学的marine a.海洋的mindset n.心态，思维方式evolve v.发展specialized a.专业的stem v.阻止consumption n.消费；消耗reluctant a.不情愿的；勉强的cross-cutting n.跨领域，交叉【经典搭配】as of 直至，在……时not necessarily 不一定，未必so long as 只要be up in arms over sth.对某事强烈反对翻译部分【词汇注释】speculate v.推测irrepressible a.抑制不住的strike v.使意识到（尤指强烈地），突然想到，猛然意识到speak of 显示出urge n.强烈的欲望；冲动turbulence n.（环境或情绪的）混乱，迷惑sacred a.神圣的；受崇敬的crude a.粗糙的，简陋的，未精加工的composure n.镇静，沉着，宁静discerniblea.可识别的；可辨别inarticulate a.沉默无言的intrinsic a.固有的，内在的，本质的demoralization n.道德败坏，精神颓废，士气消沉，自暴自弃oppression n.压抑，沉闷，苦恼vanish v.消失；突然不见；消亡unfeasible a.不能实行的，难实施的implicit a.不言明的；含蓄的；隐含的synthetic a.合成的，人造的biophilia n.热爱生命的天性yearning n.思念，渴望uncanny a.神秘的【经典搭配】in the midst of 在……之中；在……的时候in effect 事实上，实际上be deprived of 丧失；被剥夺give in to 屈服于公众号：八爪丸子【亮点表达】There is no doubt that...……是毋庸置疑的wh-ever/however 无论/不管……blame sth.on sb./sth.把某坏事归咎于某人/某事写作部分小作文部分【必备表达】host n.主持人plain a.简单的，平实的contemporary a.当代的perseverance n.坚持不懈late a.已故的heartbreakingly ad.使人心碎地extraordinary a.非凡的intellectual n.知识分子diligent a.勤奋的【活用外刊】benefit...alike 使……都受益at earliest convenience方便时请早日……大作文部分【必备表达】a flock of 一群a fork in the road 分岔路口an air of...……的样子dilemma n.困境it's imperative to...必须……make a prudent and sensible decision 做出谨慎而明智的决定an objective appraisal of one's abilities 对自己的能力进行客观评估It may sound cliche ……也许听起来陈词滥调set one's heart on...对……下定决心compass n.指南针make an optimal choice 做出最优选择choice/option/selection 选择life path 人生道路life journey 人生旅程make a wise/good choice 做出明智的/好的选择make a careful choice/carefully choose from 小心地选择【活用外刊】hunt for jobs 求职，找工作go a long way to/toward 对……大有帮助/好处2014年真题完型填空部分acquaintance n.相识的人，熟人occurrence n.（事件的）发生，发生的事senior n.老年人，较年长的人innocent a.无害的，无恶意的公众号：八爪丸子systematically ad.系统地，成体系地modify v.稍改，修改，（尤指）使改进resistance n.抵抗力，抗力，耐力vary v.使某事物有变化，改变阅读理解部分Text 1【词汇注释】Chancellor n.大臣，长官Exchequer n.英国财政部upfront a.预先的，预付的eligible a.有资格的，符合条件的fortnightly ad.两星期一次地，每两周地allowance n.津贴，补贴claim v.声称，断言benefit n.津贴，救济金complete with 装备有某事物，具有某特点indulgent a.放纵的，纵容的subsidise v.给……津贴或补助zeal n.热心，热情claimant n.申请人，要求者prospect n.可能性，机会，希望psychologically ad.心理上地embarrassing a.使人尴尬的，令人为难的feed v.养活instinct n.本能dependency n.依赖性ready a.愿意falsehood n.错误，虚伪insure v.保证，确保unconditional a.无条件的，无限制的payment n.支付款，支付的金额entitlement n.拥有或获得某物的权利insurance n.保障，保障措施【经典搭配】introduce a scheme 引进/推行一项计划only if...will...只有……才能……register for 登记、注册be eligible for 有资格的sign on 注册，登记stay off...远离……those on benefits 那些依靠救济生活的人get into work 找到工作on first hearing 乍听之下demand sth.from sb.要求某人做某事skip down 蹦蹦跳跳with a song in one's heart 心哼小曲、暗自兴奋delighted at the prospect of 因对……的憧憬而兴奋double your income 收入翻番be excluded from 被排除在……之外first instinct 第一直觉too ready to 非常愿意……，过分愿意……公众号：八爪丸子ever-tougher 日益严厉insure...against the risk of 保障……抵抗……风险unconditional payment 无条件支付conditional on 以……为条件Text 2【词汇注释】generate v.引发（某种感情）；造成（某种情况）hostility n.敌意，愤怒ground n.（常复数）充分的理由inflation n.通货膨胀（率）skyscraper n.摩天大楼pile v.蜂拥，拥挤nuisance n.（法律）妨碍公共利益的行为filer n.诉讼律师tort n.民事侵权行为costly a.昂贵的，代价高的excessive a.过多的，过分的path n.（达到或成就某事的）途径，方式the bar 法律专业（人士），法律界sensible a.明智的，合理的，实际的around ad.存在着body n.团体，机构implement v.实施，落实stern a.严厉的，严格的liberalize v.使自由化，放松对……的限制【经典搭配】all around the world 全世界范围内generate hostility 招惹敌意with the possible exception of...……可能排除在外have grounds for...有……的理由the economic crisis 经济危机legal services 法律服务make skyscrapers-full of money 赚得盆满钵满pile into 涌入the tort system 民事侵权法律系统excessive costs 高昂的费用；过高的代价legal education 法律教育the American Bar Association 美国律师协会the bar exam 律师资格考试average law-school graduate 普通的法学院毕业生on top of 除……之外work fearsomely hard 拼命努力工作for a long time 一段时间state-level body 州级机构too conservative to...太过保守以至于不能……sit for the bar 参加律师资格考试a would-by lawyer 想要成为律师的人cut...by a third将……削减三分之一guild-like ownership structure 行会式所有权结构公众号：八爪丸子from within the profession 从该行业内部isolate...from...使……远离……law firm 律师事务所professional manager 职业经理人focus on 聚焦于……after all 毕竟Text 3【词汇注释】Fundamental physics 基础物理学string n.一连串，一系列lucrative a.利润丰厚的，赚大钱的telephone-number-sized 像电话号码一样长的benefactor n.捐助者，捐资人a handful of 几个，少数class n.阶级，社会等级upstart a.暴富的exercise n.（为达到某种结果而进行的）活动，任务self-promotion 自我宣传distort v.扭曲，使失真peer review 同行评审，专家互相评阅cement v.加强，巩固status quo 现状perpetuate v.使持续scattered a.分散的distribute v.分配，分散recipient n.接受者，领受者outgrow v.长得太大了而不适用collaborative a.合力的，协作的row n.争论，争议boson n.玻色子legitimacy n.合法性，正统性mechanism n.机制gratitude n.感激，感谢grace n.优美，优雅【经典搭配】Fundamental Physics Prize 基础物理学奖be far from sth.远非……a string of 一连串，一系列be funded from 由……资助telephone-number-sized bankaccounts 巨额银行存款draw (sb)attention to...吸引对……的注意力news feature 新闻专题、特写you cannot buy class 金钱买不来地位draw...into...把……吸引入……make one's career在事业上有所成就some legitimate concerns about...一些关于……的合理担忧take a...view of sth.以……的眼光看某事when it comes to 当提及……的时候，涉及……的时候set up 设立as much as 尽管很……complain about 对……抱怨rather than 而不是公众号：八爪丸子Text 4【词汇注释】affirm v.确认，证实，断言the humanities and social sciences 人文与社会科学regrettably ad.令人遗憾地address v.处理，解决congressional a.国会的，议会的excellence n.优点，卓越top-tier 顶尖的，一流的prominent a.突出的，杰出的admirable a.值得赞扬的，可贵的presuppose v.预先设定，以……为先决条件informed a.了解情况的，见多识广的citizenry n.公民，市民（集合称）craft v.精制coherent a.连贯的curriculan.课程，课程体系（curriculum 的复数）illiberal a.缺乏人文教育的；无需人文教育的deprive v.剥夺，夺取，使丧失inquiry n.调查，质询，探究vehicle n.工具，传播媒介progressive a.进步的，不断前进的routinely ad.例行公事地，惯常地portray v.描述，描绘self-reliance 自力更生，自给自足display v.显示，展示obscure v.掩盖illuminate v.阐明，说明【经典搭配】deserve praise 值得赞扬liberal democracy 自由民主制the true nature 真实本质liberal education 人文教育cause more harm than good 招致更多损害而非好处take actions 采取行动individual benefactor 个人捐助者top-tier-university president 顶尖大学校长business executive 企业高管prominent figure 重要人物representative government 代议制政府an informed citizenry 开明的公民群体full literacy 全民教育digital technology 数字技术call for 呼吁coherent curricula 连贯的课程bring sth.to bear on/upon sth.用某物对某物施加压力/影响international affairs 国际事务study abroad program 留学项目in the making 在发展中，在形成中get to the heart of the matter 直击问题核心be deprived of 丧失，被剥夺at home 驾轻就熟，运用自如liberal idea 人文思想公众号：八爪丸子。

公共管理硕士(MPA)重要英语词汇一览-MPA考试.doc

公共管理硕士（MPA）重要英语词汇一览-MPA考试force,enforce,reinforce,report,scope,spirit,decline,climate,lendto,acc use,afford,anxiety,atmosphere,blame,bargain,calculate,circle,confide nce,conscious,convince,custom,desperate,encourage,discourage,econ omic,economy,motive,promote,emotional,motion,failto,flat,install,in timate,limit,major,nomatter,neutral,outlet,perform,inform,formal,nor mal,radiate,authority,companion,concept,create,creature,dentist,ident ify,identical,identity,engage,entitle,evaluate,fluid,influence,fortune,f ulfill,general,intense,interpret,justice,adjust,judge,minor,observe,des erve,preserve,parallel,percept,stuff,surroundings,transport,transmit,tr ansform,undergo,wander,wonder,widespread,ambition,approach,brie f,conquer,result,consult,insult,deliberate,despair,compare,emergence, emergency,establish,exhaust,expand,fade,frustrate,handy,incredible,i nherit,conference,infer,offer,interfere,length,manufacture,mood,nece ssity,noble,occasion,occasional,output,oversea,pattern,plunge,practic e,practical,recognize,release,rescue,maintain,remain,obtain,entertain, rural,urban,similarto,trial,trail,witness,absolute,accumulate,inadvanc e,advanced,advantage,agent,appeal,application,point,appoint,approxi mate,barrier,claim,climate,complicate,comprise,considerable,resume ,consume,assume,contact,convict,crew,crucial,define,definite,deliver ,disaster,disorder,diverse,economic,alert,exert,facility,faith,faithful,g ap,sympathy,trace,track,visual,vision,worship,apparatus,brand,civil,c larity,declare,combine,connect,consider,insert,desert,drown,external,frank,press,impress,pressure,depress,express,indispensable,inspect,re spect,prospect,perspective,peculiar,particular,likely,inquire,require,a cquire,request,result,consult,insult,spray,announce,pronounce,appare nt,boundary,frontier,nullity,debate,decrease,increase,reduce,include,c onclude,exclude,federal,firm,forecast,foresee,grateful,integrate,divid e,individual,fence,defense,offend,portion,proper,property,reputation, restrict,loyal,royal,spot,terminal,alter,alternate,alternative,concrete,c onsequent,explode,explore,exploit,hesitate,imagine,influence,innoce nt,guilty,persuade,possess,sample,support,vital,burden,elect,select,co llect,collective,contribute,distribute,attribute,abuse,prejudice,avoid,e scape,capture,compete,effort,enthusiasm,involve,evolve,imply,reply, multiply,issue,modify,occur,opponent,prefer,refer,publish,punish,rate ,award,reward,shelter,skim,inspiteof,temporary,vehicle,ancestorasso ciate,refuse,confuse,describe,display,dueto,error,essential,fresh,obvi ous,visible,invisible,previous,recall,relate,soil,spoil,stimulate,suffer,t ense,accompany,analyze,conflict,convenient,derive,deprive,thrive,do minate,element,gallery,interval,lock,lack,match,ideal,reality,ignore,i gnorant,independent,inspire,motion,promote,remote,motive,numero us,relevant,retreat,straight,suicide,trick,weigh,tempt,attempt,contract ,attract,candidate,commercial,communicate,contain,coordinate,respo nd,correspond,emphasis,enclose,focus,instinct,investigate,invest,ma nner,mere,nerve,political,policy,reliable,resemble,assemble,shape,sophisticate,stain,strain,symbol,triumph,upright,vigorous,benefit,profit ,characterize,circumstance,chainstore,concentrate,delegate,diligent,d ispute,estimate,factor,intentional,occupy,inject,reject,object,project,s ubject,scenery,survive,revive,temper,vary,accelerate,behave,concern, continue,deny,distance,insure,invade,mature,mental,monitor,mysteri ous,neglect,purpose,raw,refurbish,remove,restore,resort,scarcely,spe cific,target,alarm,approve,certify,certificate,frost,fund,genuine,intend ,material,memory,primitive,propose,ruin,shadow,contrary,sufficient, accent,actually,adequate,anxious,attach,awkward,budget,capture,cha nnel,circulate,community,company,consent,cooperate,cultivate,depar t,devote,dismiss,distant,enhance,eventually,fierce,manage,overnight, passion,passive,postpone,progress,pursue,react,render,sense,treat,tre aty,capacity,civilian,compel,contradiction,crack,curiosity,departure,d evise,device,secure,accurate,depend,distinguish,plain,complain,expl ain,financial,hurt,injure,harm,destroy,ruin,comprise,contain,embody, subsume,construct,structure,isolate,labor,task,overlook,overcome,res ist,insist,state,supreme,superior,volume,absorb,account,achieve,univ ersal,convert,reverse,apply,applicable,applicant,application,broad,bo ard,cancel,casual,cancer,classify,comfort,submit,permit,emit,comple x,conduct,constant,core,demand,command,comment,commend,ment al,recommend,mention,design,signal,significant,protect,detect,point, appoint,appointment,disappoint,duration,durable,employ,excess,exceed,success,succeed,process,proceed,false,impose,indicate,predict,op portunity,personal,pose,dispose,expose,suppose,oppose,compose,im pose,deposit,poison,poverty,cautious,prove,improve,record,relieve,si ncere,troop,upset,violent,welfare,abundant,advocate,affect,effect,effe ctive,efficient,campaign,cause,commission,component,content,intent ion,crisis,critic,critical,destination,discard,discipline,anticipate,partic ipate,principal,principle,familiar,feature,feasible,indifferent,provide,r ecover,standard,thorough,morally,virtually,dealwith,copewith,doubt,执行,density,corporation,currency,current,demonstrate,countless,discou nt,extraordinary,graduate,gradually,precious,precise,appreciate,reluct ant,unwilling,sharp,shape,source,strength,length,supply,drop,endure, evident,enormous,intensive,preference,produce,reflect,scale,semeste r,shift,talent,threat,typical,vain,volunteer,accomplish,analysis,assist, persist,insist,resist,consist,colony,confront,conventional,descend,don ate,elementary,eliminate,frequent,incline,instant,merit,military,preve nt,represent,restrain,academic,available,challenge,continent,elaborat e,function,generous,illustrate,measure,narrow,option,phenomenon,pr ohibit,panic,pretend,prompt,regulate,shrink,swallow,uniform,artifici al,creature,determine,distinct,encounter,environment,fatigue12。

2011年考研英语二真题词汇(1)

2011年考研英语（二）真题词汇1.afford[ə'fɔːd]v.给予; 供应得起; 提供2.anonymity[ænə'nɪmətɪ]n.匿名; 匿名者, 无名者; 作者不详er ['juːzə(r)]n.使用者, 权利的实际享有, 使用物4.blessing ['blesɪŋ]n.祝福；认可5.privacy['praɪvəsɪ /'prɪv-]n.隐私, 秘密, 隐居6.speech[spɪːtʃ]n.演讲, 谈话, 说话⏹The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.7.explosion[ɪk'spləʊʒn]n.爆发; 爆炸; 发出8.cyber-crime 网络犯罪9.sweep[swɪːp]n./ v.打扫, 清扫; 绵亘, 伸展, 延伸,横扫; 一挥; 曲线⏹But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crimethat has swept across the Web.10.preserve [prɪ'zɜrv /-'zɜːv]n.蜜饯, 禁猎地, 果酱v.保存, 保藏; 保护; 防腐; 维护; 做蜜饯, 禁猎11.safety['seɪftɪ]n.安全, 安全设备, 保险12.security[sɪ'kjʊrətɪ /-kjʊər-]n.安全; 防护, 防御; 防备, 保安; 保证13.seem[sɪːm]v.像是, 似乎14.increasingly [ɪn'krɪːsɪŋlɪ]adv.逐渐地, 渐增地wless [ 'lɔːlɪs]adj.非法的; 违法的⏹Can privacy be preserved while bringing safety and securityto a world that seems increasingly lawless?16.nation['neɪʃn]n.国家, 民族17.czar[zɑː]n.皇帝, 沙皇18.federal government ['fedərəl 'gʌvənmənt]联邦政府19.proposal [prə'pəʊzl]n.提议, 求婚, 计划⏹Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation‟s cyber-czar,offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer place20.voluntary ['vɑləntərɪ /'vɒləntrɪ]n.即兴演奏, 志愿者adj.自动的, 主动的, 自愿的21.trust[trʌst]n.信任, 信赖v.信任, 信赖22.identity[aɪ'dentətɪ]n.同一性; 一致; 身份23.system['sɪstəm]n.系统, 制度, 体系24.high tech [‚haɪ‚tek]高科技的; 高科技设计的25.equivalent [e'quiv·a·lent || -nt]n.同等物, 相等物, 等价物adj.相等的; 同意义的; 相当的26.physical key 生理（物理）按键27.fingerprint ['fiŋgəˌprint] n.指纹, 特征 v.取指纹, 鉴别特征28.roll [rəʊl]n.卷, 名单, 滚动v.滚, 飘流, 滚动; 使滚动, 绕, 卷29.Roll into 结合为，整合为，形成为⏹ a “voluntary trusted identity” systemthat would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one.30.smart [smɑːt]adj. 智能的；聪明的, 刺痛的, 漂亮的; 整齐的31.digital ['dɪdʒɪtl]adj.数字的32.credential [kri'denʃəl]n. 国书, 凭据, 印信vt. 提供证明书adj. 信任的33.link[lɪŋk]n.环, 节; 纽带; 环节; 联系, 关系v.连接, 结合;勾住; 联系;34.specific[spɪ'sɪfɪk]n.特性; 详情adj.特殊的, 特定的；明确的⏹The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential linked to a specific computer .35.authenticate [au'then·ti·cate || -keɪt]v.证实, 证明, 鉴定36.a range of 一套, 一系列37.online service 在线服务⏹The system might authenticate usersat a range of online services.38.idea [aɪ'dɪə]n.主意; 计划; 打算; 构想39.create [kriː'eɪt]v.创造; 设计; 创作; 创建40.federation[fedə'reɪʃn]n.联邦, 联盟, 联合41.private ['praɪvɪt]n.士兵, 列兵;不公开;adj.私人的, 私立的, 秘密的⏹The idea is to create a federationof private online identity systems.42.select [sɪ'lekt]v.选择, 挑选; 作出选择, 挑选adj.挑选出来的, 极好的43.registered ['redʒɪstə(r)d]adj. 注册的; 登记过的;已挂号的; 附有血统证明的44.navigate['nævɪgeɪt]v. 浏览；航行于, 操纵, 驾驶; 航行, 航空; 导航; 驾驶船舶⏹User could select which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticatedcould navigate those systems.45.approach[ə'prəʊtʃ]n.门径, 接近；方式，途径v.靠近; 动手处理; 接近46.contrast['kɒntrɑːst]n.对比; 差异; 对照, 相反, 变化; 清晰度, 暗亮像素之间的差异 (计算机用语)v.使对比, 使对照; 形成对照47.require [rɪ'kwaɪə(r)]v.需要, 要求, 命令48.driver ['draivə] n.驾驶员, 司机, 驱动器 n.驱赶者,高尔夫球棒, [机]起子49.license['laɪsns]n.许可; 执照v.许可50.issue ['ɪʃuː]n.发行, 后果, 问题v.发行; 造成...结果; 流出;发行，发布⏹The approach contrasts with onethat would require an Internet driver‟s licenseissued by the government.pany ['kʌmpənɪ]n.公司, 交际, 友伴52.Sign-on 登记，签署，注册53.possible['pɑsəbl /'pɒ-]adj.可能的; 合理的, 可允许的; 有可能的; 合适的, 尚可的54.log in请求联机, 注册55.once[wʌns]adv.一次, 一旦, 曾经conj.一旦, 一经...便n. 一次, 曾经, 从前56.service ['sɜːvɪs]n.服务; 效劳;服侍v.为...服务;⏹Gogle and Microsoft are among companiesthat already have these “single si gn-on” systemsthat make it possible for users to log in just oncebut use many different services.57.in effect adj. 实际上, 正在实行, 有效58.walled garden 有墙的花园59.cyberspace n.网际空间, 虚拟空间60.neighborhood['neɪbərhʊd]n.邻近地区; 邻近, 接近; 近邻,整个街坊;邻里情谊61.streetlight ['stri:tlait] n. 路灯, 街灯62.establish [ɪ'stæblɪʃ]v.建立, 制定, 确立63.sense[sens]n.感官; 感觉; 官能; 意识v.感到, 认识, 理解munity [kə'mjuːnətɪ]n.社区, 共同社会; 社会, 公众; 共同体; 共有⏹In effect .the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace,with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights”to establish a sense of a trusted community.65.describe[dɪ'skraɪb]v.描写; 形容; 记述66.ecosystem ['ekəusistəm]n. 生态系统67.individual[ɪndɪ'vɪdjʊəl]n. 人, 个体, 个人adj.个别的, 独特的anization [or·gan·i·za·tion]n.组织, 团体, 机构plete[kəm'pliːt]v.使齐全; 完成;结束adj.完整的; 结束的70.transaction[træn'zækʃn]n. 交易, 执行, 办理71.confidence[con·fi·dence]n.信心72.infrastructure ['infrə'strʌktʃə] n.基础, 基础设施73.run[rʌn]n.跑, 奔跑, 赛跑v.跑, 奔,操作, 运转; 管理, 指导;⏹Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions withconfidence ,trusting the identities of each otherand the identities of the infrastructure on which the transaction runs”.74.administration[ədˌminisˈtreiʃən]n.经营, 管理; 行政, 施政; 监督; 管理部门; 行政部门75.divide [di·vide]n.分歧, 不和; 分水岭v. 分, 划分; 分享;分配;意见分歧; 分裂76.right[raɪt]n. 权利, 正义, 右边v.纠正77.activist[' 'æktɪvɪst]n. 活动家；激进主义份子, 行动主义者; 活跃份子⏹Still, the administration‟s plan has divided privacy rights activists.78.applaud[ap·plaud]v.鼓掌欢迎; 喝彩; 赞成;向...鼓掌; 称赞; 向...喝彩79.concerned [kən'sə:nd] adj.担忧的, 关心的, 关切的, 有关的⏹Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.80.scheme[skɪːm]n. 方案, 图谋, 体制v.计划; 策划, 密谋; 设计; 拟订计划; 搞阴谋81.initiative[ɪ'nɪʃɪətɪv]n. 初步行动,主动adj.开始的; 创始的; 初步的82.push toward 推进83.eventually[iˈventʃuəli]adv.最后; 终于pulsory[kəmˈpʌlsəri]adj.被强制的, 义务的, 强迫的85.mentality[menˈtæliti]n.精神力, 头脑作用, 智力⏹It seems clear that such a schemeis an initiative push toward what would eventuallybe a compulsory Int ernet “drive‟s license” mentality.86.greet [gri:t] vt.迎接, 问候, 致敬, 作出反应87.be greeted with （=be greeted by）受到 ... 的对待88.skepticism ['skeptisizəm] n. 怀疑论,怀疑态度, 怀疑主义89.expert [ex·pert]n.专家, 行家adj.老练的; 专门的; 内行的90.envision [in'viʒən] vt.想象, 设想91.vulnerable[ 'vʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤害的, 易受攻击的, 有弱点的⏹The plan has also been greeted with skepticismby some computer security experts,who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidtwould still leave much of the Internet vulnerable.92.argue[ 'ɑːgjuː]v.辩论; 认为, 主张; 议论; 说服; 辩论; 争论93. be forced to do被强迫做…94.register ['redʒistə] v.登记, 记录, 注册, 挂号 n.登记簿, 记录, 暂存器95.public road 公用道路⏹They argue that all Internet usersshould be forced to register and identify themselves,in the same way that driversmust be licensed to drive on public roads.96.join[dʒɔɪn]n.连接; 接合点; 结合v.连接; 参加,加入; 结合; 参加; 结合97.board [bɔːd]n.木板, 甲板; 厚木板, 平板; 管理委员会,董事会v.乘船, 用板铺, 供膳食; 搭伙, 包饭; 膳宿98.outside director 独立董事99.director [di'rektə] n.董事, 经理, 导演, 主管, 指挥者100.January ['dʒænjuəri] n.一月⏹Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs‟sboard as an outside director in January 2000;100+1.president ['prezidənt]n.(国家)总统, (公司)总裁, 校长, 总经理, 社长 adj.<古>首席的⏹ a year later she became president of Brown University.2.decade ['dekeid] n.十年3.apparently [ə'pærəntli] adv.表面上, 似乎, 显然4.manage[man·age]v.管理, 维持, 控制;设法应付过去5.role[rəʊl]n.角色; 作用, 任务6.attract [at·tract]v.引起; 吸引; 引起...的注意; 引起注意; 有吸引力7.criticism ['crit·i·cism]n.批评, 非难, 评论⏹For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roleswithout attracting much criticism.8.Be under fire 受到攻击pensation[ˌkɔmpenˈseiʃən]n.薪资,补偿,赔偿金mittee[ kə'mɪtɪ]n.委员会⏹But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmonswas under fire for having sat onGoldman‟s compensation committee;11.enormous [iˈnɔ:məs]adj.巨大的, 庞大的12.bonus['bəʊnəs]n.奖金; 红利13.Payout[`peɪ,aʊt ]n.支出14.remark[re·mark]n.备注, 注意, 评论v.评论, 谈及, 注意; 谈论, 议论; 评论15.unremarked[,ʌnrɪ`mɑrkt]adj.未被注意的; 不受注意的⏹how could she have let those enormousbonus payouts pass unremarked?16.position[ pə'zɪʃn]n. 职位；位置, 方位, 地点; 姿势, 姿态; 恰当的位置; 地位v.安置, 决定...的位置17.take up 占据⏹By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time, she said.18.be supposed to v.应该；认为必须；被期望19.serve as 作为20.helpful [help·ful]adj.有帮助的, 有用的, 有益的21.biased ['bi·ased]adj.存有偏见的; 偏见的22.adviser[ad'vis·er]n.顾问; 指导教授; 劝告者⏹Outside directors are supposed toserve as helpful, yet less biased, adviserson a firm‟s board.23.wealth[welθ]n.财富, 富裕, 丰富24.reputation[rep·u·ta·tion]n.名誉, 名声; 信誉; 好名声, 声望25.presumably[prɪ'zuːməblɪ]adv.推测上, 大概, 假定上26.independence[in·de·pend·ence]n.独立; 自立; 自主27.disagree [ˌdisə'gri:] v.不同意, 不一致, 有分歧, 不适应, 不适宜28.chief executive 首席执行官29.proposal[pro·pos·al]n. 计划,提议, 求婚⏹Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independenceto disagree with the chief executive‟s proposals.30.share price 股价31.fall [fɔːl]n.秋天; 瀑布; 落下v. 倒下; 来临; 落下; 击倒; 砍倒32.be based on 基于33.weather[weath·er]n.天气, 气象, 气候v.使风化, 侵蚀; 风化, 经受风雨, 受侵蚀34.crisis[ 'kraɪsɪs]n.危机, 紧要关头, 危险期⏹If the sky, and the share price is falling,outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.35.researcher[rɪ'sɜrtʃə(r)]n.研究员; 调查者36.database n.数据库37.cover [cov·er]n.盖子; 藉口; 封面v. 覆盖,保护, 掩饰; 覆盖; 代替; 涂⏹The researchers from Ohio Universityused a database that covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.38.simply[sim·ply]adv.简单地, 简易地; 简朴地, 朴素地; 简明地; 仅仅, 只不过39.check[tʃek]n.检查, 阻止物, 支票v. 检查; 核对; 制止; 逐项相符, 开支票40.proxy ['prɑksɪ]n.代理人; 取代物; 代理权; 代理委托书41.statement [steɪtmənt]n.陈述, 声明, 指令; 发表声明, 表达;42.Proxy statement股东签署的委托书，代理须知⏹Then they simply checked which directorsstayed from one proxy statement to the next.43.likely['laɪklɪ]adj.有可能的, 前途有望的, 合适的adv.或许; 很可能44.depart[dɪ'pɑːt]v.离开, 离去;起程, 出发; 背离, 违反; 死, 去世45.concentrate ['kɔnsentreit] v.专心, 集中, 浓缩 n.浓缩物46.disappearance [dɪsə'pɪrəns]n.消失; 灭绝; 失踪⏹The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated onthose “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70.47.departure[dɪ'pɑːtʃə]n.离开; 背离, 变更, 违背; 出发, 起程48.probability[prɑbə'bɪlətɪ]n.可能性, 机率, 或然率49.subsequently ['sʌbsɪkwəntlɪ]adv.后来; 随后50.restate[rɪː'steɪt]v.再声明; 重新叙述51.earning n.所赚的钱; 收入52.increase [ɪn'krɪːs]n.增加, 利益, 增进v.增加; 繁殖; 增加; 加大53.nearly ['niəli] adv.几乎, 差不多, 密切地⏹They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%.54.likelihood['laɪklɪhʊd]n.可能; 可能性[neɪm]n.名字, 姓名, 名称v.给...取名; 说出...的名字; 给...命名; 提名56.federal ['fedərəl]adj.联邦的, 同盟的, 联合的57.class action 团体诉讼, 集体诉讼; 共同起诉wsuit ['lɔ:sju:t] n. 诉讼, 控诉⏹The likelihood of being namedin a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,59.stock [stɒk]n. 股份,树干,血统60.be likely to有可能61.perform[pə'fɔːm]v.履行; 完成; 执行; 做; 演出, 演奏, 表演; 行动, 表现; 运转62.worse[wɜrs /wɜːs]n.较坏者, 更恶劣的事, 更坏的事adv.更坏地, 更恶劣地⏹the stock is likely to perform worse.63.effect[ɪ'fekt]n.结果, 效果, 影响v.造成; 招致; 产生; 实现, 达到64.tend to倾向于，往往会rge [lɑrdʒ /lɑː-]adj.大的, 宽大的, 大量的⏹The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.66.correlation[kɒrə'leɪʃn]n.相互关系, 关连, 相关67.performance [pər'fɔrməns]n. 表现，表演；履行, 成绩, 执行68.suggestive [səg'dʒestɪv]adj.暗示的,提示性的,影射的69.jump off 跳离70.sink [siŋk]v.下沉, 沉没, 渗透n.水槽, 沟渠,散热器, 接收端71.Trade up：⏹to sell something in order to buy something of the same kind that is more expensive:低进高出（地交换）⏹Although a correlation betweenthem leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they “trade up.”72.risky ['rɪskɪ]adj.危险的, 大胆的; 淫秽的73.stable ['steɪbl]n.马, 马棚; 一群赛马; 畜舍; 一群人adj.稳定的, 牢固的; 可靠的, 稳重的, 可信赖的; 平稳的; 坚定⏹Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.74.avoid[ə'vɔɪd]v.躲开, 避开; 使无效; 避免; 撤销75.blow [bləʊ]n. 吹动,吹牛, 自夸；一击, 殴打; 不幸; 打击；v. 吹, 刮; 随风飘动⏹But the researchers believe that outside directorshave an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputationsif they leave a firm before bad news breaks,76.review[rɪ'vjuː]n. 复审，复习，回顾;批评, 评论;评论杂志v.批评, 评论; 复审; 回顾, 回忆; 写评论77.wrongdoing / `rɔŋ,duɪŋ /n.坏事; 不道德行为78.occur[ə'kɜr]v.发生, 出现⏹even if a review of history shows they were on the boardat the time any wrongdoing occurred.79.tough times 艰难时刻80.incentive[ɪn'sentɪv]n. 激励，刺激，奖励；动机adj.激励的⏹Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough timesmay have to create incentives.81.follow ['fɑləʊ /'fɒl-]v.跟随, 遵循, 沿行; 跟随; 接着82.popular ['pɑpjələ(r)]adj.受欢迎的,通俗的,流行的83.campus ['kæmpəs]n. 校园, 校区; 大学生活; 大学, 学院; 分校⏹Otherwise outside directors will follow the example ofMs. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.84.criticize['krɪtɪsaɪz]v.批评; 苛求; 批判; 非难85.gain [geɪn]n.获得; 获利; 增加; 获得物v.得到; 使得到; 获得, 赢得; 增加; 获利, 赚钱86.excessive [ɪk'sesɪv]adj.过度的, 极端的, 格外的87.profit ['prɑfɪt]n.利润, 利益, 赢利v.有益, 赚钱, 获利; 有益于88.fail to未能够89.fulfill / fʊl`fɪl / vt. 履行, 实现, 完成(计划等)90.duty ['djuːtɪ]n.责任; 本分; 义务; 税91.refuse [rɪ'fjuːz]n.废物; 渣滓; 垃圾v.拒绝; 拒给; 拒受;promise ['kɒmprəmaɪz]n.妥协, 折衷案, 折衷v.连累, 危及;妥协, 让步⏹Ms. Simmons was criticized for gaining excessive profitsfailing to fulfill her dutyrefusing to make compromises93.generous ['dʒenərəs]adj.有雅量的, 大量的, 量大的94.investor [ɪn'vestə(r)]n.投资者; 出资者95.unbiased / ʌn`baɪəst adj.没有偏见的96.executive[ex'ec·u·tive || -tɪv]n.执行者; 经理主管人员adj.执行的, 有执行权的97.forecaster/ `fɔr,kæstər /n.预测者, 推测者⏹outside directors are supposed to be generous investorsunbiased executivesshare price forecasters98．s tock market 股票市场; 股票行情; 股票交易; 牲畜市场⏹the firm is likely to do less well in the stock market99.offer ['ɔfər]n. 提供，给予；出价, 意图, 提议v.提供, 贡献, 出价; 出现, 提议, 献祭⏹outside directors may stay for the attractive offers from the firm100.record['rekərd /'rekɔːd]n.记录；记载; v.记录, 将...录音, 标明; 录音, 被录音⏹outside directors have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm200+1.be accustomed to 习惯于2.stress-free无压力的⏹outside directors are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm3.decline [ dɪ'klaɪn]n.下降; 衰退, 衰落; 减少; 最后部分v.婉拒;下降, 下跌; 衰退, 衰落; 减少⏹outside directors will decline incentives from the firm4.permissive [pər'mɪsɪv]adj.许可的, 自由的, 获准的5.positive ['pɑzətɪv]n.实在的事物; 原级; 正面; 正数adj.肯定的, 绝对的, 积极的6.scornful ['skɔrnfʊl]adj.轻蔑的, 嘲笑的7.critical ['krɪtɪkl]adj.批评的, 危险的, 决定性的; 临界的⏹The author‟s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .Permissive/positive/scornful/critical8.whatever adj.无论怎样的, 什么也, 无论哪一种的9.happen['hæpən]v.发生; 偶然; 碰巧10.death[deθ]n.死亡, 死亡状态, 灭亡⏹Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.11.recession [riˈseʃən]n.(经济的)衰退，衰退期12.threaten [ˈθretn] vt.威胁；预示，是…的征兆 vi.构成威胁13.remove[riˈmu:v]vt.移开；脱下；去掉；把…免职，开除14.advertising[ˈædvətaiziŋ]n.[总称]广告 a.广告的15.flee[fli:]vi.逃走，逃掉 vt.逃离，避开，逃避⏹The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readersthat had not already fled to the internet.16.chronicle[ˈkrɔnikl]n.编年史v. 将（某事物）载入编年史17.doom[du:m]vt.注定，命定 n.厄运，劫数⏹Newspapers like the San Francisco Chroniclewere chronicling their own doom.18.America’s Federal Trade commission美国联邦贸易委员会unch[ˈlɔ:ntʃ]vt.发动，推出；发射 n.发射，下水，投产⏹America‟s Federal Trade commissionlaunched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.20.charitable[ˈtʃæritəbəl]a.慈善的；宽厚的21.corporation[ˌkɔ:pəˈreiʃən]n.公司⏹Should they become charitable corporations?22.state[steit]n.状态；国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明23.subsidize[ˈsʌbsidaiz]vt.津贴，资助⏹Should the state subsidize them ?It will hold another meeting soon.23.discussion [disˈkʌʃən]n.讨论，谈论，论述24.out of date 过时的，不用的⏹But the discussions now seem out of date.25.sign[sain]n. 迹象;标记，符号；招牌； v.签(署)26.crisis [ˈkraisis]n.危机，危急关头；决定性时刻，关键阶段⏹In much of the world there is little sign of crisis.27.shrug off 对…满不在乎，对…不屑一顾⏹German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.28.inhabit [inˈhæbit]vt.居住于，(动物)栖居于29.global industry 全球行业30.survive [səˈvaiv]vi.幸存，继续存在 vt.幸免于；挺过来31.return[riˈtə:n]v.返回；恢复；归还 n.返回[ pl.]盈利32.profit [ˈprɔfit]n.利润，益处 vt.有益于，有利于 vi.得益⏹Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.33.profit margin 利润34.routine[ru:ˈti:n]n.例行公事，惯例 a.例行的，常规的⏹Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.35.afloat [əˈfləut]ad.& a.漂浮；在海上；无债; 无困难；（指谣言）传播; 流传36.overboard [ˈəuvəbɔ:d]ad.向船外；到水中⏹It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloatby pushing journalists overboard.37.reckon [ˈrekən]vt.认为，估计；(on)指望；测算38.newsroom['nuːzrʊm]n.编辑部, 报纸贩卖部, 报章杂志阅览室⏹The American Society of News Editors reckonsthat 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.39.slim [slim]a.微小的；苗条的；薄的；(机会)少的 v.减轻体重⏹Readers are paying more for slimmer products.40.nerve[nə:v]n.神经；勇气，胆量41.delivery[diˈlivəri]n.投递；邮件，发送的货物；分娩；讲话方式42.distant [ˈdistənt]a.在远处的，久远的；冷淡的，疏远的43.suburb [ˈsʌbə:b]n.市郊，郊区⏹Some papers even had the nerveto refuse delivery to distant suburbs.44.desperate[ˈdespərit]a.孤注一掷的；极需要的；绝望的，危急的45.prove[pru:v]vt.证明，证实 vi.结果是，原来是46.sadly [ˈsædli]ad.悲哀地；凄惨地47.journalist[ˈdʒə:nəlist]n.新闻工作者，新闻记者48.push[puʃ]v./ n.推，按；推动，促进；催逼⏹Yet these desperate measureshave proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.49.balanced['bælənst]adj.平衡的; 和谐的; 安定的⏹Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses.50.mix[miks]vt.配制；混淆 vi.相混合；交往 n.混合(物)51.revenue [ˈrevinju:]n.(大宗的)收入(益)；税收，岁入52.advertiser ['ædvəˌtaizə]n.广告商, 广告客户⏹with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.53.unusual [ʌnˈju:ʒuəl]a.不平常的，少有的；与众不同的，独特的54.reliance[riˈlaiəns]n.依靠，依赖⏹American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.55.advertising[ˈædvətaiziŋ]n.[总称]广告 a.广告的56.fully [ˈfuli]ad.完全地，全部地⏹Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD).57.proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən]n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称58.not surprisingly⏹In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.59.stable [ˈsteibəl]a.稳定的；沉稳的，持重的 n.马厩60.whirlwind[ˈwə:lˌwind]n.旋风；猛烈的势力61.sweep[swi:p]v.扫，拂(去)；掠过 n.打扫；挥动62.newsroom['nuːzrʊm /'njːz-]n.编辑部, 报纸贩卖部, 报章杂志阅览室63.harm[hɑ:m]n.／ vt.伤害，损害，危害⏹The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,64.damage[ˈdæmidʒ]n.毁坏[ pl.]损害赔偿(金) vt.毁坏，损害65.concentrate [ˈkɔnsəntreit]vi.全神贯注 vt.集中；浓缩 n.浓缩物(液)66.distinctive[diˈstiŋktiv]a.有区别的；有特色的⏹much of the damage has been concentrated in areaswhere newspaper are least distinctive.67.reviewer [ri'vju:ə] n.评论者, 书评作者,报刊评论员68.science [ˈsaiəns]n.科学；学科69.general business 一般业务70.reporter [riˈpɔ:tə]n.记者⏹Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.71.bureau [ˈbjuərəu]n.局，办事处，分社72.savagely [ˈsævidʒli]ad.野蛮地；残酷地73.cut off 切断,删除⏹Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.plete[kəmˈpli:t]a.完整的；十足的；完成的 vt.完成；使完全75.as a result 作为结果，因此⏹Newspapers are less complete as a result.pleteness [kəm'pli:tnis]n.完整; 彻底; 完全77.virtue[ˈvə:tʃu:]n.美德，德行；优点，长处⏹But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.78.author[ˈɔ:θə]n.著作家，作者79.indicate[ˈindikeit]vt.标示，指示，指出；表明，示意80.neglect[niˈglekt]vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽 n.疏忽，玩忽⏹the author indicates that newspaper neglected the sign of crisis81. fail to 未能够⏹the author indicates that newspaper failed to get state subsidies82.desperate [ˈdespərit]a.孤注一掷的；极需要的；绝望的，危急的83.situation [ˌsitʃuˈeiʃ(ə)n]n.形势，环境，状况；位置，地点⏹the author indicates that newspaper were in a desperate situation84.threaten to do sthto be likely to do something, especially something bad or unpleasant:⏹readers threatened to pay less85.reduce cost缩减成本⏹newspapers wanted to reduce costs86.subscriber[səbˈskraibə]n，订购者，用户；捐款者⏹subscribers complained about slimmer productspared with 与…相比88.counterpart[ˈkauntəpɑ:t]n.与对方地位作用相当的人(或物)89.source [sɔ:s]n. 来源，出处；源(泉)，发源地90.dependent [diˈpendənt]a.(on，upon)依靠的，依赖的；取决于…的91.be less affected by更少地受…的影响92.readership ['ri:dəʃip] n.(某一报刊杂志等的)读者群, 读者身份⏹Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because theyhave more sources of revenueare less dependent on advertisingare less affected by readership93.distinctiveness [diˈstiŋktiv nɪs]a.特色，差异性94.essential [iˈsenʃəl]a.必不可少的；本质的，基本的 n.[ pl.]要素95.feature [ˈfi:tʃə]n.特征[ pl.]相貌；特写；故事片 vt.突出⏹Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.96.be to blame 该受责备的，应承担责任的97.failure [ˈfeiljə]n.失败；失败的人(或事)；故障；没做到⏹Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.98.play a crucial role in扮演决定性/至关重要的角色⏹Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.99.lose one’s interest in 失去对…的兴趣⏹Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.100. struggle [ˈstrʌgl]vi.奋斗，努力；斗争，搏斗 n.斗争，搏斗American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival.300+1.Gone with the Wind随风而逝⏹American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind2.thriving ['θraiviŋ]adj.繁荣的, 旺盛的, 兴旺的⏹American Newspapers: A Thriving Business3.hopeless [ˈhəupləs]a.绝望的，没有希望的；无能的，糟透的⏹American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story4.tend to 往往会5.immediately[iˈmi:diətli]ad.立即，马上；直接地，紧接着地6.following ['fɔləuiŋ] adj.接着的,下列的 prep.在 ... 以后 n.追随者, 下列各项7.prosperity [prɔˈsperiti]n.兴旺，繁荣8.growth [grəuθ]n.增长；增长量；生长，发展；生长物⏹We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War IIas a time of prosperity and growth.9.return home 回家10.G. I. Bill 军人安置法案G.I. 镀锌铁(=galvanized iron)11.line up 排队等候的12.marriage bureau 婚姻登记处⏹with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G. I. Billand lining up at the marriage bureaus.13. when it comes to 当谈及到…14. common sense常识15.belief [biˈli:f]n.想法；相信，信任；信念，信仰⏹But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common senseand a belief that less could truly be more.16.depression[diˈpreʃən]n.抑郁，沮丧；不景气，萧条(期)；洼地17.restraint [riˈstreint]n.抑制，限制，克制；约束措施(条件)18.in combination with 结合，加上19.postwar ['pəʊst'wɔr /-'wɔː]adj.战后的20.efficient[iˈfiʃənt]a.效率高的，有能力的21.housing[ˈhauziŋ]n.房屋，住宅；住房建筑；外壳，外罩22.positively [ˈpɔzətivli]ad.确实；断然；绝对23.stylish [ˈstailiʃ]a.时髦的，入时的，漂亮的⏹During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.26.condition [kənˈdiʃən]n.状况，条件[ pl.]环境 vt.适应；调整状况；决定27.stimulus[ˈstimjuləs]n.促进(因素)；刺激(物)28.trend [trend]n.趋向，趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚⏹Economic condition was only a stimulusfor the trend toward efficient living.29.phrase[freiz]n.短语，词组，用语 vt.表达，叙述30.popularize ['pɑpjələraɪz]v.使通俗化; 宣传; 普及31.architect[ˈɑ:kitekt]n.建筑师，设计师，缔造者⏹The phrase “less is more” was actually firstpopularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.32.associate [əˈsəuʃieit]vt.使联合 vi.结交 n.伙伴 a.副的33.design [diˈzain]n.设计；图案；企图 vt.设计；预定，指定34.emigrate[ˈemigreit]vi.移居国外(或外地)⏹who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II35.post [ˈpəust]n.邮政(件)；(支)柱；职位 vt.邮寄；贴出36.architecture [ˈɑ:kitektʃə]n.建筑学(术,业)；建筑式样(风格)⏹he took up posts at American architecture schools.37.designer [diˈzainə]n.设计者38.exert enormous influence on 对…产生巨大的影响39.the course of …的过程⏹These designers came toexert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.40.signature [ˈsignətʃə]n.签名，署名，签字41.decoration [ˌdekəˈreiʃən]n.装饰(品)；装璜42.properly [ˈprɔpəli]ad.适当地；严格地anized 安排有序的，有组织的44.impact [ˈimpækt]n.／ v.影响，作用；冲击，碰撞⏹Mies‟s signature phrase means thatless decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot.45.elegance[ˈeligəns]n.优雅；优美；精美46.derive[diˈraiv]vt.取得；追溯起源 vi.(from)起源，衍生47.abundance [əˈbʌndəns]n.大量，丰富，充足⏹Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.48.employ[imˈplɔi]vt.雇用；用，使用，利用 n.受雇，雇佣minated ['læmineitid] adj.薄板的, 叠层的50.take for granted[ˌteik fəˈgræntid]认为…是理所当然；对…不予重视51.symbolize [ˈsimbəlaiz]vt.用符号表示；作为...象征⏹Like other modern architects,he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materialsthat we take for granted todaybut that in the 1940s symbolized the future.52.sophisticated [səˈfistikeitid]a.老练的；精密的，尖端的；高雅的53.presentation [ˌprezənˈteiʃən]n.提供；外观；赠送(仪式)；报告；表演54.mask [mɑ:sk]n.面具，口罩；伪装 vt.用面具遮住；掩饰⏹Mies‟s sophisticated presentation masked the factthat the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.55.apartment [əˈpɑ:tmənt]n.一套公寓房间，房间56.square feet n. 平方英尺57.neighbor [ˈneibə]n.邻居；邻近的人(或物)，邻国⏹The apartments in the elegant towersMies built on Chicago‟s Lake Shore Drive,for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city‟s Gold Coast.58.airy glass wall 通风的玻璃墙59.view[vju:]n. 景色；观点；观察vt.看待；观察，看60.details and proportions细节和比例61.architectural[ɑ:kiˈtektʃər(ə)l]a.建筑术的；建筑学的62.equivalent[iˈkwivələnt]a.相等的，相当的n.等价物，意义相同的词63.abstract art 抽象物⏹But they were popular because of their airy glass wall s,the views they afforded andthe e legance of the buildings‟ details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.64.entirely [inˈtaiəli]ad.完全地；彻底地⏹The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign.65.modest [ˈmɔdist]a.谦虚的；适度的，不大的，中等的；羞怯的66.two-story 两层的⏹In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started buildingmore modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story oneshe had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.mission [kəˈmiʃən]n.委员会；佣金；授权vt.委任，委托68.talented [ˈtæləntid]a.有才能的，有才干的69.homegrown adj.国产的70.influence [ˈinfluəns]n.影响(力)；势力，权势 vt.影响⏹The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architectsby California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend.71.esthetic[i:sˈθetik]a.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的ndscape[ˈlændskeip]n.风景；风景画；全景 vt.美化…的景观73.forthright [ˈfɔ:θrait]a.／ ad.直率的(地)，直截了当的(地)74.detailing ['di:teiliŋ] n.装饰物,细节设计⏹Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.75.mispredict错误预测76.mechanical[miˈkænikəl]a.机械(制造)的；力学的；呆板的77.revolution [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃən]n.革命，大变革；旋转⏹In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapsonmay have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolutionwould impact everyday life。

2011年MPA联考英语2000词汇

2011年MPA联考英语2000词汇+汉解able 有能力的again 再and 和artist 艺术家basis 基础about 关于against 靠、反对animal 动物angry 生气的basket 篮above 在…上面angel 天使another 另一、别的ashamed惭愧的basketball 篮球accident 事故、意外的事Asia 亚洲admire 羡慕、赞赏announce宣布ache 疼痛agree 同意answer 答案；回答ask问bathe 洗澡Asian 亚洲attract 吸引ant 蚂蚁airmail 航空邮件beg 请求achieve vt完成、达到agreeable 使人愉快的、适合的anxiety n 焦急asleep睡着的across 横越agriculture 农业anxious 担心的assist vi帮助beach 海滩act 行为、动作aim 目标；针对attack 攻击assistance 帮助become vi 变成active 活动的、积极的aircraft 飞机attend 参加assistant 助手bear 负担忍受actor 演员attain 达到、获得anything 任何事attendant 出席者beat 打actress 女演员anyhow 无论如何anyway 无论如何allow 允许beauty 美airport 飞机场advertisement(ad)- 广告admit 允许进入、承认attention注意because 因为address 地址alike 相似的apology 道歉anywhere 任何地方begin 开始allocate 分配alive 活着的appear vi 出现apologize vi 道歉baby 婴儿advance 推进、提高almost 几乎April 四月author 作者behalf 代表adventure 冒险alone独自的Arabian 阿拉伯人（的）average平均的behind在。

2011考研英语历年真题重点词组与词汇

考研英语历年真题重点词组与词汇approach 接近，靠近解析：【注意】approach后面接地点、人物和目标时是及物动词，否则是不及物动词。

作及物动词时还可引申为研究，考虑，商洽等义，作名词时，可表示途径，态度等。

The time is approaching when we must be on board.我们上船的时间快到了。

area 地带，地区解析：【同】district，zone，region【辨析】area表示面积，地区（面积较大，但不指行政单位）如the area of your hand；region指在地理上有天然界限或有自己特色的一个单位，或自治区等行政单位，也可指领域（同sphere，realm）；district性质较region相近，但一般比region小，如县级区用district ；zone是个环绕区域，有严格的边界，如经济特区a recreation area 重新改建的地区tropical regions of South America 南美的热带地区a residential zone 居住区assessment 评估，估算，评价解析：动词assess【同】estimate, appraise, assess, evaluate这些词都表示对客体的重要性形成定论estimate暗示评价的主观性和不精确appraise 表示专业水准的评估,名词appraisalassess 表示为确定某物的应税价值而作出的权威估价evaluate 表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受解析：【同】suppose【辨析】suppose最不正式，表示根据一定证据作出的见解，assume用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论，以检验某种建议。

authority 权威, 权力, 权势【pl.】当局, 负责人; 官方; 职权; 许可的权力根据, 凭据, 引证权威, 专家解析：the authorities of governmentauthor作者【衍】authorize，authorizationavailable 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的解析：【衍】availability availably注意:一般在名词之后,the apple availablebenefit n.利益, 好处;vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益解析：【同】profit advantage interest【辨析】advantage指有利条件，优势 take advantage ofbenefit兼指物质及精神的好处profit指利润interest指利息concept n.概念；观念consistent adj. 调和的, 坚固的（常与with连用）与…一致的解析：【助记法】-sist-表示坚持或力度，静态，构成【衍】consistencyconstitutional adj.构成的, 增强体质的, 宪法的, 拥护宪法的解析：【衍】constitute 组成constitution 宪法context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系解析：注意它常用比喻的意思，表示语境或环境。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of? EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that alread y have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sens e of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．on on in in12．vain effect return contrast13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldma n Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directo rs are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. The y fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, thefirm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable becausethey .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Econ omic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who likeother people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means t hat less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for exam ple, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and pro portions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influen ce on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, we aker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is st uck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing forgovernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: ., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck beca use the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting publ ic health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to shop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity，diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago, it would hav e been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufactures of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “if children ar e taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between and grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and notjust by big companies.Section IV?? WritingPart A: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has been admitted to a him/her a letter to1)congratulate him/her, and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B: write an essay based on the following chart .In your writing you should1)interpret the chart ,and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1参考答案21．A。

2011年在职Mpa考试英语二词汇练习题

MBA联考英语二词汇练习题（附答案详解）1. The policeman is investigating the ____ about the traffic accident.A. passer-byB. passers-byC. passer-bysD. passers-bys2. This is the first time I ____ her sing. And I hope it is the last.A. heardB. hearC. will have heardD. have heard3. Dr. Jonathan, together with his assistants, ____ operating on the patient.A. areB. isC. haveD. has4. My brother has just arrived. But I didn’t know he ___ until yesterday.A. cameB. will cameC. was comingD. have been coming5. By the time I got downstairs, the telephone _____.A. stopped ringingB. would have stopped ringingC. had stopped ringingD. stopped to ring6. The ship ____ in a few minutes and all peoples not traveling are asked to go ashore.A. leaveB. have leftC. is leavingD. will have been leaving7. The rest of the crew of the ship _____ going to come back home.A. are notB. has not beenC. is notD. have not been8. I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came.A. hadB. had been havingC. have been havingD. was having9. The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends.A. will have lastedB. must have lastedC. would lastD. have lasted10. He ___ his dinner when an old man came to the door.A. just has hadB. has just hadC. just hadD. had just had11. It is necessary _____ the book immediately.A. for him to returnB. that he returnsC. his returningD. to him return12. Mathematics _____ important to the development of high-speed electronic computers.A. isB. areC. have beenD. had been13. I had my hair cut at the ____ around the corner.A. barberB. ba rbersC. barber’sD. barbers’14. He said that he was so tired that he needed ___ sleep.A. tow daysB. tow days’C. tow-daysD. tow days of15. Every player and fan ____ the victory.A. are expectingB. is expectingC. are expectedD. is expected16. Neither your parents nor anyone else ____ of looking after you all the time, you should depend on yourself.A . are capable B. is able C. is capable D. are able17. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ___ the sea.A. are coveringB. is covering with D. is covered with D. are covered with18. Three days ___ three years when the lovers are separated.A. seemedB. is seemingC. seemsD. seem19. She is one of those persons who ___always complaining about everything.A. areB. isC. wasD. were20. There ___ a bed, a desk and two chairs in the room.A. areB. isC. hasD. have参考答案及解析1. The policeman is investigating the ____ about the traffic accident.A. passer-byB. passers-byC. passer-bysD. passers-bys2. This is the first time I ____ her sing. And I hope it is the last.A. heardB. hearC. will have heardD. have heard3. Dr. Jonathan, together with his assistants, ____ operating on the patient.A. areB. isC. haveD. has4. My brother has just arrived. But I didn’t know he ___ until yesterday.A. cameB. will cameC. was comingD. have been coming5. By the time I got downstairs, the telephone _____.A. stopped ringingB. would have stopped ringingC. had stopped ringingD. stopped to ring6. The ship ____ in a few minutes and all peoples not traveling are asked to go ashore.A. leaveB. have leftC. is leavingD. will have been leaving7. The rest of the crew of the ship _____ going to come back home.A. are notB. has not beenC. is notD. have not been8. I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came.A. hadB. had been havingC. have been havingD. was having9. The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends.A. will have lastedB. must have lastedC. would lastD. have lasted10. He ___ his dinner when an old man came to the door.A. just has hadB. has just hadC. just hadD. had just had11. It is necessary _____ the book immediately.A. for him to returnB. that he returnsC. his returningD. to him return12. Mathematics _____ important to the development of high-speed electronic computers.A. isB. areC. have beenD. had been13. I had my hair cut at the ____ around the corner.A. barberB. barbersC. ba rber’sD. barbers’14. He said that he was so tired that he needed ___ sleep.A. tow daysB. tow days’C. tow-daysD. tow days of15. Every player and fan ____ the victory.A. are expectingB. is expectingC. are expectedD. is expected16. Neither your parents nor anyone else ____ of looking after you all the time, you should depend on yourself.A . are capable B. is able C. is capable D. are able17. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth ___ the sea.A. are coveringB. is covering with D. is covered with D. are covered with18. Three days ___ three years when the lovers are separated.A. seemedB. is seemingC. seemsD. seem19. She is one of those persons who ___always complaining about everything.A. areB. isC. wasD. were20. There ___ a bed, a desk and two chairs in the room.A. areB. isC. hasD. have。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟考试

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟考试参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1. C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C9.A10.A 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B19. C 20.A总体分析本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。

文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性地利用车站内部及周围房地产的计划正引起越来越多人的关注。

第二段具体介绍了这一计划的内容及好处，即适应信息时代的要求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为消费者提供了方便，又提高了递送物品的安全性。

第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各种磁卡作车票的计划及其优点。

试题精解1.［精解］本题考查名词的词义辨析。

空格处填入的名词与growth搭配，由上下文语义可知，此处表达的含义是“铁路业没有令人振奋的发展前景”，Prospect“景色，前景，期望”指的是possibility of advancement or success。

所以［C］项正确。

perspective做可数名词时多指viewpoint（态度，观点），如You have the wrong perspective on this situation（对于那个情势的未来发展，你的看法是错的）。

outlook用作“前景”讲时用单数形式，如the outlook for economic growth（经济发展的前景）。

spectacle“景象，奇观，场面，眼镜”，如A quarrel between drunken women is an unpleasant spectacle（喝醉酒的女人吵架是个丑恶的场面）。

2.［精解］本题考查通过上下文选择适当的副词的能力。

空格处的副词修饰的动作是use real-estate assets in and around train stations（利用车站内部及周围的房地产）。

2011年MPA英语真题及参考答案

2011年考研MPA英语（二）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has___1___across the Web.Can privacy be preserved ___2___ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly ___3___ ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a ___4___ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech ___5___ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled ___6___ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential ___7___ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to ___8___ a federation of private online identity systems. User could ___9___ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license ___10___ by the government.Google and Microsoft are among c ompanies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to ___11___ just once but use many different services.___12___ .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a ___13___ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with ___14___ ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ___15___which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has ___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with ___18___ by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Interne t ___19___ .They argue that all Internet users should be ___20___ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4．A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5．rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6．A.by B.into C.from D.over7．A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8．A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9．A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10．A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11．A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12．A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13．A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting14．A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15．A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16．A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17．A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18．A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19．A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20．A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits [B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises [D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive [B]positive [C]scornful [D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same. It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because o f their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designedin the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern archit ects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the America ns’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck becausethe euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s si ngle currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate ［C］conceited ［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Part C46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV Writing2011年考研英语（二）答案Section I Use of English1——5 ACBDD6——10 BACCA11——15 DBACA16——20 CDACDSection II Reading comprehensionPart A21——25 BBDAA26——30 DBCBB31——35 BDCDB36——40 DCBACPart B41——45 EDCFGPart C46.翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%。

2011年考研二英语真题试卷生词和长难句

17
subsequently
adv.其后,随后,接着
18
restate
v重述重新申明
19
state
n状态洲国家
20
earn earnings
v赚钱收入
21
increase
增加v
22
They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%【先自己翻译成中文】
成功地做到....
6
manage both roles
成功地掌管两个身份/角色
7
criticism
批评n
8
without
没有
9
Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee
注：under fire饱受批评攻击for因为
15
share price
股价
16
share
股份
拓展
shareholder
股份持有者=股东
17
weather
v经受住n天气
18
crisis
危机
19
If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.【自己先翻译中文】

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词汇选择题（一）1. Although in great danger, the wounded still did not want to ___ from the front.A. feedbackB. backwardC. withdrawD. departure2. This movie has a ___ ending. You can not imagine who will be killed finally.A. dramaticB. originalC. considerableD. temple3. The dog ___ the rabbit but could not catch it.A. ceasedB. chainedC. checkedD. chased4. If your letter is overweight, you must pay for the ____.A. excessB. exceedC. checkedD. chased5. In the class the teacher asked the students to ____ their bad habits.A. weakenB. omitC. overcomeD. overtake【答案】1. C 撤退虽然面临巨大的危险，伤员仍然不愿意从前线撤退。

2. A 戏剧性的这部电影有个戏剧性的结局。

你无法预料最后谁会被杀掉。

3. D 追逐狗追兔子，但是没追上。

4. A 额外重量，超出部分如果信超重了，超重部分得另外付费。

5. C 克服课堂上，老师教育学生们要改掉坏习惯（二）1.The _______ was only sentenced to pay a fine of $10,000.A. wormB. trialC. tubeD. criminal2.We watched the ship until it became only a _______ in the distance.A. pointB.jarC. stoveD.dot3.The light is too _______ for me to read. I cannot stand any more.A. ridB. ripeC. soupD.dim4.The English proverb “_______ the rod and spoil the child”means that if you deep from punishing the child, you will spoil its character.A. ruleB.rugC. clapD. spare5.Higher education in China is free but the _______ for entrance is strong.A. comparisonB. consequenceC. competitionD. crawl【答案】1.D2.D3.D4.D5.C（三）1. They play all kinds of instruments and sing ____.A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. as well as2. Tom, ____ Jane and Rose, ____ going to the farm on foot.A. as long as；isB. as well as；areC. as long as；areD. as well as；is3. They travel at full speed by day ____ .A. and nightB. and by night as well asC. as well at nightD. as well as by night4. Mrs. Black writes ____, if not better than, her husband.A. as well asB. so wellC. so well asD. as well5. We expect her to do the housework as well ____ after the children.A. as lookB. as lookingC. and lookD. looking6. She doesn’t speak ____ her friend, but her written work is excellent.A. as well asB. as often asC. so muchD. as good as7. Which of the following sentences is right？A. Both father and as well as mother love me.B. Father as well as mother loves me.C. Both father as well as mother loves me.D. Not only father but also mother love me.8. You feel ____ you did yesterday, don’t you？A. as good asB. as wellC. so goodD. as well as9. I’m sure I was right. It is just ____ I didn’t lend him the money.A. so wellB. as well asC. as wellD. the same asKey: 1—5 C D D A A 6—9 A B D C（四）1.He is very _______ in his family and never does anything against his wife.A. henceB.possessC.outerD.humble2.We need help from the other countries. But we do not _______ on others for support.A. engageB.leanC.stripD.multiply3.We will _______ the plan because of the cost.A. councilB.journalC.dampD.oppose4.Our train is _______ at Shanghai at seven o’clock this evening.A. dueB.crystalC.cushionD.cooperation5.Her voice was _______ in the noise.A. filledB.entertainedC.enormousD.drowned【答案】1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D英语强化练习及答案（一）1.In the United States, the foreign policy is decided by the ________ government, not by each state.A. federalB.figureC.scientificD.service2.He works in our university as a visiting _______, not as a formal faculty member.A. traditionalB.scholarC.nurseD.pilot3.When you fill in the application form, please use your _______ address so that we can contact you easily later.A. policyB.plainC.permanentD.principal4.John _______ to be a polite man. But in fact he is very rude.A. pretendsB.assuresC.affordsD.melts5.We can not trust him any more because he often ________ his duty.A. owesB.spoilsC.desertsD.neglects6.In order to increase our output, we need to import more production _______.A. facilitiesB.hensC.votesD.artists7.When a spacecraft travels, one of the major problems is reentry into the Earth’s _______.A. surfaceB.atmosphereC.attitudeD.bent8.This river forms a natural _______ between China and Korea.A. boundaryB.stringC.spotD.zone9.She is already 16years old. But she _______as if she were still a little girl.B.absorbsC.accrsesD.behaves10.We are _______ at the rapid progress Mark has made in this semester.A. distinguishedB.annoyedC.astonishedD.scored参考答案：1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.C（二）1.The doctors _______ the medicines to the people in the flood area.A. distributedB.packedC.prayedD.undertook2.Much of the news provided by this newspaper is _______, not foreign.A. domesticB.strainC.purchaseD.murder3.He tried to _______relations with his former wife but he failed.A. measureB.maintainC.shelterD.reply4.He _______ to study harder in the future so that he could have more opportunities to find a better job.A. resolvedB.resortedC.requestedD.reserved5.The _______ work continued for more than a week but there was still no sign of the missing boy.A. researchB.rescueC.vesselD.vast6.Many kinds of animals are believed to have _________ from the earthA. withdrawnB.vanishedC.foundD.hung7.The engineers in this lab spent several weeks _______ their plans for the new bicycle.B.strippingC.elaboratingD.casting8.Pine trees are usually believed to _______ cold weather.A. guardB.accomplishC.roarD.endure9.Free medical service is _______ to nearly all the college students in China.A. favoriteB.availableC.convenientD.average10.After working for twenty hours without any rest, the doctors were _______.A. exhaustedB.mountedC.wrappedD.restored参考答案：1.A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.A（三）1. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks,which provide a secure _______to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. preferenceD. alternative2. I never trusted him because I always thought of himas such a ________character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular3. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from allsubstances near it, and this ________ produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction参考答案:1. D。