自考_英美文学考试重点2

●William Shakespeare莎士比亚

简介：William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. With his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant postion in world literature. He has als o been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. In the past four hundred years or so, books and essays on Shakespeare and his works have kept coming out in large quantities.

代表作：First period：history plays：《亨利四世Henry Ⅵ>, Parts Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ, Richard Ⅲ, and Titus An;dronicus; four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, Love’s Labour’s Lost. Second period: histories: Richard Ⅱ,King John,Henry Ⅳ,Parts Ⅰand Ⅱ,Henry Ⅴ, Six comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice …

Sonnet 18 (Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.)第一节:历史剧《亨利Ⅵ亨利四世:Ⅰ>,部分,Ⅱ和Ⅲ提多,理查德Ⅲ,安多尼古; 四个喜剧:喜剧的错误,这两个绅士的维罗纳,驯服的驯,爱的劳动的丢失第二节:历史:理查德ⅡⅣ,约翰国王,亨利,亨利,部分ⅠandⅤⅡ,

六喜剧:仲夏夜之梦,威尼斯商人…十四行诗第十八首诗(十四行诗第十八首诗最出色的十四行诗莎士比亚在他有着深刻的破坏力的冥想

时间和永恒的美丽带给诗歌,在他的爱。) Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines And often is his gold complexion dimmed；

And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;

But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;

Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:

So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see, So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.

评论：Though Shakespeare's language seem hard to be understood, he is a genius author. All what he imagined in his short stories, novels and plays is existing in real life. The one who can't see his mistakes, can discover them through Shakespeare's works.

Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. The three history plays on the reign of Henry Ⅵare the beginning of Shakespeare’s epic treatment of English history.

Francis Bacon （培根）

Francis Bacon(1561-1626), a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and

essay-ist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.

His works can be divided into three groups. The most important works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning (1605),written in English; Novum Organum (1620), an enlarged

Latin version of The Advancement of Learning. Second works: Essays. Third : Apophthagmes New and Old (1625), The History of the Reign of Henry VII (1622), and his unfinished The

New Atlantis. Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses (1642) are two famous works from the third group.弗朗西斯·培根(1561-1626)是一种典型的文艺复兴时期的人在英国,是一个

著名的哲学家、科学家和essay-ist。他地位奠定了基础现代科学和他坚持科学的思维方式和新鲜的观察,而不是权威,以此为基础,为获取知识。

他的作品可以分为三个小组。他作品的最重要的进步第一组包括学习(1605年),用英语写的,Novum(1620年),这是一个研究法扩大拉丁版的进步的学习。第二方面的工作:散文。第三:Apophthagmes新老(1625)的发展史,亨利二世登基的时候(1622年),和他未完成的新的亚特兰提斯岛。格言的律法和学会阅读在密特拉的用途(1642年)是两种最著名的作品从第三集团。Of Studies（翻译）(Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for

delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability,

is in the judgment and dispositon of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge

of particulars, one by one, but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs,

come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use

them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor

of a scholar.

研究学习为兴趣爱好、修饰内在以及智慧服务对于兴趣爱好是用于个人和退休后、在美化装饰上要融入语言中，对于能力方面则是判断力和业务性格。专家能够执行，也许在细节的判断上，一个接一个，但总体劝告和计划与事务的安排，最好来自那些学习者。在学习上花费太多时间是懒惰的；花太多时间去打扮也喜好问题；完全通过他们的规则作出判断是学者的顺应

John Milton约翰弥尔顿

（1608-1674）was born in London. His father was both a scholar and a businessma.

His literary achievement can be divided into three groups,the early works ：Lycidas(1637). His three major poetical works:Paradise Los失乐园t(1667),Paradise Regained复乐园(1671), and Samson Agonistes 力士参孙(1671).

:Danile Defoe丹尼尔笛福

Robinson Crusoe (鲁滨逊漂流记作者、人物形象)

Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work,inexhaustible用之不竭energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment.罗宾逊是在这里真正的英雄:典型的十八世纪的英国中产阶级的人,有一个伟大的工作能力,,用之不竭的能量,勇气,耐心和恒心挣扎在克服困难,在攻击敌对的自然环境

Jonathan Swift (satire讽刺文学家)乔纳森斯威福特

Jonathan Swift(1667-1745),is a prose satirist,satire 讽刺all the more powerful. His "A Modest Proposal" is generally taken