外文翻译——摘要
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
论文及外文翻译格式(标准)
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China （Times New Roman体，加粗，小二，居中，实词首字母大写，空5行）院系经济与管理学院（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）专业公共事业管理（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）班级 6408101 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）学号 200604081010 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）姓名李杰（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）指导教师张芸（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）（空7行）沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）（空1行）我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。
一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象，综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论；统计学、概率学的方法和工具，主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨，并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议，指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。
摘要用中文翻译成英文
摘要用中文翻译成英文摘要用中文翻译成英文摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分,论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方,摘要的英文版是什么？来看下面的内容：摘要用中文翻译成英文【1】毕业论文AbstractTitanium ore, elected from magnetite or Titan magnetite, is widely used as the raw material in the production of titanium dioxide.Titanium quality and its yield constraints is often the bottle neck in the titanium industry. Thus, we can not blindly consume a large amount of capital to maintain or improve its quality and yield.This paper makes an attempt to explores and optimize the development of the titanium industry, through inside and outside observation and association.In this paper, flotation tests are conducted to compare the original pulp titanium ore with Polyacrylamide and that without on the concentrate grade yield of titanium concentrates.In this process, the consumption of drugs, the recovery rate of , equipment utilization, the amount and cost of polyacrylamide (PAM) areall considered to determine whether it is a ptimization program to add Polyacrylamide to the original flotation pulp of titanium ore.Finally, we reach a conclusion through relevant data .In the experimental process, in principle, we do not change the originalflotation process and the relevant parameters.Key words: Titanium ore; Flotation; Polyacrylamide; quality; yield.毕业论文摘要的书写方法和技巧【2】1.摘要的作用摘要也就是内容提要，是论文中不可缺少的一部分。
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
外文中文翻译格式：
标题：将外文标题翻译成中文，可以在括号内标明外文标题
摘要：将外文摘要翻译成中文，包括问题陈述、研究目的、方法、结果和结论等内容。
关键词：将外文关键词翻译成中文。
引言：对外文论文引言进行翻译，概述问题的背景、重要性和研究现状。
方法：对外文论文方法部分进行翻译，包括研究设计、数据采集和分析方法等。
结果：对外文论文结果部分进行翻译，介绍研究结果和统计分析等内容。
讨论：对外文论文讨论部分进行翻译，对研究结果进行解释和评价。
结论：对外文论文结论部分进行翻译，总结研究的主要发现和意义。
附录：如果外文论文有附录部分，需要进行翻译并按照指定的格式进行排列。
文献综述模板格式：
标题：文献综述标题
引言：对文献综述的背景、目的和方法进行说明。
综述内容：按照时间、主题或方法等进行分类，对相关文献进行综述，可以分段进行描述。
讨论：对综述内容进行解释和评价，概括主要研究成果和趋势。
结论：总结文献综述，概括主要发现和意义。
要求说明：
1.外文中文翻译要准确无误，语句通顺流畅，做到质量高、符合学术
规范。
2.文献综述要选择与所研究领域相关的文献进行综述，覆盖面要广，
内容要全面、准确并有独立思考。
4.文献综述要注重整体结构和逻辑连贯性，内容要有层次感，段落间
要过渡自然。
5.外文中文翻译和文献综述要进行查重，确保原文与译文的一致性，
并避免抄袭和剽窃行为。
生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
生物医学专业基因编辑外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译摘要本文翻译了生物医学专业的基因编辑外文文献，包括中英文翻译和外文翻译。
详细内容见下文。
中英文翻译1. 标题：生物医学专业基因编辑（Biomedical Gene Editing）基因编辑是一种针对生物体遗传信息进行改变的技术。
通过编辑基因组，可以修改或插入DNA序列，从而改变目标生物体的遗传特征。
基因编辑在生物医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。
2. 摘要（Abstract）基因编辑已成为生物医学研究中的重要工具。
它不仅可以用于疾病诊断和治疗，还可以用于基础科学研究和生物技术开发。
随着技术的不断发展，基因编辑对人类健康和生物多样性的影响也引起了人们的关注。
3. 引言（Introduction）基因编辑是一种通过改变生物体的遗传信息来实现特定目的的技术。
它可以在DNA水平上对基因组进行精确的修改和操控，从而实现对目标生物体特征的变化。
外文翻译1. Title: Biomedical Gene EditingGene editing is a technology that allows for changes to be made to the genetic information of an organism. By editing the genome, DNA sequences can be modified or inserted, altering the genetic characteristics of the target organism. Gene editing has wide applications in the field of biomedical research.2. Abstract3. IntroductionGene editing is a technology that achieves specific objectives by altering the genetic information of an organism. It allows for precise modifications and manipulation of the genome at the DNA level, resulting in changes to the characteristics of the target organism.。
毕业论文外文翻译模版
一、摘要
本文主要介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版，该模版包括了论文的标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板，可供毕业论文写作时参考使用。
二、标题
毕业论文外文翻译模版
三、作者信息
作者：[姓名]
学号：[学号]
指导老师：[指导老师姓名]
四、摘要
本文介绍了毕业论文外文翻译模版的具体内容和使用方法，帮助毕业论文作者完成外文翻译工作，提高论文质量和水平。详细内容包括论文标题、作者信息、摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论等部分的翻译模板。
6. 正文的翻译模版：
正文内容丰富多样，翻译时需根据具体内容进，无需额外模版。
八、结论
毕业论文外文翻译模版的使用对于毕业论文写作具有重要意义，能够帮助作者完成外文翻译工作，提高论文的质量和水平。希望本文提供的翻译模版能够对广大学子在论文写作过程中有所帮助，更好地完成毕业论文的撰写工作。
五、关键词
毕业论文、外文翻译、模版、翻译模板、论文写作
六、引言
毕业论文外文翻译是毕业论文写作过程中的一项重要工作，对于提高论文的学术水平和国际影响力具有重要意义。本文提供了一套完整的翻译模版，可供广大学子参考使用，希望能够对大家的论文写作工作有所帮助。
七、正文
1. 论文标题的翻译模版：
中文标题：[中文标题]
英文标题：[英文标题]
2. 作者信息的翻译模版：
作者姓名：[姓名]
作者学号：[学号]
作者专业：[专业]
3. 摘要的翻译模版：
中文摘要：[中文摘要内容]
英文摘要：[英文摘要内容]
4. 关键词的翻译模版：
中文关键词：[中文关键词]
英文关键词：[英文关键词]
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
翻转课堂十篇外文文献摘要翻译
爱思唯尔数据库获取资料1.The experience of three flipped classrooms in an urban university:an exploration of design principles(2014.2)设计原则的探索：在城市大学中使用三个翻转课堂的体验来源：《Internet and Higher Education》Abstract:As a response to the call for technology enhanced, student-centered learning environments, the flipped class-room approach has drawn much attention from both the research and practice communities. Despite over fifteen years of flipped classroom implementation, design principles have been minimally elaborated详尽upon in relation to diverse disciplinary contexts学科背景. Focusing on this gap, we engaged in a mixed methods study that examined three instances of the flipped classroom across unique disciplines学科and to extract specific design principles. Three in-structors and 115 students enrolled in three separate classes in fall 2012 participated in the study. Building upon the Revised Community of Inquiry Framework, we developed a flipped classroom design framework and identified nine design principles.Keywords:Flipped classroom;Inverted classroom;Technology-enhanced learning;Blended learning; Student-centered learning;Mixed methods research摘要：至于对技术提升，以学生为中心的学习环境的的要求，翻转课堂的做法已引起研究和实践领域的广泛关注。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
外文文献翻译译文
环境管理会计（EMA）是管理会计发展的趋势Christine Jasch摘要：组织机构和会计师们为什么应该关心环境问题？来自供应链、资金提供商、监管机构以及其他利益相关者对于环境绩效及其信息披露的压力，导致组织机构的与环境相关的成本不断增加。
但同时提高环境绩效能够带来潜在的货币利益这一观点也逐渐得到人们的认同，传统的会计实务不能充分提供对于环境管理和与之相关的战略决策所需要的信息。
由于联合国可持续发展事务署下的环境管理会计工作组的成立，以及由它主办的出版物的发行，环境管理会计得到了促进和提升。
最近，国际会计师联合会发行了一份关于环境管理会计的指导性文件，这将进一步推动环境管理会计在会计师中的应用。
这期《清洁生产》杂志的关于环境管理会计的这个特别问题，侧重于它的方法论背景，以及来自澳大利亚、奥地利、阿根廷、加拿大、日本和立陶宛的案例研究经验。
正文：环境问题伴随者相关费用,收入和利益,正被世界上大多数国家的公民,政府组织,合作型领导人给予越来越多的关注.但是,有一个越来越广泛的共识,那就是,传统的会计不能为合理的支持在环境管理责任方面的决策制定提供准确的信息.为了填补这个差距,目前,EMA的新兴领域已经受到持续增加的关注.在19世纪九十年代早期,美国环保署是第一个成立了正式的项目去促进EMA的采纳的国家机构.从那时起,在30个国家的组织已经开始推动和落实EMA的许多不同类型的与环保相关的管理措施. 对于EMA的广泛关注是由于联合国可持续发展事务司对EMA的提倡以及其对EMA书籍的委托出版。
国际会计师联合会决定授权在由联合国科学发展司EMA工作组发表的最早的关于EMA 两本出版物的基础上发展一个关于EMA的指导性文件以整合关于EMA的最好的信息并与此同时进行必要的更新和添加.这个文件既不是有规定的要求的标准,也不是个描述性研究报告.它意在成为一个提供指导性信息的文件,作为监管要求,标准和纯粹信息的中间地带.这样, 它的目标是提供了一个总体框架和EMA的定义是相当全面，这是一致的可能与其他现有的，广泛应用于环境会计框架与EMA必须通力合作，以减少一些就这一重要议题的国际混乱功能。
5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand
外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。
产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。
根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。
产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。
为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。
关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。
作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。
他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。
但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。
最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。
“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。
产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。
在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。
比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。
前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。
外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)
外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上（10000字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。
严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。
插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）与论文格式要求相同。
下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。
英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
工学外文文献摘要及翻译
LESSONS LEARNED WITH VIBRATION MONITORINGSYSTEMS IN GERMAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTSA. KOLBASSEFF, R. SUNDERCompared to international standards, vibration diagnosis of German pressurized water reactors (PWR) ranks high.Based on the Condition Monitoring System (COMOS) a lot of operational experiences could be gathered meanwhile and led to founded knowledge of long-term experiences.Meanwhile a successor system called "COMOSnt" is developed and installed in several plants.1.PWR VIBRATION MONITORINGCOMOS has a modular structure with regard to functionally separated surveillance modes.The "Primary System Diagnosis" is based on double-traced amplitude spectra and derived coherence and phase functions. What is monitored are resonances of structures of so-called passive components, like pressure vessel, core barrel, upper core support and piping OSnt has modular structure. Monitoring functions are concentrated to reactor coolant pumps, feed water pumps but also to the primary circuit components and the reactor core.Based on these interpretations of the observed trend behaviour in KKG-PWR, planned inspection of secondary core support structure could be cancelled up till now, saving cost, time and radiation exposure for the utility people.2. BWR VIBRATION MONITORINGThe fuel assembly distribution in the surrounding of the selected sensor is documented in the inserted scheme. These findings could be proved all over the core, taking into account all relevant sensor combinations.Acoustic signals, self-powered neutron detectors from the core area, shaft vibration sensors from reactor recirculation pumps and corresponding casing vibration sensors at the motor support of these pumps. Due to this instrumentation, a total of up to 150 measuring values are available (120 SPNDs, 8 acoustic signals, 16 shaft vibration signals and 8 casing vibration signals). The advantage of this solution is that all sensor types are still available on-site. There is no need for further investments.3. CONCLUSIONBy combining well-experienced methods with frequency signal analysis by means of online systems and data link to a diagnosis center where short-term support can be given, a new quality of condition monitoring and failure diagnosis for nuclear power stations is available. When such methods are systematically applied in the plants, a big step could be done towards improvement of maintenance strategy. KEYWORDSpressurized water reactor (PWR), 压水反应堆boiling water reactor (BWR), 沸水反应堆vibration monitoring,振动监测internal vibrations,内部振动condition monitoring system,状态监测系统fuel assembly vibration,燃料组件振动neutron noise investigation,中子噪声调查model calculations 模型计算automated monitoring system, 自动化监测系统德国核电站振动监测系统的经验与国际标准相比,德国加压振动诊断的水反应堆等级更高(Bastl et al,1980)。
毕业设计外文翻译撰写格式规范
嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文（设计）外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上，一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文，译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸，页面设置：上：2.8；下：2.6；左：3.0；右：2.6；页眉：1.5；页脚：1.75。
段落格式为：1.5倍行距，段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为：插入页码，居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示：正式提交“嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分（红字部分）。
文档标题采用楷体_GB2312，三号字体，加粗，居中。
一级标题采用楷体_GB2312，四号字体，加粗，左侧顶格。
二级标题采用宋体，小四号字体，加粗，缩进两个中文字符。
三级标题采用宋体，五号字体，缩进两个中文字符。
正文采用五号宋体字，数字用阿拉伯数字，字母和数字用Times New Roman。
嘉兴学院（南湖学院）毕业设计外文翻译题目：系别：专业：班级：学号：学生姓名：一、外文摘要及关键词英文文章题目（Times New Roman小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）（作者工作单位，省略）ABSTRACT：（Times New Roman小四号加粗，顶格）：英文原文（Times New Roman五号，1.5倍行距）KEYWORDS：（Times New Roman小四号加粗，顶格）：同行接关键词，关键词之间用逗号分割，用五号Times New Roman字体。
二、中文摘要及关键词翻译文章题目（黑体小三号，1.5倍行距，居中）摘要：由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高，汽车检测标准越来越高。
英文文章摘要范文大全
英文文章摘要范文大全English Answer:Abstract 1。
This study investigates the impact of social media on mental health in young adults. A survey was conducted among 500 participants aged 18-25, examining their social media usage and psychological well-being. Results indicate a positive correlation between social media use and increased anxiety and depression symptoms. The findings suggest that excessive social media use can negatively affect mental health in this population.Abstract 2。
The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing stress in healthcare professionals is explored in this paper. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 120 healthcare workers, comparing the effectiveness ofmindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and a control group. Participants in the MBSR group reported significant reductions in stress levels compared to the control group, demonstrating the potential of mindfulness interventions in improving mental health in demanding healthcare settings.Abstract 3。
外文文献翻译格式要求
外文文献翻译格式要求：（1）摘要，关键词：宋体五号（其中“摘要”和“关键词”为宋体五号加粗），行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，对齐方式选择“两端对齐”方式；各个关键词之间以分号（；）或者（，）隔开，最后一个关键词后不加标点；（2）正文一级标题：采用黑体小三号加粗，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“1 引言”样式，其中1和“引言”之间用一个空格分开；正文二级标题：采用黑体小三号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0.5行，一般采用“2.1 系统原理”样式，其中1和“系统原理”之间用一个空格分开；；一级标题和二级标题采用“左对齐”方式；（3）正文内容：采用宋体小四号，行间距设置为20磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，首行缩进2字符，正文对齐方式在段落格式设置中选择“两端对齐”，遇正文中有公式的，设置该行（段）行间距为“单倍行距”（4）插图：请设置图片版式为“浮于文字上方”，并勾选“居中”，图片大小根据版面，按比例适当进行缩放，图示说明采用“图1 主控制器的结构图”样式置于图下，图序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，图示说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行；（5）表格：在表格属性中选择“居中”对齐方式，表格说明采用“表1 两种方法试验数据比较”样式置于表格上方，表序与说明以一个空格字符间隔，表格说明采用宋体五号，居中对齐，行间距设置为“单倍行距”，段前段后距设置为0.5行；（6）参考文献：“参考文献”格式同一级标题格式，参考文献内容采用宋体五号，行间距设置为18磅，段前段后间距设置为0行，对齐方式选择“左对齐”方式，其中出现的标点一律采用英文标点；以上摘要，关键词，正文，标题及参考文献中出现的英文字符和数字，一律设置为“Times New Roman”字体。
另外：外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
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摘要1：随着GIS商业应用的不断发展，以及卫星遥感产业不断发展，GIS技术和遥感图像应用在区域规划和模拟区域环境已有较为广泛的研究。
实现区域环境的可视化环境下的空间信息和属性信息集成、模拟和预测, 为更多研究人员提供宏观监测方法，便于从宏观角度评估退耕还林样地在碳储备和水土保持方面所做贡献。
从宏观角度观测和模拟样地生物量变化和沟壑侵蚀强度, 将是区域规划与管理的未来重要发展趋势。
在先前宏观监测方面，已有学者在区域规划与管理中应用GIS技术和RS技术。
两项技术的结合和宏观模拟预测方法，利用信息技术为研究人员和决策人员提供便捷的预测和管理方法，将成为不变的潮流和趋势。
本文在分析了现有GIS技术与RS技术结合分别对生物量模型和侵蚀沟侵蚀模型的应用不足，阐述了用集成方法表述退耕还林样地贡献率的必要性。
作者对现有技术进行充分结合和利用，并进行改进,即在VS2005环境中利用C#语言，嵌套Arcengine模块进行开发，通过编程实现了黄土丘陵区三维图像显示，并模拟该区域退耕还林对当地环境的贡献率。
该系统中能够实现图像放大缩小漫游、模拟区域生物量变化及其他属性功能查询等功能，为决策者提供宏观可视信息。
摘要2：几十年来，极端天气的出现和影响范围之广已经备受关注。
因此全球气候变化已成为国际科学研究的热点问题。
众所周知，陆地生态系统与气候变化之间存在这密不可分的相互作用过程。
而陆地生态系统中，植被是最重要的、同时也是对气候变化最敏感的组分。
无论在全球尺度，还是在区域尺度上，植被动态变化通常是气候变化的关键驱动因子。
在中国，促进城市生态发展或者进行退耕还林工程改造已经变得尤为重要。
目前，在中国大部分地区，植被活动也呈增强趋势。
在大、中尺度的区域研究中,遥感方法是监测全球和区域植被变化的有效手段,利用遥感数据与方法分析植被的覆盖变化具有独特的优势并为其提供了可靠的实时数据源。
采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)来表征区域植被覆盖状况,它能很好地反映植被覆盖、生物量及生态系统参数的变化,与植被覆盖度呈正相关。
本文描述了通过GIS和RS技术结合，分析近几年青海省黄土丘陵区归一化植被指数(NDVI)，确定退耕还林对周围水环境、生态环境、大气环境等的效益影响，评价了退耕还林的生态效益。
结果表明，退耕还林使得青海黄土丘陵区气候条件较未采取退耕还林时有所改善，河流中泥沙含量减少，并且沟壑侵蚀减弱。
国家应该采取政策推行退耕还林建设。
Abstract 1: With the development of GIS’s business applications, and the industrial development of satellite remote sensing, it has been more widespread about GIS technology research and the application of remote sensing imaging in the regional planning and environmental simulation. It provide the macroscopic monitoring methods to realize the integration, the simulation and the prediction of the regional environmental spatial information and the attribute information. It becomes more convenient for researchers to estimate the contribution to carbon storage and soil and water conservation which is made by the returning farmland to forest. It will be the most important trend in regional planning and management in the future to observe and simulate the changing of modeling of biomass and gully erosion intensity.In the previous research of macro monitoring, more and more scholars have applied GIS technology and RS technology in regional planning and management. Prediction method of combining the two technologies, which is convenient for researchers and policy-makers to use the information technology which is forecast and management methods, will become the important trend. This paper analyses the shortcoming in combining GIS technology and RS technology with the application of biomass model and gully erosion model, and it expounds the necessity of expression the contribution that returning farmland has made. Coupling with existing technology application, the author has improved it. In VS2005，the author develop the technology the system by the means of coupling with the language called C# and ARCGIS engine module. It can realize the target that we observe the region called The Loess Hilly Region by Three-dimensional images, and then we can simulate the contribution which is made by returning farmland to forest. In this system, it can provide a decision method that through detecting macroscopic visual information. In addition, it can be zoomed in or zoomed out the image, simulated the changes in biomass and detected other functional properties.Abstract 2: For decades, the emergence and expansion of extreme weather has been cause for concern. Therefore, the global climate changing has become a hot issue in the international scientific research. As is known to all, there is an inseparable interaction between terrestrial ecosystem and climate changing. In the terrestrial ecosystem, vegetation is not only the most important, but also the most sensitive to climate changing. Regardless of scale whether is the global scale or regional scale, vegetation dynamics is usually the key driving factors of climate changing. In China, it has become particularly important to promote the development of urban ecological or returning farmland to forest engineering modifications.Currently, in most parts of China, it has showed increasing trend of vegetation activity. In large and medium scale regional studies, remote sensing methods for monitoring global and regional vegetation changes have become the effective means. And it provides the special advantage for analysing the vegetation cover changing to use remote sensing data and methods. Ti also provides a reliable real-time data source. The normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) to characterize the regional vegetation cover, it is a good reflection of the vegetation cover, biomass, and ecosystem parameter changes, and vegetation coverage were positively correlated. This paper describes the combination of GIS and RS technology to analyze the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of loess hilly region in Qinghai Province in recent years to determine the effectiveness from the returning farmland to the surrounding water environment, ecological environment, atmospheric environment, and estimate the benefits from the returning farmland to forest ecological. The results show that the Qinghai Loess Hilly Area Grain climatic conditions have become better and gully erosion weakened and sediment content decreased in river when compared with the past time. States should adopt policies to vigorously pursue Grain building the engineering of returning farmland to the forest.。