托福TPO24阅读真题及答案
托福阅读TPO24-1 Lake Water
Tpo24Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent inthe lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.paragraph1: Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.1. The phrase So much in the passage refers to○the negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels○water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation○the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels○the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lakeparagraph2: The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with theatmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.2. The word in the passage is closest in meaning to○results○increases○resources○savings3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?○Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.○Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.○Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.○Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than an y other input.4. Why does the author use the phrase Note the word "net" in the passage?○To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levels○To point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchanges○To compare the different methods of calculating seepage○To emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputsparagraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.5. The word Conversely meaning to○on the other hand○in the same way○in other words○on average6. According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?○A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levels○A lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputs○A lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of i t○A lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasonsparagraph4: By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.7. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake○depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake' s currents○can be measured b y the volume of the lake alone○can be greater or lesser than the residence time○is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lakeparagraph5: Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 year s. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.8. According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the followingreasons?○Lake Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.○Lake Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.○Lake Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.○Lake Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.9. Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?○To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake○To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes○To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area○To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' s residence time is unusually longParagraph 6: A given lake's residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario. Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (therate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). Thechemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.○expected○additional○serious○unfortunate11. According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence time of some lakes of northwestern Ontario?○The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.○The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall.○The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.○Plants have required less water from the lakes12. According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPT○amount of rainfall○rate of evaporation ○temperature of surrounding air○concentration of chemicals in lake waterparagraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. [■] If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. [■] Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. [■] For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one endand out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. [■]13. Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Of course, a lake may be neither surface-water-nor seepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantly surface and its outputs are predominantly seepage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.●●●Answer Choices○By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake's inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources.○Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporat ion of water into the atmosphere.○It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage ○dominated by simple observation at different seasons.○The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake.○The residence times of surface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes.○The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organis ms to be found in the lake.参考答案:1.42.23.34.45.16.27.38.39.110. 211. 312. 413. 414.By measuring the...It is sometimes possible to decide...The average period of time。
托福TPO24【综合写作】阅读+听力文本
小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO24,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
TPO 24ReadingAnimal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actualanimal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largelyreplaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when itappeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), adinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. Thediscovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s legbone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remainsof blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many smallbranching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the boneswhere blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence ofa soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance mayvery well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bonerevealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells.Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of redblood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had darkred centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were alsoabout the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showedthat it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. ListeningAs much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue,there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen inanimal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO24--1 Lake Water
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Lake Water托福阅读原文【1】Where does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.【2】The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaksinto the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference. 【3】Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.【4】By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.【5】Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.【6】A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).【7】The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causesdissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.托福阅读试题1.The phrase So much in the passage (paragraph 1) refers toA.the negative effects of overland flow, rain, and evaporation on river water levels.B.water that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporation.C.the importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levels.D.the information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lake.2.The word gains in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.results.B.increases.C.resources.D.savings.3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?A.Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.B.Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.C.Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.D.Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input.4.Why does the author use the phrase Note the word "net" in the passage (paragraph 2)?A.To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levels.B.To point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchanges.C.To compare the different methods of calculating seepage.D.To emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputs.5.The word Conversely in paragraph 3 meaning toA.on the other hand.B.in the same way.C.in other words.D.on average.6.According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?A.A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levels.B.A lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputs.C.A lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of it.D.A lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasons.7.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lakeA.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake' s currents.B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alone.C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time.D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake.8.According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the following reasons?ke Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.ke Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.ke Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.ke Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.9.Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?A.To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lake.B.To illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakes.C.To argue that the residence time of a lake increases with area.D.To emphasize that Lake Tahoe' s residence time is unusually long.10.The word further in the passage (paragrapg 6)is closest in meaning toA.expected.B.additional.C.serious.D.unfortunate.11.According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence time of some lakes of northwestern Ontario?A.The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.B.The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall.C.The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.D.Plants have required less water from the lakes.12.According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPTA.amount of rainfall.B.rate of evaporation.C.temperature of surrounding air.D.concentration of chemicals in lake water.13. Look at the four squares III that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. Of course, a lake may be neither surface-water-nor seepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantly surface and its outputs are predominantly seepage. paragraph3: Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. [■]【A】If theformer are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. [■]【B】Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. [■]【C】For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. [■]【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.A.By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake's inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources.B.Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporation of water into the atmosphere.C.It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated by simple observation at differentseasons.D.The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and overtime within a particular lake.E.The residence times of surface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those of seepage-dominated lakes.F.The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lake.托福阅读答案1.So much指代前文，说water是怎么enter怎么leave的，所以正确答案是D。
托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文文本： Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix. First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex. Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells. Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue. 托福TPO24综合写作听力原文文本： As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn't necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probablyhave a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn't come from the T. rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone. 托福TPO24综合写作满分范文： The reading passage points out three evidences that indicate the existence of actually tissue in dinosaur fossil. However, the professor doubts the accuracy of these evidences. In fact, he offers some alternative explanations for the substances found in the fossil. First and foremost, he challenges the existence of blood vessels. Instead, he points out that bacteria may occupy the hollows inside the bones. Therefore, it is highly possible that the soft substance in the branching channels of the bone is the moist residue of bacteria, rather than blood vessels of the dinosaur. Moreover, the professor casts doubt about the red substance in sphere, which according to the reading passage is the remain of red blood cells. In fact, the professor claims that this red substance was also found in some other animals, which lived in the same place but had no red blood vessels at all. The professor argues that the sphere can be pieces of red minerals. Additionally, the professor doubts the existence of collagen in the fossil. On the contrary to the reading passage, he points out that the earliest collagen that has ever found is in fossils 100000 ago. It is unlikely for collagen to last for more than 70 million years. As a result, the professor suggests that the collagen may come from recent sources, such as the skin of researchers who handed the fossil. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO24综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
新托福TPO24阅读原文及译文(二)
新托福TPO24阅读原文(二)：Breathing During SleepTPO24-2：Breathing During SleepOf all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep isfully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.TPO24-2译文：睡眠中的呼吸关于人类睡觉和清醒时生理状态的差异在过去的十年里已被发现，在所有的这些差异中，呼吸系统控制方面的变化尤其引人注目。
托福TPO24阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO24ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO24ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Breathing During Sleep¡¡¡¡Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡During wakefulness,breathing is controlled by two interacting systems.The first is an automatic,metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem.It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide(CO2)and oxygen(O2),and the acid-base ratio in the blood.The second system is the voluntary,behavioral system.Its control center is based in the forebrain,and it regulates breathing for use in speech,singing,sighing,and so on.It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic,metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.¡¡¡¡During NREM(the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement)breathing becomes deeper and more regular,but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate,resulting in less air being exchanged overall.This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic,metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide.Also,during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood.Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep.First,there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms.Second,once sleep is fully obtained,there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.¡¡¡¡But that is not all that changes.During all phases of sleep,several changes in the air passages have been observed.It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing.Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep,especially during REM(the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement).Without this muscular action,inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon¡ªthe narrow passagestend to collapse.Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose.If something blocks the"good"side,such as congestion from allergies or a cold,then resistance increases dramatically.Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.¡¡¡¡Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep.For example,during wakefulness there is an immediate,automatic,adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult(such as breathing through a restrictive face mask).This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep.Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions,resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood,is breathing effort adjusted.Finally,the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing.If the irritation is severe enough,a sleeping person will arouse,clear the airway,then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.¡¡¡¡Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because,although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular,with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.In addition,breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.¡¡¡¡paragraph1:Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade,changes in respiratory control are most dramatic.Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems,there are even changes in how they function.Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep,making the contractions of the diaphragm more important.Yet because of the physics of lying down,the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job.However,there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO24ÔĶÁPassage2ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?¡¡¡¡¡ðDuring sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.¡¡¡¡¡ðThe diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.。
托福TPO24 independent writing
According to a recent statistic on the internet, the number of single-child families occupies 75 percent of Chinese families, and undoubtedly have a tendency of increasing. It follows that parents or other adult relatives may likely pay more attention to their children, for the reason that the energy of parents has been saved a lot compared to those who own several children. They insist that teenage children should not take a part-time job, considering that they are too young to adjust themselves to complicated society and taking a job may disturb their study which is most important in this stage of life. However, others believe that encouraging teenage children to take a part-time job is one of the best ways that parents help them to prepare for adult life. From my part of view, I completely agree with the latter idea.To begin with,the significance of taking a part-time job to developing independent personality and sense of responsibility can never be exaggerated.My friend, Tom, was a spoiled boy a few years ago. His parents did everything for him: cleaning his room, making his bed, and rescuing him from troubles. After Tom graduate from high school, his parents encouraged him to take a part-time job in summer holiday. It was so boring for him to stay at home all day, so he took the advice and worked as a waiter in a restaurant. At first, he could not adapt himself to the work he is doing and always got scolded by the boss. But he workedhard and learned quickly. After one month, he could deal with all the problems during work and he changed greatly, being responsible for his action and doing his work independently without others’ demands, and these are absolutely the prerequisites for adult life. What happened to Tom struck me tremendously and made me realize that how important taking a part-time job is for teenagers.In addition, taking a part-time job can offer teenagers an opportunity to make friends with different people outside school and to widen their horizon. Teenage children spend most of their time studying and hardly have time to keep abreast of what’s going on in the world. To some extent, it is very bad to teenagers’ development if too much stress is laid on school work, for they have to put the theory into practice when they grow up to be an adult. Consequently, if you want your children to prepare for future career, please encourage them to take a part-time job, and there they can meet interesting people and learn something new, in the belief that they may one day need just those people or things.Finally, it is easier to find a satisfactory job for the college graduates with part-time job experience. It is know to everyone that graduates face with a brutal competition in job marketing. Only ones who are more competent can won a great job and a brilliant future. And a backgroundwith doing a part-time job in the past can give you a license of becoming one of promising candidates for the job that numerous applicants are desiring.In a word, there is no better way to help teenage children to get ready for adult life than encourage them to take a part-time job. It has always been a mystery to me why some parents, who desperately want their children to be responsible, independent and successful, obstinately maintain that teenagers should not take a part-time job.。
TPO24阅读(含答案和解析)
华联教育Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by ram gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word “net”: measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake's flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.■If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. ■Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. ■For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated. ■By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake's residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie's is thelowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario's, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow—less then 20 meters on average.A given lake's residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life). The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.Q1 The phrase “So much” in the passage refers toОthe negative effects of overland flow, ram, and evaporation on river water levelswater that a lake loses to outflowing rivers, to the lake bed, and to evaporationthe importance of rivers to the maintenance of lake water levelsthe information given about ways that water can enter or exit a lakeQ2 The word "gains" in the passage is closest in meaning toresultsincreasesresources 华联教育savingsQ3 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the movement of water into a lake?Heavy rain accounts for most of the water that enters into lakes.Rainfall replaces approximately the amount of water lost through evaporation.Overland flow into lakes is reduced by the presence of forests.Seepage has a smaller effect on water level than any other input.Q4 Why does the author use the phrase “Note the word "net"” in the passage?To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levelsTo point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchangesTo compare the different methods of calculating seepageTo emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputsQ5 The word "Conversely” in the passage is closest in meaning toon the other handin the same wayin other wordson averageQ6 According to paragraph 3, which of the following best describes a seepage-dominated lake?A lake that is fed by streams but still has fluctuating water levelsA lake with a constant water level that has no streams or rivers as inputsA lake with a stream flowing into it and a stream flowing out of itA lake that has surface and underground inputs but loses water during dry seasonsQ7 ft can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lakedepends entirely upon the average speed of a lake's currentscan be measured by the volume of the lake alonecan be greater or lesser than the residence timeis similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lakeQ8 According to paragraph 5, Lake Erie's residence time is lower than Lake Ontario's for which of the following reasons?Lake Erie has a larger area than Lake Ontario.Lake Ontario is shallower than Lake Erie.Lake Ontario has a greater volume than Lake Erie.Lake Erie receives less rainfall than Lake Ontario.Q9 Why does the author discuss the Great Lakes in paragraph 5?To demonstrate the extent to which residence times vary from lake to lakeTo illustrate how residence times are calculated for specific lakesTo argue that the residence time of a lake increases with areaTo emphasize that Lake Tahoe’s residence time is unusually longQ10 The word “further” in the passage is closest in meaning toexpectedadditionalseriousunfortunateQ11 According to paragraph 6, which of the following explains the increase in residence timeof some lakes of northwestern Ontario?The amount of water flowing into the lakes has increased.The rate of evaporation has decreased more sharply than the amount of rainfall .The renewal of the lakes' water has slowed due to changes in climate.Plants have required less water from the lakes.Q12 According to paragraph 6, residence time is affected by all of the following EXCEPTamount of rainfallrate of evaporationtemperature of surrounding airconcentrat ion of chemicals in lake waterQ13 Look at the four squares■that indicate where the follow ing sentence could be addedto the passageOf course, a lake may be neither surface-water- norseepage-dominated if, for example, its inputs are predominantlysurface and its outputs are predominantly seepage.Where would the sentence best fit?Once all this information has been gathered , it becomes possible to judge whether a lake's flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs.■If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. ■Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. ■For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated . Conversely , a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.■更多TPO最新下载，尽在华联教育Q14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that expressthe most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Water enters, remains, and eventually leaves a lake in a variety of ways.1 By measuring the water quantities at each of a lake’s inputs and outputs, it can be determined whether water enters the lake mainly from surface or groundwater sources2 It is sometimes possible to decide whether a lake is surface water dominated or seepage dominated by simple observation at different seasons.3 The residence times ofsurface-water-dominated lakes are usually longer than those ofseepage-dominated lakes 4 Changes in lake level and volume are caused principally by the amount of evaporation of water into the atmosphere.5 The average period of time that molecules of water spend in a lake—the residence time—varies from lake to lake and over time within a particular lake.6 The residence time of a lake frequently depends on the kinds of organisms to be found in the lakeBreathing During Sleep 华联教育Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. ■Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. ■However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.■During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. ■The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (C02) and oxygen (02), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.Q1 According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease duringsleep.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.Q2 According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:It has its control center in the brain stem.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.It is able to bypass the automatic system.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.Q3 The word "exclusive" in the passage is closest in meaning toconsistentperfectpartialsoleQ4 According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges. Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.Q5 What is the author's purpose in stating that “Inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon"?To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleepTo argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleepTo illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleepTo illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleepQ6 All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTrelaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory systemchanges in resistance between the two sides of the noseeasier airflow in the passages of the upper airwayabsence of certain complex muscle interactionsQ7 According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.Q8 It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person toincrease the breathing effortwake up and remove the source of irritationcough while still sleepingstop breathing temporarily while still sleepingQ9 The word "considerable" in the passage is closest in meaningsignificantsteadyusualnecessaryQ10 The word "resume" in the passage is closest in meaning toreducestopreadjustrestartQ11Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential information.The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, althoughbreathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air isexcha nged in REMBreathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregularepisodes of rapid breathing during NREM.Because breath ing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breath ing, breathing ismore rapid than in NREM.Q12 Look at the four squares ■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageTo better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpfulto first understand how respiration works in general.Where would the sentence best fit?Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in resp iratory cont rol are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the funct ioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they funct ion. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep , making the contractions of the diaph ragm more important.■Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job . ■However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep .■During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. ■The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose contro l is centered in the brain stem . It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (C02) and oxygen (02), and the acid-base ratio in the blood . The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system . Its control center is based in the forebra in, and it regulates breathing for use in speec h, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capab le of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.Q14 Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. Thisquestion is worth 3 points.1 The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.2 Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.3 The coughing reflex is extremely complex.4 A great deal of effort is used for breathing.5 Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.6 There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.7 Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.华联教育Moving into PueblosIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. ■ And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. ■For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. ■The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. ■Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pull factors (benefits that drew families together) or push factors (some external threat or crisis that forced people to aggregate). In this case, push explanations dominate.Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5-12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30-50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populationstoward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed in the thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.Q1 The word "traumatic" in the passage is closest in meaning toessentialhighly stressfulhighly unusualunwiseQ2 The word "intense" in the passage is closest in meaning tostrongquestionableobviousdeliberateQ3 According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwesternNorth America lived in households thatshared daily chores with neighboring householdsoccupied dwellings that were built into the sides of cliffswere largely free to conduct their lives as they pleasedenforced common standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within theircommunitiesQ4 Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?It presents the conditions that caused a change in a population's living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.It describes a major change in a population's living patterns and then presents a numberof problems that resulted from that change.Q5 According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one of the consequences of increasing population densities?People were increasingly crowded into collections of large housing units.People stopped planting crops that have relatively low yields.Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyon limits.The natural landscape was destroyed.Q6 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways orleave out essential information.Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arableland to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs,terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s.Some scholars even claim that the intensification of farmers' various efforts during the1200s led to further population growth and the consequent need for more arable land.Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200s indicates a need to feed a larger population and so extends the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos.During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for more arable land, but they alsosucceeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects.Some scholars feel strongly that the construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces,and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in thenumber of people.Q7 The word "transition" in the passage is closest in meaning tochangeclimate。
托福TPO24综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO24综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
如何使用这个文件呢？做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！在托福考试前来做跟读，口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
熟悉托福考试的专业词汇。
不少托福考生之所以在听力考试里面不够给力，是因为对于里面的专业词汇不够熟悉。
毕竟在托福考试过程中，如果核心词汇都不懂的话，那么在听力部分只能是束手就擒了。
TPO24 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingAnimal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made whenresearchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.ListeningAs much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn’t necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacterialived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn’t come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。
托福TPO24阅读真题及答案
以下，是这次环球托福为正在进行托福备考的考友们整理了托福TPO24阅读真题及答案Lake Breathing During Sleep 。
我们建议考友们，先做真题，后看答案进行验证自己的正确率。
之后，环球托福还会进一步推出托福TPO24阅读真题的做题思路讲解分析，做完真题后，更便于提高托福阅读能力。
托福TPO24阅读真题Breathing During SleepBreathing During SleepOf all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement).Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that is even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.Paragraphy1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.托福TPO24阅读真题Breathing During Sleep题目1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleepA. During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.B. The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C. The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.D. The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntarybreathing system EXCEPT:A. It has its control center in the brain stem.B. It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.C. It is able to bypass the automatic system.D. It produces an irregular breathing pattern.3. The word exclusive in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consistentB. perfectC. partialD. sole4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep beginsA. The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.B. Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.C. An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.5. What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloonA. To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleepB. To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleepC. To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleepD. To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTA. relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory systemB. changes in resistance between the two sides of the noseC. easier airflow in the passages of the upper airwayD. absence of certain complex muscle interactions7. According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficultA. There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.B. The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C. The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.D. The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleepwill likely cause the sleeping person toA. increase the breathing effortB. wake up and remove the source of irritationC .cough while still sleepingD. stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping9. The word considerable meaning toA. significantB. SteadyC. UsualD. necessary10. The word resume in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reduceB. stopC. ReadjustD. restartof the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.B. Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C. Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D. Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.Paragraphy1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■] Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■] However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.Paragraphy2: [■] During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order toregulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.13. Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing duringwakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you selectinto the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.WakefulnessA. 1B. 7SleepA. 2B. 4C. 6Answer Choicesrole of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.coughing reflex is extremely complex.great deal of effort is used for breathing.airways are resistant to colds and allergies.is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.托福TPO24阅读真题答案：1. B13W:The role of the ...Automatic and voluntary...S:Carbon dioxide in...A great deal of ...There is a drop in ...以上即是本次环球托福为大家整理的托福TPO24阅读真题及答案Breathing During Sleep，之后还会推出托福TPO24阅读真题的做题思路讲解分析，做完真题后，更便于提高托福阅读能力。
新托福TPO24阅读原文及译文(一)
新托福TPO24阅读原文(一)：Lake WaterTPO24-1：Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it? Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs, from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly on the lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into the bed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water are considered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering the inputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of every inflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphere are calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, as measured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation, measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For the majority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overland flow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judge whether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to its underground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakes up to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.A given lake’s residence time is by no means a fixed quantity. It depends on the rate at which water enters the lake, and that depends on the rainfall and the evaporation rate. Climatic change (the result of global warming?) is dramatically affecting the residence times of some lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In the period 1970 to 1986, rainfall in the area decreased from 1,000 millimeters to 650 millimeters per annum, while above-average temperatures speeded up the evapotranspiration rate (the rate at which water is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation and the processes of plant life).The result has been that the residence time of one of the lakes increased from 5 to 18 years during the study period. The slowing down of water renewal leads to a chain of further consequences; it causes dissolved chemicals to become increasingly concentrated, and this, in turn, has a marked effect on all living things in the lake.TPO24-1译文：湖中的水湖里的水从哪里来,又怎么流出的呢?湖中的水来自于河流的水,地下渗入的水和泉水，从四周地面流进来的水,还有直接降到湖面的雨水。
托福阅读TPO24-3 Moving into Pueblos
Moving into PueblosIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pull factors (benefits that drew families together) or push factors (some external threat or crisis that forced people to aggregate). In this case, push explanations dominate.Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.Paragraph1: In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.○Essential○highly stressful○highly unusual○unwise○strong○questionable○obvious○deliberate3.According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwestern North America livedin households that○shar ed daily chores with neighboring households○occupied dwellings that were built into the sides of cliffs○were largely free to conduct their lives as they pleased○enforced common standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within their communities4.Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?○It presents the conditions that caused a change in a population' s living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.○It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.○It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.○It describes a major change in a pop ulation' s living patterns and then presents a number of problems that resulted from that change.paragraph3: Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one of the consequences of increasing population densities?○People were in creasingly crowded into collections of large housing units.○People stopped planting crops that have relatively low yields.○Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyon limits.○The natural landscape was destroyed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some scholars even claim that the intensification of farmers' various efforts during the 1200s led to further population growth and the consequent need for more arable land.○Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200s indicates a need to feed a larger population and soextends the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos.○During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for more arable land, but they also succeeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects.○Some scholars feel strongly that the con struction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in the number of people.paragraph4: Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.7.○change○climate○decline○problem8. Why does the author state that "Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season"?○To explain why the higher elevations were always relatively sparsely populated○To suggest that any worsening of conditions would have significant consequences○To emphasize how resourceful the people gro wing food at these elevations were○To argue that farming was not the primary source of food at high elevations9. According to paragraph 4, what did farmers do in response to falling temperatures during the Little Ice Age?○Moved to areas away fro m Mesa Verde○Moved closer to the northeastern part of Mesa Verde○Began to cultivate crops adapted to a short growing season○Gave up the cultivation of the highest-lying landsparagraph5: In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonialevents were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events were occasions for○leaders to persuade people from the countryside to move into a pueblo○farmers to collect information about where crops could be reliably grown○people to develop better techniques for producing pottery and crafts○people in the early Puebloan era to share farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa Verde area formed communal villages in the thirteenth century?○The climate in the Mesa Verde area became more locally diverse.○Individuals were no longer interested in exchanging pottery and food.○Cooperatio n between people became more important for survival.○Bad years of farming began to occur more frequently.12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about cooperation among the people in the Mesa Verde area from the eleventh through the thirteenth century?○ Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to specialize in making pottery and crafts.○People went from exchanging food and crafts they individually produced to sharing in a cooperative effort to produce as much food as possible.○ Overtime there was less cooperation as farmers competed with each other for trade with distant areas.○ Individuals stopped cooperating with each other because they did not have enough food for themselves.paragraph1: In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. [■] And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. [■] For people in cliff dwel lings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. [■] The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. [■]13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.In the thirteenth century, the people in the Mesa Verde area went from living in scattered independent households to living in large pueblos.●●●Answer Choices○ Because the thirteenth-century inhabitants of the Mesa Verde area did not have the cultural expectations of today's city dwellers, they easily adapted to communal life.○ Even though living in pueblos had disadvantages, the population of the area had grown so large that there may have been no other arrangement that would have met its needs.○ From the eleventh century onward, farmers began to increase food production on existing farmland and started bringing more land under cultivation.○ A development that contributed to increasing population densities was a cooling climate that led many people to leave the coldest areas and crowd into climatically more favorable areas.○ The primary reason for moving to pueblos was the social benefits associated with communal life.○ People were brought together by the need to produce food cooperatively, as the use of food surpluses inone place to relieve shortages in another ended due to a change in climate.参考答案:1.22.13.34.45.16.27.18.29.410. 411. 312. 213. 214. A development that...The primary reason...People were brought...正确版如下：。
托福TPO阅读24原文+题目+答案
小编为托福考生们准备了托福阅读TPO24原文,希望各位考生们在TPO真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
Lake WaterWhere does the water in a lake come from, and how does water leave it?Water enters a lake from inflowing rivers, from underwater seeps and springs,from overland flow off the surrounding land, and from rain falling directly onthe lake surface. Water leaves a lake via outflowing rivers, by soaking into thebed of the lake, and by evaporation. So much is obvious.The questions become more complicated when actual volumes of water areconsidered: how much water enters and leaves by each route? Discovering theinputs and outputs of rivers is a matter of measuring the discharges of everyinflowing and outflowing stream and river. Then exchanges with the atmosphereare calculated by finding the difference between the gains from rain, asmeasured (rather roughly) by rain gauges, and the losses by evaporation,measured with models that correct for the other sources of water loss. For themajority of lakes, certainly those surrounded by forests, input from overlandflow is too small to have a noticeable effect. Changes in lake level notexplained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to thenet difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and whatleaks into the groundwater. Note the word "net": measuring the actual amounts ofgroundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicatedmatter than merely inferring their difference.Once all this information has been gathered, it becomes possible to judgewhether a lake’s flow is mainly due to its surface inputs and outputs or to itsunderground inputs and outputs. If the former are greater, the lake is a surface-water-dominated lake; if the latter, it is a seepage-dominated lake. Occasionally, common sense tells you which of these two possibilities applies. For example, a pond in hilly country that maintains a steady water level all through a dry summer in spite of having no streams flowing into it must obviously be seepage dominated. Conversely, a pond with a stream flowing in one end and out the other, which dries up when the stream dries up, is clearly surface water dominated.By whatever means, a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water: its water does not just sit there, or, anyway, not for long. This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time. The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake, and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake. The residence time is an average; the time spent in the lake by a given molecule (if we could follow its fate) would depend on the route it took: it might flow through as part of the fastest, most direct current, or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.Residence times vary enormously. They range from a few days for small lakesup to several hundred years for large ones; Lake Tahoe, in California, has a residence time of 700 years. The residence times for the Great Lakes of North America, namely, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, are, respectively, 190,100,22,2.5, and 6 years. Lake Erie’s is the lowest: although its area is larger than Lake Ontario’ s, its volume is less than one-third as great because it is so shallow-less than 20 meters on average.。
托福阅读TPO24答案解析
托福阅读答案1.traumatic受伤的，外伤的，不顺心的，所以正确答案是highly stressful。
原句说改变传统的大家庭居住模式到跟很多人一起住在镇上是怎么样的。
接着下句说没有人有跟很多人住在一起的经验，又说了其他很多问题，所以这个词一定是不好的，所以不是B就是D，而wise是原文没体现出来的，所以正确答案是B。
2.intense强大的，强烈的，紧张的，所以正确答案是strong。
原文说本地资源所受的压力是非常怎么样的，而且住在镇上卫生条件也不好，又是要一个不好的结论，所以questionable和deliberate完全不靠谱；obvious 压力很明显还不够，一定是鸭梨山大才行，所以正确答案是A。
3.如果这道题以十三世纪做关键词定位的话，读完第一句也不知道选哪个，因此用排除法较好。
A的chore做关键词定位至倒数第二句，但原文只是列举了chore，没说选项说的share，A错；B的dwelling和sidesofthecliffs 做关键词定位至第一句，但建在cliff的是pueblo，不是十三世纪之前，所以B错；C在原文中没有明确说明，但看首句会发现十三世纪变化了，十三世纪以后大家一起住，有很多问题，也就是说十三世纪之前大家都是自己住自己的，也就是C说的conduct their lives as they pleased，C正确；D原文完全没说，不选。
4.问全段的题，看头尾。
第一句说十三世纪人们的生活方式发生了变化，很多人都搬到了pueblo；而后半段从倒数第三句到最后都在说这种现象产生的一系列问题，所以是先陈述现象，后说这种现象产生的问题，答案是D。
A 的why those conditions get worse，B的present cultural condition和C的an alternativeexplanation 原文都没说。
5.以density做关键词定位至第二句，说经过若干代人口增长，density实在太大，使得pueblo成为一个不可避免的结果，所以正确答案是A，crowdinto collections of large housing units。
托福阅读TPO24-3-Moving-into-Pueblos
Moving into PueblosIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move into these closely packed quarters For transitions of such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pull factors (benefits that drew families together) or push factors (some external threat or crisis that forced people to aggregate). In this case, push explanations dominate.Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa V erde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperationallowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.Paragraph1: In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.○highly stressful○highly unusual○unwise○questionable○obvious○deliberateto paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwestern North America lived in households that ○shared daily chores with neighboring households○occupied dwellings that were built into the s ides of cliffs○were largely free to conduct their lives as they pleased○enforced common standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within their communitiesof the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1○It presents the condi tions that caused a change in a population' s living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.○It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.○It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.○It describes a major change in a population' s living patterns and then presents a number of problems that resulted from that change.paragraph3: Population growth is considered a particularly influential push. After several generations of population growth, people packed the landscape in densities so high that communal pueblos may have been a necessary outcome. Around Sand Canyon, for example, populations grew from 5 -12 people per square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 - 50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domestic architecture became larger, culminating in crowded pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea by emphasizing a corresponding need for arable land to feed growing numbers of people: construction of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses indicates that farmers were intensifying their efforts during the 1200s. Competition for good farmland may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights over the best fields.5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following was one of the consequences of increasing population densities○People were increas ingly crowded into collections of large housing units.○People stopped planting crops that have relatively low yields.○Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyon limits.○The natural landscape was destroyed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passageIncorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Some scholars even claim that the intensification of farmers' various efforts during the 1200s led to further population growth and the consequent need for more arable land.○Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200s indicates a need to feed a larger population and so extends the argument that a growing population was the cause of the move to pueblos.○During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for more arable land, but they also succeeded in cultivating existing land more intensively with the help of agricultural construction projects.○Some scholars feel strongly that the construct ion of small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in the number of people.paragraph4: Another important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated with this transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.7.○change○climate○decline○problem8. Why does the author state that "Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season"○To explain why the higher elevations were always relatively sparsely populated○To suggest that any worsening of conditions would have significant consequences○To emphasize how resourceful the people growing food a t these elevations were○To argue that farming was not the primary source of food at high elevations9. According to paragraph 4, what did farmers do in response to falling temperatures during the Little Ice Age○Moved to areas away from Mesa Verde○Moved closer to the northeastern part of Mesa Verde○Began to cultivate crops adapted to a short growing season○Gave up the cultivation of the highest-lying landsparagraph5: In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into communal villages: the need for greater cooperation. Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to combine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events were occasions for○leaders to persuade people from the countryside to move into a pueblo○farmers to collect information about where crops could be reliably grown○people to develop better techniques for producing pottery and crafts○people in the early Puebloan era to share farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa Verde area formed communal villages in the thirteenth century○The climate in the Mesa Verde area became more locally diverse.○Individuals were no longer interested in exchanging pottery and food.○Cooperation between people became more important for survival.○Bad years of f arming began to occur more frequently.12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about cooperation among the people in the Mesa Verde area from the eleventh through the thirteenth century○ Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to specialize in making pottery and crafts.○People went from exchanging food and crafts they individually produced to sharing in a cooperative effort to produce as much food as possible.○ Overtime there was less cooperation as farmers comp eted with each other for trade with distant areas.○ Individuals stopped cooperating with each other because they did not have enough food for themselves.paragraph1: In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed to household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. [■] And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. [■] For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chor e. [■] The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. [■]13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the follow ing sentence could be added to the passage.Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the question is worth 2 points.In the thirteenth century, the people in the Mesa Verde area went from living in scattered independent households to living in large pueblos.●●●Answer Choices○ Because the thirteenth-century inhabitants of the Mesa V erde area did not have the cultural expectations of today's city dwellers, they easily adapted to communal life.○ Even though living in pueblos had disadvantages, the population of the area had grown so large that there may have been no other arrangement that would have met its needs.○ From the eleventh century onward, farmers began to increase food production on existing farmland and started bringing more land under cultivation.○ A development that contributed to increasing population densities was a cooling climate that led many people to leave the coldest areas and crowd into climatically more favorable areas.○ The primary reason for moving to pueblos was the social benefits associated with communal life.○ People were brought together by the need to produce food cooperatively, as the use of food surpluses in one place to relieve shortages in another ended due to a change in climate.参考答案:1.22.13.34.45.16.27.18.29.410.411.312.213.214. A development that...The primary reason...People were brought...正确版如下：。
托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本： Flagship Species Environmental organizations work to protect plants and animals whose natural habitats are threatened by human activity. One way they do this is by selecting a particular species to represent the threatened habitat to the general public. This species, called a flagship species, is one that people are likely to find attractive and interesting. The flagship species is used to raise public awareness and motivate people to take action to protect the threatened habitat. People’s support of the flagship species results in protection for all the plant and animal species living in the threatened area. 托福TPO24口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in an environmental science class. (male professor) So, one example of this is the macaw, the great green macaw. Now, the great green macaw is a beautiful bird, a fairly large-sized parrot known for its colorful feathers, gorgeous green feathers with some read and blue feathers, too. The macaw lives in the South American rainforest, in a part of the rainforest where a lot of trees have been cut down, trees that the macaw relies on for its food and nesting. So, the macaw was in trouble.And, of course, along with the trees, a lot of other animals were in trouble, too. Lots of birds, bats, and frogs also live in these trees. So, when the trees were cut down and cleared away, these animals also didn't have a place to live anymore and their populations drastically declined. So, what a concerned group of people in the area did was they started spreading the word about how the macaw, you know this really beautiful bird, needed help.They made little books with information about the macaw, with pictures, full colored pictures of the macaw that showed off its beautiful feathers, and they passed out these little books, these informational brochures. They distributed them to people in schools and community centers in the area. And a lot of people responded. They contributed money, and helped the group set up some protected land, a special area where no one could cut down the trees, so the macaw would be safe. And the macaw’s population started to increase and other birds and bats and frogs came back to the area, too. Their numbers increased along with the trees. 托福TPO24口语Task4题目： Using the example of the macaw from the lecture, explain the concept of a flagship species. 托福TPO24口语Task4满分范文： Flagship species is a particular kind of species that people select to represent an endangered habitat in order to protect that habitat. For example, great green macaw, a very beautiful bird that lives in a part of South American Forests. And since many trees that the bird rely on for food and nesting have been cut down, the great green macaw was in trouble, and the number of many other species in the area also decreases. Because the macaw has nice feathers, a group of people who are concerned with the issue choose it to represent the habitat. They spread the words that the beautiful bird is in danger to the general public and give out brochures with its picture printed on them. With the help of the flagship species, the public becomes aware of the situation and begins to respond by donating money or setting up non-cutting zones to help preserve the forest. With these efforts, the habitat is saved and the number of other species living on the land grows back, too. (172 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO24口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
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以下，是这次环球托福为正在进行托福备考的考友们整理了托福TPO24阅读真题及答案Lake Breathing During Sleep 。
我们建议考友们，先做真题，后看答案进行验证自己的正确率。
之后，环球托福还会进一步推出托福TPO24阅读真题的做题思路讲解分析，做完真题后，更便于提高托福阅读能力。
托福TPO24阅读真题Breathing During SleepBreathing During SleepOf all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement).Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. Only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that is even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.Paragraphy1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.托福TPO24阅读真题Breathing During Sleep题目1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleepA. During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.B. The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.C. The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.D. The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntarybreathing system EXCEPT:A. It has its control center in the brain stem.B. It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.C. It is able to bypass the automatic system.D. It produces an irregular breathing pattern.3. The word exclusive in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consistentB. perfectC. partialD. sole4. According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep beginsA. The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.B. Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.C. An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.D. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.5. What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloonA. To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleepB. To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleepC. To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleepD. To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPTA. relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory systemB. changes in resistance between the two sides of the noseC. easier airflow in the passages of the upper airwayD. absence of certain complex muscle interactions7. According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficultA. There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.B. The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.C. The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.D. The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.8. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleepwill likely cause the sleeping person toA. increase the breathing effortB. wake up and remove the source of irritationC .cough while still sleepingD. stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping9. The word considerable meaning toA. significantB. SteadyC. UsualD. necessary10. The word resume in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reduceB. stopC. ReadjustD. restartof the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.B. Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.C. Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.D. Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.Paragraphy1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■] Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■] However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.Paragraphy2: [■] During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order toregulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.13. Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing duringwakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you selectinto the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.WakefulnessA. 1B. 7SleepA. 2B. 4C. 6Answer Choicesrole of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.coughing reflex is extremely complex.great deal of effort is used for breathing.airways are resistant to colds and allergies.is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.托福TPO24阅读真题答案：1. B13W:The role of the ...Automatic and voluntary...S:Carbon dioxide in...A great deal of ...There is a drop in ...以上即是本次环球托福为大家整理的托福TPO24阅读真题及答案Breathing During Sleep，之后还会推出托福TPO24阅读真题的做题思路讲解分析，做完真题后，更便于提高托福阅读能力。