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武汉大学研究生英语summary写作范文(原文及范文)

WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities—science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in thedifferent areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave （坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。

安大研究生公共英语课文summary

Summary上册Unit 1 《how to read a book》本文的中心思想是我们读书也是有方法的，要读好书启发我们的心智，不然就是在浪费时间。

The main idea of this article is that we also have a method to read books, to read good books to enlighten our minds, oris a waste of time.因为人的生命时间有限，而一本好书的价值却可以流芳百世。

Because time is limited, the value of a good book will last forever.那么关于怎样读好书作者讨论了很多，其中谈到了关于文学评论和评论家的问题。

So there's a lot of talk about how to read good writers, and there's a lot of talk about literary criticism and critics.作者认为读书不应该仅仅看这些文学评论家写的书评而忽略了这本书本身带给你的感受。

The author believes that reading should not be about reading the reviews of these literary critics and ignoring how the book makes you feel.在你读诗的时候也会有人给你提建议，这群人自己造诣不高却喜欢批判一切，对任何事物都带有偏见。

You will also be given advice as you read the poems, a group of people who are themselves not very accomplished but like to criticize everything and have a prejudice against everything.对待这群人的最好方式就是置之不理，当他们感觉无法劝动你的时候他们就会放弃。

研究生英语综合教程(下)-全部答案及解析

Question 3
The correct answer is A. The interviewer asks about the best way to learn a new language, and the guest recommendations introduction
Listening Analysis
VS
Answer to Question 2
The correct answer is C. The author suggestions that improve their writing skills, students should read a variety of materials, write regularly, and seek feedback from peers and teachers
Analysis of tutorial characteristics
The tutorial is designed to be highly interactive and student-centered, encouraging active participation and discussion
Question 2
The correct answer is C. The speaker advice that to improve memory, one should exercise regularly, eat a balanced die, and practice relaxation techniques
Analysis 3
The interview is conducted in a case and conversational style, with the interviewer asking insightful questions and the guest offering practical tips on language learning The language used is accessible and engaging

考研必看之翻译和Summary(免费)

TranslationUnit1 Text ATranslation (para 20)那时，我就像一个跳伞员正准备第一次跳伞，舱门打开了，要跳的距离高不见底，谁知道这一跳是令人兴奋陶醉，还是粉身碎骨。

天真无知曾经掩盖了恐惧，突然间要面对现实，天真消失了。

当然，此时此刻，再回头已经不可能。

一想到那是自己的主张，就感到有些荒诞，觉得自己仿佛是地球上唯一的人。

于是，闭上双眼，深深地吸了口气，纵身跳了下去。

Unit3 Text ATranslation (para 1)仅仅两年多以前，总统们和诺贝尔奖得主们纷纷登台为现代生物学领域里最重要的事件喝彩。

由于世界各国同心协力，人类基因组的31亿个碱基已经提前排序成功。

比尔.克林顿总统称之为“人类绘制出的最完美的图谱”。

然而，这一事件余热未消，人们可能会惊讶地听说一场更大的生物学革命，它将使基因组学研究所取得的成就黯然失色，生物学研究将转向更大的物质。

蛋白质组学（即识别蛋白质并了解蛋白质在人体细胞内的作用）开始取代基因研究在生物医学的前沿性地位。

2003年很可能会成为生物医学中的蛋白质组年。

Translation (para 8)2003年将仅仅是蛋白质组研究的开始。

终有一天，我们能够绘制出一个完整的百万个蛋白质功能图谱。

然而，正如血浆蛋白质组项目所展现的那样，即使是在蛋白质分类的初始阶段，我们也将受益匪浅。

而且，如果竞争极其激烈的人类基因组研究所取得的出人意料的技术飞跃能为后来的研究提供依据，蛋白质组的分类图谱等研究会比我们预想的更快一些完成。

Cloning studies are challenging many orthodox views in genetics. A common idea is that hu man behavior and even our complex society are somehow “determined” by our genes. Socialists have always challenged this simplistic viewpoint, pointing out that humans long ago broke free of evolution.克隆研究正在挑战人们对于基因的许多传统认识。

研究生英语第五单元课文Summary

Summary----Unit 5In the new studies,researchers see creativity in the use of new or unusual elements int a way that is meaningful to others ,rather than completely idiosyncratic.The studies seek to take the study of creativity out of the laboratory and to focus not just on brilliant achievements in the arts and sciences but also on creative acts in all realms of life.One goal of the new research is better understand just what allow a person's inventiveness in certain areas to blossom at some points in life,and to identify factors that stifle or encourage inventiveness.Scientists have found that while a propensity for an exalted state of elation often does spur creative acts,it is usually not those with manic-depressive disease who are the most highly creative.Instead,it tends more often to be family members who have no overt symptoms of disorder.Researches found that people who at different levels displayed different actions based on a study of lifetime creativity.Contrary to conclusions based on earlier research by other scientists,but rather their near relatives,many of whom have very mild signs of the disorder,or who exhibit no symptoms at all.In addition,elated moods let creative people have the drive and ability to execute their ideas.Many among the most creative people are not prone to manic depression and are not related to people with the disorder,the conditionsthat can enhance a person's creativity are being found by psychologists,such as novel circumstances,being engaged in tasks, children whose parents accepting of their creative efforts.However,the pressure of competition,or being watched while one works tend to dampen creativity and competition ,evaluation and surveillance all make people prefer the safest option,hesitating to explore more creative and risky possibilities.。

研究生英语summary万能模板

研究生英语summary万能模板第一段：介绍第一句：As is symbolically depicted by the cartoon,there is sb doing sth, doing sth, with sb doing sth.斜线区域可以替换为：with sb doing sth/with sth in front of/behind sp.第二句：This picture reveals a phenomenon that people in growing numbers are paying attention to the value of sth, ignoring the necessity of sth.斜线区域可以替换为：an undeniable truth that the virture/quality of being XXX perform an indispensable role in our life.第二段：内涵+原因角度段落不能公开了，确实大多数不是我自己写的，只是我考研的时候从各个地方整理的，分享出来只是希望能够希望为大家节省一下整理的时间。

但终究会涉及与其他付费的模版相同的情况，为了别人的付费利益（人家都找到我了····），以及为了尊重版权，所以已经将相同的部分删除。

祝大家考研顺利！Part1第一句套话：It can be inferred that the author of the picture is drawing our attention to the value/necessity/harm of sth.Part2从以下角度中选择2个来谈一下，加入on the one/other hand或in the first/second place来隔开构成分层（前8个的为最通用最基础角度）：个人-->个人品质：XXX很重要：影响一生+获得竞争优势XXX很重要：保持积极向上的心态个人-->社会公德：XXX很重要：帮你成为一个真正的人例：As the world becomes materially rich, wealth accumulation and pursuit of comfort have become a fashion trend. Many young adults influenced have become spendthrift/dependent on sth, they intentionally or unintentionally deny the detrimental effect of pollution on environment.XXX很重要：随着物质丰富，人们忽视可XXX的影响第二段补充：如果发现第二段感觉字数不够，可以用以下“套话”嵌入增加字数。

研究生英语综合教程下册Unit1 Summary

四组姓名：王晓燕学号：2012021632The Hidden Side Of HappinessThis article can be divided into three parts. The first part includes paragraph one to three and it mainly tells us that after adversity, small proportion of people will be troubled but more people can rebound and thrive.The second part includes paragraph four to seventeen. It proves that the adversity is the hidden side of happiness and it can make our life fulfilled and meaningful through examples and demonstration. There are three examples: a fashion designer, extreme endurance athletes and parenting. Tracy Cyr, the fashion designer, was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and had endured the pain her whole life. But when she decided to suicide, she began to be able to move. This surprise tells us that after adversity life can be richer and more gratifying. The example of extreme endurance athletes doing as trauma survivors do tells us that adversity can make people stronger. The third example says that parenting can decrease levels of happiness during a short-time term, but it is meaningful and rewarding.The third part involves paragraph eighteen and it retells us that adversity can make our life great life.。

研究生英语summary writing课堂笔记

Summary(precis)One form of expository writing is the summary, which requires putting into shortened form the major ideas from someone else’s writing. Writing a good summary depends first of all on your ability to read the original material and understand it thoroughly. While reading, you must identify the main point or thesis, understand the difference between the major points and supporting details,and restate these points in your own words.How you summarize will partly depend on whether you are dealing with a narrative or an essay. The summary of a narrative is usually called a sequential plot summary and a comprehensive summary. The sequential summary follows the order in which the main events of a narrative are presented in the original work. A sequential summary of “One Good Turn Deserves Another”, for instance would begin as follows:With ￡50 drawn from the bank, Green was driving home along a lonely country road. At the loneliest part of the road, he gave a lift to a stranger. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know the stranger had been broken out of prison for robberytwo days before. He was worried and drove over the speed limit, hoping he would be caught by the policeman. The policeman caught him up, wanted just his name and address and left instead of taking him to the police station where he could tell the policemen about the escaped robber. When they reached the outskirts of London, the robber handed him the policeman’s notebook with Mr. Green’s name and address which he had stolen and “Thank you for the lift. You’ve been good to me.”Like all summaries, this one reduces each event to its bare essentials in the order of the essential events. While sequential summary simply recounts one event after another without saying which is the most important, a comprehensive summary immediately identifies the central action to which all other actions must be referred.“One Good Turn Deserves Another”is the story of Mr. Green’s experience with a stranger when he was driving home with ￡50 drawn from a bank. When he was hurrying home, he was stopped by a stranger on the loneliest part of the road. He gave him a lift. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know he had been a robber broken out of prison…A comprehensive summary such as this gives a clearer account of the story as a whole than a sequential summarydoes.There is another kind of summary which summarizes an essay or an argumentative essay. In this summary, you have to have the following points:1.Cite your source. A good summary of this kind shouldbegin with a sentence that identifies the source, title, author, and type of writing.2.Present the author’s controlling idea. The summaryshould restate at the beginning what the controlling idea is before continuing to mention the other main points. The detail or support usually is not included in the summary.3.Clarify the author’s attitude. This is especiallyimportant in argumentative writing.Remember that the summary is not the place for you to present an opposing viewpoint or your own point.You must clarify the original point of view in the summary.Read the following editorial from the Oregonian and see how the summary is composed:The original:Cut for Campus QualityFacing the crunching consequences of Measure 5, highereducation Chancellor Thomas A. Bartlett is making the best of a bad situation. The least the Oregon Legislature can do is not make it any worse.The situation is bad because Measure 5 diverts more than $625 million of the state general fund to school districts and, probably, community colleges to replace reduced property tax receipts. Higher education’s share of the cuts looks likely to leave the system about $90 million short of what it needs to continue operations at the current level.Even the system’s best options are bound to move it in the wrong direction. Just when the system should be getting better and preparing for growing numbers of students, it’s preoccupied with the best way to shrink.But the challenge is to ensure that the ripple of Measure 5 doesn’t wash Oregon’s state universities into national higher education back-waters. As Bartlett notes, if Oregon is going to be competitive, its universities must be competitive, too-even in pared-down form.Many specific choices have yet to be made at individual colleges and universities on where and how to respond to the budget difficulties. But the system is inevitably facing a combination of substantial, specific program cuts and bigtuition increases.The result will be fewer course choices for studedts —and also fewer students, most of whom will be paying more for their education.That is a tough bullet to bite. But Measure 5 wasn’t warning shot. And by eliminating whole programs where they are deemed less necessary than others, the system retains a chance at preserving quality elsewhere. And unfortunate as tuition increases are, they are a better deal for students than a cheaper but poorer education.The Legislature needs to respect the need for these hard decisions, unhappy as they are. It needs to recognize, too, the importance to Oregon’s future of an excellent higher education system, even as an excellent primary and secondary system is important. It needs to see that this is not a budget to raid further; indeed, it’s a place to restore resources as they become available. And it needs to recognize that maintaining a high-quality system requires addressing one of the system’s most fundamental problems —uncompetitively low salaries for nationally respected faculty members.Finally, the state —which under Measure 5 assumes primary responsibility to provide for community colleges aswell —needs a more comprehensive higher education strategy for both systems, clarifying missions and what can be expected in funding support.If the Legislature refuses to face the reality of higher education’s needs, it may find that a bad situation can always be made worse.To write a good summary of this kind, you must keep the following in mind;1. Read the original well. You may need to read the original piece several times, a nd then jot down a brief outline of the main ideas before writing your summary.2. Restate or paraphrase the main idea without using the exact phrase or sentences of the original. This may be the most difficult part of writing a summary. The easiest way to write a good restatement or paraphrase and avoid the danger of copying is to put the original piece away while you draft the summary. Remember to use your own sentence structure and vocabulary to express the ideas in the original piece.3. Only present the author’s main idea. The summary is not the place to present your own judgments orconclusion of the author’s idea because its main purpose is to acquaint the reader in short form with the author’s ideas, not the summary writer’s opinion on those ideas. You may present yours in another paragraph, not in the summary, if you want to.。

考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结

考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。

摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。

另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。

这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。

因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。

考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。

它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。

写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。

第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。

如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。

阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B.给摘要起一个标题。

用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。

也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。

一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。

C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。

对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。

第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。

因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。

摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。

不要引用原文的句子。

C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。

这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。

D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

安大研究生英语下学期课程summary

Unit One“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once, the mill was the center of the town. The town was a place full of activity. In the present of the story, as the time passed by, the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie. we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever, so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces. Even though they will meet one day, the love is not there, because the two lovers have their own understanding of love. Just as the story says“the fish wil l not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love, and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best. The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory. What one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. One must look beyond what was and look for the love belongs to them.Unit twoIn a general sense, ignorance is a derogatory word. In dictionary, the mean of “ignorance” is “lack of knowledge or information”. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated aboutsomething.At the beginning of the article, the author felt sad of his current store of knowledge after many years’ expensive education. He thought a person would feel comfortable when a he was ignorant. At the end of the article, it suddenly occurred to the author when he has gone his way calm and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.No matter how hard we learn, we can’t learn to the end of knowledge. So there is no limit to knowledge, we are all ignorant in this sense. Ignorance is a two-sided coin. From the good side, if we admit our ignorance, we can learn more and improve ourselves in our jobs, ability, and other fields. If we are ignorant and we don’t admit it, we will fall behind the person who admits his ignorance. So in my point of view, whether our ignorance is good or bad, our attitude is a crucial factor.Unit three Summary and commentExercise is a state of mindA sound mind in a sound body, the author begins this essay by telling a description of a happy state. And throwing out his own perspective-body and mind healthy are linked together by exercise. then the author exemplifies scientists’ experiments as evidence to prove exercise has grate effects on our healthy. regular exercise improves our mood, decreses anxiety, improves sleep, improves resilence in the face of stress and raise self-esteem. inaddition, exercise may have something to do with gene in certain degree .this may become gentle nudge to encourage us to exercise .last the author believes that the type of exercise doesn’t matter too much, more important is the ability to sustain an exercise routine .I accept his view of attitude towards exercise. what we concerned is not the form, but to do or not to do .Nowdays , most of us spend too much time in doors, no willing and motivations drive us to do more exercise. As the saying goes :all roads to rome . Any type and reasons that help you feel like exercise and keep you moving ,you can insist on it .besides ,we should form the habit of exercise .continuing exercise is good to our body and mind healthy.UNIT FOURIn this article, the author said“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that they are sure to succeed and make their dreams come true with diligence. But in recent years, “American dream” is seriously challenged. With regard to the economic development, the author holds that America is already a middle-aged country now, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness. And the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower compared to other western country. The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children keep rich when poor children stay poor. And at the end ofthe article, the author think we need to get out of poverty for the sake of restoring the spirit, and one effective way is to improve education, which will have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Because of my limited knowledge of American economics, I can’t make some powerful viewpoints to the economic mobility in USA. But I think opportunity is an important part in American ideal. In America, opportunities are more, and relatively fairer than other areas. On the basis of this, dreams in USA come true more easily than other areas. And education is a significant factor to change the state of “rags to rags”, if children in poor family get opportunity to be educated, they will master advanced skills to get a good job and have a better life. And will it have a great effect on economic mobility, as said in the article? I’m not sure.UNIT FIVEIn every language, there is a pair of words expressing good and evil, but what really is good and evil? Moral relativists think that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice. Someone think evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil.We are always taught to do good, not evil, and there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which is named“Destructive Potentials” and can destroy our and others’ life. The author said there are usually three ways to treat destructive potentials: denial, projection，displacement. To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, and then find social forces that may activate destructive potentials. On the basis of knowing what’s “evil”, the author offer some hows to teach our children at the end.UNIT SIXAt the beginning of the article, the author pointed out that, due to the financial crisis, economic downturn, the collapse of the banking system, and people thought that free trade would contribute to ever-greater income inequalities, there was a straw in the wind to trade protectionism, a trade war would break out.The author went on to point out that ,a threat of trade protectionism is trade frictions and reducing exports which can cause economic recession. Another threat is the possibility of competitive devaluations. Finally, the authors have some suggestions, he hope that Obama can establish a free trade policy, and face the very real problem of income inequality, and encourage Asian countries to expand domestic demand, especially to China, we should strengthen the social safety network so that consumers feel more secure about not saving so much of their income. The United States can amend the tax program to curb consumption and encourage savings, and produce more to reduce global economic and trade imbalances.The author strongly advocated free trade, and then what are the benefits of free trade? Firstly, through the international exchange of the products, consumers get a higher-level satisfaction. Secondly, through the international division of labor, the national resources can get the best configuration.。

研究生英语教程summary

研究生英语教程summarySummary & response paper In “We Need a Dug-out Canoe to Navigate the Net,” Ben Macintyre discusses the magnitude of suggestions on how to survive the modern era when the torrent information is compelling us to transform the way of thinking.We are now on the cusp of a dawn of new digital technology that is changing the way people think. Firstly Ben Macintyre puts forward his point that People of the Internet age are fox-thinkers, since just like foxes, they feast on a variety of ready-made information and thoughts without collecting and extracting by themselves.However, the internet has both merits and demerits for human thinking. At its worst, fox-thinking tends to mistake anecdote for fact. At its best,the internet provides convenient and fast means to collect boundless information. Then the article further explains that the key for effective Internet thinking is the ability to focus and edit,to choose and sift from the abundance of information what is useful,but not to simply gather information. Finally the author concludes that what has changed is not the way we think, but the way we acquire information. Consequently, he describes two distinct methods of boat building and reminds us that we should be dug-out canoe builders discarding unnecessary information to reveal the truth and only by this way can we confidently stay afloat “in the torrent of internet information”.As the author puts it:“The internet is changing the ve ry nature of human memory”.Indeed,the ability to focus,edit,and extract information from the computer is taking the place of an individual’s knowledge.Under this circumstance,what counts are how to discover useful information by using a critical mind.I fi rmly agree with Ben Macintyre’s opinion that people should be d ug-out canoe builders.Since we receive so much information when we turn on computers in our daily life.With facing to the internet applications such as amazon,qq,weibo etc, we even can’t help clicking and browsing in spite that these things are none of our business. However, the internet makes our life much more convenient and efficient,with dramatically improved access to boundless information,the great store of the world’s kno wledge just a f ew keystrokes and clicks away, what we should do is grasp skills of collecting available information and getting rid of futile information.。

研究生英语summary范文

研究生英语summary范文A Seasoned Storyteller You see, I'm not just a writer. I'm a weaver of tales, an architect of emotions. I don't just string words together; I craft them into experiences, leaving a fingerprint on the soul of every reader. Give me a product, a cause, an idea... and I'll give you a story. A story that doesn't just inform but captivates. A story that transcends the mundane and ignites the imagination. I see beyond the surface, unearthing the heart of the matter, the pulse that resonates with the human experience. I delve into the why, the how, the unspoken desires and anxieties that drive us all. I paint pictures with words, drawing the reader into a world where they become part of the narrative, their emotions intertwined with the characters and the unfolding events. It's not just about selling a product, it's about crafting an identity, a legacy. I weave a tapestry of emotions: nostalgia, aspiration, hope, even a touch of melancholy. My words are imbued with a subtle power, sparking conversations, challenging perceptions, and ultimately, leaving a lasting impression. I understand that the modern reader craves authenticity, a connection that goes beyond the superficial. That's where my expertise shines. I don't shy away from vulnerability, from the raw, unfiltered emotions that make us human. I embrace the power of storytelling to forge bonds, to create a sense of shared understanding and belonging. My narratives transcend the limitations of traditional advertising. They become conversations, invitations to explore, to question, to dream. I don't just tell stories; I create experiences that linger long after the last word is read. So, if you're looking for a storyteller who can breathe life into your vision, I'm your person. Let's create something truly remarkable together, a narrative that resonates with the heart and lingers in the mind.。

(完整word版)研究生英语多维教程熟谙Unit5英语summary(word文档良心出品)

The summary of Unit5 Sandwich generationIn the modern society，there are a large group，They are the so-called Sandwich generation，people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders，often while holding down a job as well.The Sandwich generation are living a hard life.The statistics show that the proportion of seniors living with their children is decreasing，those who do move in with their children enter households profoundly changed from previous generations.Because toda y′s seniors had fewer children than their predecessors，there are fewer family members to share the burden.They not only have some elder-care responsibilities，ranging from occasional help with groceries to fulltime care at home，but also care for their children.In fact，the parents of an average family now work 65 to 80 hours a week，up from 40 to 45 hours a week in the 1950s.To stay in the placethey are working twice as hard.It lead to that they have more stress，less job satisfaction and more absence than their colleagues.That change often is overlooked amid increasing public pressure to transfer some of the governments health-care burden to individual families.But families have changed，you cannot make the assumption the people are available.Even when an elderly parent lives independently，responsibilities can weigh heavily on their children，How do they break away from their job to see a sick mother?And then they fell guilty when they leave her alone.Even if their elderly parents are not living with them，there is the stress of juggling obligations at home，to their extended family and their employer.Fortunately，there are many house holds that cope well，especially when the senior is healthy or the younger family members have outside help in times of crisis.But for many families who bear a wide range of new responsibilities，elder care can take a physical，and emotional，sacrifice.To the sandwich generation，all these responsibilities are a trouble to them，their burden will be more heavy than any generations before.。

【期末考试必备】安徽大学研究生公共英语教材上下册Summary

上册Summary of Unit 2(Recession-proofing your career) In the text, the author firstly tries to tell us that guaranteed jobs have already become history and it’s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself for a change, esp. during periods of recession. She then suggests some skills. She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure that a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any “hot job” which exceeds either your interest or talent. Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria. You must be able to “market” yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions “both inside and outside of your professions.” Psychological elements are also important, so never let you down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B. Finally, always follow work trends. In a word, don't be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you’ll surely get a good job. You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.I am bound to face the work dilemma in the future sooner or later. I quite agree with the author’s opinion. There is no reason for us to stop learning when we are working. The author’s suggestions will help me much in the foreseeable future.Summary of Unit 3(Lies)People usually have very negative views regarding lies. Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed. Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival. According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society. Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom. Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety. People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.I was impressed by the sentence—“Art is a lie that tells the truth. If someone is not willing to admit he/she have told lies, the facts itself is a lie. People must have told lies for different reasons and in different environments in our past ages. We know the choice between lies and truth decided mainly bases on our purposes. And we prefer to believe lies, because truth may be frightening. But I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree. Because lies can make the betterment of the world, but can never make the world.下册Summary of Unit 1(When Goodness Isn’t Good Enough)Summary of Unit 2(The Pleasures of Ignorance)In a general sense, ignorance is a derogatory word. In dictionary, the mean of “ignorance”is “lack of knowledge or information”. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.At the beginning of the article, the author felt sad of his current store of knowledge after many years’ expensive education. He thought a person would feel comfortable when a he was ignorant. At the end of the article, it suddenly occurred to the author when he has gone his way calm and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.No matter how hard we learn, we can’t learn to the end of knowledge. So there is no limit to knowledge, we are all ignorant in this sense. Ignorance is a two-sided coin. From the good side, if we admit our ignorance, we can learn more and improve ourselves in our jobs, ability, and other fields. If we are ignorant and we don’t admit it, we will fall behind the person who admits his ignorance. So in my point of view, whether our ignorance is good or bad, our attitude is a crucial factor.Summary of Unit 4(Rags to Rags, Riches to Riches) In this article, the author said“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that they are sure to succeed and make their dreams come true with diligence. But in recent years, “American dream” is seriously challenged. With regard to the economic development, the author holds that America is already a middle-aged country now, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness. And the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower compared to other western country. The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children keep rich when poor children stay poor. And at the end of the article, the author think we need to get out of poverty for the sake of restoring the spirit, and one effective way is to improve education, which will have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Because of my limited knowledge of American economics, I can’t make some powerful viewpoints to the economic mobility in USA. But I think opportunity is an important part in American ideal. In America, opportunities are more, and relatively fairer than other areas. On the basis of this, dreams in USA come true more easily than other areas. And education is a significant factor to change the state of “rags to rags”, if children in poor family get opportunity to be educated, they will master advanced skills to get a good job and have a better life. And will it have a great effect on economic mobility, as said in the article? I’m not sure.Summary of Unit 5(Teaching Our Children about Evil)In every language, there is a pair of words expressing good and evil, but what really is good and evil? Moral relativists think that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice. Someone think evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil.We are always taught to do good, not evil, and there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which is named “Destructive Potentials” and can destroy our and others’ life. The author said there are usually three ways to treat destructive potentials: denial, projection，displacement. To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, and then find social forces that may activate destructive potentials. On the basis of knowing what’s “evil”, the author offer some hows to teach our children at the end.。

研究生英语 summary examples

UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） Paper brings much more convenience in our reading, writing, delivery, and etc. People can easily read from more than one paper, mark in more varied ways, and skim paper briefly. （People easily read from more than one paper, annotate as well as mark paper in varied ways and skim it briefly.） Paper is also often essential for writing with various source documents and easier correction. Besides, paper is well suited in meetings or any place where people cooperate. Finally, we can deliver paper in person and feel assured.
请大家先独立练习写作再对比参考
前几年考过的段落。请大家先独立练习写作再对比参考。 UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13） UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） UNIT 2 Summary (Para5-8)
UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13）
Many people believe that activities have to be related to winning/losing. One reason is that they may have not tried the games without competition, which make participants have fun. The other reason is that those people neglect/overlook the psychological costs of competition. Due to competition, the feeling of self-worth is assessed /evaluated by exterior sources. Moreover, competition also poisons our relationship. It makes it difficult for anyone to regard others as possible friends or cooperators. Finally, trying to do better than others is not helpful to gain trust.