有机合成中的保护基
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烷基醚类:
Me (甲基醚)
reagent: MeI; (MeO)2SO2; MeOTf
cleavage: TMSI/CH3Cl(CH2Cl2 or MeCN) or BBr3 / CH2Cl2
Bn (苄基醚)
reagent: PhCH2Br or PhCH2Cl
cleavage: H2 / 10% Pd/C, Raney-Ni, Rh-Al2O3; Li(Na)/NH3
O
O
H H
H
HO(CH2)3OH
p-TsOH
O
O
O H
H 91%
Okawara, H.; Nakai, H.; Ohno, M. Tetrahedron lett., 1982, 23, 1087.
O
O
H
H
HO(CH2)2OH p-TsOH
O
HO
O
H
O O
81% Crimmins, M. T.; Deloach, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 1607.
2). 硅醚保护基 硅醚保护基主要有:
Me3Si (trimethylsilyl, TMS);
Et3Si
(triethylsilyl, TES);
t-BuMe2Si (tert-butyldimethylsilyl, TBDMS or TBS)
i-Pr3Si (triisopropylsilyl, TIPS)
Cleavage
OTBDPS OH OMe
OTBS
HOAc-THF-H2O 3:1:1
OH
OTBDPS OH OMe
87%
OH OH
Marshell, J. A.; Sedrani, R. J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 5496.
Cleavage
TBSO
O OH
OPiv OTBS O
O
AcHN
O OBn
NH2NH2 (15eq)
HOAc-HOMe rt, 12 h
OBn OBn HO
O
AcO
OBn OBn
O
AcHN
O OBn
74%
Cook, A. F.; Maichuk, D. T. J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 1940.
OR AcO
RO
O
O
O AcO
OR
PMB (对甲氧基苄基醚); DMB or DMPB (3,4-二甲氧基苄基醚)
reagent: PMBCl; p-MeOC6H4CH2O-C(=NH)CCl3
cleavage: DDQ, CAN
Tr (三苯甲基醚)
reagent: TrCl/Py/DMAP; TrOTf/2,6-lutidine
(5) 保护基以后的化合物对分离、纯化、各种层析技术要稳定。 (6) 保护基团在高度专一的条件下能选择性、高效率地被除去。 (7) 去保护过程的副产物和产物能容易被分离。
呼之即来,挥之即去。
切莫请神容易,送神难。
羟基的保护基
1). 酯类保护基 t-BuCO (Pivalyl新戊酰基; Piv); PhCO; MeCO; ClCH2CO et al.
O
TBSO
HF-CH3CN -25 oC
O OH
OPiv OH O
O
85%
Danishefsky, S. J.; Armistead, D. M.; Wincott, F. E.; Selnick, H. G; Hungate, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 2967.
Cleavage
TBDMSO O O
N3
O O
CO2Me OTBDMS
TBAF THF, rt
HO O O
N3
O O
CO2Me OTBDMS
90% Nakata, T.; Fukui, M.; Oishi, T. Tetrahedron Lett., 1988, 29, 2219.
Cleavage
Me2BBr/CH2Cl2
MTM AgNO3/2,6-lutidine; HgCl2/CaCO3
MEM ZnBr2/CH2Cl2;HBr/THF;TiCl4/CH2Cl2; Me2BBr/CH2Cl2
BOM Na/NH3/EtOH, H2/Pd(OH)2/C;Raney-Ni/EtOH;
BF3/PhSH/CH2Cl2
Reagents: Acetone; benzaldehyde,cyclo-ketone
Cleavage: Acid; Lewis acid
醛酮的保护:
O,O-acetals: 1,3-dioxalane (5-number ring) and 1,3-dioxane (6-number ring) Catalyst: p-TsOH, CSA, PPTs
O OH CO2Me
O OTMS CO2Me
COOBu-t Me3SiCl-Im
O
H
COOBu-t
100 oC, 90 min. O
H
OTBS
O
O
OTBS
O
O
100%
Kerwin, S. M.; Paul, A. G.; Heathcock, C. H. J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 1686
硅醚保护基的除去: (F-Si 142 kcal/mol; O-Si 112 kcal/mol) 通常用 HF / CH3CN; TBAF / THF; HF.Py / CH3CN
TMS ether: TMSCl or TMSOTf in pyridine, NEt3, i-Pr2NEt, imidazole, DBU
Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis
选择保护基的原则:
(1) 保护基的供应来源,包括经济程度。 (2) 保护基团必须能容易进行保护,且保护效率高。 (3) 保护基的引入对化合物的结构论证不致增加过量的复杂性,
如保护中忌讳产生新的手性中心。
(4) 保护以后的化合物必须承受的起以后进行的反应和后处理过 程。
claevage: HCO2H-H2O; HCO2H-t-BuOH; HCl/MeCN; Na/NH3
tert-butyl (叔丁基醚)
reagent: isobutene/CH2Cl2; t-BuO-C(=NH)CCl3
cleavage: HCO2H; CF3CO2H; HBr-HOAc, FeCl3; TiCl4; TMSI
95% Nicolaou, K. C.; Webber, S. E. Synthesis, 1986, 453
ClCH2CO的去除可以用硫脲,氨/甲醇,苯,吡啶水溶液, NH2CH2CH2SH, NH2CH2CH2NH2, PhNHCH2CH2NH2 等除去。
O
Cl
OBn OBn
O
O
AcO
OBn OBn
t-BuPh2Si (tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, THale Waihona Puke BaiduDPS)
酸水解相对稳定性: TMS(1) < TES(64) < TBDMS(20,000) < TIPS(700,000) < TBDPS (5,000,000)
碱水解相对稳定性: TMS(1) < TES(50) < TBDMS = TBDPS (20,000) < TIPS(100,000)
allyl (烯丙基醚)
reagent: Allyl bromide
cleavage: t-BuOK/DMSO/NaOH
烷氧基烷基醚:
MOM(甲氧基甲基醚) methoxymethyl ether
MTM(甲硫基甲基醚) methylthiomethyl ether MEM(甲氧基乙氧基甲基醚) methoxyethoxymethyl ether
常用的碱:K2CO3, NH3, NH2NH2, Et3N, i-Pr2NEt et al
去除Piv一般用较强的强碱体系,如 KOH/H2O, LiAlH4, DIBAL, KBH(OEt)3
TBDMSO
OTBDMS O
O DIBAL(2.5eq) CH2Cl2, -78 oC
TBDMSO
OTBDMS OH
TIPS ether: TIPSCl / DMF / imidazole.
OH CO2Me
TIPSCl(1 eq)
imidazole(2.5 eq) DMF, rt, 48 h
OTIPS CO2Me
87%
Bennett, F.; Knight, D. W.; Fenton, G. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. I , 1991, 1543.
BOM(苄氧基甲基醚) benzyloxymethyl ether
SEM(三甲硅基乙氧基甲基醚) trimethylsilylethoxymethyl ether
reagents: RCl or RBr/NaH/THF
cleavage: MOM HCl/THF/H2O(1:2:1); Lewis acid: Me3SiBr/CH2Cl2;
O
O O
O OTBS
N O
OH
O
OTIPS O
H
O
HF / MeCN
OTIPS
O
O
O O
O
N
H
OH
O
OH
O
OH O
H
O
OH
FK-506, 73%
Nakatsuka, M.; Ragan, J. A.; Sammakia, T.; Smith, D. B.; Uehling, D. E.; Schreiber, S. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 5583.
TBDMS ether: TBDMSCl / imid. / DMF; TBDMSOTf / 2,6-lutidine
OH OBMPO O
TBDMSOTf
OBz
2,6-di-tert-buylpyridine CH2Cl2, rt, 24 h
OTBS OBz
OBMPO O
Hikota, M.; Tone, H., Horita, K.; Yonemitsu, O. J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55, 7.
HO
TBSO
HF (2 eq) MeCN, 50 oC
OTBS
92%
OTBS
TBAF (1 eq) THF, 0 oC
TBSO
OH
83%
Collington, E. W.; Finch, H. Smith, I. J. Tetrahedron Lett., 1985, 26, 681.
O
cleavage
TBDPS ether: TBDPSCl / imidazole / DMF, catalyst: DMAP, solvent: CH2Cl2
BnO OH OH
OH
BnO
TBDPSCl(1.2eq)
imidazole(1.2eq) DMF, rt,
OH OH
80%
OTBDPS
Nicolaou, K. C.; Pavia, M. R.; Seitz, S. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 1224.
R = ClCH2CO
O
O Ph
O O
O
OH
AcO
S
H2NHN SH
HO
Dioxane, i-Pr2NEt
O
O
O AcO
OH
O
O Ph
O O
O
40%
Smith, A.B.; Hale, K. J.; Vaccaro, H. A.; Rivero, R. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1991, 113, 2112.
SEM HCl/MeOH; Lewis acid;
THP(四氢吡喃) tetrahydropyrane ether
reagents: DHP(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran)
cleavage: HOAc/THF/H2O (4:2:1)
1,2或1,3-二醇的保护:
O,O-Acetals(缩醛和缩酮)
OH
HO
PivCl (1eq)
Py-CH2Cl2 OH 0-25 oC
OH
HO
O
O
90%
Nicolaou, K. C.; Webber, S. E. Synthesis, 1986, 453
酯类保护基的除去(cleavage)
碱性条件下水解, 水解能力: t-BuCO(Piv) < PhCO < MeCO < ClCH2CO
TES ether: TESCl/Imid. DMAP; TESOTf / Py. or 2,6-dimethylpyridine(2,6-lutidine)
OH O
TESOTf (1.1eq)
H Py, MeCN, -50 oC, 10 min.
OTES O H
79%
Heathcook, C. H.; Young, S. D.; Hagen, J. P.; Pilli, R.; Badertscher, U. J. Org. Chem., 1985, 50, 2095