外语字典介绍
牛津词典
牛津词典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表。
牛津词典共有20卷，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。
1857年，英国学者R.C.特伦齐在英国语文学会提议编写客观记录英语词汇的新型词典。
次年由他和 F.J.弗尼瓦尔拟订了详细的计划，书名定为《新英语词典》，后由于交给牛津大学出版社出版，故又习称《牛津英语词典》（简称O.E.D.或OED ）。
该书由英国语文学会特设的一个委员会负责编写。
最初的主编是H.柯尔律治。
牛津词典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表，也是英语词汇的最高权威。
词典于1857年首次出版，共有20卷。
牛津词典旨在收录所有已知词汇的用法，以及词汇在不同地区之英语的变化。
截至2005年11月30日，该词典收录了301,100主词汇，字母数目达3亿5千万个。
1、The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set用于查找1150年的古旧词，作用类似于《汉语大词典》，属最高级的牛津词典，就是The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）简称OED，这是牛津兄弟的老大，也是英语词典界的圣经。
它一共有20卷，售价昂贵。
很少有人能够读完这本词典，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。
然而在电子时代失去了骇人的体量和质感，OED的光盘版，只需要两张CD-ROM。
这套电子版的接口设计太差了。
查完一个词之后没有一个后退键，只能用鼠标浏览。
2、The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary，2 Vol.Set用于查找17世纪的古旧词，作用类似于《辞源》，The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary （2 Vol. Set）是牛津出的The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set的一个简编版。
英语在线词典大全
英语在线词典大全◆剑桥在线辞典 Cambridge Dictionary◆Cambridge Dictionary of American English◆Cambridge Learner's Dictionary◆Cambridge International Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs◆Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms◆洪恩双语词典（双语）◆Dr.eye译典通（双语）词汇测试◆韦氏在线词典 Merriam-Webster◆英语万用词典◆牛津英语词典 Oxford English Dictionary◆柯林斯大词典 Cobuild.collins (idiom of the day)◆Yahoo学生英汉字典◆高技术辞典网（双语）◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆Multilingual多国语言词典◆多功能在线词典◆英文网站及时翻译◆太阳雨英汉汉英词典◆English-Chinese Online Dictionary - 含汉英字典、英汉字典、TOEFL及 GRE 考试词汇及网上工具。
◆亚洲的言语 - 提供东亚和东南亚的外语线上字典连结集。
◆英汉字典 - 可输入英文查询中文字。
◆英汉计算机及网络通讯技术词汇◆ - 提供英文对英文、中文和日文的翻译。
◆4U电脑书库- 包括中华文化通志、汉语大词典、中华古汉语字典的网络版。
◆植物病理学在线术语汇编--- 详细的带有解说的大辞典，其中收集了植物病理学的专业术语及其发音◆美国商务专业术语辞典--- 全面收集了美国传媒所用的各种商务词汇◆巴克利金融术语汇编 --- 简单易学的金融术语辞典◆华盛顿邮报--- 收集了超过1250个商务术语的专业辞典，无论您是专业交易商或初涉股市，都是您的好帮手◆阴郁的科学家--辞典 --- 经贸术语简明辞典◆证券教授的必备辞典 --- 投资证券市场人员的好帮手◆金融专业术语大辞典--- 有些词很难找，是不是，来我们这儿试试吧！◆交易商必备辞典--- 完整地收集了交易中可能用到的各种专业术语◆AmosWorld经贸术语汇编--- 由俄克拉荷马州立大学经济学教授Orley Amos博士编写的经贸术语大辞典◆法律与经济学资料库--- 综合性的经贸与法律大辞典，可按类别和题目搜索◆Ctech 网路科技辞典 - 提供网路科技名词查询。
常用日语词典介绍及对比
常用日语词典介绍及对比初级水平适用日语辞典介绍：1．《精选日汉汉日词典》（商务印书馆出版）这本词典优点在于其小巧轻便，可以随身携带。
特别推荐给初学者。
该词典采取了日汉、汉日合编的形式，有汉语词条和汉语释义加繁体字体和汉语拼音。
日汉是以50音作为索引和编排顺序，汉日以拼音作为索引和编排顺序。
新版补充了新词，增补了例句。
删除了某些生僻词和已经基本不用的词意。
日语释义和日语例句里读音较难的汉字加注假名，并在释义、读音、翻译上适当加注语法、用法、搭配关系、词义辨析，有些还附加成语、熟语，以便扩展学习。
2．《新日汉辞典》（辽宁人民出版社）该辞典由大连外国语学院《新日汉辞典》编写组编写，辽宁人民出版社1981年出版。
目前已经更新至第30多版，在北方的认可度很高。
该辞典收录6万余词条。
书末附有《汉字音训读法》等13项附录。
正文按50音图顺序排列。
如果是中国普通的日语学习者用这一本来查询日语单词意思和用法，基本上就够了。
可惜的是没有标注语音语调。
不过单词解释比较简单、实用，适合初学者。
3．《外研社日汉双解学习词典》（外语教学与研究出版社）这本词典是以《旺文社标准国语辞典》（新订版）为蓝本，由外研社引进以双解形式在中国大陆出版发行。
首版是2003年，2005年出版了“增补版”。
本词典收录约4.5万词条，精而广。
日文释义通俗易懂，中文对译准确、规范、地道，例句精确恰当且实用性强。
词条都有语音语调标注（参照《NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典》标注），例句例词中的难读汉字还有假名标注。
尤其值得一提的是词典中穿插的“学习”栏目，有语法应用、用词区别比较，因此特别适合初学或者自学日语的学习者。
附录中还有“古语便览”、“和歌、短歌便览”、“俳句便览”、“敬语的使用方法”等，可以籍此对日本文化有所了解。
购买请入内>>>4．《详解日汉辞典》（北京出版社）本辞典有音型，所以特别合适初学者。
该辞典以下几个特点：1、选词齐全，覆盖率高。
八年级上册语文字典知识点
八年级上册语文字典知识点随着中国现代化进程的加快，语文学习越来越被重视。
而语文学习中的字典也成为必不可少的学习工具之一。
字典不仅是一个获取某个词语意思的工具，同时还是学习语文知识的重要途径之一。
下面就是八年级上册语文字典知识点，希望对您有所帮助。
一、字典分类1.常用字典：指的是较为通用的字典，如现代汉语词典、现代汉语词语大词典等。
常用字典的特点是收录词语量大，而且解释准确、权威。
2.专业字典：指的是针对某一学科或专业领域的字典。
如数学词典、化学词典等。
专业字典的特点是解释内容深入、专业性强。
3.外语字典：指针对外语的翻译及其解释的工具书。
如英汉字典、日汉字典等。
外语字典需要对翻译准确、简洁。
二、字典的使用方法1.查找词语：立志取得成就，首先要善于发现机会。
当何以发现呢？就是要善于应用工具，如字典。
查找词语时，首先要了解词语的词性、释义、用法等等。
2.查询用法：学习词语，不仅要了解它的意思，还要掌握它的用法。
使用字典可以帮助我们查阅到该词语在不同语境下的使用方法，并进行适当的运用。
3.解决语言难题：在写作过程中，常常遇到一些疑难问题；而字典可以帮我们解决这类问题，比如某些专有名词的拼写、词义的辨析等等问题。
三、字典的常用功能1.读音标注：有些生僻字或新词汇的发音难以确定，这个时候可以使用字典来查找该词的发音，并找到正确的读音。
2.词语造句：字典还可以帮助我们学员学会制造句子，并提供相应的实例。
通过字典查找一些常用词语，在字典释义中查找其用法，并运用到自己的写作当中。
3.相关词汇查询：在写作过程中，对于某个话题或主题，经常需要查找相关的词汇进行运用。
字典便可提供该词汇的相关内容。
四、防范字典“误导”字典的可靠性一时装可就是我们使用它的目的。
但是也需要注意，有些字典的错误信息比较多，特别是一些低价的字典属于盈利目的，往往没有必要提供准确的信息。
使用字典时，需要选择正版、权威的字典，以保证所查看的信息及时、真实和可靠。
外语学习者必备在线词典
美联英语提供：外语学习者必备在线词典现代社会，学习外国语言已经成为必不可少的一项了，什么英语词典，日语词典，韩语词典，西班牙词典。
有的人是出于对语言的热爱，有的人是因为喜欢某国某明星，或者某国的科技而爱屋及乌喜欢上了某国的语言。
总之每个人都有自己学习外国语言的理由。
你要学西班牙语？没问题，赶紧买上一本西班牙词典，你就算是每天都不出门，泡方便面当饭吃，没日没夜的学西班牙语，看那本词典，肯定就有得你看的了，而且，保证你西班牙语的成绩有提高！别说我骗人，我说的可都是实话，词典你看完了，你词汇量都狂增了，你还说你没提高？你是太谦虚了，还是对自己要求太高了？这词典让你呆家里都能学习，你还挑剔？实在不够，等你看完了这词典，再去买些习题来做做。
你能没提高？但我要说的是：不是你就这样翻了词典一下，一眼就看完了，你能学好？天上是不会掉馅儿饼的。
词典价值的体现在于自己怎么去看，怎么去使用。
世上没有几个人是天生就是神童或者神人。
万事成功在自己，永远也不能忘记。
流的汗水和成果是成正比的。
西班牙词典的内容和你看与记忆的多少也是成正比的。
当然，对于英语的学习来讲，你也需要一本好用英文词典，如《剑桥学习字典》、《朗文当代高级词典》、《朗文英文当代大词典》、《牛津英汉双解大词典》《柯林斯COBUILD 英语词典》等，下载手机词典也是个很不错的方法，由于英语的词库是很广泛的，人不可能所有的都能了解，那么就需要经常查找字典，手机我们是随身携带的，下载一个手机词典将十分有利于英语的学习。
虽然说下载词典对于英语的学习很重要，但是我们也要掌握下载的方法和步骤，不能随便的下载，在手机上下载词典就应该用手机客户端去下载，这样下载下来的才能有用，我了解手机下载词典就成为了重中之重。
接下来就让我们来掌握手机下载的步骤：1）打开有道词典软件后点击手机的菜单键，在弹出的窗口中点击"设置"进入下一步。
2）在设置界面点击"下载扩充词库、语音库和翻译包"，在词库列表中点击翻译包进行下载。
esl学生英语4000字字典
esl学生英语4000字字典ESL学生英语4000字字典字典(Dictionary)是学习和掌握外语的重要工具之一，在ESL 学生学习英语的过程中，字典起着至关重要的作用。
一个好的字典不仅能够帮助学生查找单词的定义和发音，还能提供其他有用的信息，如词性、例句、近义词、反义词等。
下面是一份ESL学生英语4000字字典的参考内容，不包含链接。
Aabandon (v.) – to leave, give up, or stop doing somethingability (n.) – the power or skill to do somethingable (adj.) – having the skill or power to do somethingabout (prep.) – related to or concerning somethingabove (prep.) – higher or over somethingabsence (n.) – the state of being away or not presentabsent (adj.) – not present or missingaccelerate (v.) – to go faster or speed upaccept (v.) – to agree to take something that is offeredaccess (n.) – the ability or right to use or enter somethingaccident (n.) – an event that happens by chance or mistake accuse (v.) – to say that someone has done something wrong achievement (n.) – a successful result or accomplishment acoustic (adj.) – relating to sound or hearingaction (n.) – something that is done or performedactive (adj.) – engaged in physical or mental activityadd (v.) – to put something with something elseadjust (v.) – to change or alter something to fit new conditions administration (n.) – the activities that are done in order to plan, organize, and run a businessadventure (n.) – an exciting or dangerous experienceadvertise (v.) – to make something known to the public through advertisementsadvice (n.) – an opinion or suggestion about what someone should doadvise (v.) – to give advice or recommendaerobics (n.) – a form of exercise that makes the heart and lungs work hardaffection (n.) – a feeling of liking or loving someone or something afraid (adj.) – feeling fear or apprehensionafternoon (n.) – the part of the day between noon and evening again (adv.) – one more time; once moreagency (n.) – an organization or business that provides a service agree (v.) – to have the same opinion or position as someone else air (n.) – the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earthairline (n.) – a company that provides regular flights to places airport (n.) – a place where airplanes take off and land; a landing stripalarm (n.) – a device that makes a loud noise to warn or wake people upalive (adj.) – living or not deadall (adj.) – the whole or total amount of somethingallow (v.) – to let someone do something; to permitalone (adj.) – separate from others; by oneselfalready (adv.) – before now; previous to some timealso (adv.) – in addition; too; as wellalternate (v.) – to happen or exist one after the other repeatedly alternative (n.) – a choice or option between two or more things amaze (v.) – to surprise or astonish people very much amazing (adj.) – causing great surprise or wonder ambiguous (adj.) – having more than one possible meaning ambition (n.) – a strong desire or determination to succeed ambitious (adj.) – having or showing a strong desire to succeed amount (n.) – a quantity or number of somethingamuse (v.) – to entertain or make someone laugh or smile amusement (n.) – an activity or event that is fun or entertaining anecdote (n.) – a short, amusing or interesting storyangle (n.) – the space between two lines or surfaces that meetanniversary (n.) – a date that is remembered or celebrated announce (v.) – to tell people about something officially or openly annoy (v.) – to cause slight anger or irritationannual (adj.) – happening once every yearanswer (n.) – a response to a questionanticipate (v.) – to expect or foresee something happening anxious (adj.) – feeling worried or uneasy about future events apartment (n.) – a suite of rooms in a building where someone livesapologetic (adj.) – showing or expressing regret or being sorry appear (v.) – to be seen or present; to become visible application (n.) – a formal request for something, such as a job apply (v.) – to make an application; to ask formally for something appoint (v.) – to choose someone for a position or job appointment (n.) – a meeting arranged at a certain time; a formal arrangementappreciate (v.) – to understand or recognize the value of something approximate (adj.) – nearly accurate or exactarchitecture (n.) – the art and practice of designing buildingsarea (n.) – a particular part or section of a place or geometric figure argue (v.) – to exchange or present reasons opposing an opinion or actionarise (v.) – to happen; to occurarm (n.) – the part of the body from the shoulder to the hand arrest (v.) – to take someone into police custodyarrival (n.) – the act of coming to a place; the act or time of arrivingart (n.) – a visual medium of expression, such as painting or sculpturearticle (n.) – a piece of writing included in a publicationartificial (adj.) – made or produced by human skill or laborartist (n.) – a person who creates visual or auditory works of artartistic (adj.) – creative or imaginative; having artistic value asleep (adj.) – in a state of sleep or unconsciousnessaspect (n.) – a particular part of an idea or situationassembly (n.) – the act of putting parts together to make a whole assist (v.) – to help or give support or aid; to be of use or service to someoneassistant (n.) – a person who helps or aids someone in their work associate (n.) – a person who is connected or involved with another assortment (n.) – a group of different types of thingsassume (v.) – to think or believe something without proof astonish (v.) – to surprise or amaze someone very much astonishing (adj.) – causing great surprise or astonishmentattach (v.) – to fasten or join one thing to anotherattain (v.) – to succeed in achieving or reaching something attempt (v.) – to try or make an effort to do somethingattract (v.) – to draw or pull someone or something towards oneselfattraction (n.) – something that draws or pulls someone towards it attractive (adj.) – having a pleasant or appealing quality or appearanceaudience (n.) – a group of people who have come to watch or listen to somethingauditorium (n.) – a large room or building where people gather to hear a talk or watch a performanceaunt (n.) – the sister of one's mother or fatherauthentic (adj.) – real, genuine, or originalauthority (n.) – the power or right to control, regulate, or command automatic (adj.) – working or operating by itself with minimal human interventionautomobile (n.) – a vehicle used to transport people or goods available (adj.) – able to be used or obtainedavenue (n.) – a broad street or road, often lined with trees average (adj.) – typical or representative of a particular group or experienceavoid (v.) – to stay away from or keep oneself from being affected by somethingaward (n.) – a prize or certificate given to someone for an achievementawful (adj.) – extremely bad, unpleasant, or terribleax (n.) – a tool used for chopping or cutting woodBbaby (n.) – a very young child; an infantback (n.) – the rear end or last part of somethingbackground (n.) – the part of a scene or picture that is furthest from the viewerbackpack (n.) – a bag with shoulder straps that is used to carry things on one's backbackward (adv.) – towards the direction behind or that goes against the normal flowbadge (n.) – a distinctive emblem, token, or sign of office or membershipbadly (adv.) – in an unsatisfactory or harmful manner; poorlybag (n.) – a flexible container for carrying thingsbaggage (n.) – luggage or personal belongingsbake (v.) – to cook something using dry heat in an oven or on hot stonesbalance (n.) – a state of equilibrium; an even distribution of weight balcony (n.) – a platform projecting from the wall of a building ball (n.) – a solid or hollow spherical or egg-shaped objectband (n.) – a group of musicians playing togetherbank (n.) – a financial institution for storing, lending, and exchanging moneybar (n.) – a long, narrow, rigid piece of metal or woodbarbecue (n.) – a meal or gathering at which meat or vegetables are grilled or roasted over an open firebare (adj.) – not covered or adorned; naked or exposedbargain (n.) – an agreement between parties concerning the price of goods or servicesbarrier (n.) – something that blocks or separates two things baseball (n.) – a team game played with a bat and ball between twoteams of nine playersbasement (n.) – a floor of a building below ground levelbasic (adj.) – fundamental or essential; serving as the foundation or starting pointbasin (n.) – a bowl-shaped vessel used for holding liquidsbasket (n.) – a container made of woven strips, often carried on the arm or used for holding or carrying thingsbath (n.) – the act of washing oneself or soaking in water for cleansing or relaxationbathroom (n.) – a room with a bath or shower and often a toilet bathtub (n.) – a long, usually rectangular container used for holding water for washing the bodybattery (n.) – a device that produces electricity to provide power for electronic devicesbattle (n.) – a violent engagement between two or more groups beach (n.) – an area of sand or small stones next to the sea or a lake beam (n.) – a long piece of timber or metal used as a support in a buildingbean (n.) – an edible seed or pod of certain leguminous plants bear (n.) – a large, heavy mammal with thick fur and a short tail beard (n.) – facial hair on a man's chin and cheeksbeat (v.) – to strike or hit repeatedly or regularlybeautiful (adj.) – pleasing to the eye or senses; attractivebeauty (n.) – the quality or combination of qualities that gives pleasure to the mind or the sensesbecause (conj.) – for the reason that; sincebecome (v.) – to come into existence or develop into something bed (n.) – a piece of furniture used for sleeping, resting, or recliningbee (n.) – a flying insect responsible for pollinating flowers and producing honeybeef (n.) – the flesh of a cow, bull, or steer, used as foodbeer (n.) – a beverage made from fermented malted barley flavored with hopsbefore (prep.) – in advance of; earlier in time thanbegin (v.) – to start or commence; to initiate or set in motion beginning (n.) – the act or time of starting somethingbehave (v.) – to act or conduct oneself in a particular way behavior (n.) – the way someone conducts oneself or reacts towards othersbehind (prep.) – at or in the rear of someone or somethingbell (n.) – a hollow, cup-shaped instrument that makes a sound when struckbelong (v.) – to be the property of; to be a member of or associated withbelow (prep.) – in or to a lower place or positionbench (n.) – a long seat for two or more people, typically made of wood or metalbend (v.) – to shape or force something into a curve or angle beneath (prep.) – at or to a lower level or position than someone or somethingbenefit (n.) – an advantage or profit gained from somethingberry (n.) – a small fruit, typically juicy and often ediblebest (adj.) – of the highest quality or most outstanding of its kind better (adj.) – of a more excellent or effective type or quality between (prep.) – at, into, or across space separating two objects, places, or pointsbeyond (prep.) – at or to the further side of; outside the range of Bible (n.) – the sacred scripture of Christianity, compiled into the Old and New Testamentsbicycle (n.) – a two-wheeled vehicle powered by pedalsbig (adj.) – of considerable size or extent; largebill (n.) – a statement of money owed for goods provided or services renderedbin (n.) – a receptacle for holding or storing itemsbind (v.) – to fasten or secure something with a rope, string, or cordbiography (n.) – an account of someone's life written by someone elsebiology (n.) – the study of living organismsbird (n.) – a warm-blooded vertebrate with feathers and a beak birth (n.) – the emergence of a baby or other young from the body of its motherbirthday (n.) – the anniversary of the day on which a person was bornbiscuit (n.) – a small, typically round, flat baked goodbit (n.) – a small piece, part, or quantity of somethingbite (v.) – to use the teeth to cut into or through somethingbitter (adj.) – having an acrid or unpleasant tasteblack (adj.) – the darkest color; the opposite of whiteblade (n.) – the flat cutting edge of a knife or other toolblanket (n.) – a large, usually rectangular piece of thick cloth used as a covering on a bed or for warmthblast (n.) – a strong gust of air or windblank (adj.) – without any writing or marks on itblind (adj.) – unable to see or lacking perception or awareness block (n.) – a large, solid piece of hard materialblog (n.) – a website or web page that is updated regularly by an individual or groupblood (n.) – the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animalsbloom (v.) – to produce flowers; to be in flowerblow (v.) – to move air or a current of air forcefully or with a sudden impactboard (n.) – a long, flat, rectangular piece of woodboat (n.) – a small vessel propelled on water by oars, sails, or an enginebody (n.) – the physical structure of a person or animalboil (v.) – to reach the temperature at which a liquid bubbles and turns to vaporbold (adj.) – confident and courageous; not afraid to take risks bomb (n.) – an explosive device used to cause destruction or injury bone (n.) – the hard, calcified tissue that forms the skeleton of vertebratesbook (n.) – a written or printed work consisting of pages boundtogetherboot (n.) – a sturdy item of footwear that covers the whole foot and lower legborder (n.) – a line separating two areas or countriesboring (adj.) – causing weariness, restlessness, or lack of interest born (adj.) – brought into existence; brought to lifeborrow (v.) – to take and use with the intention of returning it boss (n.) – a person who has authority over others, especially in a workplaceboth (adj.) – two people or things togetherbother (v.) – to disturb or annoy someonebottle (n.) – a container with a narrow neck, used for storing liquidsbottom (n.) – the lowest point or part of somethingbowl (n.) – a round, deep dish for holding liquids or foodbox (n.) – a container made of paper, cardboard, or woodboy (n.) – a male child or young manbrain (n.) – the mass of nerve tissue inside the skull that controls body functionsbranch (n.) – a division or subdivision of a larger organization or groupbrave (adj.) – possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurancebread (n.) – a staple food made from flour and water and usually bakedbreak (v.) – to separate into pieces as a result of a blow, shock, or strainbreakfast (n.) – the first meal of the day, usually eaten in the morningbreath (n.) – the air taken into or expelled from the lungs breathe (v.) – to inhale and exhale air through the mouth and nose brick (n.) – a small rectangular block used in buildingbridge (n.) – a structure carrying a road, path, or railway across a river, road, or valleybrief (adj.) – of short duration; not lasting a long timebright (adj.) – giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining brilliant (adj.) – exceptionally intelligent or talentedbring (v.) – to carry or accompany someone to a specific location or eventbroad (adj.) – wide in extent, range, or scopebroken (adj.) – not in working order; damaged or non-functional brother (n.) – a male siblingbrown (adj.) – of a color produced by mixing red, yellow, and blackbrush (n.) – a tool with bristles or other flexible material used for cleaning or groomingbubble (n.) – a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gas building (n.) – a structure used, usually as a dwelling or for some other purposebulletin (n.) – an official statement issued for public information or newsbump (n.) – a small, raised area on a surfacebunch (n.) – a group of things held together by a strap or cordbundle (n.) – a group of things fastened or tied togetherburden (n.) – a load, typically a heavy oneburn (v.) – to cause or be damaged, injured, or pain by fire, heat, or radiation。
Oxford English Dictionary介绍
牛津英语词典《牛津英语词典》由牛津大学出版社出版（O xford U niversity P ress，简称OUP）。
因为“牛津英语词典”在全球更多的是作为一个品牌，或是作出牛津大学出版社所出版的各类英语词典的通称，故而在我国《牛津英语词典》又被称之为《牛津英语大词典》，以示区别。
中文名外文名《牛津英语词典》The Oxford English Dictionary外语缩写其他称呼OED牛津英语大词典1简介《牛津英语词典》目前被认为最全面和最权威的英语词典，被称之为英语世界的金科玉律。
1989年出版第二版，收录了301,100个主词汇，字母数目达3.5亿个，二十卷，21,728页，305×225，书号为：978-0-861186-8，定价：759.00英镑（2009年）。
词典亦收录了157000个以粗体菱形皮肤刷的组合和变形，以及16900个以粗斜体印刷的短语和词组，令词典收录的词汇达到61万余个。
另外，词典共列出137000条读音，2493000个词源，577000个互相参照和2412400个例句。
该词典收录了出版时亦知的所有进入到英文中的词汇，以及在该词的来源和流变（详参1989年版前言）。
每一个词汇都列有注音，第一版时英语国际音标尚不成熟，故而，OED使用了其独有的注音方式。
对于词汇的释义详尽，其中set一词更是有400余项解释。
很多词从公元八九世纪起释义，每一项释义更是将每一百年的用例列举一至两个。
因此，与其说这是一部英文词典，还不如说是一部英语史巨著。
起源西语词汇类图书的编修起步很晚，英语十七世纪未尚才有真正意义上的英文词典。
到了十九世纪五十年代，英国语言学会（Philological Society）的会员有感于当时英文词典之不足，于是发起编写词典之计划。
1857年6月，成立了“未被收录词汇委员会（Unregistered Words Committee），旨在列出并未被当时词典收当的词汇，后来研究更搞展到针对当时词典的缺点。
各类英文词典介绍及推荐
各类英文词典介绍及推荐希望能够给找寻字典的人一点基本的认识，希望对你有所帮助.想学好语言, 词典是毕不可少的工具、伙伴加老师。
如何选择一本或几本得心应手的词典, 是一个十分重要的问题。
一本好的词典会使你事半功倍, 而一本质量粗糙的字典也会令你不知所云。
因而作为一名英语学习者, 应该具备一点关于词典的知识, 这样就可以在众多的词典里选到有用且质量上乘的词典。
这里简单向大家介绍一些有用的知识, 以及几本好的词典。
英文字典的种类很多, 有综合词典、学术词典、专门词典、学生词典等, 下面便对这四种词典做一下介绍。
1．综合词典(general-purpose dictionary)综合词典的范围很广, 即使被称为“综合词典”, 每本词典也是以一定范围的读者为目标的。
一般收五万词条左右的是袖珍字典, 七八万词条的是简明字典。
十五万词条左右的是中型词典, 二十万词条以上的是大型词典。
2．学术性词典（scholarly dictionary）学术性词典以其大而全为特征。
最为突出的是《牛津英语词典》和其美国的姐妹篇A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principle《按照历史原则编纂的美国英语词典》。
3．专门词典（specialized dictionary）专门词典的种类繁多, 几乎关于词汇的每一领域都有专门词典。
例如：词源词典（其中最为有名的Walter W. Skeat编的Etymological Dictionary of English Language 和Charles T. Onions编的The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology）。
同义词词典（例如：A Dictionary of English Synonymous Expressions, Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms）。
好用的日语词典推荐
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词典知识点总结
词典知识点总结词典是一本记录着词语的字典，它在人们的日常生活中扮演着非常重要的角色。
通过词典，人们可以查找词语的意思、用法、拼写和发音等信息，从而帮助人们正确地使用词语。
大家都知道，任何一本词典都是精心编纂而成的，里面的内容经过了严格的考究和审核，因此拥有着非常高的可信度。
词典种类繁多，有汉语词典、英语词典、法语词典等各种不同的词典。
接下来，我们将从词典的种类、结构、功能和使用等方面来进行总结。
一、词典的种类词典的种类非常多，按照内容和功能的不同可以分为各种不同的词典，下面我们来介绍一些常见的词典种类：1. 汉语词典汉语词典是记录着汉语词语的字典，它对汉语的发音、词义、词语搭配等各方面的内容做了详细的解释和说明。
汉语词典可以按照不同的标准进行分类，比如按照词典的用途可以分为学生词典、成人词典、专业词典等。
按照词典的内容和形式可以分为汉字词典、成语词典、近义词词典、词语词典等。
2. 英语词典英语词典是记录着英语词语的字典，它对英语的词义、用法、拼写、发音等各方面的内容进行了详细的记载和解释。
英语词典也可以按照不同的标准进行分类，比如按照词典的用途可以分为学生词典、专业词典等。
按照词典的内容和形式可以分为英汉词典、英英词典、学术词典等。
3. 法语词典法语词典是记录着法语词语的字典，它对法语的词义、用法、拼写、发音等各方面的内容进行了详细的记录和解释。
法语词典也可以按照不同的标准进行分类，比如按照词典的用途可以分为学生词典、专业词典等。
按照词典的内容和形式可以分为法汉词典、法法词典、学术词典等。
4. 双语词典双语词典是记录着两种语言词语的字典，它对两种语言的词义、用法、拼写、发音等各方面的内容进行了详细的对比和解释。
双语词典可以按照不同的语种进行分类，比如英汉双语词典、法汉双语词典等。
双语词典在翻译和学习两种语言之间起到了非常重要的作用。
以上介绍的只是一部分常见的词典种类，实际上根据不同的语种、不同的内容和功能需求，词典种类是非常多的，满足各种特定需求。
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究文献综述一、该选题的国内外研究现状《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究与分析对于词典的编纂提供了很好的向导，也对英语学习者对英语的学习带来了帮助。
英语词典吸收了新的语言学理论，出现了许多新的释义方式，词典编纂者应时刻掌握使用者需求动态与认知习惯要求，编纂出更适合需求的词典。
（一）国外研究现状早在二十世纪七十年代，Hornby A S于1978发表了“Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-The complete Guide to Written and Spoken English ”的文章，从而对词典的研究打开了序幕，将词典的功能扩大化、细致化。
《牛津高阶》是历史悠久的字典，许多字典的标准是由它所建立，可以称为字典的大哥大。
针对读者学习需求，不收古语、罕语，也不收字源。
以国际音［IPA］为准，兼收英国音和美国英；英文定义简明；例句丰富；动词分及物和不及物，名词分可数和不可数。
作为ESL词典的开山鼻祖，OALD确立了很多词典编写的标准，这些标准广泛的被其他出版社采用。
OALD也一直把发行量第一作为广告来宣传自己。
A.P.Cowie于2002年发表的一篇论文名为“English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History”也描述了英语词典对于外国学习者在学习英语的过程中所起到的作用，并且对其历史也作了详细的研究。
同年，Rundel L.M. 也发表了一篇名为“Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners”的论文，他主要是针对一些进阶的学习者做的一些研究，他是用麦克米伦英语词典来作为研究对象，旨在通过对麦克米伦词典的研究来达到研究出增进人们学习英语的最佳途径以及编辑英语词典的方法等等。
（二）国内研究现状人类社会在经济、文化、科技等方面的发展已经进入了一个飞速更新的局面。
字典词典百科全书的分类
字典词典百科全书的分类
字典、词典和百科全书是三种不同的参考书籍，它们的分类方法也有所不同。
1. 字典分类：
- 汉语字典：如《现代汉语词典》、《汉语大辞典》等，主要收录汉字的读音、释义、用法等。
- 外语字典：如《牛津英语词典》、《牛津法语词典》等，主要收录外语单词的释义、词性、用法等。
- 专业字典：如《医学词典》、《金融词典》等，主要收录某个特定领域的专业术语的释义
和解释。
2. 词典分类：
- 成语词典：如《成语词典》、《古代汉语词典》等，主要收录成语的意义、来源、用法等。
- 俚语词典：如《英语俚语词典》、《中华新词新语词典》等，主要收录俚语的意义、用法等。
- 同义词词典：如《现代汉语同义词词典》、《英语同义词词典》等，主要收录同义词的对
比和区别。
3. 百科全书分类：
- 一般百科全书：如《世界百科全书》、《大英百科全书》等，主要涵盖各个领域的知识，
包括自然科学、社会科学、人文艺术等。
- 专业百科全书：如《医学百科全书》、《哲学百科全书》等，主要深入探讨某个特定领域
的知识，并提供详细的解释和分析。
以上仅是一些常见的分类方式，实际上字典、词典和百科全书可以按照不同的内容和用途进行更细分的分类。
法语字典
À cet égard, prép. in that respectÀ claire-voie, adv. a lattice (door)À grand renfort de, prép. with a lot ofÀ l'abri de safe fromÀ l'approche de, prép. upon the arrival of... À l'égard de towardsÀ l'envi de, prép. competing againstÀ l'épreuve de against the test ofÀ l'occasion as the case may beÀ la barbe fleurie white-beardedÀ nouveau again, once moreÀ peine hardly at allÀ petit feu, adv. at low heatÀ point, adv. to the point, in timeÀ proportion de... in keeping with...À propos (parler) at the right momentÀ propos, adv. fittingÀ regret against one's willÀ ses trousses ! follow him !À ses yeux in his opinionÀ son tour in its turnÀ souhait perfectÀ travers thanks toÀ votre intention especially for you Abasourdi, adj. flabbergastedAbâtardi, adj. bastardized, altered Abattre to fellAbattre to cut downAbbaye, UNE an abbeyAbîme, UN a chasmAborder to broachAborder qqn to come up to someoneAbrégé, adj. abridged, summed up Absoudre to forgiveAccablé de, adj. laden withAccabler to plagueAccoler to embraceAccord, UN a chord (music)Accourir to rush toAccroître to increaseAccueil, UN a greetingAcéré, adj. pointyAchéron a river from HellAchevé, adj. excellent, perfectAchever to finishAchever to killAcier, UN steelAdieu, UN goodbyeAdvenir to happenAffaibli, adj. weakened Affaiblissement, UN a weakening Affamé, adj. starvingAffecter to put on, to pretend to be Affermir to stabilizeAffirmer to claimAffligeant, adj. saddening, pitiful Affolé, adj. panickyAffranchi, adj. liberated Affront, UN an insultAfin de, prép. so thatAfin que, conj. in order toAgir to actAgneau, UN a lambAgreste, adj. of the fieldsAhuri, adj. surprised, baffledAïeul, UN a grandparentAigu, aiguë, adj. sharpAiguille, UNE a needle Aiguille, UNE a needle Aiguillon, UN a spur, a sting Aiguillon, UN a pokeAiguiser to sharpenAile, UNE a wingAimable, adj. loveableAimanté, adj. magnetizedAinsi que, conj. in the same way as Ainsi, adv. thusAinsi, adv. thusAirain, UN bronzeAisance, UNE easeAisselle, UNE an armpitAjouter foi à to believeAlgue, UNE algeaeAlléger to make lighterAlléguer to citeAlliance, UNE a wedding ring Allumette, UNE a match Allure, UNE speedAltéré, adj. thirstyAmant, adj. loverAme, UNE a soulAme-soeur, UNE the dreamlover Amiante, UNE asbestosAmollir to softenAmorcer to initiate, to startAmour parisien, UN Parisian love (for sale) Amour-propre, UN self-esteem Ampleur, UNE breadth, scope Angevin, adj. of Anjou (Loire valley) Angoisse, UNE anguishAnnoncer to publicizeApaiser to alleviate, to appease Aplomb, UN self-assuredness Apologue, UN a defenseAppliquer to applyApprentissage, UN apprenticeshipApprêter to get readyApprivoiser to tameApprofondir to dig intoAptitude, UNE an abilityAquilon, UN the North windArbitrer to arbitrateArc, UN a bowArchiprêtre, UN an archpriestArdeur, UNE heatArdoise, UNE slateArdoise, UNE slateArmer to knightArpent, Un an acre of landArracher to tear fromArrière-garde, UNE the rearArroser to waterArtichaut, UN an artichokeArticle, UN an itemAspirer à to strive forAsservi, adj. enslavedAssidu, adj. persistentAssiégeant, UN a siege holder Assiette, UNE position (obsolete) Assis, adj. located (obsolete)Assoiffé, adj. thirsty Assujettissement, UN subjectionAssuré, adj. strong, certainAssurer qqn de... to swear that... Astucieux, adj. cleverAtelier, UN a workshopAttaché, adj. rivetedAtteindre to reachAtteint de, adj. sick withAttelage, UN a team of oxenAttendri, adj. softenedAttendrir to soften Attendrissement, UN mellowness Attirance, UNE attractionAttiser to fan the flame ofAu demeurant as a matter of factAu fil de... as... unfold(s)Au loin in the distanceAu service de, prép. to excite, to feedAu surplus moreoverAu-delà de, prép. beyondAube, UNE dawnAube, UNE dawnAudacieux, adj. boldAumône, UNE almsAumônier, UN a chaplain Auparavant, adv. beforeAuprès de, prép. withAurore, UNE twilightAussi thereforeAussitôt immediatelyAutel, UN an altarAutodafé, UN a public burningAutrui the other peopleAux dépens de at the expense ofA varice, UNE miserlinessA vertir to warnA veu, UN an admissionA veugle, adj., un blindA veuglement, UN blindnessA vis, UN a warningA voir beau... However much...A voir beau... to ... in vainA voir pour pendant to result inA voir souvenance de to remember vaguely A vouer to reveal, to confideBadigeon, UN smear Badigeonner to smearBannir to bannishBanquette, UNE a settee Barbier, LE the barber Barbouiller to smear colour on Barde, UN a singer, a bardBaril, UN a barrelBarreau, UN a barBas-fonds, LES the dregs of society Bassesse, UNE low life Batailleur, adj. brawling Bataillon, UN an armyBatelière, UNE a ferrywomanBâtiment, UN a building Battement, UN a beating, a flutter Baudet, UN a donkeyBaux, DES rental agreementBéguin, UN a lace bonnetBéni, bénite, adj. holyBercail, LE the sheepfoldBercer to rockBergerie, LA the sheepfold Besogne, LA toilBêtise, LA stupidityBien, UN moneyBienfait, UN a boon, a good deed Bienfaiteur, UN a benefactor Biens, LES the estateBière, UNE a coffinBis, adj. brown-grey Blanchisseuse, UNE a laundressBlême, adj. pallidBlessé, adj. woundedBlesser to wound, to hurt Blessure, UNE a wound Blouse, UNE a rugged shirtBon ange, UN a guardian angel Bonbon, UN a candyBondir to jumpBord, LE the edgeBord, LE the edgeBordé de, adj. lined withBouffée, UNE a waft, a puff of smoke Bouleversé, adj. overwhelmed Bouquet, UN a bunchBramer to bellowBrasser to brewBraver to flirt withBrebis, UNE a eweBrebis, UNE a eweBrider to restrictBrigand, UN a highway thief Brise, LA a light windBrusque, adj. suddenBruyère, LA a moor, a fernBruyère, UNE a moorBuée, LA fog, mistBurlesque, adj. mock-heroicButin, UN a lootCabale, UNE a lobbyCachot, UN a prison cell Cailloutis, UN a cobblestone alley Cajoler to pamper, to coaxCalédonie, LA ScotlandCalfat, UN a caulking worker Cambouis, LE dirty oil Camisole, UNE a shirtCanaille, UNE a scoundrel Caniculaire, adj. sultryCanton, Un a neighbourhood (18th c.) Caprice, UN a whim, a fancy Carosse, UN a horse-drawn carriage Carreau, UN a window pane Carton, LE cardboard Cartonnage, LE cardboard supply Causer to speakCéder to give wayCeindre to buckleCéleste, adj. heavenlyCensé, adj. supposedCensure, LA censorshipCensure, la censorshipCependant meanwhileCependant nonethelessCerf, UN a deerCertes, adv. of courseCerveau, UN a brainCervoise, LA light beerChagrin, adj. sadChagrin, LE griefChagrin, LE bad temperChair, LA fleshChambrière, LA the chambermaidChampêtre, adj. of the fieldsChampignon, UN fungusChanceler to teeterChandelle, UNE a candleChantre, UN a singerChapitrer to berate, to talk toCharbon, LE coalCharbon, UN a coalCharge, UNE a load, a cartfulCharnel, adj. of the flesh, carnalCharrue, UNE a ploughChasse à courre, LA hunting (with horses and dogs) Chasser to chase outChasser au vol to go falcon-hunting Chasseresse, UNE a hunting woman Chassieux, adj. rheumyChâtier to punishChâtiment, UN a punishmentChâtré, adj. castratedChauffer to warm upChauffeur, UN a driverChaumière, UNE a little houseChauve, adj. baldingChauve-souris, UNE a batChemin, Un a path, a trackChêne, UN an oak treeChêne, UN an oak treeChérir to treasureChevaleresque, adj. chivalrousChevalet, UN an easelChevelure, LA hair, maneChèvre, UNE a goatChevreuil, UN a buck, a deerChicaner to quibbleChien de garde, UN a watchdogChimérique, adj. unrealChou, Un a cabbageChuchoter to whisperCi-dessus, adv. herebeforeCiboire, UN a chaliceCierge, UN a candleCil, UN an eyelashCitoyen, UN a citizenClair de lune, LE the moonlight Clairet, adj. light and clearClairon, LE clarionClarté, LA brightnessClarté, la clarityClause, UNE a sentenceClef, UNE a keyClerc, adj. educatedCloche, UNE a bellClore to closeClos, LE the enclosureClou, UN a nailCocarde, UNE a cockadeCochère, UNE porte a carriage entrance Cohorte, UNE a hordeCollation, UNE a brunchColle, LA glueCollet, UN a snareCollier, UN a necklaceColombe, UNE a doveCommander à to ruleCommère, UNE a step-mother (obsolete) Composé, adj. complexCompter pour rien to disregard Concevoir to think outConcevoir de to derive fromConfier to entrustConfit, adj. preservedConforme à in keeping with Conformer à to pattern after Conjugal, adj. connubialConnerie, LA bullshit, stupidityConquérant, UN a conqueror Conseil, UN a piece of advice Consentement, LE agreement Consentir to agreeConsoler to relieve, to alleviateConsommé, adj. deft, expertConstance, LA faithfulnessConstater to noticeConsumer to burnContempler to beholdContinuateur, UN a follower Contraignant, adj. constraining Contraindre to obligeContrarié, adj. thwartedContrarier to contradict, to preventContrée, UNE a regionConvaincu de, adj. convicted for Convalescence, LA convalescence Convive, UN a guestConvoiter to covetConvoiter to covetConvoitise, LA lustCoquet, adj. coquettish, appearance-conscious Cor, UN a hornCor, UN a hornCorbillard, UN a hearseCordelier, UN a franciscan friar Coriandre, LE cilantroCortège, UN a paradeCortège, UN a processionCouard, adj. cowardlyCouardise, LA cowardiceCoucher to sleepCoude, UN the elbowCouler to go byCoup de théâtre, UN a dramatic turn of event Coup du sort, UN a stroke of chanceCour, LA the yardCour, UNE a back yard (bricks)Courant d'air, UN a draughtCourbé, adj. bentCourber to bendCourroie, UNE a strapCourroux, LE wrathCouvent, UN a conventCouvercle, UN a lidCouvert, UN a grove, a clump Couverture, UNE a blanket (i.e. the leaves) Craie, LA chalkCraindre to fearCrainte, LA fearCrainte, UNE fearCraintif, adj. fearfulCrâne, UN a scullCraquer to break, to crackCréance, LA beliefCreuser to digCreuset, UN a melting potCriard, adj. loud, jarringCrier haro ! to inveigh againstCroisée, UNE a windowCroîtire to growCroix, LA the crossCroquer to eat up, to munchCruauté, LA crueltyCueillir to pick upCuir, LE leatherCuire to cookCuissot, UN a roasted thighCuivre, LE copperCuré, LE the priestCurieux, UN a looker-onCuvette, UNE a hollowCygne, UN a swanD'ailleurs, adv. by the way, as a matter of fact D'autant plus... que All the more... thatD'un trait in one shotD'usage, adv. perfunctoryDans le fond, adv. in the end Davantage, adv. moreDe bon coeur mirthfullyDe grâce ! Have mercy !De par because ofDe son vivant, adv. in her lifetimeDe surcroît on top of thatDébandade, UNE a disorderly posseDébattre to discussDébauche, LA debaucheryDéboucher sur to lead toDéboucher sur to lead toDécevant, adj. deceitfulDécharger to alleviateDéchéance, LA downfallDéchéance, LA the downfallDéchiré, adj. tornDécocher to shoot an arrowDécoloré, adj. colourlessDéconcerté, adj. at a lossDécrépitude, LA decrepitudeDécrocher to freeDéçu, adj. disappointedDédain, LE disregardDédier to dedicateDéfiance, LA insecurityDéfier to challengeDéfiguré, adj. disfiguredDéfilé, UN a narrow valleyDéfilé, UN a paradeDéfilé, UN a paradeDéfiler to paradeDéfricher to clearDégager to provide, to outlineDégager to freeDégobiller to pukeDélaisser to ignoreDélivrer to set freeDémasquer to expose, to unmask Demeure, UNE a house, a dwelling Demeurer to stayDemeurer to stayDénaturé, adj. adulteratedDénaturer to change nature Denier, UN a coin, moneyDénoncer to exposeDénué de without anyDénuement, LE wantDépense, UNE an outpourDépit, LE spiteDépiter to disappointDépliement, UN the unfoldingDéplorer to despair aboutDépositaire, UN a recipientDépourvu de, adj. deprived ofDéraciner to pull offDérision, LA mockeryDéroulé, adj. unfoldedDès lors, adv. ever since thenDésabusé, adj. disenchantedDescellé, adj. looseDésertion, LA abandonmentDésespoir, LE despairDésigner to signal, to point toDésormais, adv. nowDespotique, adj. tyrannicalDesséchant, adj. dessicating, uninspirational Désunir to partDétachement, LE distance, detachmentDétenir to have in hand, to keepDétourner to turn away, to avertDétourner to turn awayDétromper to disabuseDette, UNE a debtDeuil, LE mourningDévoré, adj. eaten upDévorer to devourDévot, adj. devout, with true faithDévot, UN a devout ChristianDévouement, LE devotionDévouer to sacrificeDigne de, adj. worthy ofDigne, adj. worthyDiscipline, UNE a whipDispenser to distribute, to provide Dissiper to dispelDissuader to convince not toDistinguer to single outDistrait, adj. distractedDivertissant, adj. amusingDivulguer to public izeDocte, UN a knowledgeable manDon, UN a gift, the knack ofDonation, UNE a large giftDonner le jour à to give birth toDonner sur to open ontoDonner sur to look ontoDouloureux painfulDrap, UN a sheetDudit, de ladite... of the said...Duit, adj. led to (obsolete)Eau-forte, UNE acidÉbahi, adj. flabbergastedÉbène, UNE ebonyÉblouir to dazzleÉbranler to shakeÉcaillé, adj. flakingÉcarter to move awayÉchapper to be let outÉchapper to pass unnoticedÉchecs, LES chessÉclair, UN a flash, a thunderbolt Éclair, UN a thunderboltÉclair, UN a thunderboltÉclatant, adj. dazzlingÉclipse, UNE an eclipseÉclore to hatchÉclore to hatch, to be bornÉcluse, UNE a lockÉconduire to dismiss, to reject Écorce, UNE the barkÉcorcher to skinÉcoulement, UN the passingÉcrasement, UN a crushingÉcraser to crushÉcrevisse, UNE a crayfishÉcriteau, UN a notice boardÉcriture, UNE a handwritingÉcu, Un an escutcheonÉcume, UNE foamÉdenté, adj. toothlessÉdifiant, adj. moralizingÉdifié, adj. admirativeEffacer to eraseEffarouché, adj. scaredEffrayé, adj. scaredEffroi, UN horror, panicÉgal, adj. evenÉgards, LES regardsÉgards, LES considerationÉgaré, adj. lost, confusedÉgaré, adj. lostÉgarer to loseÉgrillard, adj. salacious, lewdÉlan, UN impetusÉlégiaque, adj. melancholyÉloigner de to move further fromEmbarrasser to hamperEmbraser to light upEmbrasser to encircle, to encompass Embuscade, UNE an ambushÉmerillon, UN a small falcon Emmerdements, LES damn troubleÉmoi, UN agitation, turmoilÉmoulu, adj. sharpÉmouvant, adj. movingÉmouvoir to move to tearsEmpêtré, adj. tangled upEmpire, UN attitude (obsolete) Empreinte, UNE an imprintEmprisonner to jailEmprunter to borrowÉmu, adj. movedEn cadence, adv. to the beatEn faux-bourdon, adv. droning, monotonous En grande pompe with pomp and circumstance En pâmoison passed outEn quenouille, adv. pruned into a spikeEn sa manière in his specialtyEn tant que... as a...En toute hâte with hasteEn toutes choses everywhereEn venir à... to get to the point of...Encaissé, adj. encasedEncens, UN incenseEncenser to incenseEncensoir, UN a censerEncensoir, UN a censer (church)Enchaîné, adj. in chainsEncre, UNE inkEncroûté, adj. scabbyEnfiler to takeEnfin at lastEnfoncer to break inEnfoncer to sink intoEngager à to encourage toEngrais, UN manure, fertilizerEnjoindre to orderEnlacer to tie togetherEnnui, UN a throe, a hardshipÉnoncer to put into wordsEnragé, adj. rabidEnroué, adj. hoarseEnsevelir to burryEnsigner à to teach someoneEnsorceler to bewitchEntendement, UN understanding Entonner to break into songEntouré, adj. surroundedEntr'ouvert, adj. half openEntrailles, LES the guts, the innards Entrave, UNE a tie, a rope, a taboo Entreprendre to undertakeEntretenir to speak toEntretenir to keep upEntretien, UN a meetingEntretien, UN the upkeep Envahisseur, UN an invaderEnvers et contre tous through thick and thin Envisager to considerÉpaisseur, UNE a thicknessÉpanoui, adj. blooming, radiantÉpargner to save, to spareÉpaule, UNE a shoulderÉperdu, adj. lostÉperon, Un a spurÉpervier, UN a hawkÉpine, UNE a thornÉpistolier, UN a letter-writerÉpouser to marryÉpouvanté, adj. horrifiedÉpoux, UN a husbandÉpris, adj. in love withÉpris, adj. infatuatedÉprouvé, adj. tired but relentlessÉprouver to feelÉprouver to testÉpuiser to empty ; to tireÉraillé, adj. wornErrant, adj. wanderingErrant, adj. wanderingErrant, adj. wanderingErrer to wander, to strollEscadron, UN a squadronEscamoter to hideEsclave, UN a slaveEscroc, UN a crookEspalier, UN a fruit tree against a wall Espoir, UN hopeEsprit, UN the mindEsquif, UN a skiff, a canoeEssaim, UN a host, a cloud Essuyer... to be a victim of...Estrade, UNE a stageÉtable, UNE a stableÉtablir to set upÉtaler to spread outÉtaler to spreadÉteint, adj. put out, extinctÉteint, adj. put outÉtendard, UN a flagÉtendue, UNE lengthÉterniser to prolongÉtincelle, UNE a sparkÉtoffer to stuff, to lineÉtole, UNE a stoleÉtonnant, adj. puzzlingÉtonnement, UN surprise, amazementÉtonner to astonishÉtourdir to stunÉtranger, adj. foreignEtre au goût de... to be agreable to... Etre aux écoutes to listen for noiseEtre bien aise to be contentEtre confronté à to come face to face with Etre de retour to be backEtre en faute to be at faultEtre fait pour to be meant toEtre sujet à to be likely toÉtroit, adj. narrowÉvadé, adj. runawayÉvangile, UN the GospelÉveillé, adj. awakeÉventail, UN a fanÉvier, UN a sinkÉviter to avoid, to shunExalter to glorifyExaminateur, UN a member of a jury Exempt de, adj. free fromExiger to demandExiger to demandExpier to atone forExpirer to dieExpirer to dieExprès, adv. on purposeExtrait, adj. taken from, excerptedFade, adj. tastelessFaïence, LA earthenwareFaillir to failFaire de l'ouvrage to work wondersFaire exprès to do sth on purposeFaire le service à to serve s.o.Faire plus long conte to waste timeFaire présent to give as a giftFaire preuve de to showFaire quelque figure to look somewhat attractive Faîte, LE the topFaits divers, LES events, news in briefFamélique, adj. starvingFarouche, adj. violent, fierceFarouche, adj. rebelliousFastueux, adj. luxury lovingFausseté, LA the wrongFaute de... in the absence of...Faute de... for lack of...Fauve, adj. tawnyFaux, adj. out of tuneFavorisé, adj. advantagedFée, UNE a witchFeignant de pretending toFeindre to counterfeitFeint, adj. apparent, feignedFendre to split openFêne, UNE a nutFer, UN a swordFéroce, adj. fierceFerveur, LA devotionFerveur, UNE sincerity, enthusiasmFesse, UNE a buttockFesser to spankFeu d'artifice, UN fireworksFiancé, adj. engagedFictif, adj. ficticious, fictionalFiévreux, adj. feverish Figure, LA the face Figure, UNE a faceFilet, UN a web Firmament, LE the sky Fistule, UNE a fistula, a boil Flamand, adj. Flemmish Flamber to burn Flamboyer to blaze Flamme, UNE a passion Flanc, LE the sideFlanc, UN the flank, the side Flatteur, adj. flatteringFlèche, UNE an arrowFléchir to bendFlétri, adj. shriveled Fleuri, adj. floweryFleurir to bloomFlot, UN a waveFlots, LES the waters Flots, LES the watersFoi de... upon my faith as a... Foi, LA faithFoin, LE hay Fondement, UN a basisForçat, UN a convict Force, adv. manyForfait, UN an infamy Forfanterie, LA bragging Forge, LA a smithyFort, adv. veryFosse, UNE a large hole Fossoyeur, UN an undertaker Foudre, LA thunder Foudroyer to strike down Foule, UNE a crowd Fourbe, adj. treacherous Fourberie, LA treachery Fourchu, adj. forked Fournir to provide Fracas, UN a roar, a din Fracasser to break, to smash Frayeur, LA fearFripon, UN a rascalFrisé, adj. curlyFrissonner to shiverFrissonner to shiverFrissonner to shiverFroissé, adj. vexed, hurtFroncer to creaseFrondeur, adj. rebellious Frottement, LE the rubbingFrotter to rub, to polishFuir to fleeFulgurer to thunderFumeux, adj. smokyFunèbre, adj. ghastlyFunèbre, adj. ghastlyFuneste, adj. lethalFurieux, adj. madGager to betGaiement, adv. gaily, happilyGaieté, LA happiness, mirthGaîté, LA cheerfulnessGaleux, adj. scabbyGallois, adj. WelshGaloche, UNE a clogGant, UN a gloveGarant, UN proof, guarantee (obsolete) Garde-manger, UN a food pantry Garder to preventGardien, UN a wardenGaule, UNE a stickGaulois, adj. of GaulGazon, LE grassGéant, UN a giantGémir to moanGémir to moan, to wailGémir to moan, to groanGémissant, adj. moaningGésir to lie on the groundGlaïeul, UN a gladioliGlaner to pick upGlas, LE the bell tollGloire, LA gloryGlouton, adj. gluttonousGommé, adj. rubbed offGond, UN a hingeGond, UN a hingeGorge, LA the throatGorge, UNE a bosomGorgée, UNE a sipGoudron, LE tarGoupil, LE a foxGourmand, adj. greedyGoutte, UNE a dropGouverner to leadGraal, UN a cupGrâce à thanks toGrange, UNE a barnGrange, UNE a barnGrangée, UNE a barnfulGras, adj. greasy, sewageGrave, adj. solemnGraver to engraveGravure, UNE an engraving Greffier, UN a clerkGrêle, adj. slender, sicklyGrêle, adj. small, weakGrêle, LA hailGrelot, UN a jingle bell Grenadier, UN a pomegranate treeGrès, LE sandstoneGrève, LA the shoreGrève, LA the shoreGribouillé, adj. doodled, scribbled Griffe, UNE a clawGriffe, UNE a clawGriffon, UN a griffinGriffonner to jot downGrillagé, adj. with a wire mesh around Grimace, UNE a faceGrincer to creakGrincer to creakGrincer to creakGrossièreté, LA rudenessGuêpe, UNE a waspGuérir to healGuérison, LA healingGueule, LA the ugly mugHache, UNE an axeHaine, LA hatredHaïr to hateHaire, UNE a coarse shirtHaleine, UNE breathHaleine, UNE breathHampe, LA the hiltHanap, UN a cupHanche, UNE a hipHanche, UNE a hipHangar, UN a shedHanter to hauntHapper to snatchHarangue, UNE a speechHarceler to harassHardiesse, LA boldnessHaut fait, UN a high deedHéberger to provide room and boardHélas ! Alas ! Woe the day !Hêtre, UN a beechHeurter to hit, to knockHirondelle, UNE a swallowHonte, LA shameHonteux, adj. ashamedHors de... beside...Hors, adv. outsideHostie, UNE a hostHôte, UN a hostHôte, UN a guestHuer to booHurlement, UN a cryHurler to shoutHymen, UN a marriageIdolâtre, UN an adorerIf, UN a spruce treeIgnoble, adj. despicableIl est question de... ... is talked aboutIl s'agit de to turn out to beIl y a moyen que... there is a possibility that... Impasse, une a dead endImperceptible, adj. impossible to encompass Imperlé, adj. unalloyedImpitoyable, adj. ruthlessImplorer to call toImposer à to impressImprimer to printImputer to chargeIn extremis at the last minuteIn-folio, adv. large-leafedInachevé, adj. unfinishedIncliné, adj. bent forwardIncolore, adj. colourlessIncommodé, adj. bothered Inconsolable, adj. disconsolate Incurable, adj. which cannot be cured Indien, adj. sunrise sideIndigène, UN a localIndigne de, adj. unworthy of Indiscutablement doubtlessly Indocile, adj. disobedientIndompté, adj. untamedIndubitable, adj. which cannot be doubted Induit par, adj. resulting fromIneffaçable, adj. indellibleInégal, adj. unbalancedInexpérimenté, adj. unexperienced Infaillible, adj. infallibleInfortuné, adj. unluckyIngrat, adj. graceless, meanInjuste, adj. unfairInouï, adj. unheardInquiétude, UNE discomfort, worries Insensé, adj. crazy, foolish Insolation, UNE sun-strokeInsolent, adj. rude, boorishInterdit, adj. dumbfounded Interrompu, adj. chopped upIntestin, adj. inner, internalIntrus, UN an intruderInusable, adj. hard-wearing Invective, UNE a scathing criticism Inviter à to offerIrrépressible, adj. irresistibleIssu de, adj. born ofIvoire, UN ivoryIvrogne, UN, adj. drunkardIxion, UN a mythical monsterJadis once upon a timeJadis, adv. a long time agoJadis, adv. long agoJaillir to spring upJalousie, UNE a slatted blind Jardinet, UN a little gardenJe ne sais quoi, UN somethingJet d'eau, UN a fountainJeter bas to throw downJeter son bonnet So ends the story Joindre to associateJonquille, UNE a daffodilJoug, LE the nooseJoug, LE the yokeJoug, LE the yokeJouir de to take advantage ofJouir de to relish, to take advantage of Jouir de to enjoyJouissance, LA pleasureJoujou, UN a toyJudiciaire, adj. legalJuger sur to judge fromJument, UNE a mareJurer to swearJurer to jar, to look uglyJuriste, UN a lawyerJusque, prép. untilL'emporter sur to win over, to outweigh La tête me tourne I'm dizzyLabeur, UN hard work Labourable, adj. ploughable Laboureur, UN a ploughmanLâche, UN a cowardLai, UN a short poemLaine, LA woolLaisse, UNE a medieval stanza Langueur, UNE weaknessLanguir to pine awayLanier, UN a male falcon Lanterne, UNE a lanternLard, LE fatLargeur, UNE the widthLarron, UN a thief, a scoundrel Larve, UNE a larvaLas, adj fatigued, wearyLas, adj. wearyLassé, adj. bored。
字典的名词解释
字典的名词解释
字典，又称词典，是一种收录词语，注明词语的解释、拼音、词性、用法等信息的工具书。
字典一般分为汉语词典和外语词典两类。
汉语词典是一种专门收录汉语词语的工具书，按照一定的字形、音序等方式编排。
而外语词典则是收录各种语言的词语，一般是按照字母顺序或者词根进行排列的。
字典在人们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色，它不仅是人们学习语言的必备工具，同时也是人们理解文化、历史、社会和科技等领域的重要参考资料。
随着科技的发展，字典的形式也在不断地发生改变，从传统的纸质版向电子版、网络版、手机版等多种形式转化，更加方便人们的查找和使用。
在使用字典时，需要注意以下几个方面：首先，要选择权威、正规的出版社出版的字典，以保证词汇量、义项、解释等方面的准确性；其次，需要了解字典的编排方式，以便更快地找到所需的信息；最后，需要遵循字典的使用规范，例如不能随意改变词语的拼写、意思等。
总之，字典作为一种重要的工具书，对于人们的学习、工作和生活都有着不可替代的作用，我们应该认真地对待它，善加利用。
汉语词典分类
汉语词典分类
汉语词典根据其编纂目的、内容以及使用范围等因素可以分为多种类型。
以下是一些常见的汉语词典分类：
1. 字典：
-康熙字典：由康熙帝时期开始编纂的字典，对古代汉字有详细解释。
-新华字典：一部现代汉语常用字字典，对现代汉字的发音和释义进行了详细说明。
2. 词典：
-现代汉语词典：对现代汉语词汇进行解释，是学习现代汉语的重要工具。
-成语词典：收录和解释成语的词典，有助于理解和运用成语。
3. 专业词典：
-科技词典：解释科技领域的专业术语和名词。
-法律词典：包含法律术语和法律名词的词典。
-医学词典：专门解释医学术语和医学名词的词典。
4. 古代文献词典：
-古汉语词典：对古代汉语词汇进行解释，帮助理解古代文献。
-古代典籍注释：对古代文献进行注释和解释的词典。
5. 方言词典：
-各地方言词典：收录各个方言的词汇和发音，有助于了解和学习方言。
6. 外语词典：
-汉英词典：对汉语和英语进行互译的词典。
-汉日词典：对汉语和日语进行互译的词典。
7. 学科词典：
-数学词典：解释数学术语和概念。
-化学词典：解释化学术语和概念。
8. 同音字词典：
-同音字词典：收录发音相同或相近的字的词典，帮助区分同音字的用法。
以上只是一些基本的分类，实际上，汉语词典还可以根据使用者的需求和特定领域的要求进行更加细致的划分。
学词语书的种类
学词语书的种类学习词语是提高语言能力的重要途径之一。
而为了系统地学习和掌握词语，选择适合的学习材料至关重要。
本文将介绍几种常见的学词语书的种类，帮助读者选择适合自己的学习材料。
一、词典1. 汉语词典：适合母语为汉语的学习者，收录了大量的汉语词汇，提供释义、用法、词语搭配等信息，常见的有《现代汉语词典》、《新华字典》等。
2. 外语词典：适合学习外语的中文学习者，提供了中文和目标语言之间的词汇对照，常见的有《汉英词典》、《汉法词典》等。
3. 专业词典：适合从事特定专业的学生或者专业人士，提供了专业领域内的词汇解释和用法，如《医学词典》、《计算机词典》等。
二、词汇教材1. 教材类词汇书：适合中小学生或者初级汉语学习者，通过教材的方式呈现常见词汇，通常会配有课后习题和练习，如《小学语文词语表》、《新编汉语教程》等。
2. 分级词汇书：适合各级别的汉语学习者，根据学习者的能力水平进行分级，有针对性地提供不同难度的词汇表，如《HSK词汇汇总》等。
三、词语研究类书籍1. 词语源流研究：深入探究词汇的起源和演变，了解词语之间的关联和历史背景，如《汉语词源字典》、《中国古代词源学大辞典》等。
2. 词语用法研究：重点研究词汇的用法、搭配和辨析，帮助学习者更准确地运用词语，如《现代汉语词典用法词典》、《常用近义词词典与反义词词典》等。
3. 词汇扩展与联想：通过扩展和联想来拓展词汇量，提高学习者的词语应用能力，如《汉语联想词典》、《汉语拓展词典》等。
四、词汇练习类书籍1. 词语填空：通过填写合适的词汇来巩固词语的掌握程度，如《词语填空训练》、《词语填空大全》等。
2. 词语搭配：通过练习词汇和词语的搭配来提高运用能力，如《实用英语词语搭配辨析》、《汉语搭配词典》等。
总结：选择合适的学词语书对于提高学习效果至关重要。
根据个人的学习目标和实际情况，可以选择汉语词典、词汇教材、词语研究类书籍和词汇练习类书籍等不同类型的学习材料。
英语字典
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Quirky Quality DictionaryAAcademic Quality Improvement Project (AQIP): A forum for institutions to review each other's action projects. Acceptable quality level (AQL): In a continuing series of lots, a quality level that, for the purpose of sampling inspection, is the limit of satisfactory process average. Acceptance number: The maximum number of defects or defectives allowable in a sampling lot for the lot to be acceptable.Acceptance sampling: Inspection of a sample from a lot to decide whether to accept that lot. There are two types: attributes sampling and variables sampling. In attributes sampling, the presence or absence of a characteristic is noted in each of the units inspected. In variables sampling, the numerical magnitude of a characteristic is measured and recorded for each inspected unit; this involves reference to a continuous scale of some kind. Acceptance sampling plan: A specific plan that indicates the sampling sizes and associated acceptance or nonacceptance criteria to be used. In attributes sampling, for example, there are single, double, multiple, sequential, chain and skip-lot sampling plans. In variables sampling,there are single, double and sequential sampling plans. (For detailed descriptions of these plans, see the standard ANSI/ISO/ASQ A3534-2, Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols—Statistical Quality Control.)Accreditation: Certification by a duly recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence and integrity of an agency, service, or operational group or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed.Accuracy: The characteristic of a measurement that tells how close an observed value is to a true value.Action plan: A specific method or process to achieve the results called for by one or more objectives. May be a simpler version of a project plan.Activity network diagram: An arrow diagram used in planning and managing processes and projects. Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP): Segment of QS-9000 process that uses tools to offer the opportunity to get ahead of problems and solve them before the problems affect the customer.Affinity diagram: A management tool used to organize information (usually gathered during a brainstorming activity).Alignment: The actions taken to ensure a process or activity supports the organization's strategy, goals and objectives.American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA): An organization that formally recognizes another organization's competency to perform specific tests, types of tests or calibrations.American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI): Released for the first time in October 1994, an economic indicator and cross industry measure of the satisfaction of U.S. household customers with the quality of the goods and services available to them—both those goods and services produced within the United States and those provided as imports from foreign firms that have substantial market shares or dollar sales. The ACSI is co-sponsored by the University of Michigan Business School, ASQ and the CFI Group.American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is a private, nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It is the United States' member body in the International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO.American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT): The world's largest technical society for nondestructive testing (NDT) professionals.American Society for Quality (ASQ): A professional, not-for-profit association that develops, promotes and applies quality related information and technology for the private sector, government and academia. The Society serves more than 108,000 individuals and 1,100 corporate members in the United States and 108 other countries. American Society for Quality Control (ASQC): Name of the Society from 1946 through the middle of 1997; then changed to ASQ.American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM): Not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services. American Society for Training and Development (ASTD): A membership organization providing materials, education and support related to workplace learning and performance.American standard code for information interchange (ASCII): Basic computer characters accepted by all American machines and many foreign ones.Analysis of means (ANOM): A statistical procedure for troubleshooting industrial processes and analyzing the results of experimental designs with factors at fixed levels. It provides a graphical display of data. Ellis R. Ott developed the procedure in 1967 because he observed that nonstatisticians had difficulty understanding analysis of variance. Analysis of means is easier for quality practitioners to use because it is an extension of the control chart. In 1973, Edward G. Schilling further extended the concept, enabling analysis of means to be used withnon-normal distributions and attributes data where the normal approximation to the binomial distribution does not apply. This is referred to as analysis of means for treatment effects.Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A basic statistical technique for analyzing experimental data. It subdivides the total variation of a data set into meaningful component parts associated with specific sources of variation in order to test a hypothesis on the parameters of the model or to estimate variance components. There are three models: fixed, random and mixed.Appraisal cost: The cost involved in ensuring an organization is continually striving to conform to customers' quality requirements.Arrow diagram: A planning tool to diagram a sequence of events or activities (nodes) and the interconnectivity of such nodes. It is used for scheduling and especially for determining the critical path through nodes.AS9100: An international quality management standard for the aerospace industry published by the Society of Automotive Engineers; also published by other organizations worldwide, as EN9100 in Europe and JIS Q 9100 in Japan. The standard is controlled by the International Aerospace Quality Group (see listing). Assessment: A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the current, historical or projected status of an organization.Assignable cause: A name for the source of variation in a process that is not due to chance and therefore can be identified and eliminated. Also called "special cause." Association for Quality and Participation (AQP): Affiliate organization of the American Society for Quality (ASQ) dedicated to improving workplaces through quality and participation practices.Attribute data: Go/no-go information. The control charts based on attribute data include percent chart, number of affected units chart, count chart, count per unit chart, quality score chart and demerit chart.Attributes, method of: Measurement of quality by the method of attributes consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some characteristic (attribute) in each of the units under consideration and counting how many units do (or do not) possess it. Example: go/no-go gauging of a dimension.Audit: The inspection and examination of a process or quality system to ensure compliance to requirements. An audit can apply to an entire organization or may be specific to a function, process or production step.Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG): The originator and sole source of the QS-9000 series of standards. ASQ's Automotive Division maintains a liaison to this group.Availability: The ability of a product to be in a state to perform its designated function under stated conditions at a given time.Average chart: A control chart in which the subgroup average, X-bar, is used to evaluate the stability of the process level.Average outgoing quality (AOQ): The expected average quality level of outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality.Average outgoing quality limit (AOQL): The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification.Average run lengths (ARL): On a control chart, the number of subgroups expected to be inspected before a shift in magnitude takes place.Average sample number (ASN): The average number of sample units inspected per lot in reaching decisions to accept or reject.Average total inspection (ATI): The average number of units inspected per lot, including all units in rejected lots (applicable when the procedure calls for 100% inspection of rejected lots).Return to topBBaldrige Award: See "Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award."Baseline measurement: The beginning point, based on an evaluation of the output over a period of time, used to determine the process parameters prior to any improvement effort; the basis against which change is measured.Benchmarking: An improvement process in which a company measures its performance against that of best in class companies, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels and uses the information to improve its own performance. The subjects that can be benchmarked include strategies, operations, processes and procedures.Benefit-cost analysis: An examination of the relationship between the monetary cost of implementing an improvement and the monetary value of the benefits achieved by the improvement, both within the same time period.Best practice: A superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as "best" by other peer organizations.Big Q, Little Q: A term used to contrast the difference between managing for quality in all business processes and products (big Q) and managing for quality in a limited capacity—traditionally only in factory products and processes (little q).Black Belt (BB): Full-time team leader responsible for implementing process improvement projects—define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) or define,measure, analyze, design and verify (DMADV)—within the business to drive up customer satisfaction levels and business productivity.Blemish: An imperfection severe enough to be noticed but that should not cause any real impairment with respect to intended normal or reasonably foreseeable use (see also "defect," "imperfection" and "nonconformity").Block diagram: A diagram that shows the operation, interrelationships and interdependencies of components in a system. Boxes, or blocks (hence the name), represent the components; connecting lines between the blocks represent interfaces. There are two types of block diagrams: a functional block diagram, which shows a system's subsystems and lower level products and their interrelationships and which interfaces with other systems; and a reliability block diagram, which is similar to the functional block diagram except that it is modified to emphasize those aspects influencing reliability.Board of Standards Review (BSR): An American National Standards Institute board responsible for the approval and withdrawal of American National Standards. Body of knowledge (BOK): The prescribed aggregation of knowledge in a particular area an individual is expectedto have mastered to be considered or certified as a practitioner.Bottom line: The essential or salient point; the primary or most important consideration. Also, the line at the bottom of a financial report that shows the net profit or loss. Box, George E.P.: A native of England, Box began his career during World War II with the British Army Engineers, where he learned statistics. He studied at University College, became head of the statistical techniques research section at Imperial Chemical Industrials and obtained a doctorate. He moved to the United States and was a founder of Technometrics, published by ASQ and the American Statistical Association. A professor at the University of Wisconsin, Box is an Honorary Member of ASQ.Brainstorming: A technique teams use to generate ideas on a particular subject. Each person in the team is asked to think creatively and write down as many ideas as possible. The ideas are not discussed or reviewed until after the brainstorming session.Breakthrough improvement: A dynamic, decisive movement to a new, higher level of performance. Brumbaugh, Martin A. (deceased): The founder and first editor of Industrial Quality Control magazine. A formerprofessor of statistics at the University of Buffalo, Brumbaugh published regularly on applied statistics. Brumbaugh was instrumental in getting two separate quality organizations—the Federated Societies and the Society for Quality Control—merged into one national organization: ASQ (then ASQC). Brumbaugh was an ASQ Honorary Member.BS 7799: British commerce, government and industry stakeholders wrote BS 7799 to address information security management issues, including fraud, industrial espionage and physical disaster. May become ISO standard.Business process reengineering (BPR): The concentration on the improvement of business processes that will deliver outputs that will achieve results meeting the firm's objectives, priorities and mission.Return to topCC chart: See "count chart."Calibration: The comparison of a measurement instrument or system of unverified accuracy to a measurement instrument or system of known accuracy to detect any variation from the required performance specification.Capability maturity model: A framework that describes the key elements of an effective software process. It's an evolutionary improvement path from an immature process to a mature, disciplined process. The CMM covers practices for planning, engineering and managing software development and maintenance. When followed, these key practices improve the ability of organizations to meet goals for cost, schedule, functionality and product quality. Cascading: The continuing flow of the quality message down to, not through, the next level of supervision until it reaches all workers. Same concept as "deploying." Cause: An identified reason for the presence of a defect or problem.Cause and effect diagram: A tool for analyzing process dispersion. It is also referred to as the "Ishikawa diagram," because Kaoru Ishikawa developed it, and the "fishbone diagram," because the complete diagram resembles a fish skeleton. The diagram illustrates the main causes and subcauses leading to an effect (symptom). The cause and effect diagram is one of the "seven tools of quality." (See listing).Centerline: A line on a graph that represents the overall average (mean) operating level of the process.Central tendency: The tendency of data gathered from a process to cluster toward a middle value somewhere between the high and low values of measurement. Certification: The result of meeting the established criteria set by an accrediting or certificate granting organization.Certified mechanical inspector (CMI): An ASQ certification.Certified quality auditor (CQA): An ASQ certification. Certified quality auditor (CQA)-biomedical: An ASQ certification.Certified quality auditor (CQA)-hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP): An ASQ certification. Certified quality engineer (CQE): An ASQ certification. Certified quality improvement associate (CQIA): An ASQ certification.Certified quality manager: An ASQ certification. Certified quality technician (CQT): An ASQ certification. Certified reliability engineer (CRE): An ASQ certification.Certified Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB): An ASQ certification.Certified software quality engineer (CSQE): An ASQ certification.Chain reaction: A chain of events described by W. Edwards Deming: improve quality, decrease costs, improve productivity, increase market with better quality and lower price, stay in business, provide jobs and provide more jobs. Chain sampling plan: In acceptance sampling, a plan in which the criteria for acceptance and rejection apply to the cumulative sampling results for the current lot and one or more immediately preceding lots.Champion: A business leader or senior manager who ensures that resources are available for training and projects, and who is involved in project tollgate reviews; also an executive who supports and addresses Six Sigma organizational issues.Change agent: An individual from within or outside an organization who facilitates change within the organization. May or may not be the initiator of the change effort. Characteristic: The factors, elements or measures that define and differentiate a process, function, product, service or other entity.Chart: A tool for organizing, summarizing and depicting data in graphic form.Charter: A written commitment approved by management stating the scope of authority for an improvement project or team.Checklist: A tool used to ensure all important steps or actions in an operation have been taken. Checklists contain items important or relevant to an issue or situation. Checklists are often confused with check sheets (see individual entry).Check sheet: A simple data recording device. The check sheet is custom designed by the user, which allows him or her to readily interpret the results. The check sheet is one of the "seven tools of quality." (See listing). Check sheets are often confused with checklists (see individual entry). Classification of defects: The listing of possible defects of a unit, classified according to their seriousness. Note: Commonly used classifications: class A, class B, class C, class D; or critical, major, minor and incidental; or critical, major and minor. Definitions of these classifications require careful preparation and tailoring to the product(s) being sampled to enable accurate assignment of a defect to the proper classification. A separate acceptance sampling plan is generally applied to each class of defects.Closed-loop corrective action (CLCA): A sophisticated engineering system designed to document, verify and diagnose failures, recommend and initiate corrective action, provide follow-up and maintain comprehensive statistical records.Code of conduct: Expectations of behavior mutually agreed on by a team.Collier, Simon (deceased): An ASQ president who led the Society during a critical growth period in 1952-53. His term was marked by numerous milestone events, including a membership increase of 22% and the formation of 11 new sections and the first divisions. Collier, an ASQ Honorary Member, was a chemist who began his career at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology). Later he worked atJohns-Manville Corp., where he produced a quality training film used by more than 300 companies.Common causes: Causes of variation that are inherent in a process over time. They affect every outcome of the process and everyone working in the process (see also "special causes").Company culture: A system of values, beliefs and behaviors inherent in a company. To optimize business performance, top management must define and create the necessary culture.Complaint tracking: Collecting data, disseminating data to appropriate persons for resolution, monitoring complaint resolution progress and communicating results.Compliance: The state of an organization that meets prescribed specifications, contract terms, regulations or standards.Computer aided design (CAD): Software used by architects, engineers, drafters and artists to create precision drawings or technical illustrations. CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-D) models.Computer aided engineering (CAE): A broad term used by the electronic design automation industry for the use of computers to design, analyze and manufacture products and processes. CAE includes CAD (see listing) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM), which is the use of computers for managing manufacturing processes. Concurrent engineering (CE): A way to reduce cost, improve quality and shrink cycle time by simplifying a product's system of life cycle tasks during the early concept stages.Conflict resolution: The management of a conflict situation to arrive at a resolution satisfactory to all parties. Conformance: An affirmative indication or judgment that a product or service has met the requirements of a relevant specification, contract or regulation.Conformitè Europeënne Mark (CE Mark): Conformity European Union mark. The European Union created the CE Mark to regulate the goods sold within its borders. The mark represents a manufacturer's declaration products comply with the EU's New Approach Directives. These directives apply to any country that sells products within the EU.Consensus: A state in which all the members of a group support an action or decision, even if some of them don't fully agree with it.Consultant: An individual who has experience and expertise in applying tools and techniques to resolve process problems and who can advise and facilitate an organization's improvement efforts.Consumer: The external customer to whom a product or service is ultimately delivered; Also called end user. Consumer's risk: Pertains to sampling and the potential risk that bad product will be accepted and shipped to the consumer.Continuous flow production: Means that items are produced and moved from one processing step to the next one piece at a time. Each process makes only the one piece that the next process needs, and the transfer batch size is one.Continuous improvement (CI): Sometimes called continual improvement. The ongoing improvement of products, services or processes through incremental and breakthrough improvements.Continuous quality improvement (CQI): A philosophy and attitude for analyzing capabilities and processes and improving them repeatedly to achieve the objective of customer satisfaction.Continuous sampling plan: In acceptance sampling, a plan, intended for application to a continuous flow of individual units of product, that involves acceptance and rejection on a unit by unit basis and employs alternate periods of 100% inspection and sampling, the relative amount of 100% inspection depending on the quality of submitted product. Continuous sampling plans usually require that each t period of 100% inspection be continued until a specified number, i, of consecutively inspected units are found clear of defects. Note: For single level continuous sampling plans, a single d sampling rate (for example, inspect 1 unit in 5 or 1 unit in 10) is used during sampling. For multilevel continuous sampling plans, two or more sampling rates may be used: The rate at any time depends on the quality of submitted product.Control chart: A chart with upper and lower control limits on which values of some statistical measure for a series of samples or subgroups are plotted. The chart frequently shows a central line to help detect a trend of plotted values toward either control limit.Control limits: The natural boundaries of a process within specified confidence levels, expressed as the upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL).Control plan (CP): A document that describes the required characteristics for the quality of a product or service, including measures and control methods. Coordinate measuring machine (CMM): A device that dimensionally measures 3-D products, tools and components with an accuracy approaching 0.0001 in. Corrective action: The implementation of solutions resulting in the reduction or elimination of an identified problem.Corrective action recommendation (CAR): The full cycle corrective action tool that offers ease and simplicity for employee involvement in the corrective action/process improvement cycle.Correlation (statistical): A measure of the relationship between two data sets of variables.Cost of poor quality (COPQ): The costs associated with providing poor quality products or services. There are four categories of costs: internal failure costs (costs associated with defects found before the customer receives the product or service), external failure costs (costs associated with defects found after the customer receives the product or service), appraisal costs (costs incurred to determine the degree of conformance to quality requirements) and prevention costs (costs incurred to keep failure and appraisal costs to a minimum).Cost of quality (COQ): A term coined by Philip Crosby referring to the cost of poor quality.Count chart: A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the count of events of a given classification occurring in a sample.Count per unit chart: A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the average count of events of a given classification per unit occurring in a sample.C p: The ratio of tolerance to six sigma, or the USL (upper specification limit) minus the LSL (lower specification limit) divided by six sigma. It is sometimes referred to as the engineering tolerance divided by the natural tolerance and is only a measure of dispersion.C pk index: Equals the lesser of the USL minus the mean divided by three sigma (or the mean) minus the LSL divided by three sigma. The greater the C pk value, the better. Critical processes: Processes that present serious potential dangers to human life, health and the environment or that risk the loss of very large sums of money or customers.Crosby, Philip (deceased): The founder and chairman of the board of Career IV, an executive management consulting firm. Crosby also founded Philip Crosby Associates Inc. and the Quality College. He wrote many books including Quality Is Free, Quality Without Tears, Let's Talk Quality, and Leading: The Art of Becoming an Executive. Crosby, who originated the zero defects concept, was an ASQ Honorary Member and past president.Cross functional: A term used to describe a process or an activity that crosses the boundary between functions. A cross functional team consists of individuals from more than one organizational unit or function.Cross pilot: See "scatter diagram."Cultural resistance: A form of resistance based on opposition to the possible social and organizational consequences associated with change.Culture change: A major shift in the attitudes, norms, sentiments, beliefs, values, operating principles and behavior of an organization.Culture, organizational: A common set of values, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and accepted behaviors shared by individuals within an organization.Cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM): A control chart on which the plotted value is the cumulative sum of deviations of successive samples from a target value. The ordinate of each plotted point represents the algebraic sum of the previous ordinate and the most recent deviations from the target.Current good manufacturing practices (CGMP): Regulations enforced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for food and chemical manufacturers and packagers.Customer: See "external customer" and "internal customer."Customer delight: The result of delivering a product or service that exceeds customer expectations.Customer relationship management (CRM): A strategy used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviors to develop stronger relationships with them. It brings together information about customers, sales, marketing。
用典的分类
用典的分类
词典是一种汇集现有语言条款的参考书，其声明的目的是要求人们正确地使用语言，为此，不同类型的词典都有不同的分类方式。
首先，根据词典的内容，可以将其分为汉语词典和外语词典两大类。
汉语词典主要记录汉语的词汇、习惯用法和文字用法，研究词语的拼写、发音、释义和构词法；而外语词典多偏重于各种语言间的翻译，记录各种外语词汇的拼写、发音、释义和构成方式。
其次，根据使用的目的，词典可分为通用性词典和专门性词典。
通用性词典主要介绍一般的语言用法和词语，可满足一般性的语言需求；而专用性词典多涉及特定领域的语言用法，如医学词典、法律词典、电脑术语词典、中外文字典等等。
再者，根据编排方式，词典可分为字典和双字节词典。
字典多以“字母顺序”编排，按照字母变化，将汉语拼音依次排列，例如《康熙字典》；双字节词典则是以双字词组的方式编排，取其前两个汉字的笔画数量来编排，例如《唐诗宋词大字典》。
最后，根据出版方式，可将词典分为纸质词典和电子词典。
纸质词典在拥趸数量上体现出最大的优势，具有最广泛的用户群；而电子词典则具有方便性和便携性，搜索功能实现了超出纸质词典能力范围的功能，如果搜索不到词义可以自动连接网络查询相关信息等。
以上就是词典的分类方式，各类分类皆有其用处，从词典中不仅可以了解各类词汇的用法，还可以获得一些特定领域的知识，改善自身语言素养和拓展知识面，因此，词典这本“宝典”仍然值得深入研
习和收藏。
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每年一次的全国职称外语等级考试，竟然带火了一本英语词典——该词典原价90元，如今最高连涨四倍，您不出三四百元，根本别想买到！今年的职称英语考试已经结束了一个多星期，而记者调查发现，该英语词典仍旧炙手可热，不仅没有掉价，甚至还“一书难求”。
考前：
网上报价连涨四倍
根据全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试的规定，考生应考时，可以带一本外语词典到考场。
于是，一本名为《新思维简明英汉词典》的词典，成了众考生首选的“御用宝典”。
该词典原定价为90元。
据了解，像这类词典，平时在淘宝等网站上都会以低于定价的优惠价格销售。
而临考前一两天，记者在淘宝、百度有啊等交易网站看到，绝大多数的卖家已将该词典的价格上调至三四百元，要价最高的涨了四倍，达450元！而少数仍以原价或低至七八十元的价格出售的卖家，都表示该词典缺货。
从成交记录中却可以看出，两个月前，这本词典的售价确实是70多元，购买者很多，随着考试日期的临近，售价迅速飙升。
而考前这两天，花三四百元购买该词典的人并不在少数。
而与此同时，相对便宜很多的英语词典却少人问津。
考后：
价格不减一书难求
今年的职称外语考试已于上月底结束，而记者调查发现，这本考试前身价猛增的词典，不仅价格没有回落，甚至仍旧“一书难求”。
记者走访西单图书大厦、王府井书店等多家书店发现，该词典均处于缺货的状态。
其中西单图书大厦的工作人员表示：“很多人专门来问过这本词典，但一直没货。
”
在当当、卓越等购书网站上，也难觅该词典的踪影。
而在淘宝上专门出售考试用书的网店里，记者看到，该词典的价格依然居高不下。
不少卖家都打出了“没货！请绕道询问”的声明。
尚有存货的卖家则基本不接受议价，并表示：“这本词典太火了，严重供不应求，我们从出版商拿货时，价格已经抬到这么高了，原价出售就亏本了。
”
原因：
词典在手 15分白拿
如今市面上的英语词典五花八门，这本《新思维简明英汉词典》看上去“样貌平平”，为何却如此金贵？记者注意到，不少网店的卖家都特别标注该词典被新东方推荐为职称外语考试最好的词典。
据几名考生介绍，职称英语考试的第一道大题为“词汇选项”，总分值15分，主要考查近义词的辨析。
而该词典每个单词的每个解释都配有同义词，查找非常方便，“一本词典在手，基本可以白拿分了”。
出版社：
一直原价出售
昨天，记者致电出版该词典的中国青年出版社。
针对有卖家称进货之初出版商便抬高书价的说法，一名工作人员予以否认：“我们一直按90元的定价出售该词典。
那些网上炒到三四百元的词典，我们不能保证是正版。
”该工作人员表示，这本词典每年都会进行调整和修订，目前2010版已经无货，明年职称英语考试前，考生可直接到该出版社，原价便能买到该词典。
晨报记者董正。