英语诗歌的类型_Types_of_Poetry

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常见的英语诗歌类型

常见的英语诗歌类型包括以下几种：
1. 叙事诗（Narrative Poetry）：叙事诗通常讲述一个完整的故事，以叙事为主，强调情节和人物塑造。

例如，《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

2. 抒情诗（Lyric Poetry）：抒情诗通常以情感表达为主，通常描述个人情感和内心世界。

例如，威廉·莎士比亚的许多诗歌都属于抒情诗范畴。

3. 格律诗（Metered Poetry）：格律诗通常遵循一定的节奏和韵律，例如，五步抑扬格、四步抑扬格等。

例如，约翰·弥尔顿的《失乐园》等。

4. 自由诗（Free Verse）：自由诗不受传统诗歌形式的限制，可以自由表达，没有固定的节奏和韵律。

例如，埃兹拉·庞德的诗歌等。

5. 讽刺诗（Satirical Poetry）：讽刺诗通常以幽默或嘲讽的方式对某人或某事进行批评或调侃。

例如，约翰·贝杰曼的《乔治·华盛顿》等。

6. 哲理诗（Philosophical Poetry）：哲理诗通常探讨人生、宇宙、伦理等哲学问题，以深刻的思考和洞见为特点。

例如，约翰·多恩的《没有人是一座孤岛》等。

7. 童话诗（Fairy Tale Poetry）：童话诗通常基于童话故事或神话传说，具有丰富的想象力和奇幻色彩。

例如，《彼得·潘》等。

8. 寓言诗（Fable Poetry）：寓言诗通常通过讲述动物或其他虚构人物的故事来传达某种道德或教训。

例如，《狐狸和葡萄》等。

英国诗歌鉴赏

二﹑ Rhyme
英诗的音乐性还表现在音韵上。英诗的音乐性还表现在音韵上。常见的音韵形式可以分为两大类：式可以分为两大类： 1. End rhymes(尾韵：行尾押韵单词最后的重读尾韵)：尾韵元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同，元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同，而元音前面的辅音则不能相同。面的辅音则不能相同。这种韵又被称为全韵（perfect rhyme）。）。根据音节的数量，可分为单音节尾韵(single 根据音节的数量，可分为单音节尾韵 rhyme)、双音节尾韵、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)。节尾韵。 •
多种步格在一首诗歌中的同时运用
Woman wants monogamy; Man delights in novelty. Love is woman’s moon and sun. Man has other forms of fun. Woman lives but in her lord. Count to ten, and man is bored. With this the gist and sum of it. What earthly good can come of it? (Dorothy Parker: General Review of the Sex Situachaic: a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable. (“trochee”)
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. (Jane Taylor, “Star”)

英文诗歌赏析翻译

《英语诗歌欣赏》课程教学诗选Types of PoetryUnit one NatureThe PastureRobert Frost (1874–1963)I’M going out to clean the pasture spring;I’ll only stop to rake the leaves away(And wait to watch the water clear, I may):I shan’t be gone long.—You come too.I’m going out to fetch the little calfThat’s standing by the mother. It’s so young,It totters when she licks it with her tongue.I shan’t be gone long.—You come too.牧场罗伯特·弗罗斯特 (1874–1963)我去清一清牧场的泉水，我只停下来把落叶全耙去（还瞧着泉水变得明净—也许）；我不会去得太久。

—你也来吧。

我去把那幼小的牛犊抱来，它站在母牛身边，小得可怜，一摇一晃，当母牛给她舔舔；我不会去得太久。

—你也来吧。

（方平译）DaffodilsWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)I wondered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky Way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glanceTossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparking waves in glee:A Poet could not but be gayIn such a jocund company:I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.咏水仙威廉华兹华斯(1770-1850)我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放，它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。

英语诗歌的格律

英语诗歌的格律1．一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanza或strophe），每节又分为若干行（line 或verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步是由一定数目的重读音节（arsis或ictus）和非重读音节（thesis）按照一定规律排列而成。

音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律（meter 或measure）。

2．依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。

常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。

a)抑扬格（Iambus; the Iambic Foot）：一个音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

b)扬抑格（Trochee; the Trochaic Foot）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。

c)扬抑抑格（Dactyl）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。

d)抑抑扬格（Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot）：一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

不常见的几种格律。

e)抑扬抑格（Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot）：一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节，第二个音节为重读音节。

f)扬扬格（Spondee）：一个音步由两个重读音节构成。

g)抑抑格（Pyrrhic）：一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。

3．音步也有完整和不完整之分。

诗行中每个音步的格律都相同，则为完整音步（actalectic foot）；如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步（cactalectic）。

4．诗的各行音步数目不定，诗行按音步数量分为以下几种：一音步（monometer）二音步（dimeter）三音步（trimeter）四音步（tetrameter）五音步（pentameter）六音步（hexameter）七音步（heptameter）八音步（octameter）超过八音步的诗行在英语诗歌中较为少见。

英语诗歌简介English Poetry

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b. To induce the reader a kind of attitude to something or coalition with something else. Because I could not stop for Death— He kindly stopped for me— The Carriage held but just Ourselves— And Immortality.
2
1. The genealogical level
2. The typographical level
3

《亲爱的傻瓜》

天下武功第一的欧阳锋

竟然被郭靖用计活捉
他百思不得其解对郭靖说了这样两句话： “你知道我平生最恨什么吗？我最恨落在傻瓜手里”
4

《一个人来到田纳西》

毫无疑问

“是一种用美的文字……音律的绘画的文字…… 表写人的情绪中的意境。” －宗白华，《美学散步》 “画者，天地无声之诗；诗者，天地无色之画。” －叶燮 “Painting is silent poetry, and poetry is a speaking picture.”----Simonides (556 BC - 468 BC) （画是无声的诗，诗是有声的画。） Painting (spatial art) presents points in space while poetry, as temporal art ,presents points in succession. 黑格尔认为，作为语言艺术的诗歌是第三种艺术。绘画提供明确的外在形象（form)，但在表现内心生活方面还有欠缺，于是才有了音乐(melody)；音乐在表现内心生活的特殊具体方面欠明确，于是才有了诗歌(language)。 8

英语诗歌的格律12

英语诗歌的格律1．一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanza或strophe），每节又分为若干行（line或verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步是由一定数目的重读音节（arsis或ictus）和非重读音节（thesis）按照一定规律排列而成。

音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律（meter 或 measure）。

2．依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。

常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。

a)抑扬格（Iambus; the Iambic Foot）：一个音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

b)扬抑格（Trochee; the Trochaic Foot）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。

c)扬抑抑格（Dactyl）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。

d)抑抑扬格（Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot）：一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。

不常见的几种格律。

e)抑扬抑格（Amphibrach; the AmphibrachyFoot）：一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节，第二个音节为重读音节。

f)扬扬格（Spondee）：一个音步由两个重读音节构成。

g)抑抑格（Pyrrhic）：一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。

3．音步也有完整和不完整之分。

诗行中每个音步的格律都相同，则为完整音步（actalecticfoot）；如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步（cactalectic）。

你有喜欢的诗歌类型吗英语

你有喜欢的诗歌类型吗英语英文回答：Poetry, as an art form, encompasses a diverse range of styles and genres, each with its own unique characteristics and appeal. While personal preferences vary, there are several types of poetry that consistently resonate with readers and evoke deep emotions.Lyrical Poetry:Lyrical poetry is a highly expressive form that emphasizes the poet's personal emotions and experiences. It often employs vivid imagery, musical language, and a focus on rhythm and rhyme. Classic examples include the sonnets of William Shakespeare and the Romantic poems of William Wordsworth.Narrative Poetry:As its name suggests, narrative poetry tells a story through verse. It can be epic in scale, such as Homer's "Iliad" or Milton's "Paradise Lost," or more intimate, like the ballads of Robert Burns.Dramatic Poetry:Dramatic poetry presents a scene or conflict through dialogue and characterization. It often takes the form of plays or monologues and is known for its emotional intensity. Examples include Shakespeare's "Hamlet" and T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock."Blank Verse Poetry:Blank verse poetry is characterized by its unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is commonly used in dramatic and narrative poems, as it provides a natural rhythm and a sense of nobility. Marlowe's "Tamburlaine" and Keats's "Endymion" are notable examples.Free Verse Poetry:Free verse poetry breaks away from traditionalstructures of rhyme and meter, allowing poets to explorenew forms of expression. It often emphasizes rhythm and cadence through the use of enjambment, repetition, and line breaks. Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" and AllenGinsberg's "Howl" are influential works in this genre.Haiku Poetry:Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry consisting of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables respectively. It typically captures a moment in nature and evokes a sense of tranquility or reflection.中文回答：喜欢的诗歌类型：抒情诗，表达诗人个人情感和经历，语言优美，节奏韵律和谐。

常见的英语诗歌类型

常见的英语诗歌类型英语诗歌是世界文学中的瑰宝，它以其独特的表现形式和丰富的意境深受读者喜爱。

在英语诗歌的世界中，存在着多种类型的诗歌。

本文将介绍常见的英语诗歌类型，包括抒情诗、叙事诗、讽刺诗和随笔诗。

抒情诗（Lyric Poetry）抒情诗是最常见的诗歌类型之一，它以表达诗人内心感受和情感为主要特点。

抒情诗往往采用自由的韵律和押韵方式，通过诗人细腻的表达和生动的形象描绘，传递出强烈的情感共鸣。

例如，英国著名诗人威廉·莎士比亚的 sonnet（十四行诗）就是一种典型的抒情诗形式。

叙事诗（Narrative Poetry）叙事诗是一种通过讲述故事来传达情感和思想的诗歌形式。

它以故事的发展和情节的推进为主要特点。

叙事诗通常使用较为规范的韵律和押韵方式，通过生动的描写和悬念的设置，吸引读者的注意力。

著名的叙事诗包括约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》和亨利·朗费罗的《荷马尼迦的歌谣》。

讽刺诗（Satirical Poetry）讽刺诗是一种通过嘲笑、讽刺和调侃来表达对社会问题或个人缺点的诗歌形式。

讽刺诗往往运用幽默的手法和夸张的语气，通过对现实的批判和讽刺，来引起读者的思考和反思。

著名的讽刺诗人乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格利佛游记》就是一部典型的讽刺诗歌作品。

随笔诗（Prose Poetry）随笔诗是一种介于散文和诗歌之间的文体形式。

它以自由的表达方式和抒发情感的特点，不受传统诗歌形式的限制。

随笔诗通常运用简洁而朴素的语言，通过富有思想性和抒情性的叙述，呈现出作者独特的观察和感悟。

著名的现代诗人艾米丽·迪金森的诗歌就常常采用随笔诗形式。

总结以上介绍了常见的英语诗歌类型，包括抒情诗、叙事诗、讽刺诗和随笔诗。

每一种诗歌形式都有其独特的表达方式和特点，通过不同的形式和风格，诗人们把个人的情感、思想和观察融入到诗歌中，创造出美丽而有力的作品。

阅读和欣赏这些不同类型的诗歌，不仅能够感受到诗歌的美感，还能够从中体会到作者情感和思想的传达。

英语诗歌-英语诗类型

• It was many and many a year ago, • In a kingdom by the sea, • That a maiden there lived whom you may know • By the name of Annabel Lee; • And this maiden she lived with no other thought • Than to love and be loved by me.
• Originating from Latin and Greek sources, blank verse is widely employed as a vehicle in English dramatic poetry and , to create specific grandeur. Blank verse has similarity to normal speech but it is written in a variety of patterns, which bring interruptions such as pauses. Therefore, the intention is to produce a formal rhythmical pattern that creates musical effect. Hence, it tends to capture the attention of the readers and the listeners, which is its primary objective.
• Folk (or traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event.

英语诗歌的类型_Types_of_Poetry

6

2. Ode 颂诗 -- a form of lyric poem in which the poet highly celebrates a person, a thing or an event -- length, stanza forms, style and purpose -- Shelley: Ode to the West Wind Keats: Ode to Autumn
14

2. Reflective poetry -- treating of reflections and thoughts of the author -- expressing a mere reflection, or more serious thought -- expounding human life, the relationships of man with the world by means of various methods of other types of poetry
17

5. nature poems
love poems animal poems death poems friendship poems …
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Narrative story
Lyric song
action
emotion
5

1. Sonnet 十四行诗 -- a fourteen-line poem, written in iambic pentameter ( lines with ten syllables, with accents falling on every second syllable) -- Petrarch in Italy -- England: Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard -- Spenserian sonnet: -- Shakespearean sonnet: abab, cdcd, efef, gg

英语诗歌入门1.

Ballads（民谣）（民谣）
Ballads are perhaps the most popular form of narrative poetry. Originally ballads were meant to be sung or recited. Folk ballads (popular ballads as they are sometimes called) were passed on orally, only to be written down much later.
Epic（史诗）（史诗）
The grandest of narratives is the epic. Epics are long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. Typically they chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central beliefs and values. Epics tend to be larger than life as they recount valorous deeds enacted in vast landscapes. The epic style is as grand as the action; the conventions require that the epic be formal, complex, and serious — suitable to its important subjects.

英语诗歌简明术语表

英语诗歌简明术语表A ConcisｅGlｏsｓarｙof Enｇliｓh Poet ryAｃｃeｎt 重音Aｌlegory寓言Aｌlｉteratｉon 头韵Allｕsion 典故Aｎａｐesｔ抑抑扬格Apoｓtrophｅ呼语Approxｉｍａte riｍｅ近韵Assonaｎce 半韵Balｌad 民谣Ｂallad stanzａ民谣体诗节Blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗Cａｃophoｎy 不和谐音Caｅsurａ行停中顿Ｃonｎoｔation 内涵，引申义Consonanｃe 辅音韵Ｃosmiｃｉrony命运反讽Couplet 对句Daｃtyl扬抑抑格Denotatiｏn本义Dｉmeteｒ二音步诗Dｏｇgerel 打油诗Draｍatic ｉrｏny 戏剧性反讽Dramａtic monｏlｏgｕe 戏剧性独白Ｅnd rhyｍe 尾韵End-ｓｔopｐed lｉnｅ行尾停顿诗行EngｌiｓｈoｒShakｅspearｅan sonｎet 英式/莎士比亚体十四行诗Eｎjambｍｅｎt跨行连续Ｅpic史诗Ｅupｈｏny 谐音Exact ｒhyｍe全韵Eｙe rhyme 视觉韵Femｉniｎe ｒｈyme 阴韵Fiｇure of speｅch 修辞手法Fｉxｅd foｒm固定诗体Foｏt音步Ｆree veｒsｅ自由诗Haiｋu 俳句Herｏiｃｃoｕplet 英雄偶句体Hｅptamｅter 七音步诗行Ｈexamｅter 六音步诗行Hypｅrboｌｅ夸张Iamb抑扬格Ｉmagery意象Internａl rｈyme 行中韵Irony反讽，反语Itａlian oｒＰｅtrａrchan sonnet 意式／比特拉克体十四行诗Limerｉck 五行打油诗Liteｒaｒｙbaｌｌａd 文人民谣Ｌyric 抒情诗Mascｕlｉnｅrｈyme阳韵Meｔａｐhor 暗喻，隐喻Mｅteｒ格律，韵律Mｅtonymy 换喻，转喻Monoｍeｔｅr 单音步诗行Narrative pｏｅm叙事诗Oｃtameteｒ八音步诗行Octave八行诗节Odｅ颂诗Oｎoｍatoｐoｅｉa 拟声法Open fｏrm 开放诗体Ｏveｒstａtemeｎt 夸张Oｘyｍoｒoｎ矛盾形容法Paｒａdｏx悖论Peｎtamｅtｅｒ五音步诗行Personｉfiｃａｔioｎ拟人法Picturｅpoｅm涂画诗Prosｅｐoem 散文诗Quatｒａｉｎ四节诗行Reｆｒain叠句，副歌Rhyme or rime 押韵Rhyme scｈｅme 押韵格式Ｒｈytｈｍ节奏,韵律,格律Ｒｕｎ-oｎlｉne 连续诗行Sarｃasm 讥刺Sａｔirｅ讽刺Scａnsion 韵律分析，韵律图示Sｅstｅt六节诗行Ｓｉmｉle 明喻Situatｉoｎａｌiroｎy 情景反讽Sｏnnet 十四行诗Ｓpeaker说话者Ｓpoｎdｅｅ扬扬格Stａｎｚａ诗节Stresｓ重音Sｙmbol 象征Ｓyｎeｃｄoche提喻Ｔｅrｃｅt三行诗节Tｅｒzａrｉma 三行诗节隔行押韵法Teｔraｍetｅr四音步诗行Theme主题Ｔone 语气，语调ｔｒimetｅr 三音步诗行Tｒｉｐlet 同韵三行联句Ｔrocｈee扬抑格Understaｔemeｎt 低调陈述,轻描淡写Verbaｌiｒony 言辞反讽Verse 散文诗Vilｌａnelle 维拉内拉体。

关于poem的英语作文

关于poem的英语作文英文回答：Poetry is a form of literature that uses words to evoke emotion, create imagery, and communicate ideas. It can be used to tell stories, express feelings, or explore complex themes. Poems can be written in a variety of styles, from free verse to formal sonnets. They can be short or long, simple or complex.The use of literary devices such as metaphor, simile, and imagery helps poets to create vivid and memorable images in the minds of their readers. These devices allow poets to express complex ideas in a concise and evocative way.Poetry can be used to explore a wide range of human emotions, from love and joy to grief and despair. It can also be used to explore social and political issues, or to simply capture the beauty of the natural world.There are many different types of poetry, including lyric, narrative, and dramatic. Each type of poetry has its own unique set of conventions and techniques. Lyric poetry is the most common type of poetry and is often used to express personal thoughts and feelings. Narrative poetry tells a story, while dramatic poetry is written in the form of a play.Poetry can be a challenging but rewarding form of literature. It can help us to understand ourselves and the world around us. It can also be a source of beauty, inspiration, and joy.中文回答：诗歌是一种使用语言来引起情感、创造意象和传达思想的文学形式。

英语诗歌的类型

-- the border area between England and Scotland
-- the Middle ages
-- common people, oral tradition
-- traditional ballad: Robin Hood Ballads
-- literary ballad: Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
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2. Ode 颂诗
-- a form of lyric poem in which the poet highly celebrates a person, a thing or an event
-- length, stanza forms, style and purpose
-- Shelley: Ode to the West Wind

Virgil: Aeneid

Dante: Divine Comedy

Anglo-Saxon legend: Beowulf

Milton: Paradise Lost
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2. Ballad 歌谣
-- a narrative poem of folk song which tells a story in simple colloquial language, usually in four-line stanzas with the second and fourth lines rhymed
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3. Romance 传奇 -- primarily medieval fiction in
verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love -- Frem -- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight -- Le Morte d’Arthur

英语诗歌的韵律与类型（可编辑）

The Rhythm and Types of English Poetry英语诗歌的韵律与类型目录上篇英语诗歌的韵律前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一章英语诗歌的韵步．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节韵步的定义与类型．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节韵步类型举例．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二章英语诗歌的韵步数．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节单韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节双韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节三韵步行和四韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四节五韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第五节六韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第六节七韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第七节八韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三章英语诗歌的押韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节头韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节尾韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节内韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四节元韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第六节目韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四章英语诗歌的基本押韵格式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节基本押韵格式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节基本押韵格式的组合使用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第五章十四行诗的押韵格式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节彼特拉克体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节莎士比亚体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节斯宾塞体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第六章诗行与韵律．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节结句行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节连续行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节音节增减．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四节句式倒装．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第七章五行打油诗与短回旋诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节五行打油诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节短回旋诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第八章素体诗与自由诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节素体诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节自由诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．下篇英语诗歌的类型第九章叙事诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节歌谣．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节戏剧诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四节故事诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第十章抒情诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第一节颂诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第二节挽歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第三节婚庆曲．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第四节歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第五节田园短诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第六节田园牧歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第七节爱情小诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第八节哲理诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第九节宗教诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第十节赞美诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第十一节墓志铭．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第十二节收场白．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．第十一章融入中国文化的英语诗歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．前言《英语诗歌的韵律与类型》是出于教学的需要而编写的诗歌的最大特征是韵律要欣赏英语诗歌首先得把英语诗歌的韵律搞清楚本书上篇共八章从各个方面探讨了英语诗歌的韵律但并非面面俱到如重音accent韵律就没有谈及非常见的韵律如破韵省略韵等也被省去英语诗歌有各种类型按照不同的划分标准类型就有所不同按照表现形式来分有格律诗自由诗散文诗模仿诗等按照艺术表现手法来分有朦胧诗讽刺诗朗诵诗等本书下篇是按照内容来划分英语诗歌的类型即叙事诗抒情诗戏剧诗哲理诗和宗教诗等由于戏剧诗很大一部分属于叙事剧作如莎士比亚的戏剧都可以看成是戏剧诗本书将其归入叙事诗哲理诗和宗教诗从数量上看不是很多而且它们带有很大的抒情成分本书将之归入抒情诗一些英美诗人十分崇尚中国文化他们的一些诗歌融入了中国文化的元素本书的最后一章专门介绍了一些融入了中国文化的英美诗歌本书总共引用了60多位英美诗人的120多首诗歌或诗歌片段绝大部分都选自《诺顿英国文学选集》和《诺顿美国文学选集》其中乔叟斯宾塞等的诗歌保留了原诗的近代英语原汁原味的拼写形式所有引用诗歌都附有中文译文且译文尽可能出自名家个别地方略有改动本书作者在找不到名家译文甚至一般译文的前提下才提供自己的拙译为了节省篇幅译文以脚注形式出现连续排列以符号隔开各个诗行以隔开每个诗节本书没有对引用诗行进行注解除了考虑节省篇幅主要是因为读者层次不同有的注解对一些读者来说是多余的读者自己动手查需要查的词语更能体现读者的主动性和参与性本书从内容到结构汲取了几本书的精华它们是布尔顿的《诗歌解剖》王佐良的《英国诗史》聂珍钊的《英语诗歌形式导论》齐晓燕的《英诗的美学探究》等书中的引用没有直接注明没有这些专著做参考本书难以成型本书译文主要出自国内著名翻译大家如曹明伦傅浩胡家峦黄杲炘江枫刘新民裘小龙孙梁屠岸王佐良杨德豫查良铮钟玲朱维之等等没有他们的译文对初学英诗的人甚至包括本书作者在内要理解所引用的一些诗歌既有一定的难度甚至会产生偏差本书还引用了其他一些不太知名的译者的译文凡是能找到出处的都已在译文后注明本书作者在此向所有译者以及本书所参考过而没有标注出来的参考文献的作者表示深深的敬意本书适合英语专业本科学生用作英语诗歌入门教材也适合英语诗歌爱好者对英语诗歌韵律和类型的基本了解对研究英语诗歌韵律的研究生来说本书也不失为一本有价值的参考书由于本书作者对英语诗歌的研究有限手头资料有限错误难免希望读者批评指正第一章英语诗歌的韵步第一节韵步的定义与种类韵步foot也被称为音步是由音节 syllable 组成的因此首先要了解什么是音节音节由音素phone构成它是语音中最小的不可再分解的单位是字母组合后的读音标记音素靠听觉辨认字母靠视觉辨认音素属于读音系统字母属于拼写系统例如scansion [′skaelign∫зn]由8个字母拼写而成只有7个音素英语音素分为元音vowel和辅音 consonant 共有48个音节是英语的发音单位由一个元音或者由一个元音同一个或若干个辅音构成音节可分为单音节双音节多音节三类单音节youdaymebigmakebar等双音节beginopenfoolishsummermountain等多音节wonderfulrevolutionsatisfactory等辅音也可构成音节如peoplerhythm中的ple和thm都属于一个音节每个英语单词都有一个重读音节其重读音节是固定的如husband共两个音节第一个音节重读express有两个音节第二个音节重读beautiful有三个音节第一个音节重读religion有三个音节第二个音节重读subterranean有四个音节第三个音节重读在短语或句子中冠词和介词一般不重读如在in the morningon a desk中intheona都不重读弄清楚什么是音节就可以理解什么是韵步了韵步是一个或两个重读音节和一个或两个非重读音节的排列组合其类型如下韵步类型表名称英语名称的形容词形式例子大写表示重读抑抑格pyrrhicpyrrhic in a抑扬格iamb iambic enGAGE扬抑格trochee trochaic ALways扬扬格spondee spondaic HOT STUFF抑抑抑格tribrach tribrachic and in the抑抑扬格anapaest anapaestic on the WAY抑扬抑格amphibrach amphibrachic eTERnal抑扬扬格baccius bachiac the WHOLE DAY扬抑抑格dactyl dactylicWANdering扬抑扬格amphimacer or cretic cretic PIECE of CAKE扬扬抑格antibachius antibachiac GOOD MORning扬扬扬格molossus molossicGREAT WHITE HOPE第二节韵步类型举例一抑扬格抑扬格是一个非重读音节和一个重读音节的排列组合英语诗歌以抑扬格韵步为主如莎士比亚十四行诗《我可以把你比作夏天吗》最后两行的韵步划分如下每个韵步由竖杠隔开_代表非重读音节代表重读音节_ _ _ _ _So long as men can breathe or eyes can see_ _ _ _ _So long lives this and this gives life to theeWilliam Shakespeare Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer Day每个韵步都是两个音节且每个韵步都是一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成又如华兹华斯的《我独自漫游像一朵孤云》第一诗节_ _ _ __I wandered lonely as a cloud_ _ _ _That floats on high oer vales and hills_ ___When all at once I saw a crowd_ __ __A host of golden daffodils_ _ _ _Beside the lake beneath the trees__ ____Fluttering and dancing in the breezeWilliam Wordsworth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud除了第一行第三韵步第四行第四韵步第六行的第一三韵步其他韵步都是抑扬格英诗的韵步不是机械的一成不变而总是有拗变variation几乎所有的英诗都有拗变只要绝大部分韵步属于某种类型即可再如朗费罗的《金色夕照》第一诗节_ ___The golden sea its mirror spread_ __Beneath the golden skies_ __ _ _And but a narrow strip between_ _ _Of land and shadow liesHenry Wadsworth Longfellow The Golden Sunset除了第三行第一韵步属拗变其他韵步都是轻重音节的排列组合属抑扬格二扬抑格扬抑格是一个重读音节与一个非重读音节的排列组合最为人们熟知的是简泰勒的儿童诗《星》_ _ _Twinkle twinkle little star__ _How I wonder what you are_ _ _Up above the world so high_ _ _ _Like a diamond in the skyJane Taylor Star每行的最后一个韵步省略了非重读音节仍然属于扬抑格只有第四行的第三个韵步是拗变被抑抑格代替也为人们熟悉的布莱克的《老虎》其第三诗节如下_ _ _What the hammer What the chain_ _ __In what furnace was thy brain__ _What the anvil what dread grasp_ _ _Dare its deadly terrors claspWilliam Blake The Tyger每行的最后一个韵步省略了非重读音节仍然属于扬抑格第二行的第一个韵步被抑扬格代替第三个韵步被抑抑格代替下面这首诗的韵步以扬抑格为主_ _ _Timely blossom infant fair_ _ _ _Fondling of a happy pair_ _ _Every morn and every night__ _ __Their solicitous delight_ _ _Sleeping waking still at ease_ _ _Pleasing without skill to please__ _Little gossip blithe and hale____Tattling many a broken tale_ _ _ _Singing many a tuneless song___ _Lavish of a heedless tongueAmbrose Philips To Charlotte Pulteney三扬扬格扬扬格是两个重读音节组成的韵步由于在同一个韵步中两个音节同时重读几乎完全限定在组合词或者两个相邻的单音节词上因此英语诗歌中扬扬格的诗行很少这种韵步不是为了组成诗行而是用来代替抑扬格或扬抑格目的在于使诗歌的节奏发生变化追求新的节奏美感如丁尼生的《尤利西斯》中的第55行第57行_ _ _The long day wanes the slow moon climbs the deep_ _ __ _Moans round with many voices Come my friends_ _ _ __Tis not too late to seek a newer worldAlfred Tennyson Ulysses这里第一行的第二四韵步为扬扬格第一三五韵步是抑扬格因此这行诗是扬扬格和抑扬格相互组合的诗行又如弥尔顿《失乐园》第二卷第618行至第623行_ _ _ _ _Through many a dark and dreary vale_ _ _ _ _ __They passed and many a region dolorous_ _ _ _ _ _ _Oer many a frozen many a fiery alp_ _Rocks caves lakes fens bogs dens and shades of death_ ___ _ _A universe of death which God by curse_ _ __ __Created evil for evil only goodJohn Milton Paradise Lost这里的第四行前六个音节分为三个韵步都重读属扬扬格后面两个韵步是抑扬格因此这行诗是扬扬格和抑扬格相互组合的诗行四抑抑扬格抑抑扬格是由两个非重读音节和一个重读音节组成的韵步属于三音节韵步抑扬格韵步和抑抑扬格韵步是从非重读音节到重读音节的组合因此它们被称为升调韵步行rising meter前面所引的《失乐园》诗行中第一行第三韵步第二行第三韵步第三行第三韵步是抑抑扬格又如柯珀的《亚历山大塞尔扣克的孤独》___ _ __I am monarch of all I survey_ __ __My right there is none to dispute_ _ __ _ _From the center all round to the sea_ _ __ __I am lord of the fowl and the brute_ __ __O solitude Where are the charms__ _ __That sages have seen in thy face__ __ _ _Better dwell in the midst of alarms_ _ _ _ _Than reign in the ho rrible placeWilliam Cowper The Solitude of Alexander Selkirk每行诗由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节组成韵步每行诗分三个韵步其中第二五六八行都有首音节省略的特点于是第一个韵步就从抑抑扬格变成了抑扬格这种省略被称为首行省略truncation五扬抑抑格扬抑抑格是由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节组成的韵步与抑抑扬格韵步对应单纯用扬抑抑格写作的诗歌很少以此步格为基础的诗行大多同其他形式的步格组合在一起如托马斯胡德《叹息桥》第一诗节___ _Take her up tenderly_ _Lift her with care_ _ _ _Fashiond so slenderly__Young and so fairThomas Hood The Bridge of Sighs这里的第一个诗节的第一行和第三行由两个扬抑抑格韵步组成第二行和第四行由一个完整扬抑抑格韵步加一个重音节其后省略了两个非重读音节构成罗伯特勃朗宁的《误解》每行诗最后一个韵步都省略了一个非重读音节_ _ _ _This is a spray the Bird clung to__ _ _ _Making it blossom with pleasure_ _ __ _Ere the high tree-top she sprung to__ __ _Fit for her nest and her treasure_ _ _ _O what a hope beyond measure_ _ _ _ _ _ _Was the poor sprays which the flying feet hung to____ _ _ _So to be singled out built in and sung toRobert Browning Misconceptions在这个诗节里前五行每行八个音节划分为三个扬抑抑格韵步第六七行有十一个音节划分为四个扬抑抑格韵步每行最后一个韵步在省略了一个非重读音节后用扬抑格代替了扬抑抑格六多种步格在一首诗歌中的同时运用如Woman wants monogamyMan delights in noveltyLove is womans moon and sunMan has other forms of funWoman lives but in her lordCount to ten and man is boredWith this the gist and sum of itWhat earthly good can come of itDorothy Parker General Review of the Sex Situation这首短诗使用了几种步格前六行是三韵步行其中第一行至第六行的前两个步格都是扬抑格第一二行的第三步格即 nogamy novelty 属于扬抑抑格第三四六行的第三步格即｜moon and sun forms of fun man is bored 属于扬抑扬格第五行第三步格 in her lord 属于抑抑扬格第七八行则属于抑扬格韵步第二章英语诗歌的韵步数第一节单韵步行单韵步诗行monometer是由一个韵步构成的诗行例如斯科若的《希腊古瓮颂总结》就是由单韵步诗行写成的诗Gods chaseRound vaseWhat sayWhat playDont knowNice thoughDesmond Skirrow Ode on a Grecian Urn Summarized完全由单韵步诗行构成的诗很稀有单韵步诗行往往出现在多韵步诗行中间如下面两个诗节中的第七八诗行Go and catch a falling starGet with child a mandrake rootTell me where all past years areOr who cleft the Devils footTeach me to hear mermaids singingOr to keep off envys stingingAnd findWhat windServes to advance an honest mindJohn Donne Song第二节双韵步行双韵步诗行dimeter是由两个韵步构成的一行诗例如Razors pain youRivers are dampAcids stain youAnd drugs cause crampGuns arent lawfulNooses giveGas smells awfulYou might as well liveDorothy Parker Résumé除了最后一行其他诗行都是双韵步而第六诗行的第二个韵步省略了非重读音节单韵步和双韵步组合的诗行威廉斯的《红色手推车》是个代表性例子so much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickensW C Williams The Red Wheelbarrow第三节三韵步行和四韵步行三韵步诗行trimeter和四韵步诗行 tetrameter 是由三个韵步和四个韵步构成的诗行例如While I am ly ing on the grassThy twofold shout I hearFrom hill to hill it seems to passAt once far off and nearAnd I can listen to thee yetCan lie upon the plainAnd listen till I do begetThat golden time againWilliam Wordsworth To the Cuckoo在这首诗歌中每个诗节的第一三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行而第二四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行又如The Mariner whose eye is brightWhose beard with age is hoarIs gone and now the Wedding-GuestTurned from the bridegrooms doorHe went like one that hath been stunnedAnd is of sense forlornA sadder and a wiser manHe rose the morrow mornSamuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner同样每个诗节的第一三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行而第二四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行三韵步诗行不但常与四韵步诗行交叉使用也常与双韵步诗行交叉使用例如Wintertime nighsBut my bereavement-painIt cannot bring againTwice no one diesFlower -petal fleeBut since it once hath beenNo more that severing sceneCan harrow meBirds faint in dreadI shall not lose old strengthIn the lone frosts black lengthStrength long since fledThomas Hardy In Tenebris几乎每个诗节的第一四行是双韵步行其中第二诗节第一行为三韵步行第三韵步省略了非重读音节第二三行为三韵步行四韵步行还用于抑抑扬格和扬抑抑格韵步如拜伦描写《圣经》中的亚述王在宫廷政变中被杀的诗歌《赛纳克里布的毁灭》第三个诗节就是标准的抑抑扬格四韵步诗行_ ___ _ _ _ _For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast_ __ __ __And breathed in the face of the foe as he passed__ __ _ _ _ _And the eyes of the sleepers waxed deadly and chill_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _And their hearts but once heaved and for ever grew stillLord Byron The Destruction of Sennacherib每行诗共十二个音节划分为四个韵步每个韵步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节组成其中第二行第一个韵步省略了一个非重读音节第四节五韵步行五韵步诗行pentameter是由五个韵步构成的诗行英语诗歌中的五韵步诗行一般都是由五个抑扬格韵步组成这样的诗行叫抑扬格五韵步诗行iambic pentameter 这种诗行迄今为止仍然是英语中使用最多的诗行例如丁尼生的《提脱诺斯》第一诗节The woods decay the woods decay and fallThe vapors weep their burthen to the groundMan comes and tills the field and lies beneathAnd after many a summer dies the swanMe only cruel immortalityConsumes I wither slowly in thine armsHere at the quiet limit of the worldA white-haird shadow roaming like a dreamThe ever-silent spaces of the EastFar-folded mists and gleaming halls of mornAlfred Tennyson Tithonus每行诗都是十个音节几乎每个韵步都是抑扬格当然抑扬格韵步行的诗歌并非每个韵步都是抑扬格往往有非抑扬格韵步的变化如上面这个诗节的第五行第三五韵步就属于抑抑格具体分析如下__ _ _ _ _ _Me only cruel immortality莎士比亚的十四行诗都是抑扬格五韵步诗行但几乎每首十四行诗中都可以找到至少一个非抑扬格韵步以最著名的《我可以把你比作夏天吗》为例_ _ _ _ _But thy eternal summer shall not fade_ ___ _ _Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst这里第二行的第三个韵步是抑抑格甚至第一行第一四个韵步都可以读成抑抑格第五个韵步可以读成扬扬格除了抑扬格韵步五韵步还用于其他步格的韵步如阿诺德的《靠自己》第一诗节___ _ _ _Weary of myself and sick of asking_ _ _ _What I am and what I ought to be_ _ _ _ _At this vessels prow I stand which bears me_ _ _ _Forwards forwards oer the starlit seaMathew Arnold Self-Dependence这个诗节的基本节奏是扬抑格但第一行的第二个韵步被替换成了抑抑格韵步第二四行最后一个韵步是尾省略韵步省略了一个非重读音节第五节六韵步行六韵步诗行hexameter是由六个韵步组成的诗行其特点有二一是往往通过停顿将一行六韵步诗行分为两个半行诗二是它的韵步常使用替换例如锡德尼的十四行组诗《奥斯特洛菲尔与斯苔拉》第一首中的前四行_ _ _ _ _ _Loving in truth and fain in verse my love to show_ _ _ _ ___That she dear She might take some pleasure of my pain_ _ _ _ _ _Pleasure might cause her read reading might make her know_ _ _ __ _Knowledge might pity win and pity grace obtainSir Philip Sidney Astrophel and Stella这四行诗的第一个特点是每行都由一个停顿把一行诗分成两个半行诗其中有三行的中间出现标点符号第二个特点是替换四行诗的基本节奏是抑扬格但第一三四行的第一个韵步被替换成了扬抑格第二行的第五个韵步被替换成了抑抑格第六节七韵步行七韵步诗行heptameter是由七个韵步组成的诗行文艺复兴时期英国诗人有时用抑扬格七韵步诗行写诗遵守由十四个音节组成抑扬格节奏因此这类诗被称为抑扬格七韵步诗fourteeners例如骚斯维尔的《燃烧的婴孩》前几行__ __ _ ___As I in hoary winters night stood shivering in the snow_ _ _ _ _ _ _Surprised I was with sudden heat which made my heart to glow_ _ _ _ _ _ _And lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near__ _ __ _A pretty babe all bur ning bright did in the air appearRobert Southwell The Burning Babe由于七韵步诗行较长一般都把它分为一个四韵步诗行和一个三韵步诗行于是上面的诗行就被排列成As I in hoary winters nightstood shivering in the snowSurprised I was with sudden heatwhich made my heart to glowAnd lifting up a fearful eyeto view what fire was nearA pretty babe all bur ning brightdid in the air appear用扬抑格写成的七韵步诗行比较少见以下是丁尼生《食莲人》第八诗节也是最后一个诗节中间四行__ _ _ _ _Like a tale of little meaning tho the words are strong_ __ _ _ _ _Chanted from an ill-used race of men that cleave the soil_ _ _ _ __ _Sow the seed and reap the harvest with enduring toil_ __ _ _ _Storing yearly little dues of wheat and wine and oilAlfred Tennyson The Lotus-Eaters每行前六个韵步都是标准的扬抑格第七个韵步通过行尾省略的方法省去了一个非重读音节因此它是一个缺损的韵步这在诗歌中很常见第七节八韵步行八韵步诗行octameter是由八个韵步组成的诗行这种诗行很少也能找到例句如爱德华兹的《设计精美的天堂》中的某些诗行If pleasures be in painfullness in pleasures doth my body restIf joys accord with carefullness a joyful heart is in my breast If prison strong be liberty in liberty long have I beenIf joys accord with misery who can compare a life to mine Richards Edwards The Paradise of Dainty Device这些诗行都是标准的八韵步诗行又如丁尼生的《梅尔顿之旅》中以下诗行His fathers have slain thy fathers in war or in single strifeThy fathers have slain his fathers each taken a life for lifeThy father had slain his father how long shall the murder last Go back to the Isle of Finn and suffer the past to be pastAnd we kissed the fringe of his beard and we prayd as we heard him prayAnd the Holy man he assoild us and sadly we saild awayAlfred Tennyson The Voyage of Maeldune前四行的第八韵步属拗变省略了一个非重读音节后两行是标准的八韵步诗行由于音节太多诗人们倾向于将八韵步诗行分成两个四韵步诗行另外九韵步诗行nonameter和十韵步诗行 decameter 是分别由九个和十个韵步组成的诗行但这种诗行十分罕见暂无例句可举第三章英语诗歌的押韵押韵rhyme是指一个音节的读音在以后音节读音中的重复或是一个单词的最后一个音节或几个音节的读音在以后音节相应位置的读音重复从押韵的位置看押韵主要有头韵 alliteration 尾韵 end rhyme 和中间韵或腹韵internal rhyme尾韵又分全韵perfect rhyme和非全韵 imperfect rhyme 两种全韵要求押韵的辅音和元音都相同非全韵又包括只是元音相同但辅音不押韵的元韵assonance和只押辅音不押元音的和韵 consonance 另外还有从拼写上看起来似乎押韵但实际读音并不押韵的目韵eye rhyme visual rhyme or sight rhyme等第一节头韵头韵是指一行节诗中几个词开头的辅音相同形成押韵如克里斯蒂娜罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节When I am dead my dearestSing no sad songs for mePlant thou no rose at my headNor shady cypress treeBe the green grass above meWith showers and dewdrops wetAnd if thou wilt rememberAnd if thou wilt forgetChristina Rossetti Song第一行的dead dearest第二行的sing sad songs第五行的green grass 第六行的 with wet押头韵又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103第106行The fair breeze blew the white foam flewThe furrow followed freeWe were the first that ever burstInto that silent seaSamuel Taylor Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner前三行里头韵[f]重复七次这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音创造出一种宁静的意境第四行里的两个[s]音宛如和风吹过沉寂海面而发出的咝咝声头韵在这里的使用令读者有身临其境之感另外中间韵blew flewfirst burstfurrow followed尾韵free sea形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感再如莎士比亚编号为71的十四行诗前八行No longer mourn for me when I am deadThan you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this vile world with vilest worms to dwellNay if you read this line remember notThe hand that writ it for I love you soThat I in your sweet thoughts would be forgotIf thinking on me would make you woe每行都有不同的头韵第一行为mourn me第二行为surly sullen第三行为warning world第四行为world worm第五行为read remember第八行为me make和would woe第二行第三行和第五行为than that this第七行和第八行为thoughts thinking这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中可以称为交叉头韵诗人在使用头韵时还使用一种声音的重复通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感如多恩的《歌》When thou sighst thou sighst not windBut sighst my soul awayWhen thou weepst unkindly kindMy lifes blood doth decayIt cannot beThat thou lovst me as thou saystIf in thine my life thou wasteThou art the best of meJohn Donne Song此诗节使用的头韵有when wind weep wastesigh soul saydoth decayblood be bestthou then that等另外在sighkindlythinemy和life 中有频繁的元音字母i此音暗示悲伤和抑郁加上它是一个长元音自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现同样的诗歌技巧也体现在爱伦坡的《乌鸦》之中如该诗的最后一节And the Raven never flitting still is sitting still is sittingOn the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber doorAnd his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreamingAnd the lamp-light oer him streaming throws his shadow on the floor And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floorShall be lifted –nevermoreAllan Poe The Raven此诗节中除了各行的头韵still sittingpallid Pallashis havelamplightfrom floating floor还有内韵flitting sittingseeming dreaming 等贯穿整个诗节的短元音[aelig]长元音[i][o]和双元音[u]生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望第二节尾韵尾韵end rhyme指行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同而元音前面的辅音则不能相同也就是说元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵而元音前面的辅音则不押韵这种韵又被称为全韵perfect rhyme根据音节的数量可分为单音节尾韵single rhyme 双音节尾韵double rhyme 和三重音节尾韵triple rhyme单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵masculine rhyme是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵如米勒《在太平洋之滨》第二诗节Above yon gleaming skies of goldOne lone imperial peak is seenWhile gathered at his feet in greenTen thousand foresters are toldAnd all so still So still the airThat duty drops the web of careJoaquin Miller By the Pacific Ocean第一四行押韵第二三行押韵第五六行押韵都是重读单音节虽然是单音节押韵但它只要求一个音节押韵而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词例如叶芝《走过柳园》第一节Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meetShe passd the sally gardens with little snow-white feetShe bid me take love easy as the leaves grow on the treeBut I being young and foolish with her would not agreeW B Yeats Down by the Sally Gardens这里第四行的agree就是一个双音节单词它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree押韵而且它是重读音节双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵feminine rhyme其基本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵其中倒数第二个音节是重读音节而最后一个音节是非重读音节由于其读音是重读加非重读结构因此它又称扬抑格韵trochaic rhyme如华兹华斯的《写于三月》前四行The cock is crowingThe stream is flowingThe small birds twitterThe lake doth glitterWilliam Wordsworth Written in March at Brothers Water行尾的crowing flowingtwitter glitter相互押韵两组押韵都是由双音节单词组成每个单词的第一个音节为重读音节第二个音节为非重读音节又如丁尼生《女郎夏洛特》第一部分的第二诗节Willows whiten aspens quiverLittle breezes dusk and shiverThrough the wave that runs foreverBy the island in the river。

英语诗歌的韵律与类型

The Rhythm‎and Types of Englis‎h Poetry‎英语诗歌的韵‎律与类型目录上篇英语诗歌的韵‎律前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一章英语诗歌的韵‎步．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节韵步的定义与‎类型．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节韵步类型举例‎．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二章英语诗歌的韵‎步数．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节单韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节双韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节三韵步行和四‎韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四节五韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第五节六韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第六节七韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第七节八韵步行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三章英语诗歌的押‎韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节头韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节尾韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节内韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四节元韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第五节和韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第六节目韵．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四章英语诗歌的基‎本押韵格式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节基本押韵格式‎．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节基本押韵格式‎的组合使用．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第五章十四行诗的押‎韵格式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节彼特拉克体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节莎士比亚体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节斯宾塞体．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第六章诗行与韵律．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节结句行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节连续行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节音节增减．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四节句式倒装．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第七章五行打油诗与‎短回旋诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节五行打油诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节短回旋诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第八章素体诗与自由‎诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节素体诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节自由诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）下篇英语诗歌的类‎型第九章叙事诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节史诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节歌谣．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节戏剧诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四节故事诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第十章抒情诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第一节颂诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第二节挽歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第三节婚庆曲．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第四节歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第五节田园短诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第六节田园牧歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第七节爱情小诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第八节哲理诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第九节宗教诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第十节赞美诗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第十一节墓志铭．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第十二节收场白．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）第十一章融入中国文化‎的英语诗歌．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．（）前言《英语诗歌的韵‎律与类型》是出于教学的‎需要而编写的‎。

英语诗歌的类型TypesofPoetry

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❖ 5.
❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖
nature poems love poems animal poems death poems friendship poems …
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❖ -- Petrarch in Italy
❖ -- England: Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard
❖ -- Spenserian sonnet:
❖ -- Shakespearean sonnet: abab, cdcd, efef, gg
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❖ 2. Ode 颂诗
❖ -- a form of lyric poem in which the poet highly celebrates a person, a thing or an event
❖ -- Francesco Petrarch – Italian sonnet ❖ -- love as the most important subject matter ❖ -- different from narrative poems:
Narrative
Lyric
story
song
action
❖ -- usually idealizing shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence
❖ -- describing the simplicity, charm and serenity attributed to country

关于诗人的英语作文

关于诗人的英语作文英文回答。

Poetry is a genre of literature that uses words to create a sensory experience for the reader. It can be used to express a wide range of emotions, from joy to sorrow, from love to hate. Poems can be written in any form, from free verse to sonnets, and can use a variety of literary devices, such as metaphor, simile, and alliteration.There are many different types of poems, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the most common types of poems include:Narrative poems tell a story. They can be short or long, and may be written in any form.Lyric poems express the poet's personal thoughts and feelings. They are typically short and written in a free verse form.Dramatic poems are written in the form of a play. They may have characters, dialogue, and stage directions.Epic poems are long narrative poems that tell thestory of a hero or a group of heroes. They are typically written in a formal style and may use elevated language.Poetry has been around for centuries, and it continuesto be a popular form of literature today. It can be enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds, and it can offer a unique and powerful way to experience the world.中文回答。