文献翻译-模具的历史发展
塑料模具发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：The development of plastic mouldChina's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inchbig-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai daysElectrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of atwo-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy,non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table.Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factorycommunications and broadcasting companies, such as moldmanufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the newcompany will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ, the United States Parametric Technology Pro / Engineer, the United States CV CADS5 company, the British company DOCT5 Deltacam, HZS's CRADE Japan, the company's Cimatron Israel, the United States AC-C-Tech Mold Company and Australia's MPA Mold flow Mold analysis software, and so on. These systems and the introduction of the software, although a lot of money spent, but in our country die industry, and achieving a CAD / CAM integration, and to support CAE technology to forming processes such as molding and cooling, such as computer simulation, and achieved certain The technical and economic benefits, promote and facilitate China's CAD / CAM technology. In recent years, China's own development of the plasticmould CAD / CAM system has achieved significant development, the main guarantor Software Engineering Institute, is the development of CAXA, Huazhong University of Science HSC5.0 development of the system and injection mold CAE software, and so on, these Die of domestic software with the specific circumstances in the application of computer and lower prices, and other characteristics, in order to further universal CAD / CAM technology has created good conditions.In recent years, China has been more extensive use of some new plastic mold steel, such as: P20, 3Cr2Mo, PMS, SM Ⅰ, SM Ⅱ, and the quality of life of mold has a direct significant impact on the overall use of the still less . Plastic Moulds standard model planes, such as standard putter and spring has given more applications, and there have been some of the commercialization of domestic hot runner system components. However, at present China Die level of standardization and commercialization in the general level of below 30 percent and foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70 percent compared to 80 percent, still a large gap. Table 1, at home and abroad plastic mould technology comparison table? Domestic projects abroad cavity injection model mm0.02 accuracy of 0.005 ~ 0.01 ~ 0.05mm cavity surface roughness Ra0.01 ~ 0.05 μ mRa0.20 μ m non-hardened steel die life 10 to 60 million 10 ~ 30 million hardened steel die life 160 ~ 300 million of 50 ~ 100 million hot runner mould overall utilization rate of more than 80per cent less than 10 per cent level of standardization of 70 ~ 80% less than 30% of medium-sized plastic mould production cycle about a month 2 ~ 4 months in the mold industry in the amount of 30 to 40% 25 to 30% According to the parties concerned forecast, the market's overall vigorous mold is a smooth upward, in the next Die market, the development of plastic mould faster than the other Die, die in the proportion of industry will gradually improve. With the continuous development of the plastics industry, put on the plastic mold growing demands is a normal, and so sophisticated, large-scale, complex, long-life plastic mould development will be higher than the overall pace of development. At the same time, imports in recent years because of the mold, precision, large, complex, long-life die in the majority, therefore, reduce imports, increase Guochanhualu: perspective, in the mold of such high-end market share will gradually increase. The rapid development of theconstruction industry so that the various Profile Extrusion Die, PVC plastic pipe fittings Die Die market become a new economic growth point, the rapid development of highways, car tires also put a higher demand, radial tire Die, Die particularly active pace of development will also be higher than the overall average level of the plastic and wood, plastic and metal to make plastic molds in the automotive, motorcycle industry in the demand for huge household appliances industry in the "10th Five-Year Plan" period have greater development, especially refrigerators,air-conditionersand microwave ovens, and other parts of the great demand for plastic moulds, and electronics and communications products, in addition to audio-video products, such as color televisions, laptop computers and set-top boxes will be given a wider network development, which are Plastic Mold market is the growth point. Second, China's industrial and technological plastic mould the future direction of the major developments will include:1, raising large, sophisticated, complex, long-life mold design and manufacturing standards and proportion. This is due to the molding plastic mould products increasingly large, complex and high-precision requirements, as well as requirements for high productivity and the development of a multi-mode due.2, in the design and manufacture of plastic mould fully promote the use of CAD / CAM / CAE technology. CAD / CAM technology has developed into a relatively mature technology common in recent years CAD / CAM technology hardware and software prices has been reduced to SMEs generally acceptable level of popularity for further create good conditions; based on network CAD / CAM / CAE system integration structure the initial signs of emerging, and it will solve the traditional mixed CAD / CAM system can not meet the actual production process requirements of the division of collaboration; CAD / CAM software will gradually improve intelligence plastic parts and the 3-D mold design andprototyping process 3-D analysis will be in our plastic mould industries play an increasingly important role.3, promote the use of hot runner technology, gas-assisted injection molding technology and high-pressure injection molding technology. Using hot runner mould technology can improve the productivity and quality of parts and plastic parts can be substantial savings of raw materials and energy conservation, extensive application of this technology is a big plastic mould changes. Hot Runner components formulate national standards, and actively produce cheap high-quality components, the development of hot runner mold is the key. Gas-assisted injection molding product quality can be guaranteed under the premise of substantially lower cost. Currently in the automotive and appliance industries gradually promote the use of the Chiang Kai-shek. Gas-assisted injection molding of the ordinary than the traditional injection of more parameters need to identify and control, and its more commonly used in large, complex products, mold design and control more difficult, therefore, the development of gas-assisted molding flow analysis software It seems very important. On the other hand in order to ensure precision plastic parts to continue to study the development of technology and high-pressure injection molding and injection-compression molding mould and die technology is also very important.4, the development of new plastics molding technology and rapid economic mold. To adapt to more variety, less volume of production.5, and improve standardization of plastic mould standard parts usage. China's mold and die level of standard parts standardization still low, the gap between the large and foreign, to a certain extent constraining the development of industries in our country die, die to improve quality and reduce manufacturing costs Die, Die standard parts to vigorously promote the application. To this end, first of all, to formulate a unified national standards, and in strict accordance with the standards of production, secondly it is necessary to gradually scale production, to improve the commercialization of the standard of quality, and reduce costs; again it is necessary to further increase the standard specifications of varieties.6, Die application quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology for improving the quality of life and mold it is necessary.7, research and application of high-speed die measurement technology and reverse engineering. CMM-use 3D scanner or reverse engineering is the realization of plastic moulds CAD / CAM one of the key technologies.Research and Application of diversity, adjustment, cheap detection equipment is to achieve the necessary precondition for reverse engineering.译文：塑料模具的发展我国塑料模工业从起步到现在，历经半个多世纪，有了很大发展，模具水平有了较大提高。
模具文献综述
模具文献综述一、模具中的机械设计制造业的发展推动了模具业的发展,模具业的发展给制造业以有力的支撑。
创新能力是模具企业生存的关键。
模具制造的首要问题是模具材料。
为了响应模具行业对模具材料不断创新、改进的需要,国内外模具材料供应商在模具材料的技术水平和新材料开发方面做了大量的工作,也取得了不少成就。
二、我国模具产业概况模具是工业生产的基础装备，被称为“工业之母”。
75%的粗加工工业产品零件、50%的精加工零件由模具成型，绝大部分塑料制品也由模具成型。
作为国民经济的基础工业，模具涉及机械、汽车、轻工、电子、化工、冶金、建材等各个行业，应用范围十分广泛。
模具技术水平的高低，在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力，因此模具工业的发展水平标志着一个国家工业水平及产品开发能力。
虽然这些年来，中国模具工业一直以15% 左右的增长速度发展，年模具生产总量仅次于日、美之后位居世界第三位。
2007 年上半年模具进口量和出口量分别为9. 47 亿美元和5. 95 亿美元。
我国模具生产点多数是自产自用的模具车间( 分厂) ，商品化模具仅占1 /3 左右。
从模具市场来看，国内的模具生产仍供不应求，约20%左右靠进口，特别是精密、大型复杂和长寿命的高档模具进口比例高达到40% 由此可见，虽然我们模具总量目前达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但在模具产品和生产工艺水平总体上要比德、美、日、法、意等发达国家至少落后十年，也比英国、加拿大、西班牙、葡萄牙韩国、新加坡等国落后此外，模具的标准化、专业化、商品化程度低，模具配料及模具相关技术比较落后，也是造成与国外先进水平差距大的重要原因CAD/CAE/CAM 一体化先进技术已经在国内部分模具企业得到应用，但要得到推广和普及还要很长一段时间。
综上所述，虽然中国模具工业在过去十多年中取得了令人瞩目的发展.。
但许多方面与工业发达国家相比仍有较大的差距。
特别在大型、精密、复杂和长寿命模具技术上存在明显差距，这些类型模具的生产能力也不能满足国内需求，因而需要大量从国外进口。
文献翻译原文-模具的历史发展
1 The historical development of moldDavid O.Kazmer.Injection mold design engineering.Hanser Gardner PublicationsThe emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50's, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.Into the 70's to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage.Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the world's largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millionsof times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. Since the 90's, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. If a Japanese company's CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input,geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. Achieve network. Present. Only a few foreign manufacturers ca2 StampingStamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming of the material under the action of a die．Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called cold stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8-100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather) can also be formed by stamping.Stamping is widely used in various metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc.The process，equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping.The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows:(1) High material utilization.(2) Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape.(3) Good interchangeability of stamping parts precision in shape and dimension.(4) Parts with lightweight，high strength and fine rigidity can be obtained.(5) High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and automatization. The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet he market demands.The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy steel, etc.Stamping equipment includes plate shear and punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming.There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names,but these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation．There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping：(1) The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions．In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical deformation mechanics analysis and the calculation of the process parameters.(2) Due to the small relative thickness，the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress．As a result，the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder)．Therefore the variety of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than those dominated by compressive stress．(3) During stamping forming，the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material．In this point，the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming，the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming．In some circumstances，such influence may be neglected．Even in the case when this influence should be considered，the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming.(4) In stamping forming，the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severe as in the case of the bulk forming(such as die forging)．In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part．Whereas in stamping，in most cases，the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die．In some extra cases, such as the forming of the suspended region of sphere or cone，and curling at the end of tube, neither sides of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled the die applying an external force to its adjacent area.Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above，the stamping technique is different from the bulk metal forming：(1) The importance of the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure unit area on its surface．Instead，the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed.(2) Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming，more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done, stamping forming canbe performed by more reasonable scientific methods．Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modem testing apparatus research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding.(3) It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming，that is，forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology. The research on the properties of the sheet metal stamping not only meets the need of the stamping technology development，but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality．3 China's mold industry and its development trendDue to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products moldIn accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categoriesaccounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant.A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.3.2 mold Present Status of TechnologyTechnical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.3.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present conditionOver the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications andvarieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.3.4 Die & Mould Industry Structure in Industrial OrganizationChina's mold industry is relatively backward and still could not be called an independent industry. Mold manufacturer in China currently can be divided into four categories: professional mold factory, professional production outside for mold; products factory mold factory or workshop, in order to supply the product works as the main tasks needed to die; die-funded enterprises branch, the organizational model and professional mold factory is similar to small but the main; township mold business, and professional mold factory is similar. Of which the largest number of first-class, mold production accounts for about 70% of total output. China's mold industry, decentralized management system. There are 19 major industry sectors manufacture and use of mold, there is no unified management of the department. Only by China Die & Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, cross-sectoral, inter-departmental management difficulties are many.Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises organize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. Including product factory mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debt-laden, affecting development.Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate.Price has long been China's mold inconsistent with their value, resulting in mold industry "own little economic benefit, social benefit big" phenomenon. "Dry as dry mold mold standard parts, standard parts dry as dry mold with pieces of production. Dry with parts manufactured products than with the mold" of the class of anomalies exist.4 EngineeringEngineering is the discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize solutions to the needs of society.The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) has defined "engineering" as:The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, Incorporated Engineer, or European Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized subdisciplines, each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.4.1 Engineering HistoryThe concept of has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engine’er (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to “a constructor of military engines.” In this context, now obsolete, an “engine” referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Notable exceptions of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.The word “engine” itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.”Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.4.2 Ancient eraThe Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, Teotihuacán and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers.The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. As one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid ofDjoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC. He may also have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture[citation needed].Ancient Greece developed machines in both the civilian and military domains. The Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Some of Archimedes' inventions as well as the Antikythera mechanism required sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing or epicyclic gearing, two key principles in machine theory that helped design the gear trains of the Industrial revolution, and are still widely used today in diverse fields such as robotics and automotive engineering.Chinese, Greek and Roman armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C., the trireme, the ballista and the catapult. In the Middle Ages, the Trebuchet was developed.4.3 Renaissance eraThe first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, with his 1600 publication of De Magnete, who was the originator of the term "electricity".The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to the industrial revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production.With the rise of engineering as a profession in the eighteenth century, the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.4.4 ModernThe International Space Station represents a modern engineering challenge from many disciplines.Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19thcentury gave rise to the field of Electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other Engineering specialty.The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.Chemical Engineering, like its counterpart Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants. The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1920s saw extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of World War I military aircraft. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by computer engineer Alan Emtage.。
模具外文文献和翻译
模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。
中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。
直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。
近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。
虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。
由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。
中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。
结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。
近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。
从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。
目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。
虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。
当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面：（1）总量供不应求，国内模具自配率只有70%左右。
其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。
（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理。
我国模具生产厂中多数是自产自配的工模具车间（分厂），自产自配比例高达60%左右，而国外模具超过70%属商品模具。
模具的发展历程
模具技术的发展历程模具工业是国民经济的基础产业，是“百业之母”，是永不衰亡的行业，模具工业的发展水平标志着一个国家工业水平及产品开发能力。
我国模具工业解放后从无到有，在经历了半个多世纪的发展，已有了较大的提高，发展速度十分迅速，目前已初具规模。
近年来，对模具技术的探索和研究取得了可喜的成绩。
我国模具设计与制造技术的发展经历了手工作坊制造阶段、工业化生产阶段和现代化生产阶段。
伴随着计算机技术的快速发展，数字化、信息化模具CAD/CAE/CAM技术和数控加工机床已普遍采用，模具产业正处于高速发展阶段。
虽然我国模具技术水平正在逐步提高，但与工业较为先进的国家相比，仍存在较大的差距，纵观我国的模具工业，既有高速发展的良好势头，又存在模具品种少、精度低、结构欠合理、寿命短等一系列的不足，无法满足整个工业迅速发展的迫切要求。
模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
随着我国加入WTO,我国模具工业的发展将面临新的机遇和挑战。
模具设计的分类模具总体上可分为两大类：金属材料制件成形模具，如冲压模具、锻造模具、压铸模具、挤压模具、拉丝模具、粉末冶金模具等；非金属材料制件成形模具，如塑料注射，橡胶制件、玻璃制件和陶瓷制件成形模具等。
模具的具体分类方法很多，如按模具结构形式分，冲压模具可分为简单模、连续模和复合模；注塑模具可分为单分型面和双分型面注塑模具等；按工艺性质分，冲压模具可分为冲孔模、落料模、拉深模、弯曲模；注塑模具可分为压塑模、传递模、注射模等。
除部分板料冲压以外，上述各种模具都属于型腔模，因为它们一般都是依靠三维模具型腔使材料成形的。
模具设计内容模具设计是随工业产品零件的形状、尺寸与尺寸精度、表面质量要求以及成型工艺条件的变化而变化的，所以每副模具都必须进行有创造性的设计；因此模具设计常分为制件工艺分析与设计、模具总体方案设计、总体结构设计、零件图设计四个阶段。
文献翻译-模具的历史发展
附录A英文参考资料1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of indust production equipment.采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, w ith high efficiency,good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantagehighthe mold workpieces p ossess h igh accuracy, high complexity, high consistency,productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match.已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。
Have already become an important means现代经济的基础工The basis ofof industrial production and technological development.the m odern industrialeconomy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。
The development o f modern industriallevel depends largely on theand technologicaldevelopment die, s o die industry to national economic and sociallevel o f industrialdevelopment will play an increasing role. 1989年 3 月国务院颁布的《关于当前产业政策要点的决定》中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 ( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 ) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。
我国模具的发展史外文
我国模具的发展史外文The Development History of China's Mould IndustryIntroductionThe mould industry in China has witnessed significant growth and development over the years. From humble beginnings, it has emerged as a crucial sector that contributes to the manufacturing and industrialization of the country. This article aims to provide an overview of the development history ofChina's mould industry, highlighting key milestones and advancements.Early DevelopmentPre-liberation EraDuring the pre-liberation era, industrial development in China was limited, and mould making was primarily a manual and labor-intensive process. The techniques and skills were passed down from generation to generation within individual workshops, often within family-owned businesses. Moulds were typically made using basic tools such as chisels, files, and sandpaper.Post-liberation EraFollowing the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the country embarked on a path of industrialization. The mould industry began to experiencesignificant growth and transformation. The government recognized the importance of mould making in supporting industrial development and established several specialized institutes to train skilled mould makers.In the 1950s and 1960s, China started to introduce advanced mould making technologies and equipment from the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. This resulted in a significant improvement in the precision and quality of Chinese moulds. Additionally, the establishment of state-owned enterprises contributed to the standardization and mass production of moulds.Reform and Opening UpChina's reform and opening up policies in the late 1970s brought about a major shift in the mould industry. The introduction of market-oriented reforms facilitated the integration of China into the global economy. Foreign investment and technology began to flow into the country, providing new opportunities for the mould industry.21st Century DevelopmentsConclusion。
注塑模具之模具设计与制造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文翻译：Injection moulding for Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapidly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting moldproportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic,plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies [2-4]. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposit’s exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame [5]. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 [6]) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about100︒C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thickheat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700︒C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010︒C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538︒C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 μm to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes’ principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The code's basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibriumsolidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions.Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 μm by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 μm and 139 μm, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)½ , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1.Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool stepsprays.Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), inside the nozzle and free jetregions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (〜150 μm) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming [7]. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (〜30 μm) and large (〜150 μm) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 μm Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 μm Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about ±0.2%.Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions.(a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear[8]. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated(austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010︒C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650︒C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened becauseafter electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and formcoarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix [9-11]. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging ofspray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation.注塑模具之模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。
文献翻译译文-模具的历史发展
1 模具的历史发展David O.Kazmer.Injection mold design engineering.Hanser Gardner Publications，2007.模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。
19世纪，随着军火工业(枪炮的弹壳)、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。
二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。
从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列——许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术等，其大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术、苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。
50年代，模具行业工作重点是根据用户的要求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。
模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识，对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。
从1955年到1965年，是冲压工业的探索和开发时代——对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。
其结果是总结出了模具的设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、模具结构、模具材料、模具制造方法、自动化装置等领域更新换代，并向实用化的方向前进，从而使冲压加工进入生产优良产品的第一阶段。
进入70年代，模具进入高速化、机械化、精密化、安全化发展的第二阶段。
在这个过程中不断涌现各种高效率、高寿命、高精度、多功能的自动化模具。
其代表是多个工位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。
在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位又有多滑块成形工位的压力机—弯曲机。
在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列——其模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金钢制造的模具达到了几千万次，硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次。
在冲压模具中，每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为200至300次，最高为1200次至1500次。
中国的模具发展历程
中国的模具发展历程中国的模具发展可以追溯到20世纪50年代，当时模具业作为中国机械制造业的重要组成部分已经开始起步。
起初，中国的模具生产以满足国内需求为主，产品质量和技术水平相对较低。
然而，经过几十年的发展，中国的模具行业逐渐迈上了一条快速发展的轨道。
在改革开放的大背景下，中国逐渐引入了国外先进的模具生产技术和设备，并大力发展本土模具制造业。
这一时期，中国模具行业实现了规模和技术的快速提升，开始向世界一流的模具制造国家迈进。
2000年以后，随着中国经济的高速发展以及国际市场需求的增加，中国模具行业经历了一波又一波的发展浪潮。
中国模具企业开始注重产品研发、创新设计以及高端技术的引进和消化，推动了中国模具行业的整体水平的提升。
此外，中国模具行业还逐渐向细分领域发展，形成了汽车模具、电子模具、家电模具等多个专业领域。
近年来，中国的模具行业不断加强与国际市场的对接，积极参与全球竞争。
中国的模具不仅在国内市场中占据了很大份额，还开始逐步打开国际市场。
中国模具在国际市场的竞争力逐渐提高，被越来越多的国家和区域所认可和接受。
中国模具的发展离不开政府的支持和推动。
政府多次出台了扶持政策，鼓励模具企业进行技术创新，加强与高校科研机构以及国外企业的合作。
此外，政府还加大了知识产权保护力度，保护模具企业的创新成果和技术优势。
政府的政策支持不仅为中国模具行业提供了有力的保障，也进一步推动了模具行业的快速发展。
在当前，中国的模具行业面临着新的挑战和机遇。
一方面，中国的模具行业仍然存在着一些不足之处，包括基础设施建设、人才培养、技术创新能力等方面。
另一方面，随着人工智能、大数据等技术的兴起，中国模具行业也迎来了新的发展机遇。
模具的智能化制造和数字化管理正在成为中国模具行业发展的新趋势。
总的来说，中国的模具发展经历了一个由小到大、由弱到强的过程。
通过多年的发展，中国的模具行业已经从追赶国外先进水平转变为自主研发和创新的主导地位，并逐步崛起为全球模具制造业的重要力量。
文献翻译-模具工业
模具工业是国民经济的基础工业，是国际上公认的关键工业，工业发达国家称之为“工业之母”。
模具成型具有效率高，质量好，节省原材料，降低产品成本等优点。
采用模具制造产品零件已成为当今工业的重要工艺手段。
模具在机械，电子，轻工，纺织，航空，航天等工业领域里，已成为使用最广泛的工业化生产的主要工艺装备，它承担了这些工业领域中60%--80%产品零件，组件和部件的加工生产。
“模具就是产品质量”，“模具就是经济效益”的观念已被越来越多的人所认识和接受。
在中国，人们已经认识到模具在制造业中的重要基础地位，认识更新换代的速度，新产品的开发能力，进而决定企业的应变能力和市场竞争能力。
在目前用薄钢板制造发动机罩盖的传统还是会持续相当一段时间，所以有必要在钢板的基础上通过利用计算机软件的功能分析零件的工艺性能（结构合理，受力，是否容易冲出破面、、、），发现现有零件的不足之处，讨论并确定改进这些不足之处，进而改善模具的设计，改良冲裁方式；最终实现产品的改良，改善产品的力学性能，外观，使用效果，和造价等等。
冲压加工是通过模具来实现的，从模具角度来看，模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
“模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备”也已经取得了共识。
据统计，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中，60%～80%的零部件都要依靠模具成形。
用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。
同时，冲压加工也创造了巨大的价值增值，模具是“效益放大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。
目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。
其中冲压模具在所有模具（锻造模、压铸模、注塑模等）中，无论从数量、重量或者是从价值上都位居榜首。
模具导论 第一章 模具及其发展历史
2. 订单式生产 模具产业投资较大,有订单没批量。因模具不 是批量生产的产品,它具有单件生产和对特定用户 的依赖特性,是配合批量工业产品而开发设计的,属 于订单式生产,所用设备一般为精密型设备,价格昂 贵,且加工产品不是批量产品,故设备的利用率通常 较低,这是模具产业的一大特征。 3. 生产周期要求短 模具的设计制造周期要求比较短。因模具是 随着工业产品的批量订单而开发的,为保证产品的 按期交货,模具的设计制造周期一般都比较短。
4. 社会效益高 模具是高技术含量的社会产品，其价值和价格主 要取决于模具材料、加工、外购件的劳动与消耗三项 直接发生的费用和模具设计与试模（验）等技术费用。 后者，是模具价值和市场价格的主要组成部分，其中 一部分技术价值计入了市场价格，而更大一部分价值， 则是模具用户和产品用户受惠变为社会效益。如电视 机用模具，其模具费用仅为电视机产品价格的1/3000 ~ 1/5000，尽管模具的一次投资较大，但在大批量生 产的每台电视机的成本中仅占极小部分，甚至可以忽 略不计，而实际上，很高的模具价值为社会所拥有， 变成了社会财富。 模具是现代工业生产中广泛应用的优质、高效、 低耗、适应性很强的生产技术，或称成形工具、成形 工装产品。模具是技术含量高、附加值高、使用广泛 的新技术产品，是价值很高的社会财富。
1998年底，从秦陵地下宫城军备库陪葬坑中 出土的秦剑、铍、矛、戟、车马器构件、锛、箭 头及其他军用装备证明：到了秦朝时期，青铜兵 器的铸造技术、规模及铸后的加工技术已经达到 了较为先进的水平，如图1-7所示。应该说，铸模 技术的运用对成就秦始皇的统一大业功不可没。
1.1.5 模具工业的地位与作用
模具是制造业的重要基础工艺装备。用模具 生产制件所达到的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致 性、高生产率和低耗能、低耗材,使模具工业在制 造业中的地位越来越重要。模具权威人士认为 “模具是印钞机”，将模具工业称为“永不衰亡 的工业”、“无与伦比的效益放大器”。模具生 产技术水平的高低,已成为衡量一个国家产品制造 水平高低的重要标志,因为模具在很大程度上决定 着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。没有 高水平的模具就没有高水平的产品已成为共识。
文献翻译-注塑模设计
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位姓名：职称：2014年5月26日中文翻译注塑模设计模具简介模具型腔可赋予制品其形状，因此在塑料加工过程中模具处于非常重要的地位，这使得模具对于产品最终质量的影响与塑化机构和其他成型设备的部件一样关键，有时甚至更重要。
模具材料根据成型方法和模具使用周期（即要生产的产品数量）的不同，塑料成型模具要满足不同的需求，模具可以由多种材料制成，甚至于可以使比较特殊的材料如纸张和石膏。
然而，由于大多数成型过程需要高压，通常还有高温条件限制，金属迄今为止时最重要的材料，其中刚才居首位。
很多时候，模具材料的选择不仅关系到性能和最佳性价比，还影响到模具的加工方法，甚至是整体设计。
典型的例子是金属铸造模具的材料选择，与机械加工模具相比，不同材料的金属铸造模具冷却系统存在很大的差异。
另外，不同的制造方法也会对材料的选择产生影生产，原型模具的制造常常采用一些新技术，如计算机辅助设计和计算机集成制造，将固体毛配制成原型模具。
与以前以模型为基础的方法相比，用CAD和CIM S方法会更经济，这是因为这类模具厂家自身就能制作，而用其他技术，只能由外面的供应商来加工生产。
总之，虽然模具生产中经常会用到一些高性能材料，但用得最多的仍然是那些常规材料。
像陶瓷这类高性能材料几乎不能用于模具制造，这可能是因为其优点（如高温下性能不会改变）在模具中并不需要，相反，像烧结类陶瓷材料，具有低抗张强度和热传递性差的缺点，在模具中也只有少量应用。
这里所用的零件不是采用粉末冶金和热等压工艺生产，而是指烧结成的多空、透气性零件。
在很多成型方法中，都必须将行腔中的气体排出去，人们已经多次尝试使用多孔金属材料排气。
与专门设置的排气装置相比，其优点是显而易见的，尤其是在熔料前锋处如有熔接线的地方，这里是最容易出现问题的区域：一方面能防止在制品表面有明显的熔接线，还能避免溢流料等残余物堵塞微孔。
文献翻译-模具发展历程
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（译文）院（系）：国防生学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位：姓名：职称：2014年 3 月9 日模具发展历程威尔克斯.莫赖斯摘要功能性零部件都需要设计验证测试，车间试验，客户评价，以及生产计划。
在小批量生产零件的时候，通过消除多重步骤，建立了有快速成型形成的注塑模具，这种方法可以保证缩短时间和节约成本。
这种潜在的一体化由快速成型形成注塑模具的方法已经被多次证明是可行的。
无论是模具设计还是注塑成型的过程中，缺少的是对如何修改这个模具材料和快速成型制造过程的影响有最根本的认识。
此外，数字模拟技术现在已经成为模具设计工程师和工艺工程师开注塑模具的有用的工具。
但目前所有的做常规注塑模具的模拟包已经不再适合这种新型的注塑模具，这主要是因为模具材料的成本变化很大。
在本文中，以完成特定的数字模拟注塑液塑造成快速成型模具的综合方法已经发明出来了，而且还建立了相应的模拟系统。
通过实验结果表明，目前这个方法非常适合处理快速成型模具中的问题。
关键词：注塑成型；数字模拟；快速成型。
引言在注塑成型中，聚合物熔体在高温和高压下进入模具中。
因此，模具的材料需要有足够的热性能和机械性能来经受高温和高压的塑造循环。
许多研究的焦点都是直接有快速成型形成注塑模具的过程。
在生产小批量零件的时候，通过消除多重步骤，直接由快速成型形成的注塑模具可以保证缩短时间和节约成本。
这种潜在的有快速成型形成注塑模具的方法已经被证明成功了。
快速成型模具在性能上是有别与传统的金属模具。
主要差异是导热性能和弹性模量（刚性）。
举例来说，在立体光照成型模具中的聚合物的导热率小于铝制的工具的千分之一。
在用快速成型技术来制造铸模时，整个模具设计和注塑成型工艺参数都需要修改和优化，传统的方法是改变彻底的刀具材料．不过，目前还没有对如何修改这个模具材料的方法有根本的了解．在当前的模具中，仅仅改变一些材料的性能是不能得到一个合理的结果的。
我国模具的发展史外文
The history of our country mouldFirst of all, overviewDie material is mould processing work basis. With Chinas national economic development and improvement of people s living standard, people to product aesthetics, values and also enhances unceasingly,什ius to each kind of work, mould product, whether internal quality and appearance etc are becoming more demanding pure manager.to, trapped this certainly will kick mould material in number, series and quality are put forward on the more high demand. China's mould material increasing, but from a limited amount, until now, whether from the steel grade or from the specifications, standardization and serialization, etc, are all accompanied by the development of the mould manufacturing・Second, 50 in the 1960s and 1970s (blank stage)In these three decades, because our country implementing the plan the pattern of economic and industrial structure in accordance with the former Soviet union mode of production and mould manufacturing enterprise is attached to a fittings processing workshop・ Moreover, because of the industrial development is slow and economic closed, and the people's standard of living is in a very low level of consumption of factors, restrain the mould manufacturing industrialization, socialization and commercialization. Which generates the mold manufacturing to its of materials with low requirements or even no demands, supply and demand relation is in what use something unreasonable chaos・Three, the eighties (stage of development)With the opening and reform and national economic growth, to a great extent by the development of die and mould industry. Mould manufacture already out of the enterprise imprison state, ten years, our country s generic foreign new steel grade.these steel at the same time, still in colleges and universities, research institutes and various steel cooperation, developed by a group of suitable for Chinas national conditions of mould new material. Not only improve the machining capability, but also greatlyimprove the service life of the die.Generic D2 steel instead of Crl2MoV manufacturing stamping dies, use P20 steel instead of 45 steel manufacturing plastic model, make the mold cavity cores, smooth finish and life expectancy has greatly improved・ Use H13 steel instead of overseas has eliminated 3CW8V manufacturing forging die and die-casting die. In cold die, developed 65Nb, O12A, CG - 2, LM1-2, LD, GD, GM, DS steel etc varieties. Among them 65Nb, LD, GD and DS steel for good impact resistance and more suitable for cold mound and material cutting the punch・ GM steel for good wearability particularly suitable for thread rolling, compared with Crl2MoV wire wheel, life can improve ten times more.Besides the above-mentioned alloy steel outside, still developed GT35 DT etc brand of steel-boned cemented carbide as YG series of tungsten and cobalt alloy to satisfy the high class hard life requirement, with high speed punch mould manufacturing. In plastic mold steels, developed free cutting class 5NiCa, 06Ni, SM2 SMI, and PMS, such as steel, PCY CPR, some are good processing, use of performance fine steel grade.these steel, and using on users receive the recognition. In ReZuo steel aspects Y4, Y10, HM - L ER8 GR, development and application of new thoroughly changed the ReZuo mould decades outputs 3Cr2W8V skillfulness situation・Four and 1990s (competitive stage)Along with the economic development in China and the upgrading of products, our country has become a mold and die material production superpower. According to statistics, Chinas 1997 annual consumption of mould materiaL including 13 million tons of 4-year tertiary backgroud 4.5 tons. This shows mould of this special products in nearly a decade from planned economy under the condition of spare parts gradually developed into under the condition of market economy goods, and is increasingly being mould manufacturer in its quality and brand on get attention. But as an industrial development, product update alternately increasingly fast paced countries, the mould development also further by products manufacturer attention・Therefore, a batch of the past have been successfully developed the series of can adapt different working conditions and product manufacturing requirements of mould material development, trial and production becomes each big steel factory competition, launch and competition of the market hot. But, mould material because of its manyspecifications with same specification single demand less, market real-time purchasing wait for a characteristic, make the domestic large-scale production equipment cannot suit. Therefore in looking for the right agents to calculate the scale effect. However, many agents though hand holds thick endowment, but to mold working condition, the material properties and the related problems such as heat treatment didn't know, remain in the 4-year tertiary backgroud of vengeance of competition.In addition, foreign senior agencies and the famous steel mills in recent years Chinas heavily boffins organization to mould material market・ Such as: Sweden s NUDDEHOLM, ASSAB, and German thyssen, saesee te, Japan's big equally companies in Shanghai and set up all over the country, but the banner of optimal special because of their overpriced, has gradually appear failing to expand the scale sales, even at present in China is reputable foreign companies in China for fine quality and low price of mould material・。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is Y ou may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
材料英文文献翻译
材料英文文献翻译The development of plastic mouldChina's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and theair Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life exp ectancy,non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table.Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,overall pace of development. At the same time, imports in recent years because of the mold, precision, large, complex, long-life die in the majority, therefore, reduce imports perspective, in the mold of such high-end market share will gradually increase. The rapid development of the construction industry so that the various Profile Extrusion Die, PVC plastic pipe fittings Die Die market become a new economic growth point, the rapid development of highways, car tires also put a higher demand, radial tire Die, Die particularly active pace of development will also be higher than the overall average level of the plastic and wood, plastic and metal to make plastic molds in the automotive, motorcycle industry in the demand for huge household appliances industry in the "10th Five-Year Plan" period ave greater development, especially refrigerators,air-conditioners and microwave ovens, and other parts of the great demand for plastic moulds, and electronics and communications products, in addition to audio-video products, such as color televisions, laptop computers and set-top boxes will be given a wider network development, which are Plastic Mold market is the growth point.China's industrial and technological plastic mould the future direction of the major developments will include: 1, raising large, sophisticated, complex, long-life mold design and manufacturing standards and proportion. This is due to the molding plastic mould products increasingly large, complex and high-precision requirements, as well as requirements for high productivity and the development of a multi-mode due. 2, in the design and manufacture of plastic mould fully promote the use of CAD / CAM / CAE technology. CAD / CAM technology has developed into a relatively mature technology common in recent years CAD / CAM technology hardware and software prices has been reduced to SMEs generally acceptable level of popularity for further create good conditions; based on network CAD / CAM / CAE system integration structure the initial signs of emerging, and it will solve the traditional mixed CAD / CAM system can not meet the actual production process requirements of the division of collaboration; CAD / CAM software will gradually improve intelligence plastic parts and the 3-D mold design and prototyping process 3-D analysis will be in our plastic mould industries play an increasingly important role. 3, promote the use of hot runner technology, gas-assisted injection molding technology and high-pressure injection molding technology. Using hot runner mould technology can improve the productivity and quality of parts and plastic parts can be substantial savings of raw materials and energy conservation, extensive application of this technology is a big plastic mould changes. Hot Runner components formulate nationalstandards, and actively produce cheap high-quality components, the development of hot runner mold is the key. Gas-assisted injection molding product quality can be guaranteed under the premise of substantially lower cost. Currently in the automotive and appliance industries gradually promote the use of the Chiang Kai-shek.Gas-assisted injection molding of the ordinary than the traditional injection of more parameters need to identify and control, and its more commonly used in large, complex products, mold design and control more difficult, therefore, the development of gas-assisted molding flow analysis software It seems very important. On the other hand in order to ensure precision plastic parts to continue to study the development of technology and high-pressure injection molding and injection-compression molding mould and die technology is also very important. 4, the development of new plastics molding technology and rapid economic mold. To adapt to more variety, less volume of production. 5, and improve standardization of plastic mould standard parts usage. China's mold and die level of standard parts standardization still low, the gap between the large and foreign, to a certain extent constraining the development of industries in our country die, die to improve quality and reduce manufacturing costs Die, Die standard parts to vigorously promote the application. To this end, first of all, to formulate a unified national standards, and in strict accordance with the standards of production, secondly it is necessary to gradually scale production, to improve the commercialization of the standard of quality, and reduce costs again it is necessary to further increase the standard specifications of varieties. 6, Die application quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology for improving the quality of life and mold it is necessary. 7, research and application of high-speed die measurement technology and reverse engineering. CMM-use 3D scanner or reverse engineering is the realization of plastic moulds CAD / CAM one of the key technologies. Research and Application of diversity, adjustment, cheap detection equipment is to achieve the necessary precondition for reverse engineering.塑料模具的发展中国塑料模工业自从开始到现在，已经经过了半个多世纪，有了非常伟大的发展，模具水平有了很大的提高。
我国模具发展史
我国考古发现.早在2000多年前.我国已有冲压模具被用于制造铜器.证明了中国古代冲压成型和冲压模具方面的成就就在世界领先.1953年.长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间.该厂于1958年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具.我国于20世纪60年代开始生产精冲模具.在走过了温长的发展道路之后.目前我国已形成了300多亿元(未包括港.澳.台的统计数字.下同.)各类冲压模具的生产能力.一.冲压模具市场情况我国冲压模具无论在数量上.还是在质量.技术和能力等方面都已有了很大发展.但与国发经济需求和世界先进水平相比.差距仍很大.一些大型.精度.复杂.长寿命的高档模具每年仍大量进口.特别是中高档轿车的覆盖件模具.目前仍主要依靠进口.一些低档次的简单冲模.已趋供过于求.市场竟争激烈.现将2004年我国冲压模具市场情况简介如下:据中国模具工业协会发布的统计材料.2004年我国冲压模具总产出约为220亿元.其中出口0.75亿美元.约合6.2亿元.根据我国海关统计资料.2004年我国共进口冲压模具5.61亿美联社元.约合46.6亿元.从上述数字可以得出2004年我国冲压模具市场总规模约为266.6亿元.其中国内市场需求为260.4亿元.总供应约为213.8亿元.市场满足率为82%.在上述供求总体情况中.有几个具体情况必须说明:一是进口模具大部分是技术含量高的大型精密模具.而出口模具大部分是技术含量较低中的中低档模具.因此技术含量高的中高档模具市场满足率低于冲压模具总体满足率.这些模具的发展已滞后于冲压件生产.而技术含量低的中低档模具市场满足率要高于冲压模具市场总体满足率,二是由于我国的模具价格要比国际市场低格低许多.具有一定的竟争力.因此其在国际市场前景看好.2005年冲压模具出口达到1.46亿美元.比2004年增长94.7%就可说明这一点,三是近年来港资.台资.外资企业在我国发展迅速.这些企业中大量的自产自用的冲压模具无确切的统计资料.因此未能计入上述数字之中.二.冲压模具水平状况近年来.我国冲压模具水平已有很大提高.大型冲压模具已能生产单套重量达50多吨的模具.为中档轿车配套的覆盖件模具内也能生产了.精度达到1-2μm.寿命2亿次左右的多工位级进模国内已有多家企业能够生产.表面粗糙度达到Ra≤1.5μm的精冲模.大尺寸(φ≥300mm)精冲模及中厚板精冲模国内也已达到相当高的水平.1. 模具CAD/CAM技术状况我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展已有20多年历史.由原华中工学院和武汉733厂于1984年共同完成的精神模CAD/CAM系统是我国第一个自行开发的模具CAD/CAM系统.由华中工学院和北京模具厂等于1986年共同完成的冷冲模CAD/CAM系统是我国自行开发的第一个冲裁模CAD/CAM系统.上海交通大学开发的冷冲模CAD/CAM系统也于同年完成.20世纪90年代以来.国内汽车行业的模具设计制造中开始采用CAD/CAM技术.国家科委863计划将东风汽车公司作为CIMS应用示范工厂.由华中理工大学作为技术依托单位.开发的汽车车身与覆盖模具CAD/CAPP/CAM集成系统于1996年初通过鉴定.在此期间.一汽和成飞汽车模具中心引进了工作站和CAD/CAM软件系统.并在模具设计制造中实际应用.取得了显著效益.1997年一汽引进了板料成型过程计算机模拟CAE软件并开始用于生产.21世纪开始CAD/CAM技术逐渐普及.现在具有一定生产能力的冲压模具企业基本都有了CAD/CAM技术.其中部分骨干重点企业还具备各CAE能力.模具CAD/CAM技术能显著缩短模具设计与制造周期.降低生产成本.提高产品质量.已成为人们的共识.在[八五".九五[期间.已有一大批模具企业推广普及了计算机绘图技术.数控加工的使用率也越来越高.并陆续引进了相当数量CAD/CAM系统.如美国EDS的UG.美国Parametric Technology公司Pro/Engineer.美国CV公司的CADSS.英国DELCAM公司的DOCT5.日本HZS公司的CRADE及space-E. 以色列公司的Cimatron 还引进了AutoCAD CATIA 等软件及法国Marta-Daravision公司用于汽车及覆盖件模具的Euclid-IS等专用软件.国内汽车覆盖件模具生产企业普遍采用了CAD/CAM技术/DL图的设计和模具结构图的设计均已实现二维CAD.多数企业已经向三维过渡.总图生产逐步代替零件图生产.且模具的参数化设计也开始走向少数模具厂家技术开发的领域.在冲压成型CAE软件方面.除了引进的软件外.华中科技术大学.吉林大学.湖南大学等都已研发了较高水平的具有自主知识产权的软件.并已在生实践中得到成功应用.产生了良好的效益.快速原型(RP)传统的快速经济模具相结合.快速制造大型汽车覆盖件模具.解决了原来低熔点合金模具靠样件浇铸模具.模具精度低.制件精度低.样样制作难等问题.实现了以三维CAD模型作为制模依据的快速模具制造.它标志着RPM应用于汽车身大型覆盖件试制模具已取得了成功. 围绕着汽车车身试制.大型覆盖件模具的快速制造.近年来也涌现出一些新的快速成型方法.例如目前已开始在生产中应用的无模多点成型及激光冲击和电磁成型等技术.它们都表现出了降低成本.提高效率等优点.2.模具设计与制造能力状况在国家产业政策的正确引导下.经过几十年努力.现在我国冲压模具的设计与制造能力已达到较高水平.包括信息工程和虚拟技术等许多现代设计制造技术已在很多模具企业得到应用.虽然如此.我国的冲压模具设计制造能力与市场需要和国际先进水平相比仍有较大差距.这一些主要表现在高档轿车和大中型汽车覆盖件模具及高精度冲模方面.无论在设计还是加工工艺和能力方面.都有较大差距.轿车覆盖件模具.具有设计和制造难度大.质量和精度要求高的特点.可代表覆盖件模具的水平.虽然在设计制造方法和手段方面基本达到了国际水平.模具结构周期等方面.与国外相比还存在一定的差距.标志冲模技术先进水平的多工位级进模和多功能模具.是我国重点发展的精密模具品种.有代表性的是集机电一体化的铁芯精密自动阀片多功能模具.已基本达到国际水平.但总体上和国外多工位级进模相比.在制造精度.使用寿命.模具结构和功能上.仍存在一定差距. 汽车覆盖件模具制造技术正在不断地提高和完美.高精度.高效益加工设备的使用越来越广泛.高性能的五轴高速铣床和三轴的高速铣床的应用已越来越多.NC.DNC技术的应用越来越成熟.可以进行倾角加工超精加工.这些都提高了模具面加工精度.提高了模具的质量.缩短了模具的制造周期.模具表面强化技术也得到广泛应用.工艺成熟.无污染.成本适中的离子渗氮技术越来越被认可.碳化物被覆处理(TD处理)及许多镀(涂)层技术在冲压模具上的应用日益增多.真空处理技术.实型铸造技术.刃口堆焊技术等日趋成熟.激光切割和激光焊技术也得到了应用.。
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附录A英文参考资料1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。
Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年3 月国务院颁布的《关于当前产业政策要点的决定》中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。
March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了《当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录》和《鼓励外商投资产业目录》。
Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging thedevelopment of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." 经国务院批准，从1997 年到2000 年，对80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。
Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。
All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年产值约为600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。
Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近90 ％的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过60 ％。
According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。
Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 从产值看，80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。
From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 据国际生产技术协会预测，到2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的75% 、精加工的50 ％将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成，50 ％以上的金属板材、80 ％以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。
Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed inmore than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.模具的历史发展 2 The historical development of mold模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。
The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.19 世纪，随着军火工业( 枪炮的弹壳) 、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。
The 19th century, with the arms industry (gun's shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。
After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other partsthe best way. 从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列——许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。