汉英翻译选词问题 (2) 英汉词语对比与翻译选词
汉英翻译教程--词的选择
• (―)“情况”:这个词的基本意义与英语中的 circumstances, situation, condition等词相近,但是 究竟怎样翻译,还须根据 上下文来决定。 • 在这种情况下 • under these/such circumstances • such being the case • in accordance with this specific condition • 这种情况必须改变。 • This state of affairs must change. • 现在情况不同了。 • Now things are different. • 他们的情况怎么样? • How do matters stand with them?
汉英翻译教程--词的选择
• 正确选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。词的 选择应从下列两 个方面入手。 • 一、根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 • 词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切 理解,而对原文词义的确切理解又取决于对 原文上下文的推敲,英译汉情况如此,汉译 英也是如此。
• (3)三四个筛酒的酒保,都手忙脚乱,搬东搬西。 (施耐庵《水浒传》) • But these serving men were so busy, their hands and feet were all in confusion, and they were moving things hither and thither, east and west. (All Men Are Brothers) • 以busy表达“手忙脚乱”本已够了,把“手忙脚 乱”按字译出,反而费解。“东西”实为“物件” 或“酒饭”,并不真指方向;“搬”也不指“搬 动”。这里,“手忙脚乱”和“搬东搬西” 的译 法是拘泥原文字面的一个比较典型的译例。 • 在另一译文中,虽未照搬原文字句却表达出原文 的含义。 • …the four or five waiters were busy rushing from one to another serving food and drink . (Outlaws of the Marsh)
Unit 英汉对比与翻译 (二)
To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board down, ship or on shore.
E) By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years. 上大学前,他学英语已经有六年时间了。 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被 动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
Nothing was gained by all the over caution. 所有这些谨小慎微,到头来一无所得。 I must have been cheated again. 我准是又上当了。
人们早就怀疑,大气层中 有一个“高温带”, 有一个“高温带” 其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进 其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。利用火箭进 行研究后,这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
A. 时间顺序
In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the selffirst to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.
翻译词汇对比 (2)
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词汇意义的范围差异
1Japanese army killed millions of innocent people in the war . 2 Three men were killed in the accident . 3 The engine was killed by the flood. 4 Your joke nearly killed me . 5 I am reading this book just to kill time .
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wishes
mind feelings
intentions
popularity
brains
hear 看上下文
好地方
例1:据传说,五十年代中期,渠那边庄子有个黄花闺女, 为了抗拒父母包办的婚姻,大白天就跑过斗渠到这屋里来 上吊。 这是个上吊的好地方,屋顶上没有顶棚,弯弯扭扭 的木头椽子露在外面,随便哪根椽子都可以搭上绳子。 ….There was no ceiling, only crooked, bare rafters overhead, conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from. A most suitable place, indeed, for such a purpose of hanging oneself.
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例:意见
1)他们在会上闹起了意见。 They got into ( ) at the meeting.
2)他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ( election.
汉英词汇比较与翻译
• 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 • 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 • 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。
• 4)…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good father or mother, a good daughter, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;…(W. M. Thackeray : Vanity Fair) • ……不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的 好话: • 真的是虔诚的教徒,慈爱的父母,孝顺的女儿,贤良的妻 子,尽职的丈夫, • 他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们;……
• a good man • a good book • good news • • • 1) It was a girl with good manners. 2) These were all labeled as good eggs. 3) Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends.
–上场 –上访 – –上轨道 –上马 –上台 –上演
to appear on the stage
to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help
汉英词语比较与翻译
• 例3:“考察”
• ①. 中国明朝著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16 个省份,足迹几乎遍及全国。 • In his lifetime, Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, toured 16 provinces, leaving his footmarks in nearly every corner of the country. • ②. 他总是选择道路艰险的山区、人迹罕至的森林 进行考察。 • He always preferred to venture into mountainous areas with rough tracks, and into forests seldom visited by human beings.
1. 词义相符 (semantic correspondence)
• (1). 有些词语,特别是名词,在没有特指语境的情况 下,只具备指称意义。 • 例如:山 (mountain)、水 (water)、湖泊 (1ake)、森林 (forest)、阳光 (sunshine)、沙漠 (desert)、苹果 (apple)、 蔬菜 (vegetable)、医生 (doctor)、学校 (school)、工厂 (factory)、教师 (teacher)、学生 (student)、历史博物 馆 (history museum)、历史遗产 (historical heritage)、 温室效应 (greenhouse effect)、环境保护 (environmental protection)等。 • 它们都可以用英语中词义相符的词语译出。
• (3) 他们的拉车姿势,讲价时的那随机应变,走路时的抄 近绕远,都足以使他们想起过去的光荣,而且用鼻翅扇 着那些后起之辈。” • (老舍《骆驼祥子》) • Their pulling posture, their adroit bargaining, their shrewd use of short-cuts or circuitous routes are enough to make them relive past glories and turn up their noses at the younger generation. • “用鼻翅扇着”:这个动作(指称意义)表示对某人的轻视 (蕴涵意义) • “turn one's nose up at sth.”意为“treat sth. with contempt”形 象与意义与原文完全相符。
英汉词汇对比与翻译
英汉词汇对比20150414⏹词汇的结构(对称性与非对称性)⏹词汇的意义⏹词汇的表达能力⏹词汇的形态与翻译⏹词汇的准确理解⏹词汇的准确表达Warm-up⏹1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ]⏹1)晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。
⏹2) His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.⏹2)主人的冷遇使得他更加不舒服。
Warm-up3) The thought that she would be separated from his husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.⏹布朗太太一想到丈夫要踏上那漫长而危险的旅途而自己又不能跟他一起去,(心里)不禁感到难过。
4) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, across the veranda, and into the porch.词汇的结构⏹英语词汇的形态变化丰富,词缀多且构词能力强。
包括:内部形态变化和外部形态变化。
⏹内部形态变化是指通过添加前缀或后缀方式构成意义不同的新词汇。
⏹大多数的前缀只起着构成新词汇的作用。
⏹如,形容词前加un-,non-,im-,ir-构成新词,表示否定意义。
⏹后缀不仅能构成新词,还能改变词性。
⏹如,形容词前添加-en, 变成动词。
某些动词后面添加-er或者-or构成名词,表示某一类人。
英汉翻译第二讲讲义解析
第二讲英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词一、语境与意义的关系概述词是语言中能自由运用的音义结合体,是构成句子的最基本的单位,所以词的意义直接影响读者对句子甚至对整个篇章的理解。
虽然在翻译的过程中一般以句子为翻译单位,但如果不能把词的意思准确地翻译出来,势必会影响到对整个句子甚至对整个篇章的翻译。
由此可见词在翻译中的重要性。
在选词时,我们除了要注意词的基本含义(概念意义)外,也要明白翻译中的选词更多地受到诸多因素的影响。
语境可分为¡°微观语境(Microcontext)¡±和¡°宏观语境(Macrocontext)¡±,前者主要指词的搭配,包括词组、分句、句、句段、文本或篇章、体裁;后者指非语言因素,即社会、文化、历史因素。
同一个词,在不同的语境中,其涵义、词义广狭、感情色彩、文体色彩、文化色彩等不尽相同。
语境决定词的涵义、词义的广狭、词的感情色彩和语体色彩以及文化涵义等。
翻译时必须将语境纳入考虑之中,仔细斟酌,才能真正取得好的翻译效果。
⏹长期以来,中国学生在学习英语的过程中,尤其在学习英语单词的过程中总喜欢通过其汉语意思记忆单词,久而久之,就形成了一种“怪圈”,即一个英语单词对应一个中文意思(一个汉语词),翻译的时候,往往就会将英语单词与汉语词一一对应起来,结果造成翻译中用词不当的现象。
或者,有时在翻译中遇到不知该如何在目的语中进行表达,只靠单纯地查阅英汉词典或汉英词典,结果发现,英语的汉译文不够通顺,搭配不当,汉语的英译文就让人感觉词不达意。
实际上,英语单词与汉语词并非一一对应的关系,而应根据词所在的语境决定词在上下文中的涵义、词义的广狭、词的感情色彩词、词的语体色彩、词的联想意义等,然后根据这些意义在目的与中选择恰当的对应词(eqiuvalent).⏹Leech(利奇)在《语义学》中列举了七种意义类型:概念意义(conceptual meaning)内涵意义(connotative meaning)风格意义(stylistic meaning)情感意义(affective meaning)联想意义(reflected meaning)搭配意义(collocative meaning)主题意义(thematic meaning)⏹概念意义是意义的中心部分,是客观事物的反映与概括,也就是说,概念意义就是词典里收录的释义,具有约定俗成的特点;内涵意义是词汇的喻义和引申意义,是附加在概念意义之上的意义,不同的语境中,词的内涵意义不尽相同;风格意义指在不同的场合中词汇的运用会呈现不同的层次,不同历史时期、不同的说话人、不同的交际手段和方式等都会影响到词汇的风格意义;情感意义用来表达说话者的感情和态度,取决于词所描述的对象;联想意义是能引起听者或读者联想的意义,有些词可以引起愉快的联想,而有的词可以引起不愉快的联想,尤其是在不同的文化中,词的联想意义有很大的区别。
浅谈英汉对比与翻译
浅谈英汉对比与翻译众所周知,要想学好外语,对其特点的了解是必须的,而要了解其特点,最好的方法就是与母语加以比较。
语言对比分析对学好翻译尤其重要,本文主要从词义对比、语境、定语位置等方面谈谈个人学习过程中的体会。
标签:词义对比;语境;定语如果对英语基础知识的储备很少,基本的语法结构也说不清楚,仅凭着对英语的热爱是绝对走不远的。
我平时遇到的很大的问题就是英汉词语一一对应的“怪圈”,翻译时定语的位置很模糊,害怕长句。
1.英汉词义对比与翻译中的选词要完全跳出一个英文单词对应一个中文意思的怪圈,不同的语境下词汇的意思会差很多。
语境决定词的涵义。
英语单词play的搭配很广,但是在翻译成汉语时,要考虑搭配习惯。
比如play basketball要译成“打篮球”,而play football要译成“踢足球”,play a joke要译成“开玩笑”等。
因母语为汉语,所以在英译汉时大脑的惯性思维会使我较轻松地搭配好动宾关系,而汉译英时总会遇到选词不当的情况。
比如“送货上门”应译成deliver the good to the door,“送你去机场”要译成drive you to the airport。
例子:(1)新来的老师还嫩了点。
(2)这黄瓜很嫩。
第一个句子,本身的意思来看,“嫩”除了表示“年轻”外,还隐含“经验不足”。
故书中给出的参考译文是:The new teacher is young and inexperience.第二个句子,应该是“新鲜、幼嫩”,译文:The cucumber is quite fresh and tender.语境决定词义的广狭。
如“农业”,广义和狭义的分别为agriculture和farming;“语言”,分别为language和dialect;“人”,分别为man和men。
语境还决定词的感情色彩。
如nazi leadership译为:纳粹头子。
文化语境的差异对词的选择也有很大影响。
英语翻译--汉译英2. 汉英词汇比较与翻译
3. 例1:“好”的译法 好的开始是成功的一半。 Well begun, half done. 他身体很好。 He is very well. (or He is in the pink of health.) 邻居对她都很好。 Her neighbors are all very kind to her. 这我们好解决。 The problem can be easily solved.
• They reached a consensus on this issue.
• 还有些未完成的事要处理。 • There is still some unfinished business to settle. • 我们就这件事请教过他。 • We have consulted him about the matter. • 请回去吧,这里没你的事了。 • Please go back. There is nothing of your concern
Quite a few people came in looking for you this afternoon. 今天好热。
How hot it is today! 电影要放好长时间?
How long will the film last?
例2:“轻巧”的译法
• 这摩托车很轻巧。 • The motorcycle is light and handy. • 她动作很轻巧。 • She is nimble in movement. • 你说得倒轻巧,你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 • You talk as if it were just a walkover. Why
•3.根据搭配选词
Empty: house, room, cup, box, stomach, head, words表示“空 的,一无所有的” Vacant: position, room, house, seat表示“没有人占有的;空 缺的” Hollow: tree, voice, sound, cheeks表示“空洞的,虚的;不实 的;下陷的” Blank: look, mind, page, check表示“空白的,无表情的,无 思想的”
英汉词语对比与翻译
英语叠音词,一般属谐音或拟声现象,有许多词来自儿童语,通常用于 口语、俚语或非正式文体。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词方式,也是 一种常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的《声声慢》连用七对叠字,无论 再美的译文,都无惨戚戚
I seek but seek in vain,
①She can be scornful of those ②who are not tough in either performance or philosophy, ③ reserving for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
by Lin Yutang
词汇语义关系
词是具备音、形、义,可以独立运用的最小语言单 位。一个词既有指称意义,又有言内意义和语用意 义。
红案 Dish preparing 红白喜事 weddings and funerals 红榜 Honor roll红包 red paper bag of reward红尘
大个子蒂姆认为他那天活像个毛头大学生, 仍然有点乳臭未干。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他,那你就大错特错了。
中西文化比较与语言差异
从性质上看,中国文化属人文文化,西方文化属科 学文化。在心理文化方面,人文文化“重人论、轻 器物、价值取向以道德为本位。重综合、轻分析。 重意会、轻言传。崇尚群体意识,强调同一性。追 求人与自然的和谐,把人与自然看成浑然一体。” 科学文化“重物质、轻人论,价值取向以功利为本 位。重分析、轻综合。重概念、忌笼统、强调人权, 主张个人至上,重视特殊的辩识。强调人与自然的 对立,人对自然的索取。
汉英翻译选词问题_(2)_英汉词语对比与翻译选词
大厅举行。中国外交两国之间经过多年的疏远与对抗之后,1971年,美国乒乓球队访 问中国,打开了民间交流的大门。(中新社) Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Wang Guangya and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John D. Negroponte pose for a group photo during the Friendship Pingpong Match marking the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the China-
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4) 词对应但语义不对等
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词对应但语义不对等现象指英语中的一些词语在汉语中可以找到对
应的词语,但在两种语言中,词义却存在较大差异。如英语 cadre, comrade分别与汉语的“干部”、“同志”对应,但按照美国传统词典的 解释,英语cadre所表达的词义是“A nucleus of trained personnel around which a larger organization can be built and trained”(由经过培训的个人 组成的核心,在此基础上可建成或训练成更大一些的组织),因此,用 “cadre”表达汉语意义上的“干部”时,就可能造成英美人士的不理解。 而 Comrade 在英语中表达的含义包括“buddy, partner, chum, companion, friend, pal”等,不同于汉语中所表达的“志同道合”之意。
④ eliminate (意思是:消灭、杀死);此外,外研社《汉英词典》1995年
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】
英汉词语对比与翻译【打印版】英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐,没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门,我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前,捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字,我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了,我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1.人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2.人无远虑,必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find troubleat his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3.病来如山倒,病去如抽丝。
三讲英汉词汇比较和选词
❖ 他说英语。 He speaks English.
❖ 他说谎。
He’s telling a lie.
❖ 他说他很忙。 He says he is busy.
❖ 我说不好。 I’m unable to express.
❖ 这可说不得。 It must not be mentioned.
❖ 别乱说八道! Be reasonable!
发给家长旳入场券
❖ shoe habit
穿鞋旳习惯
❖ wheat farmers
种小麦旳农民
❖ street sense
在街上辨方向旳能力
❖ life wos
清除烟尘旳工作人员
❖ community gossips 在邻里间流传旳风言风语
❖ age group
第三讲 英汉词汇比较和选词
❖ 吕叔湘:对于中国学生最有用旳帮助是让 他认识英语和汉语旳区别。
❖ 词汇层面比较 ❖ 句子层面比较 ❖ 语篇层面比较 ❖ 文化层面比较 ❖ 语用层面比较
❖ 吕叔湘:
❖ 给《英汉对比研究论文集》(王菊泉、郑 立信编)题词:
❖ 指明事物旳异同所在不难,追究它们何以 有此异同就不那么轻易了。而这恰恰是对 比研究旳最终目旳。
❖ to tide over
安然渡过
❖ to go with the stream 随波逐流
❖ to clear the decks 准备战斗
❖ all at sea
晕头转向
❖ plain sailing
一帆风顺
❖ to rest on one's oars 小憩片刻
❖ to keep one's head above water 奋力 求生
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c 煎、炒、炸、爆、爆炒 send: 送、寄、发送、派遣、打发
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2.2 有的英语词语词义小于汉语的词义。如: 主人: master, host, owner, housemaster, Goodman 下: below, descend, down, give birth to, go to, leave off, lower, next, take 拿: fetch, hold, seize, take 行:go, walk, travel; circulate; behavior, conduct; capable, com petent 如:“神州行,我看行” China Talent, I find it competent!
转告呀。结果自然是,不用了,等他回来再打吧,谢谢。
(韩石山《接电话》) With the passage of time and with the experience gathered from having answered many more calls like this, I‟ve found the calls follows this regular pattern. When my son is wanted, the caller is usually a girl; and it is usually a boy who is calling my daughter. Girls are always sweet and polite. Even though it is not me that they want to talk to, their calls may leave a sort of pleasant impression. If my son happens to be out, I‟ll ask, “Your name, please?” “Any message?”… The response is only expected: “No, thank you, I‟ll call later, bye-bye.” (Translated by Ju Zhuchun)
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1.英汉语言词汇意义的对应
分对等、无对等、词对应但语义不对等四种情况。
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一般说来,英汉语言词汇意义的对应,可以大致分为完全对等、部
1) 完全对等是指英语中有些词所表达的意义,在汉语中可以找到完全对 应的词来表达,它们的意义在上下文中完全对等。这类词主要是通用的 专有名词,如: China (中国), Germany (德国), New York (纽约)等专有名 词,日常生活中的事物名称的词,如:table(桌子), watch (手表),sun (太阳)等,以及科技英语的术语等。
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Logo 2) “怎么丁医生还不来? 先抬进小客厅罢!”荪甫搓着手自言自语地说,回头
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对站在那里等候命令的四个当差一摆手。四个当差上前抬起那张长沙发榻, 走进大客厅左首的小客厅;竹斋,荪甫,吴少奶奶,二小姐,四小姐,都跟
对于完全对等的语义翻译,比较简单,一般可以采用直 译的方法加以处理。如:
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完全对等翻译举例
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2009年1月7日,“纪念中美建交30周年乒乓球友谊赛”在北京国家体育总局
大厅举行。中国外交部副部长王光亚与美国副国务卿内格罗蓬特一行观看比
赛并合影。两国之间经过多年的疏远与对抗之后,1971年,美国乒乓球队访 问中国,打开了民间交流的大门。(中新社) Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Wang Guangya and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John D. Negroponte pose for a group photo during the Friendship Pingpong Match marking the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the China-
Students’ Presentation
学生课后作业展示
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Students’ Presentation (3-6 students, Two for each
para.of previous homework)
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了进去。阿萱自始就站在那里呆呆地出神,此时像觉醒似的,慌慌张张向四
面一看,也跑进小客厅去了。砰——的一声,小客厅的门就此关上。 《子夜》) (茅盾
“Oh! What’s keeping Dr. Ting? Let’s carry father into the other room now,” muttered Wu Sun-fu, wringing his hands with impatience. He motioned to the four servants standing by to lift the couch on which the old man was lying and carry it into the small drawing-room. He followed behind with his wife, Tu Chu-chai, Fu-fang and Huei-fang. Ah-hsuan, who had been standing by gaping, came to, looked round in alarm, scampered into the parlor, and slammed the door behind him. (Translated by Xu Mengxiong)
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Company Logo 时间久了,接的电话多了,也就摸出点规律。给儿子来电话的,多是女孩子,
给女儿来电话的,多是男孩子。女孩子总是客客气气的,纵不是打给我的,也还 叫人舒坦。若儿子不在,我会问上句:你叫什么名字呀,有什么事需要不需要我
英汉词语对比与翻译选词 翻译选词(II)
See Textbook Chapter 1
CONTENTS
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1.学生课后作业展示 2.英汉语言对比与翻译选词 3.课堂作业
4.课后作业
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2) 部分对等是指英语中的有些词在词义上仅有部分与汉语的词义对应。 2.1 有的英语词语词义大于汉语的词义。如:
uncle: 叔父、伯父、舅父、姑父、姨夫;
sister: 姐姐、妹妹 attend school 上学; attend a meeting 开会; attend a wedding 参加婚礼 carry: 搬、运、提、送、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、断、举、 夹、捧
4
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Analysis of Presentation
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1) 我家的后面有一个很大的园,相传叫作百草园。现在是早已 并屋子一起卖给朱文公的子孙了,连那最末次的相见也已经隔了
七八年,其中似乎确凿只有一些野草;但那时却是我的乐园。
(鲁迅《三味书屋》)
Behind our house was a great garden commonly known as Hundred-Plant Garden. It has long since been sold with the house to the descendants of Zhu Xi, and the last time I saw it, already seven or eight years ago, I am sure there were only weeds there. But it was my paradise when I was a child. (Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang)
U.S. diplomatic relations, at the State General Administration of Sport in B
eijing, capital of China, Jan. 7, 2009. In 1971, a U.S. ping-pong team visited Ch ina after years of estrangement疏远 and antagonism 对抗 between the two cou
ntries, opening the door for the China-U.S. people-to-people contacts.
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