欧洲文化入门串讲

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欧洲文化入门讲义二

欧洲⽂化⼊门讲义⼆第九章1、RealismIn art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于⼩说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (⽤现实主义创作现实)2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.6、―A novel is a mirror walking along the road‖said Stendhal.(司汤达) ⼩说是映射现实的镜⼦7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别Ralism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not.And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear and direct.9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统⼀) in realism.11、Stendhal —→ ArmanceFrench —→ The Red and the Black—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛⼤教堂)12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (⼈间喜剧)—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)—→ Le Père Goriot (⾼⽼头)—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)14、Balzac has been called ―the French Dickens‖ as Dickens has been called ―the English Balzac‖15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫⼈)⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase (⽤词恰如其分)⊙Flaubert is called ―the first French realist‖ (法国现实主义第⼀⼈)16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。

欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练

欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练欧洲文化是世界上最具影响力的文化之一、欧洲地区有着悠久的历史和卓越的艺术传统。

从古希腊罗马文明到现代的文艺复兴运动，欧洲一直是欣赏艺术和推动文化发展的重要中心。

European culture is one of the most influential cultures in the world. The European region has a long history and an excellent artistic tradition. From the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations to the modern Renaissance movement, Europe has always been an important center for appreciating art and promoting cultural development.In Europe, there are many important cultural sites and art museums. For example, in the city of Florence, Italy, there is the world-famous Uffizi Gallery. This museum houses many Renaissance artworks, including Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David".The Louvre in Paris, France, is also an important art treasure trove. This palace houses a vast collection of ancient and modern artworks, including the famous painting "Liberty Leading the People".除了艺术，音乐也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。

欧洲文化入门(英文课件

历史性：欧洲文化具有悠久的历史，从古希腊、罗马到中世纪、文艺复兴等时期都有丰富的文化遗产
创新性：欧洲文化具有创新性，如文艺复兴、启蒙运动等时期都推动了人类文明的进步
影响力：欧洲文化对全球产生了深远的影响，如科学、哲学、艺术、文学等领域都产生了重要的影响
欧洲文化的代表人物和事件
欧洲哲学的思想体系和代表人物
古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德
启蒙运动时期哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭、康德
中世纪哲学：奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那
德国古典哲学：黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思
文艺复兴时期哲学：笛卡尔、培根、霍布斯
现代哲学：尼采、萨特、海德格尔
欧洲历史和哲学的文化内涵和影响
欧洲历史：从古希腊罗马到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历史经历了多次变革和进步
欧洲宗教的信仰体系和仪式
东正教：基督教的另一个分支，强调教会的独立性和传统
新教：基督教的另一个分支，强调个人信仰和圣经的权威
天主教：基督教的一个分支，强调教会的权威和传统
仪式：洗礼、婚礼、葬礼等，都是欧洲宗教的重要仪式
基督教：欧洲最主要的宗教，信仰上帝和耶稣基督
节日：圣诞节、复活节、万圣节等，都是欧洲宗教的重要节
欧洲旅游的重要景点和特色
罗马斗兽场：意大利罗马的古代建筑，可以了解古罗马的历史和文化
卢浮宫：法国巴黎的著名博物馆，收藏了大量的艺术品和历史文物
埃菲尔铁塔：法国巴黎的标志性建筑，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市区
威尼斯水城：意大利威尼斯的水上城市，可以体验独特的水
上生活
巴塞罗那高迪建筑：西班牙巴塞罗那的建筑，可以欣赏到高
欧洲艺术和音乐在欧洲历史上扮演了重要的角色，如文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典主义时期等，这些时期的艺术和音乐对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要的影响。

欧洲文化入门--中世纪 ppt课件

Important effect on the future both the East and West.
Greatly influenced the history of Europe
Feudal lords out, kings at home strengthen themselves→help to break down feudalism→ rise of the monarchies.
Pope （罗马教皇）
↓
Archbishops (大主教）
↓
Bishop （主教）
↓
Priests （神甫）
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The Roman Catholic Church & Eastern Orthodox Church
(1054)
The Roman Catholic Church
（罗马天主教）
Wisdom (the Son) 圣子
Love (the Holy Spirit) 圣灵
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a. The Organization of Church
The Catholic Church was a highly centralized
and disciplined international organization.
1. Feudalism: a system of land-holding, a
word derived from Latin “feudum”, a grant of land：封建土地所有制
a. Growth of Feudalism b. The Manor
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欧洲文化入门 ppt课件

It was the morning那天早晨
It was the morning of that blessed day, 那一天，太阳也为哀悼上帝变得阴晦 Whereon the Sun in pity veiled his glare 我不曾抵抗就做了俘虏， For the Lord's agony, that, unaware, 因为，夫人，您那美丽的眼睛射出的无形视线 I fell a captive, Lady, to the sway 将我捆缚起来，如同囚犯一般。 Of your swift eyes; that seemed no time to stay 当时我没有意识到预防爱神的纠缠， The strokes of love: I stepped into the snare 依然若无其事、自信地迈步向前…… Secure, with no suspicion: then and there 殊不知就在此刻，我的感情之苦 I found my cue in man's most tragic play. 已经伴随着人间之痛一起涌起波涟。 Love caught me naked in his shaft, his sheaf, 在爱神面前我毫无防范， The entrance for his ambush and surprise 从眼睛到心灵全都门扉大开， Against the heart wide open through the eyes, 双眼变成热泪流淌的通道和源泉。 The constant gate and fountain of my grief 但我以为，此情此景之下 How craven so to strike me so, 用箭射中我并不是什么荣耀， Yet from you fully armed conceal his bow!因为对您，一个有防范的人，它从不会放箭。

欧洲文化入门讲稿

勃兰登堡门位于柏林市中心菩提树大街，是柏林的标志建筑。

1.１７８８年，普鲁士国王威廉二世统一德意志帝国，为表庆祝，遂重建此门。

2.１８０６年１０月普法战争爆发，法国将军拿破仑率领法军打败普鲁士军队，同年１０月２３日法国军队穿过勃兰登堡门进入柏林，后拿破仑下令拆卸门顶上的女神及驷马战车作为战利品拉回巴黎。

3.１８１４年欧洲同盟军在滑铁卢大败拿破仑后，普鲁士将其索回，重新安放在此门顶上。

为此，德国著名雕家申克尔又雕刻了一枚象征普鲁士民族解放战争胜利的铁十字架，镶在女神的月桂花环中。

从此，和平女神被改称为胜利女神，此门也逐渐成为德意志帝国的象征。

4.第二次世界大战中，勃兰登堡门遭到严重损坏，门顶上的女神及驷马战车亦被盟军炸毁。

１９４５年５月苏联红军正是穿过此门攻入柏林，攻克了希特勒的地堡和国会大厦，宣告了第三帝国的灭亡。

5.１９６１年８月１３日，民主德国政府围绕西柏林修筑了一道围墙，封锁了勃兰登堡门，作为德意志统一象征的勃兰登堡门成了军事禁区，也成了德国分裂的标志。

6.１９８９年１２月３１日，两德重新统一前夕，勃兰登堡门重新开放。

１９９２年，经过彻底维修后的铜车马及女神像又重新安放在勃兰登堡门上。

建筑特点勃兰登堡门高26米，宽65.5米，深11米，是一座新古典主义风格的砂岩建筑，以雅典卫城的城门作为蓝本，设计者是普鲁士建筑师朗汉斯[4]。

勃兰登堡门由12根各15米高、底部直径1.75米的多立克柱式立柱支撑着平顶，东西两侧各有6根，依照爱奥尼柱式雕刻，前后立柱之间为墙，将门楼分隔成5个大门，正中间的通道略宽，是为王室成员通行设计的，直至德意志帝国末代皇帝威廉二世1918年退位前，只有王室成员和国王邀请的客人才被允许从勃兰登堡门正中间的通道出入。

大门内侧墙面用浮雕刻画了罗马神话中最伟大的英雄的海格力斯，战神玛尔斯，以及智慧女神、艺术家和手工艺人的保护神米诺娃。

勃兰登堡门门顶中央最高处是一尊高约5米的胜利女神象征意义在德国历史上，勃兰登堡门象征着普鲁士王国的崛起和德意志帝国的第一次统一和兴盛。

欧洲文化入门中文版课件

第一章希腊罗马文化希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。

我们先看希腊的发展。

希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。

希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。

公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。

希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。

这段历史的重要大事有：1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。

荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。

这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。

荷马生活在公元前700年。

2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。

其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。

雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。

雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。

历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。

3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。

战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。

修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。

4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。

公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。

至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。

古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。

哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。

苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。

柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。

亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练

欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练欧洲文化入门是欧洲历史、艺术、宗教和社会现象等知识的概览，为了让人们更好地理解欧洲文化和古代历史，本文将通过介绍欧洲的古代文化、宗教、艺术创作、古老的政治体制以及当代的社会现象，来让大家对欧洲文化有一个基本的认识。

首先，欧洲古代文化的影响可以追溯到古希腊和罗马时期。

古希腊文化的影响在欧洲有着深远的影响，它被认为是现代西方文化的根基。

希腊精神因其影响力而被西方人认为是“经典”，由其形成了现代文化的一些基本原则。

罗马文化也在欧洲有着深远的影响。

罗马帝国在欧洲历史上有着重要的地位，它曾是西欧最大的政治实体。

罗马文化深深影响了欧洲的政治、法律、宗教、建筑、城市设计等元素，使之成为欧洲历史上不可或缺的一部分。

其次，欧洲的宗教在历史上也占据着重要的地位。

欧洲的宗教主要有教和。

教是欧洲最为流行的宗教，其影响力几乎覆盖了整个欧洲，长期以来，教对欧洲各国的政治、社会、文化和精神生活都产生了深远的影响。

也是欧洲历史上重要的宗教，它在欧洲古代文化中也有着重要的地位，受到了广泛的尊重，对现代欧洲文化产生了深远的影响。

此外，欧洲文化的艺术创作也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。

艺术创作在欧洲历史上有着悠久的历史，从古希腊和罗马时期的雕塑和壁画，到中世纪的绘画，到文艺复兴时期的建筑和雕塑，以及19世纪以后艺术界的繁荣，欧洲文化的艺术创作都发挥着重要的作用。

最后，当代欧洲的社会现象也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。

从政治至文化，欧洲社会的发展受到了多种因素的影响，形成了多元化的文化现象。

例如，欧洲的移民潮和多元文化的发展，使欧洲的文化更加丰富多彩，社会现象也更加多元化和复杂。

总之，欧洲文化是一种复杂而又悠久的文化，其古老的文化、宗教、艺术创作和当代社会现象都是欧洲文化的重要组成部分，为了更好地理解欧洲文化，我们需要多了解这些元素的发展史和影响力。

只有理解了欧洲文化的历史和现状，才能更好地发展和延续欧洲文化。

欧洲文化入门串讲

“欧洲文化入门”串讲资料来源：广东自考网编辑：yesy 时间：2003-10-16Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture (1)Division Two: The Bible And Christianity (2)Division Three: The Middle Ages (2)Division Four: Renaissance and Reformation (2)Division Five: The Seventh Century (2)Division Six: The Age of Enlightenment (3)Division Seven: Romanticism (3)Division Eight: Marxism and Darwinism (3)Division Nine: Realism (3)Division Ten: Modernism and Other Trends (4)Answer questions (4)“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲 (5)I. 希腊罗马 (5)lI. 基督教和圣经 (6)III. 中世纪 (6)IV. 文艺复兴与宗教改革 (7)V. 17世纪 (8)VI. 启蒙运动 (8)VII. 现实主义 (9)VIII. 马克思主义和达尔文主义 (9)IX. 现实主义 (9)X. 现代主义和其他趋势 (10)Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism1. Cynics2. Epicureans3. Stoic4. Ionic style5. Doric style6. Ciceronian7. She-wolfDivision Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James BibleDivision Three: The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the GreatDivision Four: Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter ReformationDivision Five: The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French ClassicismDivision Six: The Age of Enlightenment1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rousseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular HypothesisDivision Seven: Romanticism1. Romanicsism2. The LakersDivision Eight: Marxism and Darwinism1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine: Realism1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten: Modernism and Other Trends1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. SurrealismAnswer questionsDivision One1. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?2. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?3. What were ancient Greeks curious about?4. What did Romans have in common with Greeks?Division Two1.What are the two forceful beliefs which separate Christianity from other religions?2.What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three1. What were then power and influences of Catholic church?2. What influence did Crusades have on western civilization?3. Why we call the Middle Ages the Age of Faith?Division Four1. What are the main elements of humanism?2. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?3. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?4. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Five1. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?2. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?3. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?4. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?2. The industrial revolution is marked by which of the following developments?Division Seven1. What are the main features of Romanticism?2. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?3. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?4. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲I. 希腊罗马Homer: Iliad/ Odyssey/ author of epicsSappho: lyric poetPindar: the 14 Olympian odesAeschylus: Prometheus Bound/ Persians/ Agamemnon/ tragic dramatistSophocles: Oedipus the King/ Electra/ Antigone/ tragic dramatistEuripides: Medea/ Trojan Women/ Andromache/ tragic dramatistAristophanes: Frogs/ Clouds/ Wasps/ Birds/ comedy writerHerodotus: wars about Greeks and Persians/ Father of HistoryThucydides: the war between Athens and Sparta/ Syracuse historianPythagoras: All things were numbers/ founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitus: Fire is the primary elementDemocritus: materialist/ atomic theorySocrates: dissect of oneself/ virtue was high worth of life/ dialectical methodPlato: Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”Aristotle: direct observation/ theory follow fact/ “form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities/ Ethics/ Politics/ Poetics and RhetoricEuclid：Elements/ geometryArchimedes: geometry, arithmetic, mechanics, hydrostaticsOther schools of thought: Sophists>Protagoras/Cynics>Diogenes/ Sceptics>Pyrrhon/ Epicureans>Epicurus/ Stoics>ZenoCicero: Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writerCaesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writerLucretius On the nature of things poetVirgil <Aeneid>---Aeneas---tragic hero4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。

《欧洲文化入门》讲稿

《欧洲文化入门》讲稿Division One Greek Culture and Roman CultureI. Teaching Objectives1. get to know the historical context of ancient Greece and ancient Rome;2. be clear about the great achievements of ancient Greeks and Romans in various fields such as literature, philosophy, science and art;3. understand the significance and impact of Greek culture and Roman culture.II. The Points to Be Highlighted1. Democracy of ancient Greece.2. 3 styles of columns in ancient Greek architecture.3. The greatest names in European philosophy ---- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle4. Impact (1). Spirit of Innovation (2). Supreme Achievement (3). Lasting effectIII. Teaching Approaches1. Pair/Group work2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach 4. Communicative approach 5. Questions and answerIV. Background InformationThe Parthenon (447—432 B.C.) --- the most important of ancient Greek T emples the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 yearsV. Teaching Procedures and ContentsLead-in (or) Warming-up●How much do you know about Greece (ancient or modern)?●Do you know when the first Modern Olympic Games washeld?●Homer was famous for two epics. Do you know what they are?●There are many famous philosophers in ancient Greece. Could you name some of them?●You must have ever heard of the following sentence, ―Give me a place to stand, and I willmove the world. Do you know who said it?Specific ContentsGreek Culture：1. The Historical Context(1). 1200 B.C. the war of Troy a war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction of Troy.(2). 5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point of development. --- successful repulse of the Persian invasion --- the establishment of democracy --- the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta(3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C. all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon Greek culture was spread(4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece2. Social and Political StructurePolitics --- Athens was a democracyDemocracy means ―exercise of power by the whole people. But ―the whole people‖ the G reeks meant only the adult male citizens.Economy --- the economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. There was harsh exploitation in Greek societySports --- Greeks loved sports A big festival on Olympus Mount once every 4 year ---- Olympic GamesModern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜旦(法)3. Homer ( probably lived around 700 B.C.)Two epics: Iliad / OdysseusThey are about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B.C 4. Lyric Poetry Sappho (about 612—580 B.C.) woman poetShe is noted for her love poems of passionate intensity, some of which are addressed to women. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Many Greek and Latin writers know nearly all her poems by heart. But in the 10th century the Christian church burned her works. Only fragments remain.Pindar (about 518—438 B.C.) He is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. Pindar also had imitators, such as the 17th-century English poet John Dryden.5. DramaOrigin: perform plays at religious festivals.Development: in the 5th century B.C. a powerful drama developedStates: open-air theatres, audience sat on stone benches and looked down at the stage from three sides, actors wore masks.Tragedya. Aeschylus (525 — 456 B.C.)Works: Prometheus Bound, Persians, and Agamemnon. In these plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manage to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heroes and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which thereis no escape but death. The plays are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.b. Sophocles (496 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Oedipus the King, Electra《厄勒克特拉》, and Antigone《安提戈涅》. Contribution: he added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophodcles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adoped by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud‘s term ―the Oedipus complex‖ was also derived from Sophocles‘s play.c. Euripides (484 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Andromache《安德洛玛刻》, Medea《美狄亚》, and Trojan Women.ComedyAristophanes (about 450 --- 380 B.C.)Works: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds These plays are loose in plot and satirical in tone. 6. HistoryHistorical writing started early in Greece.a. Herodotus (484 --- 430 B.C.) ―Father of History‖, he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. His object in writing was ―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.‖b. Thucydides (about 460 --- 404 B.C.) Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. He was never dull, but wrote with imagination and power. He was called ―the greatest historian that ever lived.‖by Macaulay (an eminenthistorian)7. Philosophy and ScienceThe ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds. Pythagoras (about 580 --- 500 B.C.) had the idea that all things were mumber.Heracleitue (about 540 --- 480 B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universeHe also said: You cannot step twice into the same river. The sun is new everydayDemocritus (about 460 --- 370 B.C.) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.a. Socrates ( about 470 --- 399 B.C.) details in textbook P-23The dialectical method --- method of argument, by questions and answers.Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料

Greco-Roman traditionPolitics, democracy, citizen-assembly,Citizenship of Athens, male adultsDemocracy”in ancient Greece(How do you understand “Democracy”in ancient Greece? What is the difference between “Democracy”in ancient Greece and modern democracy?)exercise of power by the whole people”; but in Greece by “the whole people”the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?1. Three founders1) Pythagorasa. All things were numbers.b. Scientific mathematics.c. Theory of proportion.2) Heracliteusa. Fire is the primary elements of the universe.b. The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.3) Democritusa. the atomic theory.b. materialism.2.Three thinkers: Socrates, Plato and AristotleAristotle1) The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.2) Aristotle is a humanist.3. Five contending schools1). The Sophistsa. Under the leadership of Protagoras.b. The representative of work is On the God.c. His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2). The Cynicsa. Under the leadership of Diogenes.b. The word “cynic”means “dog”in English.c. He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3) The Scepticsa. Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.b. His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4) The Epicureansa. Under the leadership of Epicurus.b. Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.c. Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.d. Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5) The Stoicsa. Under the leadership of Zeno.b. His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.c. One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.Developed into Stoics’duty.He was also a materialist.The Contending Schools of Thought1.The SophistsProtagoras: “M an is the measure of all things.” humanism, the focus of renaissance, 2.The Cynics, Diogenes, rejecting all conventions and advocating self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity.3.The Sceptics, represented by Pyrrhon, who held that not all knowledge was attainable.4.The Epicureans. They were disciples of Epicurus, who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life, but by pleasure he meant, not sensual enjoyment, but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval, which he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue.5.The Stoics, with Zeno as the chief. To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”. According to them, virtue is the sole good in the life of an individual man.What philosophy system did Plato establish?(Why do we say Plato’s philosophy system was idealistic? Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy? )1. It dealt with, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever—changing world, men were to attain knowledge.2. The first case and physical world should take the secondary case.3. Idealistic of philosophy.4. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1. For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2. For another, he thought that “form”and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3. Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life, but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What should be man’s aim in life?Aristotle’s answer was: happiness, but not in vulgar sense…Epicurus, pleasure; not sensual pleasureWhat is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert on the world civilization?)Roman traditionThe Pax RomanaRoman LawPlebeians and patriciansRepublic from 27 B.C.The decline of the Roman empireLatin literature: Cicero, Ciceronian; Virgil, the Aeneid,What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?1. similarityA. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2. differencesA. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.Judeo - Christian tradition1. Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2. Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3. The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine, which was known asCanaan.4. The ancestors of the Jews —the Hebrews.5. They called “Hebrews”, which means “wanderers”.6. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine.7. The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.8. The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.9. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.10. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.11. The New Testament is, in essence, the four accounts, written by the four disciples.12. The word “Testament”means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.13. Bible is representative of Christianity and14.. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.15. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记--摩西遗言记).16. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Isaac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.17. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.18. The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.19. Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.20. The Historical Books was divided into seven sections:①Books of Joshua②Books of Judges③Books of Samuel④Books of Kings⑤Books of the Chronicles⑥Books of Ezra⑦Books of Nehemiah.23. The content of historical Books: 1200B.C.--586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.24. The History Books①The development of system of landed nobles.②The development of monarchy.③Establishment of the two Kingdoms.④The settlement in the highlands⑤Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.25. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.26. The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.27. David established religious capital, Jerusalem to Palestine.28. The ProphetsFor more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “Prophets”or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.29. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.30. The former body of church was known as Synagogues（犹太会堂）.31. The Pentateuch is also called Torah.摩西五经的别称32. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as Noah’s Ark.33. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.34. Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese, which was headed by a bishop.35. The most important bishops were called archbishops.36. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.37. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew38. All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.为什么十四在西方吉利？39. The Last Supper was recorded in John.40. The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.41. The Last Supper adapted from St.，John, the New Testament, the Bible.42. The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.43. The story about Jesus being crucified in the wooden cross to death was known as The Last Supper.44. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.45. Wycliff 与Tyndale语言来源不同Reformation against the Latin language.46. William Tyndale’s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?(What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity?)Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1. One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2. The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.加尔文主义也有这样的观点How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent?（How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion?1. The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel, first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.2. During a time of great unrest and upheaval in the European continent, the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.3. Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared the collapse of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries.4. Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle and issued the Edict of Milan米兰敕令in 313. It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.5. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.6. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. The Latin language became the official language.What are the different translation editions of the Bible?1. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2. The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4. After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5. The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6. The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized”(钦定圣经) or “King James”version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7. The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (美国英语版)8. The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?)1. It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2. Miltion’s Paradise Lost (失乐园), Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary .Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.Division Three: The Middle Ages1. the Middle ages,the Age of FaithIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.3. The transitional period is called the middle ages, between ancient times and modern times.4. The transitional period is called the 17th century, between the middle ages and modern times.5. In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.6. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism”was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant (许可的) of land.7. fiefs(采邑；次划分)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.8. vassals (占有fiefs的人)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.9. code of chivalry (骑士制度)As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.10. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.11. knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)12. The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)13. The Manor (领地所有制)The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (领主). By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.14. After 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.15. The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserveand pass on the heritage of the Roman Empire.16. The word “catholic”, meant “universal”.17. St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)18. Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)Between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (for men) and convents (for women) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.19. Augustine —→Confession and The City of God20. St. Benedict —→founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. (专门给清修的人制定的法律)21. The Inquisition (异端裁判所) to stamp out so-called heresy.22. The most important of all courses was Jerusalem.23. Crusades went on about 200 years.24. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.25. By 1291 the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.26. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.27. Roger Bacon’s work was the Opus maius.28. National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.29. Chaucer (乔叟)①power of observation ②piercing irony③sense of humour ④warm humanity与狄更斯相似30. Gothic①The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.②It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churcheswere built in this manner than in any other style in history.③The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.（罗马式）31. The Canterbury Tales:①The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.②Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(头韵)③Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.中世纪为现代欧洲文化铺平道路Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1. During the Medieval (中世纪) times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2. The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3. In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1. feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding —a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism”was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2. In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3. While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large landowners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4. In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs were call vassals.5. There came a form of local and decentralized government.6. As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1. The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2. During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3. Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4. The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5. As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?1. Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:①He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans”by the pope in 800.②Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the richesof the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2. Alfred the Great and Wesex, the Centre of Learning:①He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.②He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. (编年史)3. St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism: (经院主义，保守主义的雏形)4. Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:(实用主义)①Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research. (最早的支持者) 亚里士多德最早提出②He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1. The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2. Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)①His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.②The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.③Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3. Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:①The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.③Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.④Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?1. The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic”refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2. The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloquial (地方式俗语) language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region .Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3. His representative works Life on the Mississippi.Division Four1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance”means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by theRoman church authorities.2. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.3. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.4. Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors.5. In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.6. Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie.(Humanistic ideas to develop)7. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.8. Literature: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Shakespeare’s literature.9. painting: The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da vincci’s Mona Lisa.10. Renaissance ArtA radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the second half of the 13th century.It was not until the second decade of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition.11. Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.12. Mona Lisa——model wife of a banker.——the ambiguity of the smile.13. Michelangelo ——David——Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis )——Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶)——Moses (摩西)14. Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)15. He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.16. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.17. Titian ——The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯)Man with the Glove18. John Wyclif ——translation of the Bible into English for the first time.19. Jan Hus ——Czech——in Czech language20. Martin Luther ——translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.21. The reformation get it’s victory first in England.22. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posting on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经23. CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path.24. The national religion established after reformation in England was called The church of England or The Anglican Church.25. It was under the reign of Henry Ⅷthat reformation was successful in England.26. The English Bible was adopted in England after Reformation.27. Counter-Reformation (反宗教改革)By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙). They mustered (召集) their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (改良), to bring back its vitality (活力). This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.28. The Jesuits ，Ignatius。

欧洲文化入门(精品英文PPT课件)

希腊艺术是理想主义的简朴的强调共性的典雅精致的一句话概括是高贵的单纯静穆的伟大当二次电子数最少为一个时可代替初始电子的作用继续不断从阴极发出电子形成不依赖外界因素的初始电子从而产生自持放电
Division one Greek culture and roman culture
I . Greek Culture
Group one
• Leader:胡锦璞 • Members:孙京、杨建勋、赵元硕、段娟娟
• • • • •
Part 1-3 Part 4-6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9
胡锦璞赵元硕段娟娟杨建勋孙京
1、The Historical Background
• TIME: around 1200B.C. • Establishment : after the war between Greece and Troy. • Cultural Significance: mark by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion . • Spread : Alexander and his armies conquered large areas of Europe Asia and Africa. • End: it was conquered by the Romans
• The Histories — his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced — is a record of his "inquiry" , being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were not completely accurate, he claimed that he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history since ancient records are scanty, contradictory and often fanciful.

欧洲文化入门精讲 1

1.Greek Culture &Roman CultureGreek CultureGreek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.This was marked by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the century. 公元前五世纪古希腊文化达到了鼎盛时期，其标志就是古希腊人在世纪初成功地击退了波斯人的进攻。

In the second half of the 4th century B.C.,all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander,King of Macedon.在公元前4世纪后半叶，整个希腊在马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的统治之下。

In 146 B.C.,the Romans conquered Greece.公元前146年，罗马征服希腊。

The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.雅典的经济以大规模的奴隶劳动为基础。

The Greeks loved sports.Once every 4 years the Greeks had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports.Thus began the Olympic Games.Revived in 1896,the Olympic Games have become the world’s formost amateur sports competition. 希腊人热爱运动，每隔4年希腊人都会在奥林匹斯山举行盛大的体育比赛，这就是奥运会的开端。