人文地理学专业英语资料讲解

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人文地理与城乡规划

人文地理与城乡规划（Human Geography & Urban and Rural Planning）一、培养目标本专业培养目标为：具有人文地理与城乡规划的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能；具有良好的创新思想和实践能力；具有严格的科学思维训练和实际操过技能；能在科研机构、学校、企事业单位和行政管理部门从事科研、教学、资源开发利用、城市与区域的规划咨询、管理等工作；具有优秀的人文和科学素养、宽厚的专业基础、开阔的国际视野、强烈的社会责任感的未来精英人才；以及继续攻读硕士、博士学位的人才。

二、培养要求系统掌握人文地理学与城乡规划学的基本原理、知识与技能；了解地理学、城乡规划学、经济学、社会学、生态学、环境科学、管理科学等学科的一般原理和方法；了解地理学专业前沿问题、知识应用前景和发展动态；接受良好的科学思维和科学方法的基本训练，培养学生的创新意识和科学研究的初步能力；熟练掌握遥感应用、地理信息系统的基本技能和方法；掌握收集和分析数据资料的传统与现代技术方法，以及初步分析数据资料的专业技能；学习数、理、化、计算机及人文科学等相关学科的基本理论、知识和技能；熟练掌握一门外语，达到规定要求。

三、主干学科地理学四、核心课程（共15门）人文地理学、地图学、自然地理学、地理信息系统、地理统计分析、遥感概论、全球变化与可持续发展、经济地理学、城市地理学、区域分析与规划、城市规划原理、人口地理学、产业地理与规划、交通规划与交通地理、都市区土地利用规划与管理。

五、主要实践性教学环节人文地理与城乡规划专业属于地理学中应用性较强的专业之一，因此需要加强实践性教学环节的内容。

主要从以下两个方面实现：课程实习与实践教学：在课堂教学的同时，根据学习的内容，增加0.5-1天的短途实践教学。

本教学计划中有短途实习的课程有：人文地理学、城市地理学、经济地理学、城市规划原理、社会与文化地理学、都市区土地利用规划与管理、产业地理与规划、服务与金融地理学等课程主要专业实践技能教学：本计划中主要专业实践技能的课程有：自然地理野外实习---掌握自然地理相关内容的野外观察分析方法、提高数据的采集、分析能力，培养学生发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力，实习时间10天左右。

人文地理学专业名词解释资料

《人文地理学》名词解释第1章绪论1.地理学：地理学是研究地球表层地理环境的结构、分布及其变化的规律性以及人地关系的学科。

2.人文地理学：是研究地球表层人类活动或人与地理环境相互关系所形成的现象分布和变化规律的科学。

3.人文地理学的研究对象：人文地理学是关于人类活动的空间差异（包括不同国家、不同地区、不同社会制度、不同思想意识）和空间组织以及人类与地理环境之间关系的学科。

人文地理学研究的三大主题：一是人地关系的传统；二是区域研究的传统；三是空间分析的传统。

4.人文地理的学科特征：社会性、区域性、综合性。

5. 拉采尔：（1844－1904）德国地理学家，他被认为是人文地理学的创始人，一方面他为人生地理学或人类地理学的比较系统的研究提供了指道路线。

另一方面，他被认为是地理环境决定论的思想引入者。

6.赫特纳：（1859－1941）德国地理学家，是区域学派的代表人物。

他主张地理学应着重于空间分布的研究，区域地理学是地理学的核心，地理学研究的区域应是人类与环境相互作用的结果，所有自然界中与人类活动相互影响的一切要素，与自然环境相互联系的人文现象都是区域的特征。

7.施吕特尔：（1872－19520德国地理学家，是景观学派的创始人，他认为，地理学者应首先着眼于地球表面可以通过感官觉察到的事物，着眼于这种感觉—景观的整体。

8.白兰士：（1845－1918）法国地理学家，反对拉采尔的环境决定论思想，认为除环境的直接影响外，还有其它因素在起作用，强调人类对外界环境的适应不是被动的，而是主动的。

9.麦金德：（1861－1947）英国地理学家，他把地理学说成是探索人及其自然环境的相互作用的一门学科，提出了“大陆腹地说”。

麦金德第一个将全球作为整体来探讨世界政治活动的规律性，开创了政治地理学的先河。

10.现代人文地理学的基本特征：（1）理论与哲学方法论的多元化。

（2）研究方法的不断革新。

（3）研究内容和方向的社会化、生态化和应用化趋向。

人文地理学专业英语

引言Introd‎u ction‎人文地理学，作为科学王国‎中一支较小的‎学科，尽管常常不被‎人们关注和重‎视，然而它却是一‎支最具活力的‎学科，它的研究主题‎——社会的空间组‎织和人与环境‎的关系——为许许多多形‎式的研究和朝‎气蓬勃的地理‎学者提供了机‎遇和挑战。

在最近30年‎来，西方人文地理‎学可以说是百‎家争鸣、百花齐放。

人文地理学家‎不断地接受他‎们以前很少遇‎到的其它学科‎的新思想、新观念，这样就给人文‎地理学的发展‎带来无限的生‎机。

Human geogra‎p hy is such a subjec‎t full of vitali‎ti es despit‎e of being neglec‎t ed someti‎m es. Its resear‎ch themes‎, the social‎-spatia‎l struct‎u re and the relati‎o n ship‎betwee‎n human and enviro‎nments‎, have brough‎t opport‎u ni tie‎s and challe‎n ges to both variou‎s forms of resear‎ch and geogra‎p hers. In recent‎ 30 years, the wester‎n human geogra‎p hy has so many varieg‎a ted theori‎e s and ramifi‎c ation‎s. Human geogra‎p hers have kept absorb‎i ng new ideas and opinio‎n s from many other subjec‎t s, which gives tremen‎d ous vital force to the develo‎p ment of human geogra‎p hy.一、人文地理学的‎性质Charac‎t ers of human geogra‎p hy1、地理学形成及‎分化Format‎i on and differ‎e ntiat‎i on of geogra‎p hy地理学（geogra‎p hy）是希腊语中关‎于地球和书写‎两个词复合词‎，主要研究人类‎生活空间的地‎球表面（Hagget‎t，1990）。

地理学专业英语

地理学专业英语English:Geography is a multidisciplinary field that studies the Earth’s physical features, climate patterns, natural resources, and human populations. It examines the spatial relationships between these elements and how they interact with each other. Geographers use various tools and techniques to collect and analyze data, including satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), field surveys, and statistical methods. This enables them to understand and explain the patterns and process es that shape the Earth’s surface and influence human activities. Geography also explores the connections between different regions and cultures, providing insights into globalization, migration, and the impacts of human activities on the environment. It encompasses specific sub-disciplines such as physical geography, human geography, economic geography, and urban geography, each focusing on different aspects of the Earth and human society. Physical geography examines the Earth’s natural environment, including landforms, climate, ecosystems, and biogeography. Human geography studies the human societies, cultures, and behaviors, including population dynamics, urbanization,and cultural landscapes. Economic geography focuses on the spatial distribution of economic activities, such as trade, industry, and agriculture. Urban geography analyzes cities and urban areas, including their development, planning, and spatial organization. Through its holistic approach, geography provides valuable insights into a wide range of global issues, such as climate change, natural hazards, resource management, sustainable development, and social inequality.中文翻译:地理学是一门多学科的学科，研究地球的地理特征、气候模式、自然资源和人口分布。

GIS专业英语

GIS专业英语Abscissa 横坐标absolute accuracy 绝对精度absolute coordinates 绝对坐标Absorption 吸收abstraction 抽取accuracy 精度Add Data 添加数据Across-track scanner 跨径扫描仪active remote sensing 主动遥感Address geocoding 地址地理编码address locator地址定位器Address matching 地址匹配agreement licensee 协议被许可人Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪Air station 航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner 沿径扫描仪Alphanumeric grid 字母数字网格Anaglyph 视差立体图analog image模拟图像Analysis mask 分析掩模anisotropy各向异性Antipode对跖点apogee远地点Arc 弧architecture 架构archive档案argument参数Arithmetic expression 算术表达式aspatial data 非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比Astrolabe 星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口Atomic clock 原子钟attenuation 衰减authentication 身份验证author 作者Autocorrelation 自相关automated cartography 自动化制图automation scale 自动化比例Autovectorization 自动矢量化axis 轴azimuthal projection 方位投影Backscatter 后向散射band 波段band ratio 波段比band-pass filter 带通滤波器Bandwidth 带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer 底层base station基站Batch 批量batch geocoding 批量地理编码batch processing 批处理Batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve 等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics 贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve 贝塞尔曲线Bilinear interpolation 双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution 二项式分布Biogeography 生物地理学blind digitizing 盲目数字化block group街区群Block kriging 块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator 布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line 界线Boundary monument 界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule 包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器Buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design)Cadastral survey 地籍测量cadastre 地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线Camera station 摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram 统计图cartographer 制图员Cartography 制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchment流域Categorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格Cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块Census geography人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点Central meridian中央子午线centroid 重心chart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计Choropleth map 面量图chroma色度chronometer 天文钟circle圆Circular variance 圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面Clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS 码相位GPS Cognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令Command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point 罗经点compass rose罗经盘Compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序Computational geometry计算几何学Containment 包含Conformal projection 等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性Conic projection 圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准Continuous raster 连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图Contour interval 等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线Contour tagging 等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio 对比度Contrast stretch 对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换Convex hull 凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system 坐标系Coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关Corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区Covariance 协方差Coverage 1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层Cracking 裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide 裁切参考线crop marks 裁切标记Cross correlation 交叉相关cross covariance 交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表Cross validation 交叉验证Cross variogram交叉变差函数Cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素Cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合Customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影Dangle length悬线长度Dangle tolerance 悬线容差dangling arc 悬弧Dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理Data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) Dead reckoning 航位推测法Declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation 德洛内三角Delimiter 分隔符demography人口统计学Densify 增密densitometer密度计Density slicing 密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）Depression contour 洼地等高线depth contour等深线Depth curve 深度曲线Descending node 降交点Desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面Desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标Determinate flow direction确定性流向Deterministic model 确定性模型Detrending 趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员Development environment 开发环境Diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异Differential correction 差分校正Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统Diffusion 扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group 数字地理信息工作组Digital image processing 数字图像处理Digital line graph 数字线划图Digital nautical chart 数字海图Digital number 数值Digital orthophoto quadrangle 数字正射影像图Digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 数字正射影像象限图Digital raster graphic 数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data 数字地形高程数据Digital terrain model 数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子Dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流Direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分Discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化Discrete raster 离散栅格数据Displacement 位移display scale显示比例Display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离Distance decay距离衰减Distance unit距离单位Distortion变形district 地区Dithering 抖动Diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS 多普勒辅助GPS dot density map点密度图Dot distribution map 点分布图double precision双精度Double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游Drafting 描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区Drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码Dynamic zoom 动态缩放Easting 东距eccentricity 偏心率ecliptic 黄道edge边Edgematching 边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集element 元素Electronic navigational chart 电子航海图Elevation guide 高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体Ellipticity 椭圆率End offset 末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS 企业级GIS Entity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model 环境模型Ephemeris 星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类Equal-area projection 等积投影equal-interval classification等距分类Equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据Event 事件exponent指数export导出exposure station 摄站expression表达式Extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation 外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸Face 平面false easting 东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段Fill 填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图Focal analysis邻域分析focal functions邻域函数form 地形，形式fractal 分形Framework 框架frequency 频率from-node 起点Full Extent 完整范围Fuzzy boundary 模糊边界Fuzzy classification 模糊分类fuzzy set 模糊集合Fuzzy tolerance 模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection 高斯-克吕格投影Generalization 概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术Geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码Geocomputation 地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库Geodatabase data model 地理数据库数据模型Geodataset 地理数据集Geodesic 测地线Geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系Geographic information science 地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS)Geography 地理学geography level 地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言Geoid 大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离Geolocation 几何定位geometric coincidence 几何重叠Geometric correction 几何校正Geometric dilution of precision 几何精度衰减因子Geometric network 几何网络Geometric transformation 几何变换Geometry 几何学geomorphology 地貌学Geoprocessing 地理处理Georectification地理校正Georeference 地理参考Georeferencing 地理参考georelational data model 地理相关数据模型Geospatial data 地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心Geospatial technology 地理空间技术Geospecific model 地学相关模型Geostationary 对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous 对地同步Geotypical model 典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GUI GUI (图形用户界面)Global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础架构Glyph 字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to ǿȀ转至ǿȀGPS 全球定位系统Grad 梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian 梯度gradient 坡度，斜率graticule 经纬网Gravimeter 重力计gravimetric geodesy 大地重力学gravity model 引力模型Gray scale 灰度great circle 大圆Greenwich mean time格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面Hachure 晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径Height 高度Helmert transformation 线性正形变换hemisphere半球Heuristic 试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal 十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网Hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化Hole 孔洞Horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography 人文地理学Hydrography 水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接Hypsography 测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图Hypsometry 测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标Image data 图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale 图像比例尺Image space 图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import 导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量Index 索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪Infrastructure 基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化Integer data 整数型数据integration 集成intensity 亮度Interactive vectorization 交互矢量化Interchange format 交换格式Interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据International date line 国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity 内在稳态Inverse distance weighted interpolation 反距离加权内插法Irregular triangular mesh 不规则三角网Irregular triangular surface model 不规则三角面模型Isanomal 等地平Isarithm 等数线Isobar 等压线isochrone 等时线Isohyet 等雨量线Isolines 等值线isometric line 等容线isopleth 等值线isotherm等温线Isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程Jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic 联合作战地图Junction element 交点元素Kernel 内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning 动态定位Knockout 分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point 已知点Kohonen map 柯霍南图Kriging 克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag 间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform 地形landmark 地标Landsat 陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale 大比例尺lattice 点阵面layers 层layout 布局least squares 最小二乘法level 水平leveling 水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar 激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight 视线line simplification 线条简化line smoothing 线条平滑linear dimension 线性尺寸linear feature 线性要素linear interpolation 线性内插法linear referencing 线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit 线性单位localization 本地化location query 位置查询location-allocation 位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm 对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse 闭合导线loxodrome 恒向线Magnetic bearing 磁方位magnetometer 磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样Map algebra 地图代数map collar地图边缘map display 地图显示Map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围Map feature 地图要素map generalization 地图概化,地图综合Map projection 地图投影Map query 地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale 地图比例尺map series地图系列Map service 地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit 地图单位Mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符Matrix 矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level 平均海平面Mean stationarity 平均稳态Measure 测量measure value 测量值Measurement residual 测量残差median中间数median center平均中心Mental map 意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据Metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer 测微密度计Micrometer 1.测微计; 2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形Minimum map unit 最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure 闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS 移动GIS Model 模型Monument 标石morphology 形态学mosaic 镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池Multichannel receiver 多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据Multipart feature 多部分要素multipatch feature 带纹理要素Multiplexing channel receiver 多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature 多点要素Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis 多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure 美国国家空间数据基础设施Natural breaks classification 自然分类navigation 导航Navstar Navstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)Neighborhood statistics 邻域统计networked 联网node 节点Noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布Normal probability distribution 正态概率分布northing 北距Oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移Oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil) Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification 开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium 开放地理空间协会open traverse 不闭合导线OpenGIS Consortium OpenGIS 协会OpenLS OpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service)Operand 运算数operator运算符optical center 光学中心ordinal data序数数据Ordinary kriging 普通克里金法ordinate 纵坐标Ordnance Survey 英国陆地测量局Orientation 方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset 正交偏移Orthographic 正交orthomorphic 正形orthophoto 正射影像Orthophotograph 正射影像orthophotoquad 无等高线正射影像overview map 总览图Orthophotoscope 正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值Outline vectorization 轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据Overlay 重叠Overprinting 套印Pan 平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar 视差尺Parameter 参数parametric curve 参数曲线passive remote sensing 被动遥感Passive sensors 被动传感器Path 路径Pathfinding 路径搜寻peak山峰Percent slope 斜率perigee 近地点persistence 持久性photogeology 摄影地质学Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Photomap 摄影地图photometer光度计Physical geography 自然地理学pit 洼地，山谷placement 放置Planar coordinate system 平面坐标系planar enforcement 平面强化planarize平面化Plane 平面planimetric map 平面图planimetric shift 平面位移Platform 平台Plot 绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线point 点point digitizing 点数字化Point event 点事件point feature 点要素point line 点线Point mode digitizing 点模式数字化point size点大小Point-in-polygon overlay 多边形内点重叠polar aspect 极方位坡向Polar flattening 极向扁率polar orbit 极轨道polar radius 极半径Policy and management 政策与管理Polygon overlay 多边形重叠Polyhedron 多面体Polyline 折线position位置postal code 邮政编码precision code 精确码Prime meridian 本初子午线prime vertical 东西圈probability map概率图Profile graph 剖面图projected coordinate system 投影坐标系Projective transformation 射影变换prolate ellipsoid 长椭球体property属性Proximity analysis 邻近分析pseudo node 伪节点pseudo-random number伪随机数Public Land Survey System美国公共土地测量系统pyramid金字塔QQ plot QQ 图quadrangle maps 梯形图幅quadrant象限quadrat analysis样方分析Quadtree 四叉树quantile 分位数quantile classification 分位数分类Quantile scatter chart 分位数散点图quantitative data 数量数据Quantitative geography 数量地理学query 查询Radar altimeter 雷达测高计Radar interferometry 雷达干涉测量Radian 弧度Radiation 辐射radio button 单选按钮radio waves 无线电波radiometer 辐射计Radiometric 辐射测量radius半径random noise随机噪声range范围,距离Range domain 范围域,距离域raster 栅格raster band栅格层raster cell 栅格单元Raster data model栅格数据模型Raster dataset band 栅格数据层Raster model 栅格模型Raster preprocessing 栅格预处理Raster snapping 栅格贴齐Raster tracing 栅格跟踪Rasterization 栅格化ratioing 比值法ray tracing 光线跟踪RDBMS 关系数据库管理系统reclassification 重分类Record 记录Record selector 记录选择器rectangular survey 矩形测量rectification 校正Rectilinear 直线,纵横线redistricting 重新区划reference data 参考数据Reference grid 参考网格Reference level 基准面Reference map 基准图Reference spheroid 参考椭球面Reference system 参考系统Referential integrity 参照完整性Reflectance 反射率reflected back 反射Region 地区，区域regression回归relational join 关系结合Relational operator 关系运算符relationship 关系relative accuracy相对精度Relative bearing 相对方位relative mode 相对模式relative path 相对路径Release of hazardous liquids 有害液体的泄漏relief efforts 救助Relief shading 地貌晕渲remote-sensing imagery 遥感图像Replaced hachuring 替代晕渲法replication 复制Representation 表示法，表现Representative fraction数字比例尺reprojection 重新投影resampling 重采样Residuals 残差resolution merging 分辨率融合restriction 限制Reverse geocoding 反地理编码rhumb line 恒向线ring 圆环ring study圆环分析River addressing 河道寻址rotation 旋转route路线row行R-tree R 树Satellite image 卫星图像satellite imagery 卫星图像saturation饱和度Scalable 可伸缩scale bar 比例尺scale factor 比例系数scale range 比例尺范围Scatter chart 散点图scene 场景,景(卫星图像单位) Schema 架构Seamless pan 无缝平移secant projection 正割投影section 弧段segment线段Self-organizing map 自组织影射图semantics 语义semimajor axis 半长轴Semiminor axis 半短轴semivariogram 半变差函数Sensitivity analysis 敏感度分析Sensor 传感器sequence 序列sequential analysis 顺序分析Serialization 序列化Server GIS 服务器GIS sextant 六分仪shaded relief image 晕渲地貌图Shaded relief map 晕渲地貌图shading 晕渲Shape 形状Shapefile 形状文件(ESRI数据格式) shield盾牌,(地质学)地盾shift位移Shortcuts 快捷方式short-range variation 短程变化signal 信号Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signature特征significance level 显著性水平Sill 基台simple kriging 简单克里金法simultaneous conveyance 同时传达Sink 端点，汇点site prospecting 选址分析slope坡度smooth 平滑Snapping tolerance 捕捉容差soil 土壤sonar 声纳soundex 语音编码算法Source 起点，源点source data 源数据space coordinate system 空间坐标系Spaghetti data 无位相数据spaghetti digitizing 无位相数字化spatial analysis 空间分析Spatial cognition 空间认知spatial data 空间数据Spatial Data Transfer Standard空间数据传输标准spatial database空间数据库Spatial join 空间结合spatial modeling 空间建模spatial overlay空间叠加Spatial query 空间查询spatial reference空间参考spatial weights matrix空间权重矩阵Spatialization 空间化spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral signature 光谱特征Spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer分光光度计Spectroscopy 光谱学Spectrum 光谱sphere球体spheroid 椭球面,椭球体spider diagram蛛网图Spike 尖峰，异常线spline 样条函数spot 点spurious polygon 伪多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Standard Industrial Classification codes 标准工业分类代码Star diagram 星形图state状态state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系Static positioning 静态定位Stationarity 稳态Stationing 定位参考Statistical surface 统计表面steep 陡峭steradian 球面度Stereocompilation 立体测图Stereogrammatic organization 立体法结构Stereographic projection 球极平面投影Stereometer 体积计Stereomodel 立体模型Stereopair 立体像对Stereoplotter 立体绘图仪stochastic model 随机性模型stream digitizing 流数字化Stream mode digitizing 流模式数字化stream tolerance 流容差streaming 数据流Stretch 拉伸string 线段串，字符串Structure 结构study area 研究区域Surface fitting 曲面拟合surface model 曲面模型surround element 周边元素Survey marker 方位标survey monument方位标survey station测点Symbol 符号Tangent projection 切面投影taskbar 任务栏temporal data 时态数据Temporal GIS 时态GIS territory 地域Tessellation 网格化textbox 文本框Texture 纹理thematic map 专题地图theodolite 经纬仪Thiessen polygons 泰森多边形Thinning 细化third normal form 第三范式three-dimensional shape 三维形状Three-tier configuration 三层结构threshold ring analysis 阈值环分析Tidal datum 潮位基准面tie point 连接点tie survey 连接测量Tissot indicatrix 天梭指示线tolerance 容差toolbar 工具栏,工具条toolbox 工具箱Tools toolbox 工具工具箱topographic contours 地形等高线topography地形学, 地形Topological overlay 拓扑重叠Topology error 拓扑误差toponym 地名tour巡回路线Township 镇区tracing 跟踪tracking data 跟踪数据tract 人口普查区transaction事务Transformation 变换transit rule 过渡法则translation平移，转换Transverse aspect横轴法投影traverse 导线triangulated irregular network 不规则三角网Triangulation 三角测量trilateration 三边测量true bearing 真实方位true curve 真实曲线True north 真北tuple 元组turn impedance转弯阻抗turn-by-turn maps多段显示地图Tutorial 教程uninitialized flow direction 未初始化的流向United States Geological Survey 美国地质勘测局univariate distribution 一元分布Universal kriging 通用克里金法universal polar stereographic 通用极球面投影坐标网Universal Soil Loss Equation 通用土壤流失方程universal time 世界时Universal transverse Mercator 统一横轴墨卡托投影upstream 上游Urban geography 城市地理学Urban Vector Map 城市矢量图Valency 度validation验证variable 变量variance 方差Variance-covariance matrix 方差协方差矩阵 Variogram 变差函数Variography 变差法Vector 矢量vectorization 矢量化verbal scale 言语比例尺Vertex 顶点Vertical axis 纵轴vertical coordinate system 垂直坐标系Vertical exaggeration 垂直夸大Vertical geodetic datum垂直大地基准Vertical photograph 垂直航拍图viewshed 视域visible scale range 可见比例范围Visual center 视觉中心visual hierarchy 视觉层次visualization可视化V oronoi diagram V oronoi 图V oxel 三维像素Warping 变形waterfall model 瀑布模型Watershed 分水岭Wavelength 波长wavelet compression 小波压缩wayfinding 路线搜寻Waypoint 路点Web clients Web 客户端Web-enabled 支持Web Weight 权重Weighted mean center 加权平均中心weighted moving average 加权移动平均Weighted overlay 加权重叠weird polygon 复杂多边形well 水井World 世界Windowing 窗口Wireframe 线框workbook 工作簿,练习册workflow 工作流Zenithal projection 天顶投影zonal analysis 区域分析zonal functions 区域函数zone of interpolation 内插区zoning 分区zoom 缩放。

考研英语地理阅读

考研英语地理阅读考研英语中的地理阅读部分，对许多考生来说既是挑战也是机遇。

地理知识在英语考试中占有一席之地，不仅因为它是学术研究中的一个重要领域，也因为它能够考察考生的综合语言能力。

在准备考研英语地理阅读时，考生需要掌握一定的地理知识和专业术语，同时还要具备快速理解和分析复杂信息的能力。

首先，考生需要了解地理学的基本框架，包括自然地理和人文地理两大分支。

自然地理主要研究地球的物理特征，如地形、气候、水文等；而人文地理则关注人类活动对地理环境的影响，如城市化、农业发展等。

在阅读材料中，这些主题可能会以案例研究、数据分析或理论讨论的形式出现。

其次，考生应该掌握一些基本的地理学术语。

例如，“plate tectonics”（板块构造学）解释了地球表面板块的运动，“glacier”（冰川）描述了由积雪压缩形成的冰体，“urban sprawl”（城市扩张）则涉及到城市无序扩张对环境的影响。

这些术语不仅有助于理解文章内容，也是答题时不可或缺的关键词。

在阅读技巧方面，考生需要培养快速浏览和寻找关键信息的能力。

地理文章往往包含大量的数据和图表，考生应该学会如何从这些信息中提炼出文章的主旨和论点。

此外，理解文章的结构也很重要，通常地理文章会按照“背景-问题-分析-结论”的顺序展开，掌握这一结构有助于考生更好地把握文章的逻辑。

最后，考生在练习地理阅读时，应该多接触不同类型的文章，包括学术论文、新闻报道和科普文章等。

这样可以提高考生对不同文体的适应能力，同时也能拓宽知识面，增加对地理现象的敏感度。

总之，考研英语地理阅读要求考生不仅要有扎实的语言基础，还要具备一定的地理知识和阅读技巧。

通过系统的训练和广泛的阅读，考生可以提高自己在这一领域的应试能力，从而在考试中取得优异的成绩。

人文地理学专业英语资料讲解

引言Introduction人文地理学，作为科学王国中一支较小的学科，尽管常常不被人们关注和重视，然而它却是一支最具活力的学科，它的研究主题——社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系——为许许多多形式的研究和朝气蓬勃的地理学者提供了机遇和挑战。

在最近30年来，西方人文地理学可以说是百家争鸣、百花齐放。

人文地理学家不断地接受他们以前很少遇到的其它学科的新思想、新观念，这样就给人文地理学的发展带来无限的生机。

Human geography is such a subject full of vitalities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography.一、人文地理学的性质Characters of human geography1、地理学形成及分化Formation and differentiation of geography地理学（geography）是希腊语中关于地球和书写两个词复合词，主要研究人类生活空间的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。

各专业英文说法

旅游系tourist department或tourism department哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学Chinese Philosophy外国哲学Foreign Philosophies逻辑学Logic伦理学Ethics美学Aesthetics宗教学Science of Religion科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学Economics理论经济学Theoretical Economics政治经济学Political Economy经济思想史History of Economic Thought经济史History of Economic西方经济学Western Economics世界经济World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学Applied Economics国民经济学National Economics区域经济学Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学Industrial Economics国际贸易学International Trade劳动经济学Labor Economics统计学Statistics数量经济学Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学National Defense Economics法学Law法学Science of Law法学理论Jurisprudence法律史Legal History宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws经济法学Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学Science of Military Law政治学Political Science政治学理论Political Theory中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学International Politics国际关系学International Relations外交学Diplomacy社会学Sociology人口学Demography人类学Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学Ethnology民族学Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art教育学Education教育学Education Science教育学原理Educational 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地质学专业英语词汇

地质学专业英语词汇摘要地质学是一门研究地球的形成、结构、演化和动力学的科学，它涉及到许多专业术语和概念，对于地质学专业的学生和从事地质学相关工作的人员来说，掌握一些基本的地质学英语词汇是非常必要的。

本文从以下几个方面介绍了一些常见的地质学专业英语词汇：地球结构、板块构造、岩石和矿物、地貌和地理、气候变化和大气、自然资源和环境保护、地质灾害等。

每个方面都给出了一些中英文对照的表格，以便于读者对比和记忆。

本文旨在为地质学专业的英语学习提供一些参考和帮助。

1. 地球结构地球是由不同的层次组成的，从内到外分别是内核、外核、地幔和地壳。

不同层次之间有不同的物理性质和化学成分，对地球的演化和运动有重要的影响。

下表列出了一些与地球结构相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere2. 板块构造板块构造是指地球表面由若干个相互移动的岩石板块组成，这些板块之间的相互作用导致了许多重要的地质现象，如大陆漂移、山脉形成、火山喷发、地震等。

下表列出了一些与板块构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文板块构造plate tectonics板块plate大陆板块continental plate海洋板块oceanic plate板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造运动tectonic movement构造应力tectonic stress构造应变tectonic strain构造变形tectonic deformation构造断裂tectonic fracture构造缝合线tectonic suture大陆漂移continental drift大陆碰撞continental collision分裂边界divergent boundary汇聚边界convergent boundary滑动边界transform boundary俯冲带subduction zone3. 岩石和矿物岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的自然固体物质，它们是地球最主要的组成部分。

地理专业英语教案

许昌学院城市与环境学院教案课程名称：地理专业英语课程类型：□理论课■理论、实践课□实践课学时：32 学分： 2授课教师：李中轩授课班级：08级地理科学授课学期：2010 至2011 学年第2学期教材名称：地理专业英语参考资料：1．地质学基础2．自然地理学3．地理学专业英语2011年 2 月 20 日《地理专业英语》教材分析本课程以培养学生地理科学专业英语文献阅读和翻译能力为主要目的，以岩石圈、大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土壤圈、人类社会圈系统和地理信息系统理论为主要内容，分为三大部共16个单元，其中技术地理部分涉及较多的3S技术方面内容，因而将其作为自学内容。

第一部分为自然地理学的基本原理，第二部分为人文地理学的基本理论，第三部分为地理信息系统的基础知识和应用。

每单元分为四个部分内容：基础知识文献、专业单词表、课后习题和补充阅读材料。

基础知识文献部分属于必学内容，涉及的地理学知识大多已经在专业课中学过，对于大三同学而言并不陌生。

关键是文献中使用大量专业词汇，这对学生而言需要花费更多的力气去过单词关，对于一个将来需要进一步深造的本科生来说是必须的和必要的知识储备。

文献部分需要认真阅读，并能复述出文献的主要观点，同时在课堂讨论中有自己的认识和独到观点，并且能够进行口语表达。

课后作业内容可以提前在预习时完成，将疑难问题放到课堂上经过讨论后解决。

每个课时都安排约30分钟作为学生的讨论和回答问题时间，也可以按照单元进度开展对应的口语交流，以提高对专业英语文献的理解和应用技能。

《专业英语》是地理科学专业的一门必修课。

本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。

也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。

通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。

介绍自己的专业英语作文地理科学示范专业

介绍自己的专业英语作文地理科学示范专业I am currently studying geography at university, whichis a fascinating and dynamic field that encompasses both the natural and social sciences. Geography is all about understanding the world around us, from the physical processes that shape the earth's surface to the human activities that transform it. My passion for this subject has been ignited by a desire to explore the complex interactions between people and their environment, and to contribute to sustainable solutions for the challenges we face today.As a geography student, I have had the opportunity to delve into a wide range of topics, from physical geography, such as climatology, geomorphology, and biogeography, to human geography, including urban studies, economic geography, and political geography. I have also gained practical skills in geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and fieldwork techniques, which have allowed me to conduct independent research and analyze spatial patterns and relationships.In addition to my academic studies, I have also been involved in various extracurricular activities related to geography, such as volunteering for environmental conservation projects, participating in geographic societies, and attending conferences and workshops. These experiences have broadened my perspective and provided me with valuable insights into the real-world applications of geography.In the future, I hope to pursue a career inenvironmental management, urban planning, or international development, where I can apply my knowledge and skills to address pressing global issues, such as climate change, urbanization, and social inequality. I am excited about the prospect of making a positive impact in the world throughmy work and contributing to the advancement of geographical science.地理科学是一个迷人而充满活力的领域，涵盖了自然和社会科学。

专业解析-人文地理学

人文地理学一、专业介绍1、概述：人文地理学是地理学发展到一定阶段兴起的一门交叉性很强的学科，日益成为地理学的研究重点，是探讨各种人文现象的地理分布、扩散和变化，以及人类社会活动的地域结构的形成和发展规律的一门学科，是地理学的两个主要分支学科之一。

2、研究方向：人文地理学的研究方向主要有：01区域发展与旅游规划02区域发展与城乡规划03城市发展与城市规划04文化地理与区域规划05城市规划与城市设计70城乡规划与管理（注：各大院校的研究方向有所不同，以中山大学为例）3、培养目标：要求毕业生掌握坚实宽广的人文地理学基础理论方法，具备坚实的地理学、规划学的专业基础和较高的外语水平，较为广博的经济学、社会学、管理学、建筑与工程技术学知识；掌握综合分析与区域分析的能力和运用遥感和GIS技术的技能；了解国内外最新的专业发展动态，并能积极借鉴其长处用于科研；成为从事城市与区域及相关领域的规划、设计、管理和研究等方面工作的复合性专业人才。

4、研究生入学考试科目：方向（01、02、03、04、05）（1）101思想政治理论（2）201英语一（3）361高等数学（B）（4）879城市规划原理（含城市道路与交通）或878地理学基础方向（70）（1）101思想政治理论（2）201英语一（3）658城乡规划（4）880地理学综合复试专业课：F3704综合考试（注：各大院校的考试科目有所不同，以中山大学为例）二、就业前景人文地理学仍是许多分支学科松散组合的一门学科，还有待于进一步的发展。

此外，有关人地关系的理论探讨，数量统计方法和模型、系统的运用，行为科学的引进，以及对社会实际问题的研究，也尚处于初始阶段。

尽管人文地理学仍存在一些问题和薄弱环节，但在现代社会发展中，人类的作用(尤其是人的素质)和科学技术的作用日益显著，使得地理学人文化的趋势加强。

人文地理学地位的提高，将使地理学的发展进入一个新的阶段。

人文地理下面有分很多方向:聚落地理、经济地理、旅游地理、文化地理、历史地理、地缘政治地理等等。

人文地理学专业英语

人文地理学专业英语Human Geography: A Major in EnglishIntroductionHuman geography is a field of study that focuses on the relationships between people and their environment, exploring the social, economic, and cultural aspects of different regions. In this article, we will delve into the subject of human geography as a major in English and discuss its significance, the skills it cultivates, and the career opportunities it offers.Importance of Human GeographyHuman geography plays a crucial role in understanding the complexities of our world. By studying this discipline in English, students gain a global perspective and develop an appreciation for diverse societies and cultures. They learn how human activities shape their surroundings and how the environment, in turn, influences human behavior. This knowledge is vital in addressing contemporary challenges such as urbanization, climate change, and social inequality.Skills Developed in Human GeographyStudying human geography as a major in English equips students with a wide range of skills that are highly valued in various professional fields. Here are some important skills cultivated through this discipline:1. Spatial Analysis: Human geographers are skilled in interpreting and analyzing spatial patterns and relationships. They have the ability tovisualize and understand complex data sets, enabling them to solve problems related to urban planning, resource management, and regional development.2. Critical Thinking: Human geography encourages students to think critically about the interactions between society and the environment. It helps them develop analytical skills, enabling them to assess and evaluate different perspectives on issues such as globalization, migration, and sustainable development.3. Research and Communication: As human geography students, individuals learn how to conduct research, gather relevant data, and present their findings effectively. These skills are crucial for academic writing, policy analysis, and communication of geographical information to a wider audience.4. Cultural Awareness: Studying human geography fosters cultural sensitivity and understanding. It encourages students to appreciate diverse cultures, traditions, and beliefs, and to recognize the importance of inclusivity, respect, and empathy in a globalized world.Career Opportunities in Human GeographyA major in human geography can lead to various career opportunities. Graduates can pursue professions in the following areas:1. Urban Planning: Human geographers can find employment in urban planning departments, where they contribute to the development of sustainable and inclusive cities. They work on issues such as transportation, land use, and community development, with the aim of creating livable urban spaces.2. Environmental Management: With their knowledge of the interaction between humans and the environment, human geography graduates can work in environmental management organizations. They help develop strategies to mitigate the impact of human activities on natural resources and ecosystems.3. Social Research: Human geography graduates can work in research institutes or social science departments, conducting studies on various topics such as population dynamics, migration, social inequality, and cultural change.4. International Development: Many organizations involved in international development projects require human geography expertise. Graduates can contribute to projects related to poverty reduction, sustainable development, and social justice in different parts of the world.ConclusionHuman geography as a major in English provides students with a solid foundation in understanding the complex interplay between society and the environment. It equips them with valuable skills in spatial analysis, critical thinking, research, and communication. Graduates can embark on fulfilling careers in urban planning, environmental management, social research, and international development. By studying human geography in English, individuals gain a global perspective and develop the knowledge necessary to address the challenges of our ever-changing world.。

我的专业地理科学英语作文

我的专业地理科学英语作文英文回答：Geography is an interdisciplinary science that combines the study of physical features, human activity, and the environment. It addresses the spatial distribution of natural and human phenomena on Earth's surface and explores the relationships between them. As a broad and complex field, geography encompasses a wide range of sub-disciplines, including physical geography, human geography, environmental geography, and geospatial science.Physical geography focuses on the physical characteristics of the Earth, including its landforms, climate, water resources, and ecosystems. It investigates the processes that shape the Earth's surface and the interactions between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Human geography, on the other hand, examines the spatial patterns of human activities and their relationship with the physical environment. It exploresissues such as population distribution, migration, urbanization, and economic development.Environmental geography investigates the interactions between humans and the natural environment. It examines the impact of human activities on the environment and develops strategies for sustainable resource management. Geospatial science, also known as geographic information science (GIS), employs spatial data and analytical techniques to visualize and analyze geographic information. It is used in various fields, including land use planning, environmental modeling, and disaster management.The study of geography provides a comprehensive understanding of the Earth's systems and the complex interactions between humans and their environment. Itequips students with the analytical and problem-solvingskills necessary to address contemporary global challenges, such as climate change, urbanization, and resource scarcity.中文回答：地理科学是一门综合性学科，它结合了对自然地理、人文和环境的研究。

人文地理学专业词汇

人文地理名词解释1、人文地理学：研究地表各种人文事象的地域分布、空间组合、人文事象与地理环境的相互关系，并且预测其发展变化规律的科学。

2、宗教地理学：研究不同宗教的区域分布、宗教的源地、教义和环境的关系，以及不同宗教对社会影响的科学。

3、政治地理学：研究地表各种政治事象的地域分布、空间组合，政治地域形成与地理环境的关系，并且预测其发展变化规律的科学。

4、行为地理学：研究人类在地理环境中的行为过程、行为空间、趣味选择及其发展规律的科学。

5、文化地理学：研究人类文化活动地域系统的形成及其发展规律的科学。

6、文化生态学：研究人类文化与地理环境相互关系的科学。

7、文化景观（人文景观）：附加在自然景观上的人类活动形态。

或者：居住于该地的某文化集团为满足其需要，利用自然界所提供的材料，在自然景观的基础上，叠加上自己所创造的文化产品被称为文化景观8、文化区：是指不同性质的文化现象分布的范围。

或者说，根据各种文化现象的差异所划分的地域单元。

9、形式文化区（均质文化区）：是指某种文化现象，或某些具有相互联系的文化现象在空间分布上具有集中的核心区和模糊的边界的文化地域单元。

10、功能文化区（异质文化区）：按行政或某种职能划分的文化区被称为功能文化区。

***乡土文化区（感知文化区）：是由于宣传或人类活动的原因，群众感到实际存在的文化区。

11、文化决定论：认为在现代技术条件下，人类不仅可以利用自然，而且可以按照人类的愿望来改造自然征服自然。

该理论与环境决定论的观点相反，过分强调人在人地关系中的主导作用，带有明显的主观主义和唯心主义的色彩。

12、文化适应：是人类为了有效获取食物和改善生活条件而逐步创造的工具、技术以及组织形式等。

13、工业区：是以一个或几个大中型工业企业为骨干，由若干大中小型企业组成的工业企业群体。

14、工业地区：是由两个以上的工业枢纽，聚集在几千到几万平方公里的城市群。

15、工业枢纽：由若干工业区和众多的工业点所组成的工业地域单元。

专业英语结课作业人文地理学研究生二年级.

专业英语结课作业——李宁 2012级人文地理On Financing Models of Real Estate Enterprise房地产公司的融资模式Abstract: Against the background that the central government is strengthening macro control and tightening credit scale of real estate businesses, financing capacity becomes the determinant for a real estate enterprise's development. Domestic enterprises nave many ways of financing, and this paper describes ten common models, simply analyses the advantages and disadvantages of each model, while explains and recommends three financing examples models with practical examples : individual entrusted loan, trust financing and assets securitization.摘要:在国家加大宏观调控力度、紧缩房地产信贷规模的背景下, 房地产企业面临严峻的资金压力,融资能力成为决定房地产持续发展的决定因素。

国内房地产企业的融资方式较多, 本文深入浅出地介绍了常见的十种模式, 简单地分析了各种模式的优缺点, 并结合工作实际, 推荐和较详细地介绍了三种融资模式:个人委托贷款、信托融资、资产证券化。

Keywords: real estate enterprise, enterprise financing, individual entrusted loan, trust financing, assets securitization, equity financing 关键字:房地产企业;企业融资;个人委托贷款;信托融资;资产证券化;股权融资文章分为四部分:1、 Introduction 介绍2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式3、 Comparison and selection of real estate enterprise financing models 对比选择房地产公司融资模式4、 Conclusion 结论1、 Introduction 介绍Real estate industry features in capital intensive, long development cycle, great input, high risk and so on. Traditional financing ways for real estate enterprises mainly include self-funded plus bank loans. Since the People's Bank of China issued No.121 Paper, financial institutions tightened cash flows, enterprises dependent on commercial banksfor financing get into difficulties, meaning financing capacity has become a determinant for the sustainable development of a real estate enterprise.The financial system in China is not mature, so real estate enterprises should not only be confined to bank loans, but also seek for more financing channels and fully play the diversified financing functions of the society, for survival and further development. Only enterprises with timely innovation in financing and plenty of capital can survive and develop. Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to study and analyze various financing ways.2、 Common financing model for real estate enterprises 房地产公司的一般融资模式Domestic real estate enterprises have different financing models, each with advantages and disadvantages, and they are summarized as follows:2.1 Bank loans 银行贷款This is a traditional financing method. According to statistics, before No.121 Paper from the People’s Bank of China, real estate projects sourced about 60% of the fund directly or indirectly from banks. Bank loans include credit loans, mortgage loans, etc.Some enterprises used to mortgage the land they take for loans, arrear part of land transferring fees, stage the project development, subcontract the project with advance capital and forward sale, etc. to rapidly recover funds. Nowadays, these ways are not workable.2.2 Institutional investments + bank loans 机构投资 +银行贷款Institutional investments plus bank loans, this model is also referred as bridge loans. When real estate enterprises are not able to self-fund for land grant fee, etc., institutional investors provide short-term capital support (bridging, to keep the project moving (crossing bridge. When the projects have cash inflow, Banks began to loan. For enterprises targeting at further development, this model only ease the cash tightness for a while, not a guarantee for long-term financial support.2.3Equity financing 股权融资Equity financing model is broadly adopted in real estate industry. In order to get financed, many real estate project developers are willing to attract funds through capital and equity increase. The largest shortcoming缺点 of this model is that the developers have to give out分发 a large part of profits, which is not quite acceptable for companies with good projects这一点并不能为拥有好项目的公司所接受 . In addition, as equity financing involves management and administrative power由于股权融资包括管理和行政权力 , enterprises for long-term development would not prefer this method企业长期发展并不喜欢这种方式 .2.4Corporate bonds 公司债券This method is often used for new projects, with a higher interest rate than that of banks of the same period比银行同期利率更高的利息 . Large enterprises generally issue more bonds, while general real estate projects seldom can get a chance to issue bonds大公司通常会发行很多债券,但通常不动产项目很少能有这样的机会 . Therequirements on the bond-issuer are strict, only exclusively-state-owned companies, public companies, and limited liability companies established by two state-owned investment subjects are qualified 债券发行人的要求是严格的 , 只有完全国有企业 , 上市公司 , 有限责任公司建立了两个国有投资主体才有资格。

地理英语_精品文档

地理英语地理英语是指以地理学为主题的英语学习和交流方式。

地理学研究地球上的各种现象，包括地形、地貌、气候、生态等等。

地理学的研究范围广泛，因此地理英语的学习也相应涉及到了很多不同的方面和领域。

地理英语以英语为媒介，通过学习地理学的相关词汇、表达和理论，来帮助学习者更好地理解和运用地理学的知识。

地理英语的学习对于想要从事地理学相关工作或对地理学感兴趣的人来说非常有用。

首先，地理英语的学习可以帮助学习者扩大地理学的知识面。

地理学的研究范围涉及到全球各个地区的地形、气候、生态等等，通过学习地理英语，可以了解到不同地区的特点和差异。

这对于旅游爱好者或者从事国际交流工作的人来说非常有价值。

其次，地理英语的学习可以帮助学习者了解地球上的各种自然现象和人文地理特点。

通过学习地理英语的词汇和理论，可以更好地理解地球自然环境方面的知识，例如地壳运动、地球的内部结构等等。

同时，也可以了解到人类社会在地理环境方面的影响，例如城市化、环境保护等等。

这对于对地球有更深入认识的人来说十分重要。

另外，地理英语的学习也可以帮助学习者更好地了解国际间的地缘政治关系。

地理学研究的不仅是地球上的自然现象，还包括各国之间的地理位置和相互关系。

通过学习地理英语，可以了解到各国的地理特点和相对位置，帮助理解国际关系中的地缘政治因素。

这对于国际关系研究者或从事国际商务的人来说非常有用。

最后，地理英语的学习可以帮助学习者提高英语水平。

通过学习地理学的相关词汇和理论，可以扩大词汇量，并掌握专业领域的英语表达。

地理学涉及到很多特殊领域的术语，掌握这些术语对于地理学专业从业者非常重要。

同时，地理英语的学习也可以通过阅读地理学相关文献和文章来提高阅读能力和理解能力。

综上所述，地理英语是以地理学为主题的英语学习和交流方式。

通过学习地理英语，不仅可以扩大地理学的知识面，了解地球上的各种现象和特点，也可以帮助理解国际关系中的地缘政治因素，并提高英语水平。

地理英语的学习对于对地理学感兴趣的人来说是一种有益的学习方式。

【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总

【人文地理学】119个专业英语名词解释汇总[1]Physical GeographyThe study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment, such as landforms, plants, animals, and climate[2]Human GeographyThe study of the events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter earth[3]Spatial PerspectiveGeographic perspective that focuses on how people live on Earth, how they organize themselves, and why the events of human societies occur where they do[4]Ecological Perspectivethe relationships between living things and their environments[5]Locationthe position that a point or object occupies on Earth[6]Absolute LocationThe exact location of an object, usually expressed in coordinates of longitude and latitude[7]Relative Locationa description of where a place is in relation to other places or features[8]Placea location on Earth that is distinguished by its physical and human characteristics[9]SiteA place's absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics, such as the landforms, climate, and resources[10]SituationLocation of a place in relation to other places or its surrounding features [11]SpaceThe area between two or more things[12]Distributeto arrange within a given space[13]Densitythe number of things- people, animals, or objects -in a specific area [14]Patternthe way in which things are arranged in a particular space[15]Flowmovement of people, goods, or information that has economic, social, political, or cultural effects on societies[16]Environmental Determinismthe idea that human behavior is strongly affected, controlled, or determined by the physical environment[17]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[18]Time-space Compressiona key geographic principle that describes the ways in which modern transportation and communication technology have allowed humans to travel and communicate over long distances more quickly and easily[19]Possibilismtheory of human-environment interaction that states that humans have the ability to adapt the physical environment to their needs[20]SustainabilityThe use of Earth's land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future[21]ScaleThe area of the world being studied[22]Regionan area of Earth's surface with certain characteristics that make it cohesive yet distinct from other areas[23]Formal Regionan area that has one or more shared traits; also called a uniform region [24]Functional Regionan area organized by its function around a focal point, or the center of an interest or activity[25]Nodethe focal point of a functional region[26]Suburbsless densely populated residential and commercial areas surrounding a city[27]Perceptual Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a vernacular region[28]Vernacular Regiona type of region that reflects people's feelings and attitudes about a place; also called a perceptual region[29]Globalizationthe expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale[30]Theorya system of ideas intended to explain certain phenomena[31]World System Theorytheory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy; categorizes countries as part of a hierarchy consisting of the core, periphery, and semi-periphery [32]Coreclassification of a country or region that has wealth, higher education levels, more advanced technologies, many resources, strong militaries, and powerful allies[33]Peripheryclassification of a country or region that has less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technologies and also tends to have an unstable government and poor healthcare systems[34]Semi-peripheryclassification of a country or region that has qualities of both core and peripheral areas and is often in the process of industrializing[35]Sustainable Developmentdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs[36]Quantitativeinvolving data that can be measured by numbers[37]Qualitativeinvolving data that is descriptive of a research subject and is often based on people's opinions[38]Censusan official count of the number of people in a defined area, such as a state[39]Geographic Information Systems(GIS)a computer system that allows for the collection, organization, and display of geographic data for analysis[40]Topographythe representation of Earth's surface to show natural and human-made features, especially their relative positions and elevations[41]Remote Sensingcollecting or analyzing data from a location without making physical contact[42]Global Positioning System(GPS)a network of satellites that orbit Earth and transmit location data to receivers, enabling users to pinpoint their exact location[43]Cartographersa person who creates maps[44]Absolute DistanceDistance that can be measured using a standard unit of length[45]Relative Distancedistance determined in relation to other places or objects[46]Absolute DirectionThe cardinal directions north, south, east, and west[47]Relative Directiondirection based on a person's perception, such as left, right, up, or down [48]Map Scalethe relationship of the size of the map to the size of the area it represents on Earth's surface[49]Reference Mapsa map that focuses on the location of places[50]Thematic Mapsany map that focuses on one or more variables to show a relationship between geographic data[51]Population Distributionwhere people live in a geographic area[52]Dispersedspread out[53]Climatethe long-term patterns of weather in a particular area[54]Temperate Climatesa climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts[55]Landformsthe natural features of Earth's surface[56]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[57]Population Densitythe number of people occupying a unit of land[58]Arithmetic Densitythe total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density [59]Physiological Densitythe total number of people per unit of arable land[60]Arable Landland that can be used to grow crops[61]Agricultural Densitythe total number of farmers per unit of arable land[62]Subsistence Agriculturean agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock[63]Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size an environment can sustain[64]Dependency Ratiothe number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100[65]Sex Ratiothe proportion of males to females in a population[66]Demographicsdata about the structures and characteristics of human populations [67]Fertilitythe ability to produce children[68]Crude Birth Rate(CBR)the number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [69]Total Fertility Rate(TFR)the average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (ages 15 to 49)[70]Mortalitydeaths as a component of population change[71]Crude Death Rate(CDR)the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population [72]Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births [73]Life Expectancythe average number of years a person is expected to live[74]Population Pyramidsa graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population[75]Rate of Natural Increase(INR)rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate[76]Doubling Time(DT)the number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double[77]Urbanizationurban growth and development[78]Overpopulationa term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life[79]Neo-Malthusiandescribing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources[80]Demographic Transition Model(DTM)a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate[81]Epidemiological Transition Model(ETM)a model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death[82]Antinatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth[83]Pronatalistdescribing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth[84]Land Degradationlong-term damage to the soil's ability to support life (page 103) [85]Mobilityall types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances[86]Circulationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[87]Human Migrationthe permanent movement of people from one place to another[88]Emigrationmovement away from a location[89]Immigrationmovement to a location[90]Net Migrationthe difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country[91]Gravity Modela model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation [92]Push Factora negative cause that compels someone to leave a location[93]Pull Factora positive cause that attracts someone to a new location[94]Voluntary Migrationtype of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place [95]Forced Migrationtype of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors[96]Transnational Migrationinternational migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin[97]Internal Migrationmovement within a country's borders[98]Friction of Distancea concept that states that the longer a journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve[99]Transhumancethe movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter[100]Chain Migrationtype of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there[101]Step Migrationseries of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination[102]Intervening Obstaclean occurrence that holds migrants back[103]Intervening Opportunityan occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice [104]Guest Workersa migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor[105]Circular Migrationmigration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs[106]Distance Decaya principle stating that the farther away one thing is from another, the less interaction the two things will have[107]Refugeesa person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death[108]Asylumthe right to protection in a country[109]Internally Displaced Personsperson who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders[110]Human Traffickingdefined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"[111]Repatriateto return to one's home country[112]Interregional Migrationmovement from one region of the country to another[113]Intraregional Migrationmovement within one region of the country[114]Quotaslimit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year [115]Kinship Linksnetworks of relatives and friends[116]Skills Gapa shortage of people trained in a particular industry[117]Remittancesmoney earned by an emigrant abroad and sent back to his or her home country [118]Brain Drainthe loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another often richer country[119]Relocation Diffusionthe spread of culture traits through the movement of people。

地理师范生专业英语课程思政案例

地理师范生专业英语课程思政案例【原创实用版】目录一、引言1.地理师范生专业英语课程的背景和意义2.思政案例在英语教学中的作用和价值二、案例分析1.案例选择：以“中国的地理特征与资源”为主题2.案例内容：涉及我国的地理概况、自然资源、人文地理等方面3.案例教学方法：采用问题导向、小组讨论、角色扮演等多种形式三、思政案例在地理师范生专业英语课程中的应用1.提升学生的国家认同感和民族自豪感2.增强学生的全球视野和中国情怀3.培养学生的责任意识和使命感四、案例反思与总结1.思政案例在地理师范生专业英语课程中的实际效果2.对未来教学的启示和建议正文一、引言随着我国教育事业的发展，地理师范生专业英语课程越来越受到重视。

地理师范生作为未来地理教育的主力军，他们的英语水平和全球视野对提高地理教育质量具有重要意义。

在这个背景下，将思政案例融入地理师范生专业英语课程中，不仅提高了学生的英语水平，还培养了他们的家国情怀和社会责任感。

思政案例在英语教学中的作用和价值主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，思政案例有助于激发学生的学习兴趣，使学生在学习英语的过程中更好地了解国情，增强国家认同感；其次，思政案例有助于培养学生的全球视野和中国情怀，使他们既能站在世界的舞台上，又能扎根于中国的大地；最后，思政案例有助于培养学生的责任意识和使命感，使他们明白作为地理师范生所肩负的责任和使命。

二、案例分析在本次地理师范生专业英语课程中，我们选择了以“中国的地理特征与资源”为主题的思政案例。

案例内容涉及我国的地理概况、自然资源、人文地理等方面，旨在让学生在英语学习的过程中更好地了解国情，增强国家认同感。

在教学方法上，我们采用了问题导向、小组讨论、角色扮演等多种形式。

问题导向让学生在课堂上始终保持思考，小组讨论使学生能够在合作中提高英语表达能力，角色扮演则让学生更加直观地了解我国的地理特征与资源。

三、思政案例在地理师范生专业英语课程中的应用1.提升学生的国家认同感和民族自豪感：通过学习“中国的地理特征与资源”这个思政案例，学生对我国的地理概况有了更加全面的了解，增强了他们的国家认同感和民族自豪感。