地理信息科学专业英语教程文件
GIS专业外语
Learning Objectives 1. Understanding the contents of geospatial data 2. Be familiar with data collection, uncertainty 3. Be familiar with terminology
GIS store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In raster data models, the data are represented as: an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real world objects.
Notes and Phrases location 定位 attribute 属性 arcs (lines) 弧线 polygons (traversed areas) 多边形 points (labeled nodes) 点(标识节点) nodes (intersection points). 节点（交汇点） Data collection 数据采集 color aerial photograph 彩色航空照片
4.1.2 Secondary geographical data capture Geographical data capture from secondary sources is the process of creating raster and vector files and databases from maps, photographs, and other hard-copy documents. Scanning is used to capture raster data. Table digitizing, heads-up digitizing, stereo-photogrammetry are used for vector data.
GIS专业英语教学教材
G I S专业英语第一课Comprehensive:全面的，综合的，Intellectual:智力的，才智的Jargon:专业术语Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派生物，衍生物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换第二课Automated：自动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶片Electronic：电子的Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Planimeter:测面器，求积仪Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：手绘Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇工Clarify：澄清，阐明Taxonomy：分类学，分类法Bifurcation：分歧，分叉Parcel:地块Conservation：保存，保持Procurement：获得，取得，采购Wildlife：野生动植物Earthquake：地震Landslide：泥石流，山崩Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Sophisticated：精致的，复杂的第三课Pervade:弥漫，遍及Aspect：坡向，方向，面貌Inevitable：必然的，不可避免的Proprietary：所有的，专利的Mineral：矿物的，矿质的Military：军队，军人Electricity：电力，电流Telecommunication：通讯，电信学Interconnect：使相互连接，相互联系Administrative：管制的，行政的Environmental：环境的，周围的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Manipulation：操作，操纵，处理Historically：历史上地，Subsume：把…..归入，把…..包括在Eclipse：形成蚀，使黯然失色Visualization：可视化，Immense：巨大的，广大的Analogue：类似，相似物Conventional：常见的，惯例的Enquire：询问，打听Coniferous：松柏科的Highlight：强调，突出，Stress：强调，加压力与Derive：得到，源于Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Algorithm：算法，Interpret：说明，口译，解释Artificial：人造的，仿造的，虚伪的Geomatique:地理信息技术Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Preliminary：初步的，起始的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Encode：编码Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Parcel:地块Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Prime meridian：本初子午线Algorithm：算法，Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Visualization：可视化，Globe；球体Map projection地图投影Planar projection；平面投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Characteristic，特征，特性Reference globe；参考椭球体Scale factor；比例因子Principle scale；主比例尺Equivalent projection；等积投影Equidistant；等距投影Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Intelligence：智力，理解力，Correlation：相关，关联Urban：城市的Agriculture：农业，农艺Adjunct：附属物，修饰语Subdiscipline:学科的分支，副学科第四课Globe；球体Illustrate；阐明Configuration；配置，结构，外形Thematic；主题的Encounter；遭遇；邂逅Map projection地图投影Cylindrical；圆柱形的Projection family；投影系Planar projection；平面投影Cylindrical projection；圆柱投影Conical projection；圆锥投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Community，社区，团体Representation；表现，陈述Characteristic，特征，特性Retain；保持，记住Convert；使转变Reference globe；参考椭球体Principle scale；主比例尺Scale factor；比例因子Cardinal 主要的，基本的Angular conformity；角度一致Conformal；等角的Orthomorphic；正形的Equivalent projection；等积投影Fundamental；基本的Equidistant；等距投影Maintain；维持，维修，供养Standard parallel；标准纬线Vital；生死攸关的，至关重要的Preservation；保存，保留Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Shopping mall ；大卖场Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Stereographic；立体照相的Orthographic；直角的Georeference；地理坐标参考系Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影Data type；数据类型，资料类型Attribute；属性，性质Vector；矢量Raster：光栅Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Topology；拓扑学Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Quadtree；四叉树Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Orthophoto；正色摄影Map algebra地图代数Forestry stand；林地，林区Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的Quantized：量化的Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Spatial：空间分析技术Binary：二元的，二进制的Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Run-length code:长度方向编码Subsystem：子系统Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Database：数据库Resolution：解析，决议Entity：实体Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Coordinate:坐标From node：终点Intersect：交叉，相交Form node：起始点Graph theory：图论Analog：模拟地图Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题Scheme：模式，计划Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Coordination；对等，同等第五课Georeference；地理坐标参考系Ellipsoid；椭圆，椭面Department of defence；国防部Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影第六课Thematic；题目的，主题的Facilitate；促进，帮助Data type；数据类型，资料类型Animation；活泼生气，激励Attribute；属性，性质Narration；叙述，讲述Vector；矢量Raster；光栅Image；影像，肖像Photograph；照片，相片Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Connectivity；连通性，互联性Topology；拓扑学Mathematical；数学的，数学上的Adjacency；毗邻，四周Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Gridcell；格网单元Tesseate；棋盘格网的Quadtree；四叉树Data volume；数据卷Cumbersome；笨重的Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Imperative；必要的，势在必行的Map algebra地图代数Modeling；造型的Distinguish；区别，区分Orthophoto；正色摄影Ancillary；辅助的，Rectify；改正Summarize；总结，概述Aesthetically；审美的Continuous；连续的，持续的Filtering；过滤，滤除Idelally；理想的，观念上Descrete；离散的，不连续的Forestry stand；林地，林区Accommodate；供应，容纳Integrity；完整性，正直Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的第七课Quantized：量化的Coverage：覆盖Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Efficient：有效的，生效的Awkward：笨拙的，尴尬的Checkerboard：棋盘Similarity：类似，相似点Recreation：娱乐，消遣Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Primary：主要的Eliminate：消除，排除Intuitive：直觉Binary：二元的，二进制的Accomplished：熟悉的，有技巧的Retrieve：检索的Manipulation：操纵，操作Mainframe：主机，Workstation：工作台，工作站Flexibility：弹性，灵活性Transparent：透明的，显然的Strengthening：强化，加固Linkage：连接，联系Spatial：空间分析技术Maturing：成熟第八课Run-length code:长度方向编码Compacting：压缩，精简Approach：方法Subsystem：子系统Acetate：一种透明胶片Numerical：数字的，数值的Giggling :轻笑，傻笑Humility：谦逊的Workload：负载，工作量Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Cumbersome：笨重的，难使用的Respectively：各自的，分别的Homogeneous：各种的，相似的Quadrant：四分之一Variable：变量的，易变的Resolution：解析，决议Subdivision：细分，子部Multiple：多个的，多种的Database：数据库第九课Reminiscent：提示的，怀旧的Entity：实体Implicit：隐式的，内含的Explicit：明晰的，明确的‘Intervening：干涉的Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Envision：预见，展望Coordinate:坐标Enormous:巨大的Plotting device：绘图设备Precalculated:预先计算好的Incorporate：集成，包含Contact：接触Intersect：交叉，相交Identification：识别Tedious：冗长的Approximate：接近，使接近Polygon：多边形From node：终点Suffer：遭受Analog：模拟地图Graph theory：图论Portrayal：描述，画像Meandering：曲折的Drawback：缺点第十课Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Scheme：模式，计划Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题第十一课Majority：大多数Algorithm：算法Plotter：绘图仪Rasterisation:栅格化Vectorisation：矢量化Approximation：近视，概算Pixel：像素Boundary：边界Minimise :使……最小化Sampling：取样Jaggedness:层次不齐Aliasing：扭曲，变形Signal processing：信号处理Counteracting；反作用Continuint；连续性Increment；增长Curve；曲线Neighbouring polygon相邻多边形Allocating；分配Areal；面积的Context，上下文，环境Dominant；重要的，强大的Clipped；裁剪的Rounding；圆的Associated；联合的Predict；预测Coherence；连贯性，相关性Aberration；偏离，偏差Strategy；策略Assumption；假定，臆断。
《专业英语》课程教学大纲
《专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称（中文/英文）：专业英语/ Professional English 课程编码：12024019 课程类型：专业选修课 课程性质：专业课 适用范围：06地理信息系统学分数：2 先修课程：《大学英语》《地理信息系统》 学时数：36 其中：实验/实践学时：0 课外学时：0 考核方式：考查 制订日期：2006年制订单位：广州大学地理科学学院 审核者：夏丽华 执笔者：冯艳芬一、教学大纲说明（一）课程的地位、作用和任务（一）课程的地位、作用和任务该课程属于地理信息系统专业基础课之一，通过该课程的学习，学生基本能掌握常用的地理信息系统专业词汇，能查阅相关的外文资料，阅读简单的外文文献，阅读简单的外文文献，能进行简单的英文能进行简单的英文摘要撰写。
摘要撰写。
本课程的任务主要为：本课程的任务主要为：（1） 增加学生专业词汇量增加学生专业词汇量 （2） 介绍专业文献阅读的技巧介绍专业文献阅读的技巧 （3） 加强对英文长句翻译的训练加强对英文长句翻译的训练 （4） 介绍论文英文摘要的写法介绍论文英文摘要的写法（5） 介绍专业在国际上的发展趋势介绍专业在国际上的发展趋势 （二）课程教学的目的和要求（二）课程教学的目的和要求能让学生在学完二年能让学生在学完二年《大学英语》的基础上，《大学英语》的基础上，《大学英语》的基础上，增加专业方面的词汇，同时了解本专业在增加专业方面的词汇，同时了解本专业在英文上的表达方式，通过本课程的学习，通过本课程的学习，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，能根据教学的要求查能根据教学的要求查阅简单的外文专业文献，基本能够读懂文献中的主要方法与主要内容，同时能为四年级论文的撰写打下基础，介绍论文英文摘要的写法。
的撰写打下基础，介绍论文英文摘要的写法。
要求：掌握要求：掌握500个专业词汇，个专业词汇，能基本完成对专能基本完成对专业长句中译英或英译中的翻译，基本能读懂专业文献。
地理信息系统专业英语
资源配置 (Resource Configuration)
city utilities
disaster relief materials distribution
energy security ……
In this type of application , GIS is to guarantee the most reasonable allocation of resources and to maximize the efficiency.
find the best locate place for a plant
return
On the consumer level
GIS applications combined with Global Positioning System as well as remote sensing technologies enable us
to
***Find the nearest Starbucks ***Get turn-by-turn directions to the closest gas station. ***Find the best locate place
consumer
Resource management
Mainly applied in agriculture and forestry fields, solve the agriculture and forestry resources questions (such as land area, forests and grasslands) classification, statistical ,distribution, etc. Main answering "localization" and "mode" two kinds of problems.
大学GIS专业英语教学内容
Part I T he Basic Concept of GISLesson 1 What Is GISWHAT ARE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS?In the broadest possible terms, geographic information systems are tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into information, tied explicitly to, and used to make decisions about, some portion of the earth. This working definition is neither comprehensive nor particularly precise. Like the field of geography itself, the term is difficult to define and presents the integration of many subject areas. As a result, there is no absolutely agreed upon definition of a geographic information system. The term itself is becoming hybridized and modified to conform to intellectual, cultural, economic and even political objectives (Table 1). This terminology has, in fact, become extremely elastic, resulting in an increasingly confusing jargon due to new definitions that constantly creep into both the scientific and the popular literature.TABLE 1 Examples of Synonymous Terms for Geographic InformationSystem and the Source or Motivation behind Their Derivation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Terminology SourceGeographic information system United States terminologyGeographical information system European terminologyGeomatique Canadian terminologyGeorelational information system Technology-based terminologyNatural resources information system Discipline-based terminologyGeoscience or geological information Discipline-based terminologysystemSpatial information system Nongeographical DerivativeSpatial data analysis system Terminology based on what system does ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..This lack of accepted definition has resulted in many gross misconceptions about what a GIS is, what its capabilities are, and what such a system might be used for. It has lead some people to believe, for example, that there is no difference between computer assisted cartography, computer assisted drafting, and GIS. Because the graphic display from these three systems can look identical to both the casual and the trained observer, it is easy to assume that they are, with minor differences, the same thing. Anyone attempting to analyze maps will soon discover, however, that computer assisted cartographic (CAC) systems, computer systems designed to create maps from graphical objects combined with descriptive attributes, are excellent for display, but generally lack the analytical capabilities of a GIS. Likewise, for pure mapping purposes it is highly desirable to use a computer assisted cartographic system developed specifically for the input, design, and output of mappable data, rather than working through the myriad analytics of the GIS to produce a simple map. Computer assisted drafting (CAD) — (a computer system developed to produce graphic images but not normally tied to external descriptive data files) — is excellent software for the architect, speeding the process of producing architectural drawings, and simplifying the editing process. It would not be as easy to use for producing maps as would CAC, nor would it be capable of analyzing maps — generally the primary tasks assigned to the GIS.For the experienced user of GIS technology, there is no need for a definition. The complex geographical queries that demand its use normally could not be addressed by CAC and CAD. But for those who have only heard of these tools a definition might prove useful. A preliminary definition for consideration might be that of David Rhind, who defined GIS as “a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating and analyzing information related to the surface of the earth”. This definition has some highly worthwhile elements that should be examined. First, it indicates that the GIS deals with the surface of the earth. Although this is not an absolute requirement, the vast majority of GIS applications do deal with portions of the earth. Moreover, the statement that the GIS is used to collect, check, integrate, and analyze information enumerates a large number of the necessary groups of operations for any geographic information system.Many additional definitions of GIS have been proposed. Some have shown the strong linkage between manual and computer-based methods of map analysis. Most others have explicitly stated among its primary objectives, to act as a tool for analyzing data about the earth. As we will see at the end of this text, one can also extend the definition to include the organization and people involved in working with spatial data as well. Like any technology that changes as quickly as does GIS, the definitions themselves will likely change as well.For this text I have chosen to use a definition that more closely resembles the way the GIS operates as a series of subsystems within a larger system. That definition proposed as a standard by Marble and Peuquet, and used in some form by others in their own definitions, pretty much sums up what it is we do with a GIS and how we do it. It states that GIS deals with space-time data, and often, but not necessarily, employs computer hardware and software. More importantly, perhaps, is the subsystem nature of his definition that provides an easily understandable framework for the study of GIS. The GIS, according to this definition, has the following subsystems:A data input subsystem that collects and preprocesses spatial data from various sources. This subsystem is also largely responsible for the transformation of different types of spatial data (i.e., from isoline symbols on a topographic map to point elevation inside the GIS).A data storage and retrieval subsystem that organizes the spatial data in a manner that allows retrieval, updating, and editing.A data manipulation and analysis subsystem that performs tasks on the data, aggregates and disaggregates, estimates parameters and constraints, and performs modeling functions.A reporting subsystem that displays all or part of the database in tabular, graphic, or map form.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [1])New Wordscomprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] 全面的；无所不包的；综合性的intellectual [ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃʊəl, -tjʊəl] 智力的，才智的jargon [ˈdʒɑːg(ə)n] 专业术语terminology [ˌtɜ:məˈnɔlədʒi:] 专门用语Geomatique地理信息技术Geoscience [ˌdʒi(:)əuˈsaiəns] 地球科学derivative [dɪˈrɪvətɪv] 派生物，衍生物Cartography [kɑːˈtɒgrəfi] 地图绘制学；地图绘制architect [ˈɑ:kitekt] 建筑师preliminary [priˈliminəri] 初步的；起始的；预备的enumerate [ɪˈnjuːməreɪt] 列举，枚举resembles [riˈzembl] 像，与…相似transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən, -fɔ:r-] 转换Exercises1.List some examples of synonymous terms for GIS.2.What’s the subsystems of GIS defined in this text?Lesson 2 What Kinds of Functions Does a GIS Have?The subsystem definition allows for easy comparison between the modern automated GIS and its analog counterpart, particularly when considering the steps in the cartographic process (Table 1). The first GIS subsystem, the data input subsystem, is roughly equivalent to the first and second steps in the cartographic process — data collection and map compilation (Table 2). In traditional cartography the cartographer compiles or records a map made up of points, lines, and areas on a physical medium such as paper or Mylar. The data are collected from such sources as aerial photography, digital remote sensing, surveying, visual description, and census and statistical data. The automated counterpart uses electronic devices to record or encode points, lines, and areas into a computer system. Data collection sources are often the same as those used for traditional mapping, but now, include a wide variety of digital sources: digital line graphs, digital elevation models, digital orthophotoquads, and many more. Although the mechanics differ between the two technologies, the actual methods are strikingly similar.TABLE 1 Comparison of the Cartographic Process as Applied to Traditional Cartography (Map) and Geographic Information System (GIS) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….Map GISData collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc. Data collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc.Data processing: aggregation, classing, Data processing: aggregation, classing, plusetc.; linear process analysis; circular processMap production: final step except for Map production: not always final step;Reproduction and dissemination normally one map used to produce still moreMapreproductionMapreproduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..TABLE 2 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Input Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..MapInput: recorded (compiled) on paper from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Aerial photography·Digital remote sensing ·Surveying·Visualdescriptions·Census dataGIS Input: “encoded” into the computer from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Same as map data·Digital Line Graph (DLG)·Digital Elevation Models (DEM) ·DigitalOrthophotoquads ·Otherdigitaldatabases·Statistical data, etc...............................................................................................................................................................This is also the case for the second subsystem, the storage and retrieval subsystem (Table 2.3). Although there is no actual counterpart in the cartographic method, the map itself is the storage and retrieval tool. Points, lines, and areas that have been placed on the cartographic document are stored there for retrieval by the map reader. It has been said that the map is the most compact medium for the storage of spatially related information and may be the most complex form of graphic device available. In fact, the compactness of the map and its complexity frequently hamper the map reader’s ability to extract information.The GIS storage and retrieval subsystem has some advantages over the graphic map in that queries can be made of the data and only the appropriate, context-specific information recalled (Table 3). This format places more emphasis on formulating queries and asking the appropriate questions and less on overall map interpretation. In general terms，this subsystem stores, either explicitly or implicitly, the graphic locations of point, line, and area objects (entities), and their associated characteristics (attributes). Computer search methods are inherent in the GIS programs themselves to allow questions to be asked and for appropriate answers to be given.TABLE 3 Analog Versus Digital GI S: A Comparison of Storage and Retrieval Subsystem Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map GISPoints, lines, and areas are drawn on Points, lines, and areas are stored as grid cells orpointersincomputer.andwithpapersymbols. coordinatepairsRetrieval is simply a matter of map Attribute tables are associated with Reading. Coordinate pairs.Retrieval requires efficient computer searchtechniques. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..In the analysis subsystem, once again there is no exact cartographic method counterpart, except that the map is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatially related data (Table 4). The analog map requires rulers to measure distances, compasses to find directions and dot grids or planimeters to measure areas. Furthermore the map analyst is restricted to the graphic methods used to present the data on the piece of paper or Mylar. Still, these map analysis tools have been used for a great many years because of the known utility of comparing spatially related phenomena in a quantitative manner.TABLE 4 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Analysis Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Map GISRequires rulers, planimeters, compasses, and Uses the power of the computer to measure, other tools all used by the human compare, and describe contents of theanalyst databaseRestricted to the data as they are aggregated Allows ready access to the raw data and allows and represented on the paper map aggregation and reclassification forfurther analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..The analysis subsystem is the heart of the GIS. The need to analyze maps to compare and contrast patterns of earth-related phenomena, exemplified by the long-standing tradition of doing so with traditional maps, provides an impetus to find more convenient, faster, and more powerful methods. GIS analysis uses the power of the modern digital computer to measure, compare, and describe the contents of the databases. It allows ready access to the raw data and allows aggregation and reclassification for further analysis. Not only is it not limited in the types of data it can retrieve but it can combine selected data sets in unique and useful ways far beyond what the traditional map could provide on a single sheet.Of course, once an analysis has been performed, there is generally a need to report these results. In cartography, whether it be traditional analog cartography or its digital equivalent, computer assisted cartography, the output is generally the same — a map. The most common purpose of cartography, at least from the user perspective, is to produce a map product, usually in copies for multiple recipients. In fact, production and reproduction are the final two steps in the cartographic method.A major difference between GIS and cartography, beyond the emphasis on analysis in GIS, is the method of reporting the results of analysis (Table 5). Although many users, perhaps even most, will still require mapped output, there are many options available in modern GIS. Some typical noncartographic output could include tables listing, for example, the anticipated crop yields per hectare by soil type or predicted changes in population densities by census district. Alternatively, either of these results also could be output as a series of histograms or line graphs. Supplementally, digitally encoded photographs of selected sites could be placed on the map margins or within the tables or charts.TABLE 5 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Reporting and Output Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map Output GIS OutputGraphic device only The map is only one type of GIS outputMany forms of maps With minor exceptions, GIS offers same Modifications can include cartograms, options as traditional hand-drawn mapsEtc.Also includes tables, charts, diagrams,photographs, etc...............................................................................................................................................................More advanced GIS features are available, as well. Examples include output in the form of printed mailing labels for a search of a database of potential customers to facilitate the distribution of advertising. A 911 emergency system database could be connected to a police or fire department, so that when a caller reports an emergency, the information can be directly routed to the nearest emergency service. This output could also be in the form of a route map showing the fastest path from the emergency branch to the site of the emergency. In fact, the types of output are often dictated more by the use for which the GIS is employed than by the software. And, like the users of maps, the outputs are many and varied.Among the more interesting phenomena arising from the wide range of users is a new set of terms defining the system on the basis of what it does. For example, one could have a police information system, a natural resources information system, a census information system, a rangeland evaluation system, a land information system, a cadastral information system, and so on. Although these terms are generally descriptive of the use for which the GIS is being employed, they do little to clarify the exact nature of the system. In fact, they generally add considerably to the confusion. Perhaps a more structured approach to classification of GIS in the form of a taxonomy would prove useful (Figure 1).InformationNonspatial SpatialNon-geographic Geographic information system (GIS)Other GIS Land information system(LIS)Socioeconomic Census...Non-parcelbased Parcel basedManagementsystemsCAD/CAMFigure 1 A taxonomy of information systems. The illustration shows how GIS and LIS fit in.This taxonomy diagram clearly shows the separation between spatial and nonspatial information systems. The GIS appropriately fits under the spatial information systems category. Two general classes of spatial information systems are identified: geographic and nongeographic. Nongeographic information systems, although they frequently deal with some portion of geographic space, seldom have strong locational links to the earth itself. In other words, they are not generally geocoded. Thus such systems as computer assisted drafting and computer aided manufacturing, come under the nongeographic spatial information systems heading.Within geographic information systems there is yet another bifurcation. GIS are divided into land information systems (LIS) and nonland information systems, or other geographic information systems. Although the division is somewhat artificial, it is important because it separates the applications of GIS technology into those that are primarily focused on the land itself and those that, although being geocoded, are more focused on information that might either affect or be affected by land-related factors. These uses include census information systems whose primary focus is on populations and their housing and economic activities, rather than on the land on which they reside or even on their use of the land. Another (non-land-related) GIS application might include applications surrounding political redistricting. Although political redistricting, by its very nature subdivides or apportions the land into discrete portions, such activities generally have little or no direct and immediate impact on the land itself. Rather, political redistricting affects the voting patterns of those living on the land surface. A common non-land-related use of GIS is market analysis, which may include a determination of the amount of market within reasonable reach of a business (allocation) or might involve an analysis of existing facilities to determine where best to put a competing or complementary facility (location). Locating fire stations, schools, and other facilities falls into this category. In general, non-land-related GIS activities tend to entail social, economic, transportation, and political types of activities.Land-related activities provide the framework for the second, and possibly the most often used type of GIS, the land information system (LIS). Such systems are based most often on the ownership, management, and analysis of portions of the earth most frequently of interest to humans primarily because of their condition of ownership. Land information systems are further subdivided into parcel based and non-parcel based. Non-parcel-based LIS include natural resources information systems, such as those used by national park services, land management agencies, and the like. Activities within the non-parcel-based LIS could include habitat evaluation, conservation easement procurement, wildlife evaluation, earthquake and landslide prediction, flood hazard abatement, chemical contamination evaluation, forest and range management, and scientific investigation.Parcel-based LIS applications are generally focused on landownership and other cadastral investigations. The defining criterion is that the land be divided into surveyed parcels having legal descriptions. Although this terminology could also apply to such portions of land as national forests, it generally assumes that the parcels are smaller than this. Fundamental to applications of these types is a highly accurate geodetic framework upon which the parcels can be precisely described. LIS applications involve traditional survey methods and are among the largest users of NA VSTAR’s Global Positioning System (GPS) for acquiring this locational information. Once an accurate geodetic framework and cadastral system have been developed, many analyses of land-tenure change can be performed with the assurance of a high degree of measurement accuracy. Included in such studies are those attempting to arrive at compatible multiple land uses within selected parcels of land. Some of these studies may require the incorporation of a multipurpose cadastre — a parcelization framework that allows analysis of multiple land-parcel-related phenomena.Whether they are land related or human related, the applications of GIS technology are many and varied, offering enormous possibilities for both simple and extremely sophisticated analysis. Most of today’s applications are quite limited in sophistication, however. Generally, this under use of system capabilities seems to be related more to a lack of understanding of the existing potential of GIS, rather than to actual software limitations. Before we can ask software to perform a particular task, we must be aware of what that task might be. Then we can see whether the software is capable of accomplishing it. People using today’s GIS software are frequently heard saying, “Hey, I didn’t know we could do that with the computer!” The exclamation is one of discovery, not unlike the reaction of geographers of old as they ventured into the jungle with pith helmet and machete. For the person newly introduced to GIS software, the journey into new dimensions of geographic exploration has just begun.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [2])New Wordsautomated ['ɔ:təmeitid] 自动化的equivalent [i'kwivələnt] 等价的，相等的cartographer [kɑ:'tɔgrəfə] 图制作者,制图师Mylar ['mailɑ:] 胶片electronic [ilek'trɔnik] 电子的encode [in'kəud] 编码orthophotoquad 正射影象图aerial ['єəriəl] 空中的,航空的,空想的aggregation [ægri'geiʃən] 集合,聚合,集合体reproduction [,ri:prə'dʌkʃən] 再现,复制,生殖dissemination [di,semi'neiʃən] 传播,宣传,传染(病毒)counterpart ['kauntəpɑ:t] 相似之物compactness [kəm'pæktnis] 致密性complexity [kəm'pleksiti]复杂，复杂性hamper ['hæmpə] 阻碍,使...困累,困累retrieval [ri'tri:vəl] 取回,恢复,修补analog ['ænəlɔɡ] 模拟的planimeter [plæ'nimitə] 测面器；求积仪phenomena [fi'nɔminə] 现象quantitative ['kwɔntitətiv] 数量的,定量的Histogram [ˈhistəuɡræm] 直方图；柱状图Supplementally[,sʌpli'mentəli]追加；补充modification[mɔdifi'keiʃən] 修改；变型；cartogram ['kɑ:təɡræm] 统计地图；统计图hand-drawn 手绘emergency [i'mə:dʒnsi] 紧急的employe [ˌemplɔiˈi:,imˈplɔii] 雇用clarify ['klærifai] 澄清,阐明,使...明晰taxonomy ['tæk'sɔnəmi] 分类学；分类法bifurcation [baifə'keiʃən] 分歧，分叉；分歧点parcel ['pɑ:sl] 地块conservation [,kɔnsə'veiʃən] 保存，保持；保护procurement [prəu'kjuəmənt] 获得，取得；采购wildlife ['waildlaif] 野生动植物的earthquake ['ə:θkweik] 地震landslide ['lændslaid] 泥石流，山崩cadastral [kə'dæstrəl] 地籍的；（有关）土地清册的geodetic [,dʒi:əu'detik] 大地测量学的；最短线的sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] 精致的；复杂的Exercises1.Discribe the differences and connections of cartographic process of GIS with traditionalcartography.pare analysis subsystem functions between GIS and analog maps.3.How GIS fits in the taxonomy of information systems?Lesson 3 Origins and Applications of GISINTRODUCTIONThe need to place information in a geographical text pervades many aspects of human activity. In public and commercial organizations, many of these activities are connected with the recording and planning of the human-made environment, with monitoring and managing the natural environment, with transport and navigation, and with understanding social structures. It is an inevitable consequence of the revolution in information technology that we should attempt to build computing systems to handle this geographical information. The results of these technological efforts are reflected in the fields of geographical information systems (GIS) and computer cartography which are the subject of this book.When compared with the development of computing systems for maintaining commercial and financial information, progress in the field of geographical information systems has been remarkably slow. One of the earliest clearly identifiable geographical information systems is the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), which was developed for planning purposes. Although the system can be regarded as having laid the foundations, in the mid 1960s, for many subsequent GIS, it was not in fact followed by a proliferation of similar systems. It was only in the late 1980s that we saw the introduction of proprietary GIS which could claim to meet a significant proportion of the data-handling requirements of organisations concerned with geographical information. Examples of organizations in which these requirements arose include environmental mapping agencies, local and regional government administrations, marketing companies, mineral exploration companies, the military, and utility companies supplying water, electricity, gas and telecommunications.The relatively late introduction of commercially marketed GIS technology may be explained, to some extent, by the fact that the type of information to be stored in these systems is more complex, and more difficult to process at a basic level, than that found in conventional business information systems. The reasons why geographical data processing is more complex than commercial data processing relate both to the nature of geographical information itself and to the type of retrieval and analysis operations performed upon it. Geographical information is typically concerned with spatially referenced and interconnected phenomena, such as towns, roads and administrative areas, as well as less precisely defined regions with environmental attributes, such as woodlands and marshes. Physical structures and locations are defined by geometric data consisting of combinations of points, lines, areas, surfaces and volumes, in association with classifications and statistical data that attach real-world meaning. These collections of data must be treated in a manner which retains the integrity of the whole objects to which they refer, at different levels of abstraction, rather than as isolated pieces of data. Enquiries on geographical information frequently require some form of spatial search or analysis to be performed on individual regions or on combinationsof particular phenomena. Such procedures often require quite sophisticated geometric procedures for manipulation and transformation.In contrast, commercial data processing can, in general, be reduced to sets of comparative operations on the names or identifiers of, for example, personnel or goods, and to arithmetic operations on attribute values, such as salary and price, which are associated with them. These operations involve less complex algorithms than those required for spatial data. It could also be argued that the development of information technology was initially in response to non-spatial data-processing problems and as such it has been adapted to those requirements. GIS may be seen as one of a number of classes of information processing that require additional layers of special-purpose procedures.Computer systems for storing and retrieving geographical data are now at a relatively advanced stage of development, but it is still a rapidly developing field and many problems remain to be solved if these systems are to meet all the requirements of spatial analysis and decision-making. Because many organisations need to access a mix of data relating to technical, commercial and human resource issues, a measure of the effectiveness of GIS technology in the future may be the extent to which it becomes absorbed within the information infrastructure and hence disappears as an information processing system in its own right!CARTOGRAPHY AND GISThe fact that geographical information is spatially referenced means that it is associated, at least conceptually, with the field of cartography, as the traditional method of recording the location of spatial phenomena and the relationships between them. The application of computing technology to geographical information handling impacts therefore upon the discipline of cartography. Historically, the development of GIS may be seen to have paralleled efforts to automated cartographic production methods. The growth in the application of GIS technology is now so great however that, to some, cartography appears to be becoming subsumed within the field of GIS. This viewpoint may be understood if we see that the traditional role of cartography has combined the function of helping us understand spatial relationships with that of providing a database recording the form of the earth’s surface and the objects located upon it. The introduction of GIS does not necessarily eclipse the role of cartography in the visualisation of spatial knowledge but, as a means of storing, managing and analysing that knowledge, a GIS provides immense benefits when compared to the analogue technology of conventional maps.Geographical information system may then be seen to be taking over and greatly extending the role of spatial data storage which was previously played by maps. Once spatial data have been represented in digital form it becomes very much easier to carry out measurements on the data, to perform analysis in various ways, and to make changes to it. Some of the operation can be applied without recourse to a graphic map of any sort. For example, one could enquire about the distance between two named places or, say, the area of coniferous forest within a named county, without referring to a map.。
地理信息系统专业英语课程教学大纲
《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲【课程代码】：【英文译名】：Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】：地理信息系统【学分数】：3【总学时数】：48一、本课程教学目的和课程性质《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。
本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。
也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。
通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。
二、本课程的基本要求要求学生在学习完本课程后，能熟悉常用专业词汇，较流利地阅读并准确理解一般难度的英语原文专业文献和参考资料，能正确地撰写论文的英语摘要。
具体而言，本课程结束时，学生应掌握常见的科技英语词缀，识记词汇表中常见的300个左右专业词汇；阅读速度70词/分钟、理解力正确率70%；翻译(笔译、英→汉)350词(英)/小时；毕业设计（论文）的英语摘要语法、句法、词汇准确率达70%。
三、本课程与其他课程的关系先修《综合外语L》。
修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。
四、课程内容课程的学习以阅读为主，精读部分要求准确理解文章内容，理解文章细节文法结构，泛读部分则通过大量快速的阅读理解，形成较为强烈的语言环境氛围，用以强化专业英语意识。
并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。
重点：巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。
提高阅读能力和理解能力。
培养科技英语写作能力。
本课程的内容安排如下所示：Unit One Surveying and MappingLesson One SurveyingLesson Two Surveying InstrumentsLesson Three Topographic SurveyingLesson Four TraversingLesson Five Map Projection and MapsLesson Six Maps of Crime: Thematic MapsUnit Two Measurement, Errors and AdjustmentLesson One Errors in MeasurementsLesson Two Sources of Error in LevelingLesson Three Adjustments of Level CircuitsLesson Four Survey AdjustmentLesson Five Adjustment Computation by Least SquaresUnit Three Global Positioning System (GPS)Lesson One The Fundamental Knowledge of GPSLesson Two The Components of Global Positioning SystemLesson Three Integration of RTK GPS Technology into Everyday Surveying Unit Four The Fundamental Knowledge of GISSection One What’s GISSection Two VectorSection Three RasterSection Four TopologySection Five DEM, DTM and TINSection Six RDBMSSection Seven GeostatisticsUnit Five The Future of GISSection One Future DataSection Two Future HardwareSection Three Future SoftwareSection Four Some Future Issues and ProblemsSection Five Conclusion附录1 词汇表附录2 科技英语的特点附录3 科技英语的理解附录4 科技英语的翻译附录5 科技论文题目、摘要的写作通过以上课程安排，本课程从内容上大致分三部分：1、阅读与理解、翻译阅读理解的材料应包括该专业的主要课程的概述性知识，如地理信息系统基础、测量学、空间分析、空间数据库、GIS二次开发、网络GIS等。
地理信息系统专业英语课程教学大纲
《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲【课程代码】：13315621【英文译名】：Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】：地理信息系统【学分数】：3【总学时数】：48一、本课程教学目的和课程性质《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。
本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。
也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。
通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。
二、本课程的基本要求要求学生在学习完本课程后，能熟悉常用专业词汇，较流利地阅读并准确理解一般难度的英语原文专业文献和参考资料，能正确地撰写论文的英语摘要。
具体而言，本课程结束时，学生应掌握常见的科技英语词缀，识记词汇表中常见的300个左右专业词汇；阅读速度70词/分钟、理解力正确率70%；翻译(笔译、英→汉)350词(英)/小时；毕业设计（论文）的英语摘要语法、句法、词汇准确率达70%。
三、本课程与其他课程的关系先修《综合外语L》。
修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。
四、课程内容课程的学习以阅读为主，精读部分要求准确理解文章内容，理解文章细节文法结构，泛读部分则通过大量快速的阅读理解，形成较为强烈的语言环境氛围，用以强化专业英语意识。
并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。
重点：巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。
提高阅读能力和理解能力。
培养科技英语写作能力。
本课程的内容安排如下所示：Unit One Surveying and MappingLesson One SurveyingLesson Two Surveying InstrumentsLesson Three Topographic SurveyingLesson Four TraversingLesson Five Map Projection and MapsLesson Six Maps of Crime: Thematic MapsUnit Two Measurement, Errors and AdjustmentLesson One Errors in MeasurementsLesson Two Sources of Error in LevelingLesson Three Adjustments of Level CircuitsLesson Four Survey AdjustmentLesson Five Adjustment Computation by Least SquaresUnit Three Global Positioning System (GPS)Lesson One The Fundamental Knowledge of GPSLesson Two The Components of Global Positioning SystemLesson Three Integration of RTK GPS Technology into Everyday Surveying Unit Four The Fundamental Knowledge of GISSection One What’s GISSection Two VectorSection Three RasterSection Four TopologySection Five DEM, DTM and TINSection Six RDBMSSection Seven GeostatisticsUnit Five The Future of GISSection One Future DataSection Two Future HardwareSection Three Future SoftwareSection Four Some Future Issues and ProblemsSection Five Conclusion附录1 词汇表附录2 科技英语的特点附录3 科技英语的理解附录4 科技英语的翻译附录5 科技论文题目、摘要的写作通过以上课程安排，本课程从内容上大致分三部分：1、阅读与理解、翻译阅读理解的材料应包括该专业的主要课程的概述性知识，如地理信息系统基础、测量学、空间分析、空间数据库、GIS二次开发、网络GIS等。
地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)
地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)
引言
本书是一本关于地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，简称GIS）专业英语的全书。
本书旨在帮助研究GIS的学生和从业
人员提高他们的英语听说读写技能，使他们能够流利地进行专业交
流和文献阅读。
全书内容包括以下几个部分：
第一部分：地理信息系统基础
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的基本概念和原理，包括地理数据、地图投影、地理空间分析等内容。
通过研究本部分的内容，读者可
以了解GIS的基础知识，并掌握相关的专业英语表达。
第二部分：地理信息系统应用领域
本部分介绍了地理信息系统在不同应用领域的具体应用，包括
土地利用规划、城市规划、环境保护等。
读者可以了解不同领域中
的GIS应用案例，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
第三部分：地理信息系统技术与工具
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的常用技术和工具，包括GIS软件、地理数据库、数据采集与处理等。
读者可以了解不同的GIS技术和
工具，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
第四部分：地理信息系统发展趋势与挑战
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的发展趋势和挑战，包括云计算、
大数据、人工智能等新技术对GIS的影响。
读者可以了解GIS领域的最新发展动态，并研究相关的专业英语表达。
结论
本书通过全面介绍地理信息系统的相关知识，帮助读者提高英
语水平和专业素养。
读者通过学习本书，可以更好地理解和应用地
理信息系统，并与国际同行进行有效的交流。
地理信息系统专业英语
1.Where does the word Geomatics come from? GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS =GEOMATICS or GEO –for earth and –MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and –MATICS for informatics. It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people . The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by-adding a number of computer science- and/ or GIS-oriented courses.地质这个词在哪里地质从何而来?大地测量+教育或地理=地球,地球和-双语对照查看数学或地理-双语对照查看地质灾害与信息学。
有人说地球对于许多人来说意味许多东西。
地球这个词作为学术纪律第一次出现在加拿大; 在过去几年中，现已引进大量的在全球高等教育学院,大多数是被重命名以前被称为“大地测量”或“测量”,双语对照查看，许多计算机科学,和/或GIS-导向课程。
2.Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioningsystem (GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.数据采集技术包括野外调查、全球定位系统(GPS)、卫星定位、遥感图像得到,通过空中摄影和卫星图像。
GIS专业英语完整版本
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Points 1 What Is GIS?
• Computer system for
▫ capturing ▫ storing ▫ querying ▫ analyzing ▫ and displaying geographically referenced
data.
Real World
Secondary Development and
Programming
Fundamental Function
Application Function
GIS Functio
n
Resource Management
Regional Planning
Homeland monitoring
Aided Decision
In accordance with its function, It is divided into: (1) GIS Professional Software. (2) Database Software. (3) Systems Management Software, etc.
With its hierarchical structure below:
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(2) Database Software
✓ ESRI Personal database(mdb) SDE(sde for oracle | mysql | sqlserver)
✓ Oracle spatial ✓ Mysql spatial ✓ PostgreSQL+PostGIS
Software
Hardware
Data
People
Methods
地理信息科学专业英语课程“全方位、分阶段”教学设计探讨-2019年教育文档
地理信息科学专业英语课程“全方位、分阶段”教学设计探讨专业英语是高等院校理工科专业的一门重要课程。
然而，在实际的教?W中，专业英语课程的开设在提升学生专业能力和英语综合应用方面并未达到预期的效果。
近年来的教学实践证明，单一枯燥的课堂授课内容和授课形式，往往是学生缺乏学习兴趣的最重要原因。
此外，一些学生在找工作、考研复习的压力下，不能专注于对于就业、考研等没有带来短期效益的专业英语学习上面。
因此如何对专业英语教学进行改革，组织好课堂教学活动，吸引学生主动到课学习、提高教学效果，是一个值得研究的问题。
地理信息科学（原称“地理信息系统”，即GIS）作为一门新兴的学科专业，很多第一手资料以英文形式出版，学生对获取和阅读外文文献有较大需求。
该专业大学本科生掌握一定的专业英语知识，也可以为将来攻读研究生或者出国留学等打下至关重要的语言基础。
本文以地理信息科学专业英语课程为例，对专业英语课程的教学设计进行初步探讨。
一、地理信息科学专业英语教学存在的问题经过十多年的教学探索，地理信息科学的专业英语课程教学取得了较大的进展。
首先，教材建设已经逐步完善，目前已有的专业英语教材，收集了关于测绘学科各领域的英文文献，较好地覆盖了本学科的专业基础理论知识，如《GIS专业英语教程》（费立凡等著）、《地理信息系统专业英语》（李朝奎等著）、《地理信息科学专业英语》（卢艳著），等等。
其次，近年来教师队伍水平已经开始逐步提高，很多青年教师甚至具有海外留学或访学的经历，具备较强的英语听力和口语能力，是提高专业英语课程教学质量的师资保证。
此外，一些教师在本课程教学思路和课堂组织形式和方法进行了探索，形成了一些比较好的教学方式，如李晶等人提出的“诱思探究”策略、晁怡等强调的“互动教学、实践教学”等，改变了以往单调的“语言分析+英汉翻译”教学方式，一定程度上提升了教学效果。
虽然在地理信息科学专业英语课程教学改革上取得了一定成果，很多教师在教学过程中也尽量在课堂中增加学生参与互动的环节，但是学生学习兴趣仍然不高、教学效果难以令人满意。
地理信息系统 英文 教材
地理信息系统英文教材Introduction to Geographic Information Systems.Chapter 1: Overview of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)。
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an integratedset of hardware, software, and data that captures, stores, manages, analyzes, and presents all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS technology has revolutionized the way we understand and interact with the world by enabling the integration and visualization of spatial data with other forms of information.Chapter 2: The Components of GIS.GIS is composed of three main components: hardware, software, and data. Hardware refers to the computers and other devices used to run GIS software. Software is the set of tools and applications that enable users to create, edit,query, analyze, and visualize spatial data. Data is the core of any GIS, and it includes both spatial data (such as geographic coordinates) and non-spatial data (such as demographic information).Chapter 3: Spatial Data and Geospatial Databases.Spatial data is the foundation of GIS, and it represents the geographic features and relationships of the real world. Geospatial databases are specifically designed to store, manage, and retrieve spatial data efficiently. This chapter covers the different types of spatial data, such as vector and raster data, and the principles of geospatial databases.Chapter 4: GIS Software and Applications.GIS software enables users to create, edit, query, analyze, and visualize spatial data. This chapter introduces various GIS software packages, including desktop GIS, web GIS, and mobile GIS. It also covers the different types of GIS applications, such as urban planning,environmental monitoring, and transportation management.Chapter 5: Spatial Analysis and Modeling.Spatial analysis is a critical component of GIS, and it involves the examination of spatial patterns and relationships within a dataset. This chapter covers various spatial analysis techniques, including buffering, overlaying, and network analysis. It also introducesspatial modeling, which allows users to simulate andpredict spatial processes and outcomes.Chapter 6: GIS Data Visualization.Data visualization is a crucial aspect of GIS, as it enables users to communicate complex spatial information effectively. This chapter covers various visualization techniques, including maps, charts, and 3D models. It also discusses best practices for creating effective GIS visualizations.Chapter 7: Applications of GIS in Different Fields.GIS technology has found widespread applications in various fields, including urban planning, environmental science, transportation, health, and more. This chapter explores the specific applications of GIS in these fields and highlights the benefits and challenges of using GIS in each context.Chapter 8: Future Trends and Developments in GIS.GIS technology is constantly evolving, and new trends and developments are emerging. This chapter discusses some of the future trends in GIS, such as the increasing use of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence in GIS. It also explores the potential impact of these trends on GIS practice and research.In conclusion, this textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to Geographic Information Systems, covering the fundamentals of GIS, its components, spatial data and geospatial databases, GIS software and applications, spatial analysis and modeling, data visualization,applications in different fields, and future trends and developments. Through this textbook, students will gain a solid understanding of GIS technology and its applications, enabling them to effectively use GIS in various fields and contexts.。
地理信息系统教程(汤国安,英文版)
CatalogChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Geography1.2 Information Systems1.3 A Manual Geographic Information System1.4 Applications1.5 Geographical Concepts1.6 The Four MsChapter 2 Background and History2.1 The Cartographic Process2.2 Early History2.3 The Modern EraChapter 3 The Essential Elements of a Geographic Information System: An Overview3.1 GIS Functional Elements3.2 Data in a GISChapter 4 Data Structures4.1 Raster Data Structures4.1.1 Simple Raster ArraysChapter 1 IntroductionAs in any other technical area, there can be a fair amount of technical vocabulary to learn before a student can be comfortable with the subject. Since this text is introductory by design, we will try to be consistent in our use of language. Much of the vocabulary of geographic information systems overlaps that of computer science and mathematics in general, and computer graphics applications in particular. We provide a glossary of technical terms at the end of this text, as a reference for the student.1.1 GeographyGeography has been facetiously defined as that discipline which, when some use is found for it, is called something else. Slightly more serious scholars have defined geography as "what geographers do". The German philosopher Immanual Kant set geography in the context of the sciences by stating that knowledge could be subdivided into three general areas:1. those disciplines that study particular objects or sets of objects and phenomena (such as biology, botany, forestry, and geology);2. those disciplines that look at things through time (in particular, history); and3. those disciplines that look at features within their spatial context(specifically, geographic disciplines) .In a more classical sense, the word geography may be defined in terms of its constituent parts: geo and graphy. Geo refers to the Earth, and graphy indicates a process of writing; thus geography (in this literal interpretation) means writing about the Earth.Another definition of geography focuses on man's relationship with the land. In their writings, geographers deal with spatial relationships. A key tool in studying these spatial relationships is the map. Maps present a graphic portrait of spatial relationships and phenomena over the Earth, whether a small segment of it or the entire globe.It is interesting that in a survey conducted to determine what factors influenced people to adopt the profession of geography, an early interest in maps rated at the top of the list. There are many skills that people possess to a greater or lesser degree. If a person speaks well, he or she possesses fluency. If a person understands writing well, he or she possesses literacy. If a person understands numbers and quantitative concepts well, he or she possesses (at least in Great Britain) numeracy. Similarly, there is a special skill in the analysis of spatial patterns in two and three dimensions. This skill can be referred to as graphary. Although many individuals take this skill for granted, we all know those who have difficulty reading maps or interpreting aerial photographs. What these two activities have in common is the use of an essentially two dimensional view of geographic space, a view that helps the adept map-reader or photointerpreter to understand spatial relationships.1.2 Information SystemsThe function of an information system is to improve one's ability to make decisions. An information system is that chain of operations that takes us from planning the observation and collection of data, to storage and analysis of the data, to the use of the derived information in some decision-making process (Calkins and Tomlinson, 1977). This brings us to an important concept: a map is a kind of information system. A map is a collection of stored, analyzed data, and information derived from this collection is used in making decisions. To be useful, a map must beFigure 1.1Simplified information systemable to convey information in a clear, unambiguous fashion, to its intended users.A geographic information system(GIS) is an information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well a set of operations for working with the data (see Figure 1.1). In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map.As we shall see later, a modern GIS also stores and manipulates non-spatial data. Just as we have maps designed for specific tasks and users (road maps, weather maps, vegetation maps, and so forth), we can have GISs designed for specific users. The better we are able to understand the range of needs of a user, the better we will be able to provide the correct data and tools to that user.A geographic information system can, of course, be either manual (sometimes called analog) or automated (that is, based on a digital computer). Manual geographic information systems usually comprise several data elements including maps, sheets of transparent materials used as overlays, aerial and ground photographs, statistical reports and field survey reports. These sets of data are compiled and analyzed with such instruments as stereo viewers, transfer scopes of various kinds, and mechanical and electronic planimeters. Calkins and Tomlinson (1977) point out that manual techniques could provide the same information as computer-aided techniques, and that the same processing sequences may occur. While this may no longer be entirely true, manual GISs have played an extremely important role in resource management and planning activities. Furthermore, there are still applications where a manual GIS approach is entirely appropriate. Although this text focuses on the technology, instrumentation, and utilization of geographic information systems that are automated, it is still helpful to examine a manual GIS first.1.3 A Manual Geographic Information SystemTo introduce some of the language of geographic information systems with a simple first example, let's examine an application of a simple manual GIS. This GIS arises during the early steps in developing a site for a golf course. We assume for this discussion that a specific site is already under consideration. A planner has sought out and gathered together a group of existing datasets for the site. This group mightinclude a topographic map, a blue-line map of parcel boundaries from the local municipal planning agency, and an aerial photograph of the site (Figure 1.2). We refer to these three datasets - 2 maps and a photograph - as data layers or data planes.The topographic map depicts several kinds of information. Elevation on the site is portrayed as a series of contour lines. These contour lines provide us with a limited amount of information about the shape of the terrain. Certain kinds of land cover are indicated by colors (often blue for water, green for vegetation) and textures or patterns (such as repeated patterns denoting wetlands). A number of kinds of man-made features are indicated, including structures and roadways, typically by lines and shapes printed in black. In many cases, the information on this map is five to fifteen years out of date, a common situation resulting from the rate of change of land cover in the area and the cycle of map updates. Each of these different kinds of information, which we may decide to store in various ways, is called a theme.The map from the local planning agency provides us with additional and different kinds of information about the area. This map focuses principally on the infrastructure: legal descriptions of the proposed golf course property boundaries, existing and planned roadways, easements of different kinds, and the locations of existing and planned utilities such as potable water, electric and gas supplies, and the sanitary sewer system. The planning map is probably not at the same scale as the topographic map; the former is probably drawn at a larger scale than the latter. Furthermore, the two aren't necessarily based on the same map projection (see section 6.6.1). For a small area like our golf course, the approximate scale of the data is probably more important than the details of the map projection.The aerial photograph is a rich source of data, particularly for an analyst with some background in image interpretation. A skilled interpreter may be able to detect patterns in soils, vegetation, topography, and drainage, based on the content of the photograph. Unfortunately, this photograph is probably of different scale than either of the two maps, and may have significant geometric distortions. The two maps attempt to be planimetric, that is, the horizontal spatial relationships between objects on the ground are correctly represented on the maps. The photograph, on the other hand, probably suffers from both the perspective distortion inherent in all photographs and from a non-vertical point of view.A second step in developing plans for this site is to manipulate the three datasets so they can be used simultaneously. A cartographer or draftsperson is given the task of redrawing the municipal planning map and the topographic map onto plastic film, in such a way that the features on the new film-maps overlay their counterparts on the aerial photograph. This process, called registration, in effect causes the objects (buildings, roadways, and so forth) to move form their original locations in the planning map, so that they fall at the positions they are found in the photograph. Alternatively, the photograph could be manipulated in such a way that the visible features overlay the corresponding elements on the planning map, and then a transparency could be made. In any ease, this spatially registered set of data planes is now a useful geographic d atabase. Since the three sets of information have now been converted to overlay each other, further manipulations are much easier. Note that if the original aerial photography were chosen as the base data layer, the resulting database may have no simple relationship to a well-known geodetic coordinate system, such as latitude and longitude. However, for applications that cover a small area, this may not be a serious problem.Once the individual data layers have been adjusted to a common view of the Earth's surface, there are a number of analytic operations we might make with thismanual geographic information system. The analyst begins by drawing some new features on another sheet of plastic that overlays the other data layers. For example, we might generate 25-meter-wide corridors at the edges of the property, and 10-meter-wide corridors around the existing roads and proposed utility locations. These newly derived regions might suggest some places that are unsuitable for development of large new facilities, and others that are particularly desirable due to proximity to needed utilities. As such, we might now be in a position to make preliminary decisions on the location of the club house, storage yards, access roads, and parking facilities.Next, the planner lays a coarse grid over the database, and start marking the conjunction of topographic and hydrologic features and vegetation that are most suitable for fairways and tee-off areas. Existing waterways could be used as boundaries between areas on the golf course, while the locations of wooded areas could be considered as part of the course plan. Based on these preliminary decisions, we prepare a new data layer, which is a draft of the proposed course layout. By combining the tentative orientations of tees, fairways, and greens with the original topographic map, we could start to make calculations to estimate volumes of earth that must be moved to create the course. (Such cut-and-fill calculations are often considered the domain of civil engineering.) And once we have a tentative course layout, we can use a planimeter or map wheel to determine the length of each hole, which then provides us with the total course length (which is an important consideration for any golfer). Furthermore, based on a determination of the area of the holes, we can even begin to be able to calculate our needs for grass seed and fertilizer.Overall, this process has involved a number of key steps. Several different kinds of spatial data were located, and then manipulated so that the important features in each were found at the same locations. Once these data were brought into a common geographic or spatial referencing system, it was possible to use them together, to develop a variety of types of derived information: the determination of potential corridors on the site, proposed locations for constructing facilities, and eventually, engineering estimates for earth moving equipment operators. As we will see, this is a very typical flow of data and information through a spatial data processing and analysis problem.1.4 ApplicationsThe number of data layers one needs to consider varies greatly from one application to another. Consider a more complex problem: deciding on the location of an airport. Some of the data layers or themes that a planner might require to site an airport include:Administrative InfrastructureLand Ownership Transportation NetworkGovernment Jurisdiction Utility CorridorsRights-of-Way Zoning RestrictionsMining ClaimsExisting and Use BioticEndangered Species Abiotic Vegetation Cover Surface GeologySubsurface Geology ClimaticSurface Water TemperatureSubsurface Water PrecipitationFlood Plains FogArchaeological Sites WindElevation PhotoperiodGeographic information systems are used in a wide variety of settings. Landscape architects have embraced the concepts behind GISs for many years, analyzing site suitability and developing capabilities of planning for a specified use (McHarg, 1969). Civil engineers and architects involved in developing large sites have comparable interests and techniques, including considerations of environmental impacts such as noise perception and obscuring or changing views. Forestry professionals use this technology for site mapping and management, and for pest and disease monitoring. City planners are using geographic information systems to help automate tax assessment, emergency vehicle routing, and maintenance of transportation facilities and public lands.Environmental managers and scientists use these systems for such applications as maintaining an inventory of rare and endangered species and their habitats, and monitoring hazardous waste sites. In addition to these kinds of applications, military planners add several more: gauging the ability of heavy vehicles to traverse different kinds of terrain, and determining which sites on military bases which are suitable for various kinds of training exercises. We discuss in more detail a few of these varied kinds of applications in Chapter 12.1.5 Geographical ConceptsBefore proceeding further, we will introduce a number of terms in common usage (based in part on the brief discussion in Van Roessel, 1987). We will return to some of these in more detail in chapter 3.Spatial objects are delimited geographic areas, with a number of different kinds of associated attributes or characteristics. The golf course discussed above is a spatial object: it is a specific area on the ground, with many distinct characteristics (such as land use, tax rate, types of vegetation, number of parking spaces, etc.). On the golf course are a number of other spatial objects, such as the greens and fairways.A point is a spatial object with no area. The holes on our golf course represent points, even though they do in actuality cover a finite area. One of the key attributes of a point are its geodetic location, often represented as a pair of numbers (such as latitude-longitude, or northing-easting). There may be a range of data associated with a point, depending on the application. In our example, we may wish to record the number of the hole, as well as the date when a given hole on our golf course was placed on the green. The latter is useful so that we may remember to move the hole periodically to minimize wear on the green.A line is a spatial object, made up of a connected sequence of points. Lines have no width, and thus, a specified location must be on one side of the line or the other, but never on the line itself. One important line in our example might indicate the out-of-bounds line between holes. Attributes we could attach to that line include the numbers of the holes that the line separates, and whether the line is indicated on the course by markers of a certain color. Nodes are special kinds of points, usually indicating the junction between lines or the ends of line segments.A polygon is a closed area. Simple polygons are undivided areas, while complex polygons are divided into areas of different characteristics. Since our example golf course hole has interior objects, such as the sand trap and the green, it isa complex polygon; since the sand trap is homogeneous (according to the available information in the figure), it is a simple polygon. Attached to the polygons on our golf course might be information about the length and area of each hole, and the kind and amount of seed and fertilizer used to maintain the fairways. Chains are special kinds of line segments, which correspond to a portion of the bounding edge of a polygon.Figure 1.5 illustrates some of these different kinds of spatial objects, by focusing on one hole in our golf course. The boundary around the entire hole represents the boundary of a complex polygon. The location of the hole (or more specifically, its center) is a point. The 100-yard markers on either side of the fairway are certainly points, but since they form the ends of a line segment, we call them nodes. The portion of the out-of-bounds line that corresponds to the eastern edge of this hole would be considered a chain, since it corresponds to a portion of the polygon surrounding the entire hole.We have already used the word scale in our discussions. By scale we mean the ratio of distances represented on a map or photograph to their true lengths on the Earth's surface. Scale values are normally written as dimensionless numbers, indicating that the measurements on the map and the earth are in the same units. A scale of 1:25000, pronounced one to twenty five thousand , indicates that one unit of distance on a map corresponds to 25,000 of the same units on the ground. Thus, one centimeter on the map refers to 25,000 centimeters (or 250 meters) on the Earth. This is exactly the same as one inch on the map corresponding to 25,000 inches (or approximately 2,080 feet) on the Earth. Note that scale always refers to linear horizontal distances and not measurements of area or elevation.Th e terms small scale and large scale are in common use. A simple example helps to illustrate the difference. Consider a field 100 meters on a side. On a map of 1:10000 scale, the field is drawn l centimeter on a side. On a map of 1:1,000,000 scale, the field is drawn 0.1 millimeter on a side. The field appears larger on the 1:10000 scale map; we call this a large-scale map. Conversely, the field appears smaller on the1:1,000,000 scale map, and we call this a small-scale map. Said in another way, if we have a small area of the earth's surface on a page, we have a large-scale map; if we have a large area of the earth’s surface on a page we have a small -scale map.An important concept when working with spatial data is that of resolution . Most dictionaries define resolution in such terms of “distinguishing the individual parts of an object.” For our purposes, however, we need a more specific definition. Tobler (1987) defines spatial resolution for geographic data as the content of the geometric domain divided by the number of observations, normalized by the spatial dimension. The domain , for two dimensional datasets like maps and photographs, is the area covered by the observations. Thus, for two-dimensional data, take the square root of the ratio to normalize the value. For example, if the area of the United States is approximately 6 million square kilometers, and there are 50 states, then the mean resolution element of a map portraying the states would be:mean resolution element = ns observatio of number area= approximately 346 km .=5010 626km x This gives us a way of examining some spatial data, and calculating a representative value for the spatial resolution of the dataset. If we increase the number of observations, the mean resolution element decreases in size. Consider a map of the United States that indicates each of the 3141 counties:square root of (6 x 2610 km /3141) =314110 626km x = approximately 43 km .When we have more information, the mean resolution element gets smaller;we often call this a higher resolution dataset. Conversely, a lower resolution dataset will have fewer observations in an area, and thus, a larger mean resolution element. As we discuss in section 6.1.1, the size of the resolution element (sometimes abbreviated resel ) is related to the size of the objects we can distinguish in a dataset.For interested readers, a good discussion of other important concepts,including geometrical operations and relationships, may be found in Nagy and Wagle (1979).1.6 The Four MsOur understanding of this planet has always been limited by our lack ofinformation, as well as our lack of wisdom and knowledge. For things too small to see, we have developed microscopes that can image down to the molecular level. At the other end of the continuum, for things that are (in a very real sense) too large to see, we have geostationary satellites that can take an image of an entire hemisphere. Geographic information systems are a means of integrating spatial data acquired at different scales and times, and in different formats.Basically, urban planners, scientists, resource managers, and others who usegeographic information work in several main areas. They observe and measure environmental parameters. They develop maps which portray characteristics of the earth. They monitor changes in our surroundings in space and time. In addition, they model alternatives of actions and processes operating in the environment. These, then, are the four Ms: measurement, mapping, monitoring, and modeling (Figure 1.4). These key activities can be enhanced through the use of information systems technologies, and in particular, through the use of a GIS.Geographic information systems have the potential for improving ourunderstanding of the world around us. Yet these systems do not lessen the need for quality data, nor will these systems do the work for us. The work we can do with a GIS is clearly dependent on the quality of data it contains. Thus, care must be taken to understand the potential sources and relative magnitudes of errors which may occur when gathering and processing spatial data. In addition, one must be cautious of the potential for misinterpretation of the information output from a GIS.In interacting with a geographic information system, the user must not onlyunderstand the application, but also the characteristics of the tool and the system itself. Like all advanced technologies, the kinds of spatial data processing systems we will discuss must be employed wisely, to keep us from fooling ourselves. The following chapters discuss the wise use of geographic information systems.Chapter 2 Background and HistoryGeographic information systems evolved as a means of assembling andanalyzing diverse spatial data. Many systems have been developed, for land-use planning and natural-resource management at the urban, regional, state, and national levels of government agencies. Most systems rely on data from existing maps, or on data that can be mapped readily (Shelton and Estes, 1979).The development of geographic information systems has its roots in at leasttwo overlapping areas: an interest in managing the urban environment (particularly in terms of planning and renewal), and a concern for the balancing competing uses ofenvironmental resources. Technology has played a critical role in addressing these concerns. If we look at John Naisbitt's 1984 work Megatrends, we can see why. Megatrends discusses new directions which are transforming our lives. In Naisbitt's words, none of the megatrends discussed “is more subtle, yet more explosive than . . . the megashift from an industrial to an information society.” This information society had its beginnings in 1956 and 1957. Indeed, the advances in communications and computer technology that facilitated the widespread dissemination of the ideas and concepts contained in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring also provided the foundations and requirements that necessitated the construction of automated geographic information systems.Today, environmental scientists and resource managers have access to more data than ever. Naisbitt (1984) estimates that scientific information is doubling every five years. The key to coping with this information explosion is the employment of systems- systems that will take the data, analyze it, store it, and then present it in forms that are useful. These are the requirements of an information system.2.1 The Cartographic ProcessAccording to Robinson and Sale (1969), cartography is often described as a meeting place of science and art. This science/art is fundamentally directed at communicating information to a user and is central to an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of geographic information systems technology. Much of the material contained in this book is directly related to essential elements of the cartographic process, which involves a body of theory and practice that is common to all maps.Maps are both a very important form of input to a geographic information system, as well as common means to portray the results of an analysis from a GIS. Like a GIS, maps are concerned with two fundamental aspects of reality: locations, and attributes at locations. Location represents the position of a point in two-dimensional space. Attributes at a location are some measure of a qualitative or quantitative characteristic, such as land cover, ownership, or precipitation. From these fundamental properties a variety of topologic and metric properties of relationships may be identified, including distance, direction, connectivity and proximity. As Robinson et al. (1984) observe, “a map is therefore a very powerful tool”. Indeed, maps are powerful tools for communicating spatial relationships. Following Robinson et al., maps:⏹are typically reductions which are smaller than the areas they portray. As such,each map must have a defined relationship between what exists in the area being represented, and the mapped representation. This relationship is of primary importance. Scale sets limits on both the type and manner of information that can be portrayed on a map.⏹involve transformations. Often in mapping, we are faced with a need totransform a surface which is not flat (such as a portion of the earth's surface).In order to represent such a surface on a flat plane, map projections are employed (see section 6.6.l). Choice of a particular projection has an impact on how a given map may be used. Plane coordinate grids are often used on maps as systems of reference.⏹are abstractions of reality. Maps are the cartographer's representation ofan area, and as such, display the data that the cartographer has selected fora specific use. Thus, the information portrayed on a map has been classifiedand simplified to improve the user's ability to work with the map.⏹contain symbols which represent elements of reality. Few map symbols haveuniversally accepted meanings, but some maps use a standardized set of symbols.⏹portray data using a variety of marks, including lines, dots, tones, colors,textures, and patterns.In addition to these basic characteristics of maps, the user of maps and other products of a geographic information system should understand the errors which may affect them. The sources of errors fall into three categories (Burrough, 1986): obvious sources, those resulting from natural variation and original measurement, and those arising through processing.Obvious sources:The source data may be too old to be of value.The areal coverage of a given data type, within a given time frame, may not be complete.The scale of the map may restrict the type, quantity, and quality of the data which may be presented.The number of observations within the target area may not be sufficient to be able to determine the spatial patterns in the objects of interest.Practical matters such as the time, funds, and staff which are available may not permit us to produce a product of the required characteristics.Natural variation and the original measurement s:Positional accuracy of the source data may not be sufficient, due to problems in the field data itself, instrument errors, and lack of rigor in the compilation process.Attribute errors also may come from a variety of sources, including both mis-identification and compilation problems.Processing:Numerical errors may include round-off or dynamic-range errors in arithmetic computations.Errors in logic may cause us to manipulate the data incorrectly, thus leading us to fool ourselves. Common problems in this area are associated with classification and generalization.The above lists focus on errors in a single map sheet, or a single GIS data layer. When working with many layers at once, the separate layers may not be。
地理信息科学英文介绍ppt
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In many applications, maps also require GIS to share big digital to better serve our life
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ppt: Zhang liang Zhang lifan
Translation:Zhang ruiyu Yao ruihan
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地理信息科学专业英语课程简介
地理信息科学专业英语课程简介Introduction to Geographic Information Science Professional English Course.1. Course Overview.In the rapidly evolving field of Geographic Information Science (GIS), the ability to communicate and understand international research, technologies, and applications is paramount. The Geographic Information Science Professional English Course aims to equip students with the linguistic skills necessary to engage effectively in the global GIS community. This course focuses on enhancing students' reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills, specifically tailored to the unique vocabulary and terminology of GIS.2. Course Objectives.To introduce students to the fundamental terminologyand concepts of GIS in an English language context.To develop students' ability to read and understand technical documents, research articles, and online resources related to GIS in English.To enhance students' writing skills, enabling them to produce clear and concise technical reports, proposals, and emails in English.To improve students' speaking and listening skills, preparing them for international conferences, collaborations, and presentations.3. Course Content.The course covers a range of topics relevant to GIS, including:Basic terminology and definitions related to GIS, such as spatial data, remote sensing, cartography, and GIS software.Technical concepts and principles of GIS, including spatial analysis, data management, and geospatial databases.Applications of GIS in various fields, such as environmental science, urban planning, transportation, and disaster management.Current trends and developments in GIS, including big data, artificial intelligence, and geospatial analytics.4. Teaching Methods.The course employs a variety of teaching methods to ensure maximum student engagement and learning outcomes:Lectures and presentations: Delivered by experienced GIS professionals, these sessions introduce students to key concepts and terminology.Interactive discussions: Students engage indiscussions to deepen their understanding of GIS conceptsand applications.Reading assignments: Students are assigned technical articles and research papers to read and analyze, cultivating their reading comprehension skills.Writing assignments: Students practice writing technical reports, proposals, and emails, receiving feedback and guidance from instructors.Role-plays and simulations: These activities simulate real-world scenarios, preparing students for international conferences and presentations.5. Course Evaluation.Evaluation of student performance is based on a combination of assessments, including:Quizzes and tests: These assessments evaluate students' knowledge and understanding of GIS terminology and concepts.Reading comprehension exercises: These exercisesassess students' ability to understand and analyzetechnical articles and research papers.Writing assignments: Students submit technical reports, proposals, and emails for evaluation by instructors.Oral presentations: Students present their work infront of their peers, demonstrating their speaking and presentation skills.6. Conclusion.The Geographic Information Science Professional English Course is an integral part of preparing students for a successful career in the global GIS industry. By acquiring the necessary linguistic skills and knowledge, studentswill be able to engage effectively with international colleagues, participate in global projects, and contributeto the advancement of GIS research and applications.。
用英语介绍地理信息科学专业的作文
用英语介绍地理信息科学专业的作文Geographic Information Science (GISc) is a multidisciplinary field that combines geography, computer science, and data analysis to study and understand the world around us. This branch of knowledge explores the ways in which we collect, store, analyze, and visualize geographic data to gain valuable insights into various phenomena.At the heart of GISc lies the concept of spatial data. In simple terms, spatial data refers to any information that has a location component attached to it. This may include coordinates, addresses, zip codes, or even satellite imagery. Through the use of specialized software and analytical techniques, GISc professionals can transform this raw data into meaningful knowledge.One of the fundamental applications of GISc is in mapping and visualization. Maps have always been an essential toolfor understanding spatial relationships and patterns. With the advent of GISc, mapping has become more than just lines and colors on paper. It has evolved into a powerful tool for decision-making and problem-solving.GISc provides a unique platform for integrating various data sources. It allows researchers and professionals to combine data from different domains, such as demographics, economics, and environmental science, into a single comprehensive framework. This integration unlocks the potential for uncovering hidden patterns and relationships that can inform policy-making and planning.Moreover, GISc plays a crucial role in addressing real-world challenges. It helps in managing natural resources, predicting and mitigating natural disasters, and planning urban development. By analyzing spatial data, GISc specialists can assess the impact of human activities on theenvironment and develop sustainable solutions for a better future.In recent years, GISc has witnessed groundbreaking technological advancements. The emergence of remote sensing, GPS, and mobile mapping has revolutionized the field. These technologies enable us to collect data at an unprecedented scale and accuracy, opening doors to new discoveries and applications.To excel in the field of GISc, one must possess a rangeof skills. Proficiency in computer programming, data analysis, and spatial modeling is essential. Additionally, a deep understanding of geography, cartography, and datavisualization techniques is crucial for effectively communicating results to diverse audiences.GISc professionals find employment opportunities invarious sectors. Government agencies rely on their expertiseto develop land use policies, manage transportation networks,and assess environmental impacts. Private companies utilize GISc applications for market analysis, site selection, and logistics optimization. Non-profit organizations harness the power of GISc to support conservation efforts, disaster response, and social justice initiatives.In conclusion, Geographic Information Science is a fascinating field that merges geography with cutting-edge technology. It empowers us to unlock the potential of spatial data and gain valuable insights into the world we inhabit. By harnessing the power of GISc, we can make informed decisions and shape a better future for generations to come.。
arcgis地理信息系统教程 英文版
arcgis地理信息系统教程英文版Title: ArcGIS Geographic Information System Tutorial - English VersionIntroduction:ArcGIS is a powerful and widely used Geographic Information System (GIS) software that allows users to analyze, manage, and visualize spatial data. This tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive overview of ArcGIS, covering its key features, functionality, and applications. This article will be structured into an introduction, main content with five major points, and a conclusion.Main Content:1. Overview of ArcGIS1.1 Introduction to GIS1.1.1 Definition and components of GIS1.1.2 Importance of GIS in various industries1.2 Introduction to ArcGIS1.2.1 History and development of ArcGIS1.2.2 Key features and capabilities of ArcGIS2. ArcGIS Components and Interface2.1 ArcMap2.1.1 Introduction to ArcMap interface2.1.2 Navigation and map display options2.2 ArcCatalog2.2.1 Managing and organizing GIS data2.2.2 Data source management and metadata creation2.3 ArcToolbox2.3.1 Overview of geoprocessing tools2.3.2 Performing spatial analysis and data manipulation3. Data Management in ArcGIS3.1 Data Types in ArcGIS3.1.1 Vector data (points, lines, polygons)3.1.2 Raster data (imagery, elevation data)3.2 Data Sources and Formats3.2.1 Importing and exporting data in various formats3.2.2 Connecting to external databases3.3 Data Editing and Georeferencing3.3.1 Editing attribute and spatial data3.3.2 Georeferencing images and maps4. Spatial Analysis in ArcGIS4.1 Spatial Query and Selection4.1.1 Selecting features based on attribute and spatial criteria 4.1.2 Performing spatial joins and overlays4.2 Geoprocessing and Analysis Tools4.2.1 Buffering, clipping, and intersecting features4.2.2 Density analysis and hotspot identification4.3 Network Analysis4.3.1 Routing and finding optimal paths4.3.2 Service area analysis and location-allocation5. Mapping and Visualization in ArcGIS5.1 Cartographic Principles5.1.1 Map layout and design5.1.2 Symbolization and labeling techniques5.2 Map Elements and Annotation5.2.1 Adding and styling map elements (legends, scale bars, etc.)5.2.2 Creating and managing annotation layers5.3 Map Output and Sharing5.3.1 Printing and exporting maps5.3.2 Publishing maps as web servicesConclusion:In conclusion, this article provided an overview of ArcGIS, covering its key features, components, and functionalities. It explored various aspects of ArcGIS, including data management, spatial analysis, and mapping. ArcGIS offers a wide range of capabilities for professionals in various industries, enabling them to effectively analyze and visualize spatial data. By following this tutorial, users can gain a solid understanding of ArcGIS and its applications in the field of Geographic Information Systems.。
《地理信息系统原理(双语)》课程教学大纲
《地理信息系统原理(双语)》课程教学大纲Course syllabus of “The Principles of Geographic InformationSystem”二、教学目的与任务Purpose and Task（一）目的Purpose本课程适用于本科地理信息科学专业、测绘专业、遥感科学与技术以及市规划专业等。
学时至少为48学时，其中包含40学时的理论讲授和8学时的演示验证性实验教学。
本课程设置有一定比例的实践教学环节。
通过本课程的学习，使得学生了解地理信息系统的发展历史、主要应用领域及GIS的基本理论和空间分析方法等。
This course is mainly for undergraduate students in GIS, Surveying and Mapping, Remote Sensing Science and Technology, as well as city plan. The main purpose of this course is to help students to understand the basic concepts, principles and spatial analysis of GIS. This course has total credit hours of 48 including 40 hours classroom teaching and 8 hours’ practical experiments in lab. This course is a basic professional course for GIS specialty. The outcomes for students from this course are the understanding of the basic concepts of GIS, major data structures, data sources and data processing methods, as well as principles and methods for spatial analysis. （二）任务Task本课程的教学任务对GIS技术的基本概念、空间参照、空间关系、空间数据结构、空间数据库、空间数据的获取、编辑和处理以及典型的空间分析功能如缓冲区分析、叠加分析等，通过本课程的学习，，使学生了解本专业的前沿发展现状和趋势，具有扎实的测绘学科基本理论和工程专业理论与技术知识，同时具有运用工程基础知识和本专业基本理论知识解决问题的能力，为学生日后学习其他课程奠定基础。
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地理信息科学专业英语专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protected area比例尺Scale bar标准差Standard deviation标准图幅Standard picture frame单精度Single precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dynamic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service 畸形线Malformation line几何变换Geometric transformation检验图Inspection chart解析几何Analytic geometry空间要素Space element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Meandering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度Double precision水文要素Hydrological elements泰森多边型Tyson Polygons统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer遥感数据Remote sensing data用材林Timber forest晕渲法Halo rendering method指北针Compass属性表Property sheet最短路径分析Shortest path analysis最小二乘法Least squares method翻译例子如下。
1.A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。
2.A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。
如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。
3.Although ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。
4.But the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。
5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。
它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。
6.Projection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。
7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。
空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。
8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。
用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。
例子如下：1．Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1.Two important types of field data that can be used ina GIS project are survey data and global positioningsystme (GPS) data.2．Describe three variations in buffering.2.The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the right side of the line feature, instead of both sides.Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is separate from others, or dissolved so that thereare no overlapped areas between buffer zones.3．Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.3.The main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for datamanipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvant age is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.4．Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4.Location errors such as missing polygons or distortedlines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatialfeatures, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencis between spatial features.5．Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.5.The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model i n two aspects. First,the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatialfeatures in a single system rather than a split system. Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be as sociated with a set of properties and methods.6．Explain the importance of map projection.6.A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First,a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.7．How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?7.Because an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data. it can save time and effort for raster data operations.8．Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8.Buffering ,overlay , distance measurement, spatial statis tics and map manipulation .9．Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.9.A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location.A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has theproperties of area (size) and perimeter.10．Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.10.Examples of integer rasters are land use and soiltypes. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.11．The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.A split system stores spatial data in graphic filesand attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.12．The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not visible areas from the viewpoint.13．What are the basic elements of the raster data model?13.The basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference14．What are the common elements on a map for presentation?14.The common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.15．What is a feature attribute table?15.A feature attribute table is a table associated witha vector data set, which has access to the data set’s spatial data.16．Why is the datum important in GIS?16.A datum is important in GIS because it serves as thereference or base for calculating the geographiccoordinates of a location.。