研究生下补充课文翻译及习题

A Beautiful Mind

1．John Forbes Nash, Jr. –mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of

rationed behavior, visionary of the thinking machine—had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over h is unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finely

molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof… how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you message? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you…?”

小约翰·福布斯·纳什，数学天才、理性行为理论创立者、预见会思考的机器出现的预言者，已经和他的同样是数学家的来访者一起坐了差不多半个小时.那是1959年春季一个工作日的傍晚时分，虽然才是5 月，天气却很热，令人不太舒服。纳什颓然坐在医院会客室一角的扶手椅上，身上随意穿着的那件尼龙衬衫，松松垮垮地盖在他没有系皮带的长裤上。他的魁梧身躯现在就像

一个布娃娃一样缺乏活力，他的线条优美细致的五官没有任何表情。他一直目

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光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治·麦基左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次重复着将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。麦基正襟危坐，被沉默压得透不过气来，并且非常清楚地意识到会客室的所有门都锁上了。麦基再也控制不住自己。他尽量使语气温和，但听上去仍有些愠怒。“你，一个数学家，”他开始说道，“一个致力于研究理性和逻辑证明的人，怎么能相信外星人正在给你发送消息呢？怎么能相信你被来自太空的外星人选中要来拯救世界呢？怎么能……”

2．Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and di spassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriou sly.”

纳什终于抬起头，用类似某种鸟类或者蛇一样冰冷而不动声色的目光，紧紧盯着麦基。“因为，”他慢慢地回答，带着温和适度的南方人特有的慢条斯理的语气，好像自言自语一般，“我的有关超自然生物的想法出现在我的脑海里的方式，是和我的数学思想一样的，所以我会认真对待。”

3．The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind’s survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematicia n of the second half of the century”. Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all

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engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.

这个来自西弗吉尼亚州布卢菲尔德的年轻天才——英俊、傲慢，而且非常古怪——在1948 年闯入数学界。在接下来的十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无上信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔·格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是“20 世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家”。策略博弈、经济竞争、计算机建筑学、宇宙的形状、虚构空间的几何学、素数的神秘，都是他广阔的想象力涉猎的领域。他的想法属于那种非常深奥而又完全出人意料的类型，无疑会推动科学思考进入新的方向。

4．Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue”. Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and a rt than with the oldest of all sciences: It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionist — Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Rammanujan — Nash saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a path somewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that

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distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.

数学家保罗·哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑完一英里；但是我们大多数人所做的一切无论如何也无法与谱写出Ｇ小调赋格曲相提并论”。纳什的天分就属于那种常与音乐和艺术而非与最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。这不仅仅是指他的头脑运转更加灵敏，记忆力更加出众，或是他更能集中精力。事实上，直觉的火花稍纵即逝，不能用常理解释。就像其他伟大的数学直觉大师格奥尔格·费里德里希·伯恩哈德·黎曼、朱尔斯·亨利·庞加莱、斯里尼瓦萨·拉马努金一样，纳什先看到一个结论，然后才开始构筑耗费心力的证明过程。不过，即便在他尝试解释某个令人震惊的结论之后，对于那些企图跟随他的逻辑的人而言，他所选择的真正途径却始终是一个谜。20 世纪50 年代就在麻省理工学院认识纳什的唐纳德·纽曼曾经这样描述他“其他人通常会在山上寻找攀登顶峰的道路。纳什却干脆爬上另外一座山，再反过来从那个遥远的山峰用探照灯照射这座山。”

5．No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—but he joined no school, became no one’s disciple, got along: largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for

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himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as na?ve or wrong-headed. Even as a student, his in difference to others’ skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.

没有人比纳什更对原创力着迷、更蔑视权威、更珍惜自己的独立性。早在青年时代，他的身边就不乏20世纪最伟大的科学权威，比如艾伯特·爱因斯坦、约翰·冯·诺伊曼、诺伯特·维纳，但是他没有加入任何一个学派，不是任何人的门徒，基本上是在既没有引导者，也没有跟随者的状况下前进。在他所做的从博弈论到几何学等多个学科的几乎所有工作之中，他对广为接受的知识、公认的方式以及根深蒂固的规律都持怀疑态度。他差不多一直是独立工作。通常他一边散步，不时用口哨吹出巴赫的作品，一边进行思考。纳什掌握的数学知识，主要并非来源于学习其他数学家已经取得的成果，而是自己重新发现这些成果中蕴藏的真理。他迫切希望取得一鸣惊人的成就，因此随时准备捕捉真正重大的问题。当他全神贯注地思考某个新的难题时，会留意到那些精通这个领域的人（他从来不认为自己已经精通某个领域）最初认为是幼稚或错误从而不予考虑的角度。即便是在学生时代，他对旁人的怀疑、疑虑和嘲笑的漠视就已经到了令人畏惧的地步。

6．Nash’s faith in rational ity and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he

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called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performance. He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational begins who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”

纳什对理性以及纯粹思维的力量抱有旁人难以理解的绝对信念，即使是对一个非常年轻的数学家，即使是在计算机、空间旅行和核武器的新时代，都是如此。爱因斯坦就曾经责备他居然想不学物理学就修正相对论。他的偶像是牛顿和尼采这样的孤独的思想者和超人。计算机和科幻小说使他着迷。他把计算机称做“会思考的机器”，认为它在某些地方比人类优越。他一度被药物可能提高体力和智力水平的主意所蛊惑。他也曾沉迷于由超理性生物组成的外星人能够教会自己将所有感情置之度外的想法。他具有一种强迫性的理性，希望将生活中的决定——是搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱，接受什么样的工作，是否结婚——都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算法法则或数学规则。即便是别人在走廊里随口和他打声招呼这样的小事情，也会引起他愤怒地发问：“你究竟为什么要向我打招呼？”

7．His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated”, and “queer”. Nash mingled rather than mixed with his

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peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:

I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in the half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.

他的同辈人基本上认为他实在不可理喻。他们说他“孤僻”、“傲慢”、“无情”、“孤立”、“幽灵一般”、“隔绝”和“古怪”。他和同辈人只是混合在一起，却没有真正融合。他沉醉于自己的隐秘世界，根本不能理解别人操心的世俗事务。他的举止稍微有些冷淡，有些高高在上，还有一点秘而不宣的样子，暗示了某种神秘而非自然的东西。他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆地勃然大怒。但是这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。“他和我们不一样”是人们常说的一句话。一位在普林斯顿高等研究院工作的数学家这样描述他在普林斯顿拥挤的学生舞会上第一次遇见纳什的情景：我从那里的一大群人当中一下子就注意到他。当时他坐在地上，身边围了半个圆圈的学生，正在讨论什么问题。他使我感到不安，给我一种奇怪的感觉。我觉察到一种特别陌生的东西，他在某些地

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方与众不同。我并不了解他究竟有多大本事，也根本想不到后来他会作出那么大的贡献。

8．But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash’s insight into the dynamics of human rivalry—his theory of rational conflict and cooperation—was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshap ed biology and physics in their day.

但是他确实作出了贡献，而且非同凡响。而让人感到矛盾的是，他的许多想法本身并不晦涩。1958年，由于纳什在博弈论、代数几何学和非线性理论方面取得的成就，《财富》杂志推举他为同时活跃在纯粹数学和应用数学两个领域的新一代天才数学家中最杰出的人物。纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察——他的理性竞争与合作理论——将会成为20世纪最具影响的思想理论之一。这一理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗传、达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时的生物学和物理学。

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I.Vocabulary

1. Another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the speaker is trying

to conversation: "Sure is hot here, isn't it?"

A. illicit

B. elicit

C. solicit

D. explicit

2. Napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yet again, after

running into serious problems in its talks with other firms. So here is Napster's : Still not ready.

A. refrain

B. renown

C. restraint

D. retention

3. The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of the drug by the Food &

Drug Administration is a long and process.

A. hilarious

B. notorious

C. industrious

D. laborious

4. When I was a child, I always refused to write thank-you notes for birthday presents

from a faraway relative. My mother would me and say, "Paul, you must learn to be polite."

A. glide

B. slide

C. abide

D. chide

5. A(n) memory may be a good thing, but the ability to forget is the true

token of greatness.

A. attentive

B. inattentive

C. retentive

D. irretentive

6. There's still a great deal of on the weapons of mass destruction, which

despite what President Bush and Prime Minister Blair say, have not yet been found.

A. evidence

B. skepticism

C. knowledge

D. consensus

7. Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens

who exercise are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.

A. comparatively

B. competitively

C. compulsively

D. comprehensively

8. Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate. But others were , driving the

young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.

A. querulous

B. fabulous

C. pretentious

D. conscientious

9. There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many different

nationalities and exchanging greetings in an international airport.

A. singling

B. dingling

C. jingling

D. mingling

10. When Dallas police notified the hospital that President Kennedy had been shot, at

first, the young neurosurgeon thought it was a .

A. blank

B. flank

C. prank

D. frank

1. B

2. A

3. D

4. D

5. C

6. B

7. C

8. A

9. D 10. C

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II.

1. He picked up things that he thought people were throwing away and still had life.

He was very upset that people were very quick to things of value.

2. Looking for life elsewhere is a tough task. The good news is that the scientists are

for extraterrestrials signs and scientific tools to search for extraterrestrial life are advancing rapidly.

3. They are not so their studies that they avoid sports. On the contrary,

they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams.

4. People remember only what is interesting and useful to them, what helps them

make sense of the world, or helps them in it.

5. My husband reacted with irritation because he felt the comments implied: "Yours is

not a real marriage. I am you because my wife and I have avoided your misfortune."

6. Airlines are the plan to modernize Los Angeles International Airport

because their financial problems would make it difficult for them to pay for the renovation.

7. The Green Party of Pennsylvania (GPPA) has the political scene in 2001

with unprecedented energy and vigor and Green voter registration has more than quadrupled.

8. Before he went to university, Prince William had gone off to the jungles of South

America and worked on rather farms in England.

9. , we tend to get stressed and disturbed by life's endless ups and downs.

You have the choice to let it remain the same or change it to your advantage! 10. Following the terrorist attacks, there have been reports of beatings and killings of

Arabs. As an African American, I am outraged by the of Arab Americans and Muslims.

1. disregard

2. on the lookout for

3. obsessed with

4. get along

5. superior to

6. thumbing nose at

7. burst onto 8. Obscure 9. More often than not

10. singling out

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III.

John Nash has the same mental illness that affects more than two million Americans: schizophrenia(精神分裂症). He has experienced the same symptoms as others __1__ with the disease: illusions that messages are being sent to him through television or newspapers. What __2__ Nash from others is an uncommon amount of public attention. In 1994, Nash shared the Nobel Prize with two other economists.

The attention has __3__ a long overdue education for the public about the illness and its treatments. __4__ like Nash's help us know that people may have mental illness but still can contribute to society," says Roberto Gil.

Gil added that Nash's recovery is not __5__ a normal thing. Schizophrenia usually affects people in their late teens or early twenties, __6__ Nash who didn't slide into the illness until he was thirty. This gave him time to explore his theories and establish a social network that enabled him to survive later. Many patients who are diagnosed earlier in their lives are not as __7__.

Much debate continues __8__ what exactly schizophrenia is and what causes it. One view suggests that it is an illness with many manifestations while another submits that it is a __9__ of illnesses often lumped together. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, schizophrenia is “a __10__ and disabling brain disease that has no known single cause".

1. Stricken

2. distinguishes

3. resulted in

4. Cases

5. necessarily

6. Unlike

7. Fortunate

8. as to

9. collection 10. Chronic

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The Ideal of Service

1．There is an implication of selfishness in the words materialism and comfort—a suggestion of self-pampering at the expense of others. Yet, vulnerable as Americans are to criticism on other points, even their critics have not denied them generosity and a concern to help those who have not been so richly blessed with material goods. The Christian command，“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, is frequently invoked. A disaster, whether at home or abroad, invariably brings forth a flood of voluntary contribution. The necessity for mutual aid in the first settlements and on the frontier may have passed, but the response is still there.

“实利主义”和“舒适”这样的字眼隐含着自私自利―在损害他人利益的基础上骄纵自己。然而，尽管美国人在其他方面易受垢病，即使他们的批评者也没有否认美国人在帮助贫困人民方面表现出的慷慨和关怀。“你希望别人如何待你，就应该如何待别人”，这条基督教训诫被频繁引用。只要有灾难发生，不管发生在国内还是国外，都会有很多人捐钱捐物。第一批殖民者之间和开拓新边疆时期人们的互助需求今天可能不再需要，但它的影响依然存在。

2．Magazines are full of stories like the one about Mike Katsanevas who had come to America from Greece in 1909 at the age of nineteen. He fought in World War I, married, but lost his wife and baby. When his mother became ill in Greece he returned to help her, married there, and had nine children. The Second World War reduced him and his family to poverty. Mike fought the Nazi parachutists, was penned up in a prison camp for three years. After the war, he returned home to find his family living skeletons.

杂志上常登载下面这样的故事：迈克·卡特萨尼瓦斯1909 年19 岁时从希腊来到美国，他参加了第一次世界大战，结了婚，但妻子和孩子不幸死去。留在希腊的母亲生病后，他返回家乡照看

她。他在希腊又一次结婚，育有9 个孩子。第二次世界大战使他的一家一贫如洗。迈克在二战中参加了抗击德国伞兵的战斗，并在战俘营中度过了3 年。战后返回家园时，他见到的家人都饿得瘦骨嶙峋。

3．An American citizen, he took advantage of the State Department offer to return him to the United States, along with three of the older children. But it was hard to save enough money to pay the passage for the rest of his family. Mike was now sixty-five. When his story got into the papers, the $2,600 needed to bring them over was quickly raised. The welfare director at the Naval Supply Depot where Mike worked helped with all the official red tape and located a modest home Mike could afford to buy. Painters donated their services, furniture stores gave furnishings, and the ladies of the Greek church supplied linens and kitchenware. And Mike got his family. “Only in America could such things happen,” he said.

作为美国公民，他可以享受美国国务院制定的优惠政策，由政府出路费让他带着3 个大些的孩子返回美国，但是他一时筹不到家里其他成员的路费。当时迈克己经65 岁了。他的故事见报后，人们很快为他筹集到所需的2 600 美元。迈克所在的海军补给仓库的福利军官帮他办好一切相关手续，并为他找了一栋他能够买得起的价钱适中的房子。油漆匠义务帮他粉刷了房子；家具店送他家具、地毯、窗帘等；希腊教堂的女教友送他日用家居织品和厨房用具。迈克一家因此能够团聚。他说：“只有在美国才会发生这样的事情。”

4．Service as an ideal has spread out into many branches of American life. More and more institutions of a community are expected to anticipate the needs of the citizen, and to make possible a healthier, happier, richer life. Meanwhile service as a commercial activity has leaped ahead. Since 1870 the experienced labor force engaged in production of services has risen from twenty-five percent to fifty-three percent. Whether you want a daily diaper service for the new infant, a carwash (many

of them mechanized so as to be completed in ten or fifteen minutes) or a clipping for your poodle, you are sure to find it. The yellow pages in the back of every telephone book list hundreds of such offerings.

服务作为一种理想己经渗透到美国生活的各个方面。人们期望越来越多的社会公共机构预先考虑并满足公民的需求，使他们能够过上更健康、更幸福、更富裕的生活。同时，服务作为一种商业活动己经有了很大的发展。1870 年以来，从事服务行业的熟练工人从25 ％上升到53 ％。不论你要为新生儿找尿布服务商店，或洗车服务（许多洗车设施是机械化的，10 一巧分钟就能洗完一辆车），或为宠物狗修剪毛发，你肯定能找到相应的服务。在每一本电话簿后面的黄页上都罗列着数百个提供此类服务的电话号码。

5．While the supermarkets have been moving in the direction of self-service in exchange for lower prices, smaller enterprises have sprung up to supply home service to those who want it, especially to the many people who now live in rural of suburban areas. Our country district is visited regularly by a grocer, a greengrocer, several bakers, a dispenser of frozen foods and three ice cream men, not to mention the occasional salesman of brushes, vacuum cleaners, insurance, magazines or cars, and that absolutely indispensable country institution, the rural letter carrier.

一方面超市正朝着自我服务的方向发展以期达到降低价格的目的，另一方面姻参为住在市郊农村的家庭提供服务的小公司大量出现。在我们居住的乡村地区，有食品杂货商、蔬菜水果商、几个面包商、冷冻食品商和三个冰激凌商定期送货，更不用说偶尔来卖刷子、吸尘器、保险、杂志、汽车的推销员了，当然还有乡村必不可少的邮递员。

6．The accent on service suggest an attempt to blend the two conflicting forces in the national character—the hard-headed drive for business success and the soft, religiously inspired urge to serve others. As the recipients of such services we in turn

find ourselves wanting to patronize them all, for if they are taking the trouble to serve us it seems only fair that they should be helped to succeed.

注重服务意味着将这两个相互冲突的力量结合起来形成国民特点―追求事业成功的精明理智和极欲服务他人的仁慈之心。作为这些服务的接受者，我们同样也愿意施惠于其他人，因为他们花费气力为我们服务，那么只有帮助他们获得成功才是最公平的。

7．The modern mother tries to teach her children such ideals as service to others, considerateness for the weak and for women, fair play and all the other desirable moral traits. Psychologists believe that since it is practically universal in America for the mother to rear her own children, Americans think of good behavior as feminine. But most Americans will confess that father, as the final arbiter and dispenser of punishment, sticks in their minds as the avenger of the moral law, and that goodness consequently bears a strongly masculine imprint—even one that is physiologically locatable.

现代的母亲教诲她的孩子这样一些理想：如为他人服务、体恤弱者和妇女、公平竞争以及其他值得拥有的道德品质。心理学家认为由于在美国普遍由母亲养育子女，因此美国人把良好的行为举止视作女性特有的品质。不过，大多数美国人承认，父亲在家里是最终的仲裁者和惩罚的实施者，在他们眼里就是道德律的复仇者，美德因此打上了男子气概的烙印―即便那是肉体惩罚留下的印记。

8．Gorer, who says that no other society gives so important a role to the mothers of grown sons, sees the mother symbol in the Goddess of Liberty as the moral force which keeps aggressiveness in check. Americans, he feels, have two standards of conduct, one for business, the other for human relations. They are symbolized by Uncle Sam, the shrewd, demanding father, and by the Goddess of Liberty, the

encapsulated mother speaking moral imperatives. The contradiction between male and female worlds comes to the fore in arguments over political and welfare projects. Thus resistance to the New Deal was partly an objection to introducing social legislation into the domain of masculine affairs, and confusion in foreign policy often arises because we want to be hard-headed as well as generous and likable.

戈尔说过，在美国，社会赋予成年男子的母亲非常重要的角色，世界上没有其他社会能与之相比。美国人视母亲的象征―自由女神为约束攻击性行为的道德力量。他认为，美国人在行为上有两个标准，一个是工作标准，另一个是人际关系的标准。这两个标准的象征分别是山姆大叔和自由女神：山姆大叔是精明苛求的父亲；自由女神是讲述道德责任的母亲代表。男性世界与女性世界的对立在关于政治和福利计划的争执上凸现出来。因此抵制新政的部分原因是反对将社会法规引入到男性事务中；外交政策上的混乱则体现了我们既想头脑清醒、讲求实际，又想表现得‘除慨大方、讨人喜欢。

9．Although there is some truth in his observation about conflicting impulses, the current trend is for business to absorb the social consciousness into its own orbit.

尽管他的观点中有关矛盾动机的说法有些道理，但目前潮流是把社会觉悟吸引到工作的轨道上去。

Knowledge and Wisdom

1．Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define "wisdom" and consider means of promoting it.

I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it.

我们时代的知识远远超越以前的时代，但是智慧却没有相应的增加，大多数人都同意这样的看法，但是一旦我们试图定义智慧并且思考增进它的方法，人们就会有不同的意见。我想问首先智慧是什么，其次是传授智慧的方法。

2．There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybody's mind at the present time: You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hand of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In

such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.

构成智慧有几个要素，其中须要置于首位的是轻重缓急之分：将一个问题的所有重要因素考虑进去并且掂量每一个因素应有的分量的能力。鉴于各类技术员所需的专门知识的范围和复杂程度，这种能力变得比过去更难具备。比如，假设你从事医学研究，这份工作本身很难做，可能会耗费你的全部智慧。你没有时间去考虑你的发明或发现可能带来医学领域以外的影响。你成功了（我们假设），正如现代医学所做到的：婴儿死亡率不仅在欧洲和美洲，而且在亚洲和非洲也大大的降低了。但是完全非你所愿的结果产生了：在世界上人口最为稠密的地区，食物供应匮乏，生活水平下降。再举一个甚至更为引人注目的例子，当前人们都在关注此事：你渴望探求知识，不带功利的去研究原子的结构，却意外地将摧毁人类的手段置于狂人的手中。因此，如果知识不能与智慧同在，对知识的追求就可能变得有危害性；就全方位来看，追求知识的专家并一定具备智慧。

3．Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions: Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year A. D. 400 down to his own time, Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I am calling wisdom.

然而，仅有综合能力还不足以构成智慧。还必须思考人类生活的目标。这一点在历史研究中得

到说明。许多杰出的历史学家干的坏事多于好事，因为他们是通过自己的热情这种扭曲的媒介观察事实的。黑格尔的历史哲学始于亘古，止于无限的未来，也不是不缺乏综合能力，但是他努力想要说明的历史教义主要是从公元400年到自己的年代，德国一直都是最为重要的民族以及世界进步的标准榜样。或许构成智慧的综合概念可以延伸，它不仅涵盖智力而且还包括感情。知识面宽但感觉迟钝的人不是不常见。这样的人缺乏我认为的智慧。

4．It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was, their lives were wasted. To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr. A and Mr. B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you go to Mr. A and say, "Why do you hate Mr. B?" he will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr. B's vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr. B. he will give you an exactly similar list of Mr. A's vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr. A and say, "You will be surprised to learn that Mr. B says the same things about you as you say about him," and you go to Mr. B and make a similar speech. The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the other's injustice. But, perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness and their enmity is harmful to

both. If you do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.

智慧不仅为公共生活所需，而且同样为个人生活所需。选择追求目标，以及从个人偏见中解放出来，都需要智慧。如果一个目标本身不可能被达到，即便如果它可以被达到，追求它的行为一定是高贵的，对这个目标的追求也可能不是明智的。在过去，许多人毕其一生搜寻哲学家的点金石和长生不老药。毫无疑问，如果她们找到了这些东西，他们就为人类谋取了巨大福祉，但事实上，他们浪费了生命。退而说不那么伟大的事情，想想两个人，A先生和B先生，他们相互憎恨，并通过相互憎恨而相互摧毁。假设你到A先生那里说：“你为什么不喜欢B先生”他一定会向你数落一大堆B先生的邪恶，部分真实，部分虚假。现在，假设你到B先生那里，他会向你数落一大堆A先生的邪恶，内容完全一样，真实和虚假的混合程度也完全一样，假设你现在回到A先生那里说：“你会很吃惊，要知道，B先生说你的话跟你说B先生的活是一样的”，然后你到B先生那里发表同样言论。毫无疑问，直接的结果就是他们的相互仇恨程度增加，因为他们每人都为对方的偏颇感到震惊，但或许，如果你有足够的耐心和足够的说服力，你可能成功说服他们：对方只不过是有人类邪恶的通病，他们的敌意对对方都有伤害。如果你能这样做，你就向他们灌输了点滴的智慧。

5．I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger and discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually, with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is, of course, a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality: on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space; and, on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes